Carbonate deposit found under wing leading edge. Photograph courtesy of Michael Gordon, NASA Kennedy Space Center.
Long description.
In early 2001, three of the space shuttle orbiters were found to have a sodium carbonate contaminant on the wing leading edge and nose cap. These parts are made of a reinforced carbon/carbon material protected by silicon carbide (SiC) and a glass coating. The glass coating is known as Type A and is primarily sodium silicate with particles of SiC. NASA Glenn Research Center’s Environmental Durability Branch was asked to determine the chemistry of this deposit formation and assess any possible detrimental effects.
A thorough literature review revealed that sodium silicate and sodium carbonate are often found together. At high temperatures, sodium silicate (written in general terms as Na2O·n(SiO2)) is made from sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and silica (SiO2) from the following reaction:
Na2CO3 + nSiO2 = Na2O · n(SiO2) + CO2
At low temperatures, the reverse reaction is favorable. Previous studies of the corrosion of glass show that carbon dioxide in the presence of water does form sodium carbonate on sodium silicate glass (ref. 1). It is quite likely that a similar scenario exists for the orbiter wing leading edge. All three orbiters that formed sodium carbonate were exposed to rain.
This formation of sodium carbonate was duplicated in the laboratory. The Type A glass, which coats the wing leading edge and nose cap, was made in a freestanding form and exposed to water in two separate experiments. In one set of experiments, the coating was placed in a petri dish filled with water. As the water evaporated, sodium carbonate formed. In another case, water was slowly dripped on the coating and sodium carbonate formed. The sodium carbonate was detected by chemical analysis and, in some cases, x-ray diffraction showed a hydrated sodium carbonate.
The next step was to examine possible detrimental effects of this sodium carbonate. There are three likely scenarios for the sodium carbonate deposit: (1) it may be removed with a simple rinse, (2) it may remain and flow back into the Type A glass after heating during reentry, or (3) it may remain and flow onto unprotected SiC and/or other parts after heating during reentry. The effect of case 1 is to remove the Na2O constituent from the Type A glass, thus decreasing its effectiveness as a sealant. Even so, overall, it is probably the best approach and was used by the NASA Kennedy Space Center when the deposits were first observed. The effect of case 2 is minimal and would actually restore the the Type A glass to its composition before carbonate formation. However, the problem with allowing the carbonate to remain leads to the third scenario, the deposit flowing onto other parts. A series of tests were conducted on unprotected SiC, and minimal effects were found in the short-term, but other ceramic and metal parts could be damaged by the molten sodium carbonate and would require close monitoring.
Glenn contact: Dr. Nathan S. Jacobson, 216-433-5498, Nathan.S.Jacobson@nasa.gov
Kennedy contact: Jaime Palou, 321-867-2906, Jaime.Palou-1@ksc.nasa.gov
Authors: Dr. Nathan S. Jacobson and Jaime J. Palou
Headquarters program office: Funded by NASA Johnson Space Center
Programs/Projects: Space shuttles
Last updated: June 25, 2003
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