MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW.
SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS.
SOLAR AND SKY RADIATION MEASUREMENTS DURING DECEMBER, 1919.
By HERBERT H. KIPBALL, Professor of Meteorology.
[Dated: Solar Radiation Investigations Section, Washhgtm, Jan. 29,192l.l
-
1.5 2.0
---
mal. ml.
.............
.............
............. ...................
.............
...................
DECEMBER, 1919
2.5
wl. 1.34
+O.M
1.30
(1.56
-
A. M.
M o n t h l y me:%ns. Deport u re i r o m 10-
p a r nor- mal. .............
cal. ..........
A, x.
1
cnl. eat. net. 2 ........................... 9 ........................... 15. ................................ 26 ........................... 30 ...... I ..................... N o n t h l y
cal. I eal. 1.27 1.40
1.35 1.26
eal. cal.
.................. ................... ................... ................... ...... 0.83
cal.
......
means.. ................. Departure from %year normal.. . .,. ......
,_ ...... 1.32
.......I.. ..... +o. 02
A. m. Dec. 1
11 15 16
20 21 22 30 31
3 ....... 4
M o n t h l y
Air mass.
3.5 i ''.O
..................... 1.13 i.wI 0.93 0.x.l' 0.76
1.0 1.8 2.0 2.5 3.0
cnl. cal. cat. wl. eal. col. I cnl.
__-- ---
..................... 1.27 ............................
..................... 1.14 1.07 1.01 0.W
................................... 1.16 1.00
..................... 1.14 1.11 1.01 0.94
............................ 1.w .............. ..................... 0.94 .................... ..................... 1.17 ..................... ............................ 1.01 ............. ............................ 1.m 0.95 0.9.3
11.56 ....... 1.42 1.33 1.24 1.1SI 1.w
Departure means 1. I7
~
1.09
1
1.05
mal -0.05 )-0.03 i O .0 0
f r o m 18 year nor-
I
0.98
i O .0 0
3.0
eal.
6.5
-.-
rol.
............
0.97 1.10 0.85 0.97 1.W
0.90 ...... 1.05 0.99 0.84 ...... 0.90 0.83
1.m 0.97
1.1s 1.30 1.11
1.2s
l.?? 1.28
......
1.10 1.23 l.m 1.10 1.21 1.1s 1.21
0.w 0.s7 0.75
............ n .7 ~ ax:!
0.69 ......
1.00
-0.03
................... 1.00 ......
O.% 0.93
-0.01 -0.01
A. nf. 1 ea/.
LM.. .... I
23 ...... I .......
DCC. i n .. 13 ......I
??. ..............
I cal. I m1.
i .......I 1.57
.......................... .............. 1 1 .5 6
.....................
cnl.
........ ....... ........ 1.4'2
1.47
....... .......
cal.
1 .3 i
1.33 1.17
1.29
-0.01
1.33 1.37
11.35)
t0.M
col. cal. cal. ........................... ........................... ..................... ........................... ........................... ........................... 1.23 .............. .....................
(1.23) ..............
-0.01 .............
1.26 1.19 1.13 1.32 1.26 1.21
11.29) (1.22) (1.17)
+0.06 +O.M +O.M
...........................
.............................
P. Y. 1
............................
m.1 3 1 ............................ l o .... 21 22
M o n 1.hl Y
I ........................ ............................ 1.
............................ I !
1. 13
0.93 1.W 0.76 0.94
1.01
1.m
-0.02 -
............ 13 ....... 1.49 % 1.46
t 1.48)
...... +0.07
1.41 1.43 1.25
1.36
fO. 04
For ti tleseriptiori of instrument~l exposures, .md an
account of the methods of obtaining and reduclng t8he mcasurementvs, the reader is referred to the REVIEW for January, 1919, 47:4.
The monthly means and departures from normal in Table 1 show that rndiation measurements avera,ged very close to December normal values a t all stations. Table 3 shows a deficient-y in the t.otal radiation for December a t Washington of about 4 per cent, and an excess at Madison and Iincoln of 7
all three stations show a deficiency of radiation for the year, ranging from 3 per cent at Lincoln bo 6 per cent at Washing ton. The skylight olarization measurements macle at
maximum of 66 per cent on the 3d. These are average values for Washington in December. No polarization
measurements were obtained at Madison, as the ground, was covered with snow throughout the month.
TABLE L-Solnr radiation .inttnsiiiea dia.ing Derwtibn., 1919.
[Gramealorias per minute per square centimeter or normal surface.]
WASHINQTON. D. C.
E"' cent, respectively. I t will be noted P rom the table t a t
Washington on 4 x aj-s give n mean of 62 per cent, with R
er cent and 2
TABLE l.-SoZar radiation infeiuities during December, 1919-Contd.
MADISON, WIS.-Continued.
Sun's zenith distance.
0.0" 148.3' I60.0' 188.5' 170.7'1 7a.8'1 75.7'1 77.4' I78.7O(7%8.
Date.
Air mass.
4.5 5.0 5.5
---
tal. wl. cal (1.04) .............
-0.01 .............
....................
--
......
......
....... 1.05 0.98
LINCOLN, NEBR.
-
eal. ...... ...... ...... 1.17 1.09
,I . 13)
I-0.08
1. a3 1.17 0.93 1.06 1.13 1.14 1.18
1.09
kO.00
Sun's zenith dictame. I
enl. 1.17 col. 1.07 ......I ....... ...... l.m 1.28 1.21 1.20 1.15
1.22 1.13 ...... (0.93) ......
...... +o.w ......
I I
4.5
-
en1. ...... I. 05
n. lis n. sd n. E 0.81
-0.01 fO.00
1.28 1.35
1.2s 1.34 1.30
1.32
.....
9. ..... 1.5. ................... 18 ................... .....
29. 30 .................... ...... M o n t h l v I
n. 90 1.W 0 .8
...... ...... ...... 0.78
0.90
.....
-0.01
0. I
n. 79 1. lu
0.92
0. .*J
0.91
.....
t 0.03
........... ......I.. :... ............ ............ 0.7s ...... I I
means ... ....... 1 1.31
nonual.. .......I+ 0.03
...... ...... n. 'p3
n. si
0.83
I-0.02
n. 93 0. w n. tis
n. 4n
11.61
II. i d
0.78
-0. Ob
10.02 +0.01
I - ____
SANTA FE, N. MEX.
k0.08 I+O. I4
n 71i n .n n:57
I.-.... n. 67 ._._ __
0.73 I 0.75
-0.04 +o.oz I
-
tal.
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .....
.....
.....
..... ..... ..... .....
.....
cal. 1.14
1.40 1.3s
......
...... ...... 1.14
I. 34
......
1. ni 1.1'1 0. sti
n. 9.1 n. lis
11. *s
0.92
-0.02
I. 19
1.01
1.02
1. 13
...... n. w
31. ..... M o n t h l y means .... ...... ....... means.. .... i.. .................. .!
D ~Y Y ~E ~
1 1 mal ............................. 1+0.01 1-0.02
MADISON, WIS.
m l . r s l . I r71. I r v ~. 1 enl. CUI.
...... 1 .3 .......!...............,.......I ......
....... l .% .I 1. (14 , ......
1.34 ............... 1.. :::: ........ .!. .............
...... ....... I.. ._. . .,.... .. .I._. .. ..I:::::::! ......
1 Extrapolated and reduced to mean solar distance.
DECEBIBEX, 1919. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 885
-
$p.m.
mm. 0.71 0.46 0.43 3.15 3.45
-
-
The intensity of solar radiation during November was
generally unusually high.
_____
Sam. Sp.m.
mm. mm. 0.96 1.07 0.64 0.51 1.24 1.58 1.37 2.87 3 .6 3 3 .9 9 4.17 4.95 3.51 4.75
-
Date.
1919. Dee.10 12 13 20
22
Z3 26 "9
31
- ?.P.
Ei.
.l l
.IS
.IS 1.6
RelrC tive hu- mid- ity.
-~
q 9
........... ........... ........... 10
12
12
ia
Ma:.
M1.s.. W.M MI .&...
........ .......
S ........
Mi.15.. .
MIA .... Eo .....
Ma. Mi.
W.Y
MI.II ...
MI .....
Ml.5
S-
8-
VG-
......... ......... ......... ........
S-
S
Ma.. W.M M1.a ... Eo .....
........ ....... S- E-
of year. __. . -. -. {!;I
1 ............... 2 ............... 3 ............... 4 ............... 5 ............... 6 ............... 7 ............... 8 ............... 9 ............... 10 ...............
11 ............... 12 ............... 13 ............... 14 ............... 15 ...............
eal. 249 141 266 240 1M 32 lS9 24 32 19s
229 68
118 100 !ZE
Ma. Mz..
Mi.5..
1%'. M bX%I$.-.
M a ..... Ma. M1.s..
W.M Mi .....
......... ........ ....... ....... s-
s ......... ....... ....... S
MI.=. W .M .. hls .....
....... ____. S
36
1m YO
m 5s 52
-105
12 I
24
105
-235 -292 -216 -E5 -111
-291
11%
-1137
-9 s I -232 Ma.. Mz ..........
W. M.. Ma .....
Y l .5 ..
....... .,
........
S .w
.34
.30
........... ........... ........... ........... 22
........... ........... ........... 24
22
........... ...........
21 ............... !Z? ............... 23 ............... 21 ............... 25 ............... 26 ............... 27 ............... 28 ............... 29 ............... so ............... SI ...............
.......
196 216 225 54 228
la0 91 78 1w) 185 204
......
-3 0 -100 38 -145
S?
-1w
70
- 74
-loa
- 57
-192 -1!3
- b5
-1 s
-131 -201
-2w
-244
- 97
j
I --"O0
MS.
Mi.5
W.M
M1.m.. W.M
Mi.5 ....
MI.5 ....
......... .......... ........
....... ........ S-
s
Ml.64..
W. M.. M? .....
.......
R+ .a
.33
.44
.29
.24
.a
.15
.21
........... ........... a0
........... ........... 26
17
23
23
........... ........... ........... ........... P
14
18
........... ...........
........... ...........
........... ...........
Mi.1,. ..
Mi., ....
Eo .....
Ma. Ma..
Mi.3..
W.M Mir-....
S-
S-
vc.
.......... ......... ........
s ........
-
Solar con- stant.
Washington, D. C. Madiscm, Wis. I/ Lincoln, Nebr. Santa Fe, N. Mex.
II
-
Date.
- .__
1919.
A. M.
Nov. 1
i
4
1
?.a. f
A.M.,
s 1(
11
z
13
15
17
1s
?I
3
23
24
25
3
P.Y.
A.M.
?;
29
29
30
-
-
'm mi+ sion oeffi. !ient rt 0.5
Bran.
m-
-
). SBO
..... ..... ..... .a64
.a62
.m .a62
..... ..... ..... .....
.850
.w
..... . .w . w-l
..... ..... ..... ..... . €46
. €49 .... .... .... .846
.... .... . R4S
.... .... .... . sa2
.... .... .... .... . s5s
.... .... .... .s o
. s49
.... ....
.... .... . M6
.... .... .w
.w
.%
.a45
.... .... .... .... . s51
.8 4
..... .....
.._.I
.sa
..... ..... -
Humidity. -
5p.m
mm, 3.30 2. OB 2.74 1.19 2. OB 1.78 2.62 1.68 2.26 3.15 3.49 4.37
-
-
-
1p.m.
-
I a.m
mm. 2.62 1.69 1. Bs 2.49 1.45 1.78 1.37 1.78 1.19 2.49
-
2. a7
a. m -
-
1a.m
mm. 0. 64 0.83 0.41 3.83 3.00
-
-
-
I a.m
-
mm. 2.49 2. I6
1.78 2. 62 2. 06
1. I
2.20
2. ia 1.96
__
Date. Date. Date. Method Remarks.
IP s.c 1919. Dee. 1 3
1919. Dee. 2 13 15 16
29
1919. Dee. 2 9 15 16 26 29 30
mm. 2.62
2.74 0.71 2. 06
2.87 2. 4Y
1.7s 1. w)
1. (w
ml. 1.960
1.950 1.966 1.95i 1.957
1.957
1.9Ro 1.956
1.971 l.9i7 1 .W 1 .W
1.952
1.939
llW4 1 94i
1.94s 1.950
1.96R 1.9m 1.961 l.YF6 1.966
l.%i 1.966 1.954 1.961 1 .W
1.954 1.960 1.921
1.949 1.952 1.947 1.911
1.921 1.940 1 .9 1 1.9% 1.959
1.9i1 1.958 1.961 1.953 1.956 1.954 1 .W
1.934 1.940 1.952
1.950 1.951 1.952
1.944
1 .W
1.913
1.949 1.964 1.9% 1.936 1 .m 1.956 1.95i 1.950 1.953 1.952 1 .E
1.956 1.956
-
0. E34
..... ..... ..... .797
.746
.7lM
-634
..... ..... ..... .....
. ill4
.n4
..... ..... .756 .560
.._.. ..... ..... ..... .5i2
.49S
..... ..... ..... .559
..... ..... .456
Scattered cirri In east and wesU
Cirri scattered about
Scattered cirri about
C h i in west and nor&
whole sky.
about t
east. TABLE 3.-Daily totab and departwes of s o h and aky radiation diring Deeeniber, 1919.
[Gramcalories per square centimeter of horizontal surface.]
.... .... .... ....
.ai
.14
...... ...... ...... ......
9
14 Daily totals.
I
Cirri in east and west.
Thin cirri in north, east, and southwest.
Departures from !I Excess or deficiencv normal. since first 01 month:
-
Liu- mln.
-
Lin- coln.
Day of month. -
I
Wash ington coln. I inyton
-
Kadi- son-
__
Wash ngton
__
Madi. son.
-
Mali- son.
.... ...... .... .45
.2$
...... 24 28 C h i in north and east. some cirri low in east and north. ,I-
#X I .
86 222
2u2 68 178 54 123 208
132 201
153
213 206
'n5 91 109 92
174 63
iza
......
59 9s
99 124 138 178 103 176 121 174 143
......
nce fl
tal. 105 291 252 215 106 93
m 104 319
m
213 1 s 277 264 237 232 226
188 69
76
......
143 73 211 2s
67 256 75 196 242
249
106
I.._..
#X I . i7 - 29 9s 74 -8 3 -131 26 -137 -14s 3s
70 -9 0
- 40
- 57 7ti 91 14 -5 6 -127 62
.....
40 59
ea -103 71
- 37 - 67
-u 1
36 4 1
......
CUI.
91 72 -6 2
49
- 75 -6
7Y 3 75
25 -2
s 7.3 97
- 37 -3
- 37 44
-t i s
- 4a
......
-7 2
- 34 -3 3 -9 4 43
- 33 39
- 17 35 3
.._._.
C U l .
- 46
45 117 55 101 29 23 102 1 w IF4
205
203 2 s
366 463
426 4001 369 413 345
165
273
'Job
197 201 444
211 250
233 ?tis 251
239
- a4
.4,UI -3.6
-
tal. --sei 10
I1
111
84
- 55
-i -u 57 15Y
195 207
3lm
899
46"
520 572 596
4Y 1 393
234
363 "63
301
156 50
132 32 rL,
l l i 187 113
-2.80
-4,435 -3.2
-
ea/. t a l .
-S i 7 lo? 4s 146
140 ! -213 lU? -175
.... .... .... .... .I
.a .... ....
...... ...... ...... ...... 23
22
...... ......
Scattered cirri especially in north and east.
...........
.%I 21 Scattered drm-cumnli In east and north. .....I ...... .... .a ...... ai Cirri in west and distant east.
M2.. ... I. ..... .... .... ...... ...... 16 ............... 247 17 ............... 170 18 ............... 100 19 ............... 29 20 ...............I 218
MI.5.. ....... W.M.. ..... I.:o ..... E-
l
..... ..... .526
..... ..... ..... ..... .510
..... ..... ..... ,591
Cirri in east, north, and west, moving south.
Distant cirri in east and nortlrwest.
Scattered cirri.
..... .ti19
...... ...... .552
...... ...... .546
.I%
.a2
.4u
...... ...... .._._. ...... .w)1
.672
.63s
...... ......
...... ......
...... ...... -
Thin cirri In early a.m gradually disappearing
Cirri in east and north, and some in west.
Cirri in north and east, moving rapidly south.
lcatteredcirrl over whole sky.
Cirri In ,north and east spreading west and moving south.
Distant cirri in north end east.
+ 32 .......
Excess or defleiency
MEASUREMENTS OF THE SOLAR CONSTANT OF
RADIATION AT CALAMA, CHILE.
By C. G. ABBOT.
[Dated Astrophysical Observatory, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, Jan. 27,1920.1
In continuation of preceding publications I give in the following table the results obtained at Calama, Chile, in November, 1919, for the solar constant of radiation.
The reader is referred to this REVIEW for February, August, and September, 1919, for statements of the ar- rangement and meaning of the table.
Mi.3.. ........ MI W. M ..l .._... ..... S MI.>. ......... W. M.. _____. Mr ..... I S Some cirrl in north and east.
Ml.40.. ....... W.M ........ I