1998
The Association. Welfare aspects of broiler breeder production. The Veterinary Record.
Aug 22, 1998. v. 143 (8) p. 209-212.
ISSN: 0042-4900
NAL
call no: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: broilers, chicks, turkeys, Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease virus, outbreaks,
pathogenicity, epidemiology, clinical aspects, spread, Great Britain.
Azzam,
A.H.; Gabal, M.A. Aflatoxin and immunity in layer hens. Avian
Pathology. Dec 1998. v. 27 (6)
p. 570-577. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: A study was conducted on the impact of aflatoxin
in the feed on the prophylactic immunization of layer hens against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis,
infectious bursal disease and fowl cholera. Four-hundred-and-eighty 18-week-old
white leghorn chickens were used. Different groups of hens were vaccinated,
as per commercial recommendations, with a commercial inactivated triple vaccine
against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis,
and infectious bursal disease. A killed polyvalent bacterin was used for fowl
cholera. Aflatoxin was fed for 22 weeks at a daily dose of 200 parts/10(9)/hen.
Aflatoxin significantly reduced antibody titres, resulted in a decrease of egg
weight, a decrease in egg production and an increase of mortality rate in challenged
hens. Aflatoxin was detected in eggs at levels far above the permissible concentration.
Descriptors: hens, aflatoxins, feeds, antibody formation,
inactivated vaccines, vaccination, prophylaxis, Newcastle disease virus, infectious
bronchitis virus, infectious bursal disease virus, fowl diseases, egg weight,
egg production, mortality, fowl cholera.
Bailey,
T.A.; Wernery, U.; Zachariah, R.; Samour, J.H.; Naldo, J.L.; Howlett, J.C. Maternal
transfer of paramyxovirus type 1 antibodies and antibody response to a live
Newcastle disease vaccine in kori bustards. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. July 1998. v. 34 (3) p. 472-478. ISSN: 0090-3558
NAL
call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: Guiformes, maternal immunity, Ardeotis kori,
bustard birds.
Collins,
M.S.; Franklin, S.; Strong, I.; Meulemans, G.; Alexander, D.J. Antigenic
and phylogenetic studies on a variant Newcastle disease virus using anti-fusion protein monoclonal antibodies
and partial sequencing of the fusion protein gene. Avian Pathology.
Feb 1998. v. 27 (1) p. 90-96. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: A virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolate,
34/90, reported to show considerable antigenic diversity from more classical
strains of NDV, including vaccine strains, was evaluated phylogenetically and
for the presence of neutralizing epitopes on the fusion protein. Comparison
of a 309 nucleotide sequence of the fusion protein gene of 34/90 with other
viruses confirmed the diversity of this virus, placing it in a discrete fifth
genetic lineage with an avirulent virus isolated from waterfowl and genetically
quite distant from other strains and isolates. The virus-neutralizing mAbs used
in the present study were directed against at least seven distinct epitopes
on the fusion protein. Of these seven, five are shared by 34/90 and the live
vaccine virus Hitchner B1 and these plus an additional epitope are shared by
34/90 and strain Ulster 2C, which is used in inactivated
vaccines. Two potential distinct epitopes were also shared by these three viruses.
The results suggest that despite the detected antigenic and genetic variation
of 34/90, it is unlikely that mutants which fail to be neutralized by antibodies
induced by conventional vaccines would arise readily.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, epitopes,
phylogenetics, antigenic variation, genetic variation, envelope glycoproteins,
nucleotide sequences.
Coskun,
B.; Inal, F.; Celik, I.; Erganis, O.; Tiftik, A.M.; Kurtoglu, F.;
Kuyucuoglu, Y.; Ok, U. Effects of dietary levels
of vitamin A on the egg yield and immune responses of laying hens. Poultry Science. Apr 1998. v. 77 (4) p. 542-546. ISSN: 0032-5791
NAL
call no: 47.8 Am33P
Abstract: This research, which was designed and carried
out as two consecutive experiments, investigated the effects of four different
levels (0, 4,000, 12,000, and 24,000 IU/kg) of vitamin A supplementation on
egg yield, plasma vitamin A levels, and immune responses of laying hens. Transmission
of maternal immunity to their descendants was also studied. In the first experiment,
egg yield, blood vitamin A levels, and various parameters of the immune system
such as T lymphocyte levels in the peripheral blood, plasma cell counts in the
spleen, and antibody titers against Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) in the sera
were investigated for a 1-yr period. A total of 864 Hisex-brown laying hens
were used in this experiment. The chicks were reared as commercial flocks until
the 18th wk of age. No significant differences occurred among the parameters
of the different diet groups. In the second experiment, maternal immunity was
assessed in the chickens, supplied by hatching the eggs from hens in the first
experiment. Maternal immunity was assayed by using the parameters as in Experiment
1. For this purpose, both blood and tissue samples were taken on the 2nd, 7th,
and 10th d posthatch. Vitamin A supplementation had no significant effects on
maternally, derived antibody titers or histologic structure of the lymphoid
organs.
Descriptors: hens, retinol, dosage, vitamin supplements,
T lymphocytes, blood serum, age differences, feed intake, egg production, egg
weight, feed conversion, antibody formation, mortality.
Czifra,
G.; Meszaros, J.; Horvath, E.; Moving, V.; Engstrom, B.E. Detection
of NDV-specific antibodies and the level of protection provided by a single
vaccination in young chickens. Avian Pathology. Dec 1998. v. 27 (6) p. 562-565. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Fourteen groups of young commercial chickens
were immunized once with a live NDV vaccine using different vaccine doses and
routes of vaccination in five experiments. Three to six weeks later, small groups
were selected from each flock. Sera were tested by the haemagglutination-inhibition
test and a monoclonal antibody blocking ELISA, and the birds were challenged
with a virulent NDV strain. Degree of protection was dose-dependent in those
groups where the vaccine was administered orally at 3 weeks of age. Aerosol
and eye drop vaccinations performed in day-old chicks provided full protection
at 5 or 6 weeks of age. There was a good agreement between the two serological
methods and positive results in any of the tests were reliable forecasts of
protection.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, antibody
testing, vaccination, live vaccines, disease prevention, ELISA, hemagglutination,
hemagglutination inhibition test, antibody formation.
Ewing, M.L.; Cookson, K.C.; Phillips, R.A.; Turner,
K.R.; Kleven, S.H. Experimental infection and transmissibility of Mycoplasma synoviae with
delayed serologic response in chickens. Avian Diseases.
Apr/June 1998. v. 42 (2) p. 230-238. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish
summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Fifteen Mycoplasma-free chickens were contact
exposed to five chickens that had been experimentally infected with one of three
different strains (two field strains and one laboratory strain) of Mycoplasma
synoviae (MS). Culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were positive by
3 days postinoculation (PI) in the experimentally infected birds. Lateral transmission
was found by 7-14 days postexposure. Positive serum plate agglutination (SPA)
results were detected 3-4 wk after positive culture and/or PCR in individual
birds. By 42 days PI, all the birds in the groups exposed to field strain K1858
or K3344 had become infected as determined by culture and PCR, whereas only
half of the birds in the group exposed to laboratory strain WUV1853 had become
infected. Because of the unanticipated lack of seroconversion to hemagglutination
inhibition (HI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in infected chickens,
the study was extended. Each group was split into two groups of 10 birds each,
one of which was vaccinated with a live B1/LaSota Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine
virus to determine if a viral respiratory challenge might incite a stronger
antibody response to the Mycoplasma injection. All the birds were tested for
seroconversion 14 and 21 days later. Of the birds vaccinated for ND, a slightly
greater number were MS positive by SPA than the nonvaccinated birds. This effect
was not present 21 days after vaccination, and there was no significant difference
in the MS HI results from these groups, suggesting that the viral respiratory
infection had little direct impact on seroconversion. The virulent field strain
(K3344) elicited a stronger MS antibody response than the other strains. All
results from the MS ELISA were negative in all groups through 9 wk. Positive
results from PCR analysis correlated well with culture results, whereas serologic
tests did not detect MS infection for several weeks. Monitoring programs solely
dependent on seroconversion may be inadequate for diagnosis and control of Mycoplasma infections.
Descriptors: chickens, Mycoplasma synoviae,
disease transmission, experimental infection, experimental infections, serology,
strain differences, diagnosis, detection, seroconversion, vaccination,
immune response, monitoring, polymerase chain reaction.
Falcone,
E.; Vignolo, E.; Di Trani, L.; Puzelli, S.; Tollis, M. Comparative
evaluation of in vitro and in vivo assays for the detection of avian infectious
bronchitis virus as a contaminant of live poultry vaccines. Alternatives
to Laboratory Animals: ATLA. Sept/Oct 1998. v. 26 (5) p. 629-634.
ISSN: 0261-1929
NAL
call no: Z7994.L3A5
Abstract: A reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
(RT-PCR) assay specific for identifying avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV)
in poultry vaccines, and the serological response to IBV induced by the inoculation
of chicks with a Newcastle disease vaccine spiked with the Massachusetts strain
of IBV, were compared for their ability to detect IBV as a contaminant of avian
vaccines. The sensitivity of the IBV-RT-PCR assay provided results which were
at least equivalent to the biological effect produced by the inoculation of
chicks, allowing this assay to be considered a valid alternative to animal testing
in the quality control of avian immunologicals. This procedure can easily be
adapted to detect a number of contaminants for which the in vivo test still
represents the only available method of detection.
Descriptors: infectious bronchitis
virus, live vaccines, polymerase chain reaction, chicks, animal testing alternatives.
Folitse,
R.; Halvorson, D.A.; Sivanandan, V. Efficacy of combined killed-in-oil emulsion
and live Newcastle disease vaccines in chickens. Avian Diseases. Jan/Mar 1998. v. 42 (1) p. 173-178. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Following the introduction of routine vaccination
regimes with different types of Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines,
the incidence of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease (VVND) in commercial
poultry worldwide has declined dramatically. Unfortunately, these vaccination
regimes are not feasible in free-range and backyard systems of poultry production
practiced in many developing countries. In this study, we sought to develop
a single vaccination regime in chickens with ND vaccines to elicit a long-lasting
high level of ND virus (NDV) antibodies adequate to protect chickens against
ND. The level of antibody response, as measured by the hemagglutination-inhibition
(HI) test, and the degree of protection against the virulent strain of NDV were
studied in chickens immunized with different vaccines. The vaccines used were:
killed-in-oil emulsion (subcutaneous; s.c.) plus live virus (oculanasal;
o.n.), given concurrently; experimental vaccine (s.c.) plus live virus (o.n.),
given concurrently; killed-in-oil (s.c.); experimental vaccine
prepared by homogenizing commercial live vaccine and oil emulsion (s.c.); and live virus (o.n.).
The results obtained in this study indicate that concurrent administration of
oil emulsion and live NDV vaccines induced the best antibody response, but there
was no significant difference in protection among the vaccinated groups.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease, live vaccines,
inactivated vaccines, efficacy, protection, vaccination, incidence, antibodies,
serology.
Folitse,
R.; Halvorson, D.A.; Sivanandan, V. A dot immunoblotting assay (dot blot ELISA)
for early detection of Newcastle disease antibodies in chickens. Avian Diseases. Jan/Mar 1998. v. 42 (1) p. 14-19. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish
summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using nitrocellulose
blotting membrane (dot blot ELISA) was developed for the detection of antibodies
against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in
chickens. In this method, a nitrocellulose blotting membrane was used as the
solid phase carrier. NDV antigens were directly bound onto the nitrocellulose
membrane that was set into a dot blot microfiltration apparatus. Efficiency
of the assay was evaluated using known positive and negative NDV sera obtained
from chickens. The ability of the assay to detect antibodies 2 days earlier
than the standard hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test was demonstrated on
sera collected from chickens experimentally infected with NDV, La Sota strain.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease virus, antibodies,
ELISA, detection, antigens, efficiency, serology, experimental infections, early
diagnosis, antibody testing.
Friedman,
A.; Bartov, I.; Sklan, D. Humoral
immune response impairment following excess vitamin E nutrition in the chick
and turkey. Poultry Science. July 1998. v. 77 (7) p. 956-962. ISSN: 0032-5791
NAL
call no: 47.8 Am33P
Abstract: The effect of high dietary intakes of vitamin
E on antibody production was investigated in chicks and turkeys. Chicks were
fed four diets with 0, 10, 30, and 150 mg/kg added vitamin E and turkeys were
fed three diets with 0, 50, and 150 mg/kg added vitamin E. Antibodies produced
in response to naturally occurring Escherichia coli and to Newcastle disease
virus and turkey pox vaccines were determined. In chicks, antibody production
in response to E. coli and Newcastle disease was affected by
vitamin E nutrition: significantly higher responses were measured in chicks
that received 0 and 10 mg/kg added vitamin E, whereas in chicks receiving 30
and 150 mg/kg, antibody production was significantly lower. In turkeys, concentrations
of circulating antibodies to Newcastle disease virus and to turkey pox were
also influenced by dietary vitamin E: antibody titers to Newcastle disease and
turkey pox vaccines were highest in groups receiving 0 mg/kg added vitamin E,
whereas titer in groups receiving 150 mg/kg were significantly lower. Responses
of groups receiving 50 mg/kg added vitamin E were slightly lower than groups
receiving 0 mg/kg, though not significantly so in most cases. These results
indicate that humoral immune responses are directly affected by vitamin E, and
that excessive vitamin E intake has a detrimental effect on antibody production
in chickens and turkeys.
Descriptors: chicks, poults, alpha
tocopherol, dosage, vaccination, Newcastle disease virus, turkey
pox virus, liveweight gain, feed conversion, antibody formation, immune competence,
nutrient excesses.
Gabal,
M.A.; Azzam, A.H. Interaction of aflatoxin in the feed and immunization
against selected infectious diseases in poultry. II. Effect on one-day-old layer
chicks simultaneously vaccinated against Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and infectious bursal disease.
Avian Pathology. June 1998. v. 27 (3) p. 290-295. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: A study was conducted to assess the effects
of aflatoxin contaminated feed on the immunoresponse of one-day old layer chicks
to attenuated live virus vaccines for Newcastle disease (ND), infectious
bronchitis (IB) and infectious bursal disease (IBD). Concurrent exposure of
chickens to 200 parts per billion (ppb) aflatoxin in feed and vaccination against
ND, IB and IBD resulted in lack of adequate protection against subsequent experimental
challenge, as assessed by antibody responses compared to chickens fed aflatoxin-free
ration. The mortalities were higher in chickens fed 200 ppb of aflatoxin than
in chickens fed on aflatoxin-free ration.
Descriptors: chicks, aflatoxins, feeds, vaccination, live
vaccines, Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis
virus, avian infectious bursitis, antibody formation, mortality.
Hilgers,
L.A.T.; Nicolas, I.; Lejeune, G.; Dewil, E.; Boon, B. Effect
of various adjuvants on secondary imune response in chickens. Veterinary
Immunology and Immunopathology. Nov
24, 1998.
v. 66 (2) p. 159-171. ISSN: 0165-2427
NAL
call no: SF757.2.V38
Abstract: Stimulatory effects of several types of adjuvants on secondary antibody response to inactivated
Newcastle disease virus (iNDV) were
examined in chickens. For this purpose,
animals were primed with iNDV, without adjuvant resulting in a low but significant
antibody response, boosted with iNDV plus adjuvant 3 weeks later, and analysed
for specific antibody titres in serum 3 weeks after the booster. Water-in-mineral
oil emulsion (W/O) caused significant increase in antibody titres measured in an indirect enzyme-linked
immunosorbent (ELISA), haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralisation (VN)
assay. The adjuvants tested included three oil-in-water emulsions (i.e.
mineral oil-in-water, sulpholipo(SL)-Ficoll400/squalane-in-water and sulpholipo-cyclodextrin/squalane-in-water),
three negatively-charged polymers with high molecular weight
(i.e.polyacrylate, polystyrenesulphonate and sulpho(S)-Ficoll400) and
two surface-active agents (i.e. dimethyldioctadecylammonium
bromide (DDA) and Quil A). These adjuvants
enhanced significantly the secondary immune response but none reached the titre
obtained with W/O. Combinations of adjuvants with distinct physicochemical properties,
i.e. polyacrylate and DDA revealed only
slight, beneficial effects. We concluded the various types of adjuvants tested
can stimulate secondary immune responses
in primed animals but that W/O is superior.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, adjuvants,
inactivated vaccines, immune response, stimulation, evaluation, ELISA, hemagglutination
inhibition test, virus neutralization.
Jorgensen,
P.H.; Herczeg, J.; Lomniczi, B.; Manvell, R.J.; Holm,-E.; Alexander, D.J. Isolation
and characterization of avian paramyxovirus type 1 (Newcastle disease) viruses from a flock of ostriches (Struthio camelus)
and emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) in Europe with inconsistent
serology. Avian Pathology. Aug
1998. v. 27 (4) p. 352-358. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: During a 95-day study period in 1995 in Denmark, 18 ostriches in a flock
of 77 ostriches and four emus held in quarantine died. Clinical and pathological
observations did not indicate the presence of transmissible infectious disease
in the flock. Management failures and indoor housing were believed to have contributed
significantly to the number of deaths. Samples from 17 of the dead ostriches
were examined virologically. Three isolates of avian paramyxovirus serotype
1 (APMV-1) were obtained from intestines and intestinal contents of dead ostriches
submitted for laboratory investigations. In ICPI tests in day-old chicks values
for the three APMV-1 isolates were in the range 1.63-1.69. Characterization
by means of mouse monoclonal antibodies and by restriction site analysis revealed
that the three isolates were indistinguishable and similar to APMV-1 viruses
present in a simultaneous epizootic of Newcastle disease in back yard poultry
in Denmark. Blood samples were taken from all live birds in the flock after
25 and 95 days of quarantine and all were negative for antibodies to APMV-1
in haemagglutination inhibition tests. All samples taken after 95 days of quarantine
were also negative for antibodies to APMV-1 in serum neutralization tests performed
in chicken embryo cells. Blood samples taken after 95 days of quarantine were
tested in a commercial ELISA for antibodies to APMV-1. In this test 35% of the
samples were positive, 35% were border line and 30% were negative.
Descriptors: ostriches, emus, Newcastle
disease virus, isolation, characterization, pathogenicity, structural genes,
restriction endonuclease analysis, serotypes, serology, immunodiagnosis, monoclonal
antibodies, blood serum, hemagglutination inhibition test, virus neutralization
tests, ELISA, F-gene, Denmark.
Kencana,
Gst. Ayu Yuniati. Kajian sifat imunosupresif berbagai vaksin gumboro pada respon primer
vaksin penyakit Newcastle pada ayam pedaging. [Studies of immunosuppresive effect of gumboro vaccines on primary immune response of broiler chicken against Newcastle disease vaccine] . Laporan Penelitian. Denpasar: Universitas
Udayana, 1998. x, 13 leaves: ill. Note: In Indonesian with an English summary.
NAL
call no: QR189.5.N48K35 1998
Descriptors: Newcastle disease vaccine, Newcastle disease virus, broilers,
Indonesia.
King,
D.J.; Seal, B.S. Biological and molecular characterization of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) field isolates with comparisons to reference
NDV strains. Avian Diseases. July/Sept 1998. v. 42 (3) p. 507-516. ISSN: 0005-2086
Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Fifty-seven Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates
from chickens, turkeys, a rhea, a parrot, and an anhinga were pathotyped and
characterized by monoclonal antibody (mAb) inhibition profile, elution rate,
and hemagglutinin thermostability. Nucleotide sequence analysis of portions
of the fusion protein and matrix protein genes of the parrot isolate was done
for comparison with prior sequence analysis of the anhinga isolate and NDV reference
strains. Seven of the 43 chicken isolates were recovered from flocks in Canada. The remaining isolates,
including 11 from turkeys, were isolated in the United States. All isolates except that
of the anhinga were of low virulence by mean death time in embryos, intracerebral
pathogenicity index, and/or intravenous pathogenicity index procedures and were
classified as lentogens. The anhinga isolate was more virulent than the other
strains and was pathotyped as a mesogen. However, nucleotide sequence analysis
of the anhinga isolate had revealed a homology with the virulent cormorant isolates
of 1992 rather than the classical U.S. mesogens characterized
by the Roakin strain. Variability was evident among the lentogenic isolates.
Two isolates from turkeys had mAb profiles that differed from B1 and La Sota
reference and vaccine strains, and 38% (21/56) of the isolates had more thermostable
hemagglutinins than those reference strains. There was no evidence that any
of the isolates from poultry were more virulent than the lentogenic pathotype.
Descriptors: chickens, turkeys, rheas, parrots, wild birds,
Newcastle disease virus, strain differences, host range, monoclonal antibodies,
pathotypes, hemagglutinins, nucleotide sequences, viral proteins, virulence,
embryos, pathogenicity.
Koch,
G.; Czifra, G.; Engstrom, B.E. Detection
of Newcastle disease virus-specific antibodies in ostrich sera by three
serological methods. The Veterinary Record.
July 4, 1998. v. 143 (1) p. 10-12.
ISSN: 0042-4900
NAL
call no: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: ostriches, Newcastle disease virus, antibody
testing, blood serum, virus neutralization, hemagglutination inhibition test,
ELISA, accuracy.
Krishnamurthy,
S.; Samal, S.K. Nucleotide sequences of the trailer, nucleocapsid
protein gene and intergenic regions of Newcastle disease virus strain Beaudette C and completion of the entire
genome sequence. The Journal
of General Virology. Oct 1998. v. 79 (pt.10) p. 2419-2424. ISSN: 0022-1317
NAL
call no: QR360.A1J6
Abstract: The nucleotide sequences of the nucleocapsid
protein (NP) gene, the intergenic regions in the nucleocapsid protein (NP)-phosphoprotein
(P), P-matrix protein (M) and M-fusion glycoprotein gene junctions and the trailer
region of a virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain Beaudette C were determined.
The NP gene is 1747 nt long and encodes a protein of 489 amino acids. Each of
the intergenic sequences determined is 1 nt long and, including the previously
published intergenic sequences, the gene junction sequences varied in length
from 1-47 nt and lacked any sequence identity. The 5' trailer region is 113
nt in length. Comparison of the sequences of the terminal leader and trailer
regions of Beaudette C strain with those of nonvirulent strain B1 showed a high
level of conservation, indicating the likelihood of these elements not being
a factor in virulence. Together with previously published data, this report
completes the sequence of the 15186 nt genomic RNA of NDV strain Beaudette C.
Descriptors: nucleotide sequences, intergenic DNA, Newcastle disease virus genes, proteins.
Molecular sequence data: genbank/af064091.
Kuiken,
T.; Heckert, R.A.; Riva, J.; Leighton, F.A.; Wobeser, G. Excretion
of pathogenic Newcastle disease virus by double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax
auritus) in absence of mortality of clinical signs of disease. Avian Pathology. Dec
1998. v. 27 (6) p. 541-546. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Pathogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) caused
several epidemics of Newcastle disease in double-crested
cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) in recent years. Eleven 16-week-old cormorants
were infected with, or exposed to, pathogenic NDV from one of these epidemics
and monitored for 70 days. No birds died, four birds had transient ataxia between
12 and 27 days post-infection (d.p.i.), and one bird had neuronal necrosis and
non-suppurative encephalitis characteristic for Newcastle disease. The mean haemagglutination
inhibiting antibody titre to NDV peaked at 1:630, 21 d.p.i., and decreased to
1:56 70 d.p.i. Duration of
NDV excretion from the cloaca was 15 +/- 6.2 d.p.i., with a maximum of 28 d.p.i.
The absence of mortality in these birds may have been due to age-related resistance.
The excretion of NDV by cormorants in the absence of mortality or clinical signs
of disease suggests that the cormorant population could maintain pathogenic
NDV through serial infection of susceptible birds. The greatest risk of NDV
transmission from cormorants to poultry probably is during autumn migration,
through contact with infected birds, excreta or contaminated water.
Descriptors: Phalacrocorax, cormorants, Newcastle disease virus, excretion,
experimental infections, morbidity, mortality, immune response, asymptomatic
infections, disease resistance.
Kuiken,
T.; Leighton, F.A.; Wobeser, G.; Danesik, K.L.; Riva, J.; Heckert, R.A. An epidemic
of Newcastle disease in double-crested cormorants from Saskatchewan.
Journal
of Wildlife Diseases. July 1998. v. 34 (3) p. 457-471. ISSN: 0090-3558
NAL
call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: Phalacrocorax auritus,
cormorants, epidemiology, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Li,
Z.; Sergel, T.; Razvi, E.; Morrison, T. Effect of cleavage mutants on syncytium formation
directed by the wild-type fusion protein of Newcastle disease virus. Journal of Virology. May 1998. v. 72 (5) p. 3789-3795. ISSN: 0022-538X
NAL
call no: QR360.J6
Descriptors: wild type viral fusion
protein, Newcastle disease virus, syncytium
formation.
Lomniczi,
B.; Wehmann, E.; Herczeg, J.; Ballagi-Pordany, A.; Kaleta, E.F.; Werner, O.;
Meulemans, G.; Jorgensen, P.H.; Mante, A.P.; Gielkens, A.L.J. Newcastle disease outbreaks in recent years
in Western Europe were caused by an Old (VI) and a novel genotype (VII). Archives of Virology. 1998.
v. 143 (1) p. 49-64. ISSN: 0304-8608
NAL
call no: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors: restriction fragment length polymorphism, strain
differences.
Losio,
M.N.; Lodetti, E.; Alborali, L.; Tosi, G.; Buonavoglia, C. A study on the long-term immunity
induced by La Sota strain of Newcastle disease virus grown in a BS/BEK cell line of bovine embryo
kidney origin.
Avian
Pathology. Feb 1998. v. 27 (1)
p. 28-32. ISSN: 0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Twenty-day-old susceptible chickens were divided
into three groups; two were vaccinated with inactivated, water in oil emulsified
La Sota strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) obtained
from a bovine embryo kidney (BS/BEK) cell line and from chicken embryos, respectively.
The third unvaccinated group represented the control. At 30-day intervals subgroups
were exposed to the Herts 33 virulent NDV strain. Serological and clinical findings
showed no appreciable difference in the immunogenicity of the antigen from either
culture systems and no significant differences could be observed in its ability
to protect against ND challenge.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, inactivated
vaccines vaccination, antibody formation, viral antigens, cell lines, kidneys,
chick embryos, disease prevention Newcastle disease, bovine
embryo kidney cell line.
Maas, R.A.; Oei, H.L.; Kemper, S.; Koch, G.; Visser,
L. The
use of homologous virus in the haemagglutination-inhibition assay after vaccination
with Newcastle disease virus strain La Sota or Clone30 leads to an over estimation
of protective serum antibody titres. Avian Pathology.
Dec 1998. v. 27 (6) p. 625-631. ISSN:
0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: We evaluated the influence of the use of the
Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-strains
Ulster and La Sota in the haemagglutination
inhibition (HI) assay for the measurement of antibody titres after NDV vaccination.
The use of the homologous La Sota antigen in the HI assay after Clone30 and
La Sota vaccination of SPF-chickens, resulted in significantly higher titres
than the use of the heterologous Ulster virus. The mean difference
was 1.4 on a log2 scale (2.6-fold). A significant difference was also found
in virus neutralization (VN) assays. The virus strain in the HI or VN test did
not influence the resulting titres after Ulster vaccination. When HI antibody
titres after vaccination were related to VN titres measured with virulent Herts
NDV or to survival after virulent challenge, it was found that the use of La
Sota antigen in the HI assay after vaccination with Clone30 or La Sota resulted
in an overestimation of protective serum antibody titres. Also in commercially
derived White Leghorns vaccinated with Clone30, significantly higher HI titres
were obtained when La Sota antigen was used in the HI test. Our data have direct
implications for potency testing of inactivated vaccines as the European Pharmacopeia
does not prescribe the antigen to be used in the HI test.
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, vaccination,
inactivated vaccines, strain differences, hemagglutination inhibition test,
potency, antibody formation, survival.
Meulemans,
G.; Roels, S.; van den Berg, T.P.; Godfroid, J.; Decaesstecker, M. Acute pancreatitis in chickens due to non-virulent
Newcastle disease virus. The Veterinary Record. Sept 12, 1998. v. 143 (11) p. 300-303.
ISSN: 0042-4900
NAL
call no: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: broilers, pancreatitis, Newcastle disease virus, histopathology,
lesions, pathogenicity experimental infections.
Nanda,
I.; Sick, C.; Munster, U.; Kaspers, B.; Schartl,
M.; Staeheli, P.; Schmid, M. Sex chromosome linkage of chicken and duck
type I interferon genes: further evidence of evolutionary conservation of the
Z chromosome in birds. Chromosoma. 1998.
v. 107 (3) p. 204-210. ISSN: 0009-5915
NAL
call no: 442.8 C46
Abstract: Type I interferons (IFNs) are a family of proteins
that are predominantly expressed in response to viral infection. Two serologically
distinct forms of type I IFN, designated ChIFN1 and ChIFN2, have recently been
recognized in the chicken. ChIFN1 is encoded by a cluster of ten or more intronless
genes, whereas ChIFN2, whose primary sequence is 57% identical, is encoded by
a single intronless gene. By fluorescence in situ hybridization we now demonstrate
that the genes for ChIFN1 and ChIFN2 are all located on the short arm of the
chicken Z chromosome. This assignment was confirmed by results that showed that
DNA from male (ZZ) chickens yielded approximately twofold stronger Southern
blot signals with ChIFN1 and ChIFN2 hybridization probes than DNA from females
(ZW). Attempts to determine differences in IFN production between male and female
chickens failed owing to a high degree of variation in virus-induced IFN expression
between individuals of both sexes. Sex linkage of IFN genes was also observed
in domestic ducks: fluorescence in situ hybridization of duck metaphase chromosomes
with a duck type I IFN probe was confined to the terminal region of the long
arm of the Z chromosome. Thus, in contrast to mammals, which have their IFN
genes on autosomes, birds have the type I IFN genes on the sex chromosome.
Descriptors: DNA hybridization, molecular mapping, Newcastle disease virus.
Oberdorder,
A.; Werner, O. Newcastle disease virus: detection and characterization by PCR of recent
German isolates differing in pathogenicity. Avian Pathology.
June 1998. v. 27 (3) p. 237-243. ISSN:
0307-9457
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: The fusion (F) protein plays an important role
in determining the virulence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains.
A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is described which
amplifies a 362 bp fragment encompassing the region of the F protein most important
for pathogenicity. A specific PCR product was obtained independent of strain,
pathogenicity and host of origin. Sequencing of the region specifying the F
protein cleavage site confirmed the correlation between deduced amino acid sequence
and pathogenicity. Oligonucleotides corresponding to the sequence of the pathospecific
region were designed for recent German NDV isolates and labelled with digoxigenin.
Hybridization of PCR fragments of different isolates with pathotype-specific
oligonucleotides allowed an estimation of the pathogenicity of most isolates.
Results were in good agreement with experimentally determined ICPI values.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, polymerase chain reaction,
detection, characterization, pathogenicity, viral proteins, pathotypes, nucleotide
sequences, amino acid sequences, DNA, hybridization, fusion protein.
Phillips,
R.J.; Samson, A.C.R.; Emmerson, P.T. Nucleotide sequence of the 5'-terminus of
Newcastle disease virus and assembly of the complete genomic sequence:
agreement with the "rule of six". Archives of Virology. 1998.
v. 143 (10) p. 1993-2002. ISSN: 0304-8608
NAL
call no: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors: nucleotide sequences, strain differences, regulatory
sequences
Molecular sequence data: genbank/aj225127. genbank/aj225128. genbank/aj225129.
Raghavan,
V.S.; Kumanan, K.; Thirumurugan, G.; Nachimuthu, K. Comparison
of various diagnostic methods in characterizing Newcastle disease virus isolates from Desi chickens. Tropical Animal Health
and Production.
Oct 1998. v. 30 (5) p. 287-293. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: Desi chickens, Newcastle disease virus, strain
differences, virulence, cytopathogenicity, native livestock, DNA probes, hemagglutination,
rapid methods, laboratory methods, Tamilnadu.
Ragland,
W.L.; Mazija, H.; Cvelic-Cabrilo, V.; Savic, V.; Novak, R.; Pogacnik, M. Immune
suppression of commercial broilers in Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1981 to 1991. Avian Pathology. Apr 1998. v. 27 (2) p. 200-204. ISSN: 0307-9457. Note: Summaires in French, German and Spanish.
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: A continuous decline in immune responses to
Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine was
observed in commercial broiler flocks in Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina beginning in 1982. Floating
mean haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titres declined from log2 4 in 1983 to
a low of log2 2.4 in 1986, then were log2 2.9 in 1990. Several causes of the
decline were discounted, leaving mycotoxins in feed and infection with chicken
anaemia virus (CAV) as the two most likely causes. Mycotoxins in feed could
not be evaluated retrospectively, but archival tissues were available from Croatia and Slovenia. Tissue sections were
examined by in situ hybridization for CAV. Whereas only one chicken from early
in the decade was infected, all but one of the chickens from late in the decade
were. The increase in CAV detection correlated inversely with ND HI titres.
Whereas this correlation does not establish cause and effect, CAV cannot be
eliminated as a contributory cause of immune suppression.
Descriptors: broilers, viral immunosuppression, chicken anemia
virus, avian infectious bursitis, mycotoxins, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia Hercegovina.
Ross,
L.J.N. Recombinant vaccines against Marek's disease. Avian
Pathology. Apr 1998. v. 27 (suppl.1)
p. S65-S73. ISSN: 0307-9457 Note: In the supplement: Trends in Avian Tumour
Virology / edited by B.M. Freeman. Proceedings of a symposium held Oct.
22-23, 1997.
NAL
call no: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Novel approaches to vaccination against very
virulent (vv) strains of Marek's disease virus (MDV) are discussed. Fowlpox
virus (FPV) and herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) recombinants expressing MDV antigens
have been constructed. It has been shown that glycoprotein B of MDV serotype
1 (gB1) is an effective immunogen which is particularly important for conferring
protective immunity in genetically susceptible chickens. However, maternal antibodies
against MDV diminished the efficacy of vaccination with recombinant FPV-gB1.
HVT recombinants expressing antigens of MDV and Newcastle disease virus have been
constructed and have been shown to be effective in preventing Marek's disease
as well as systemic Newcastle disease. Maternal antibodies
against MDV and Newcastle disease virus did not
affect significantly the efficacy of vaccination with cell-associated HVT recombinants.
The potential of retroviral insertion mutagenesis and other means of delivering
MDV antigens for immunization are discussed.
Descriptors: Marek's disease, Marek's disease virus, recombinant
vaccines development, vaccination, efficacy of disease prevention, maternal
antibodies, turkey herpesvirus, Newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease
virus, literature reviews.
Roy,
P.; Venugopalan, A.T.; Selvarangam, R.; Ramaswamy, V. Velogenic Newcastle disease virus in captive wild birds. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Oct 1998. v. 30 (5) p. 299-303. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: captive wild birds, Newcastle disease virus,
asymptomatic infections, chick embryos, mortality, virulence, strain differences,
Columbiformes, Psittaciformes, monoclonal antibodies, Passeriformes, Phasianidae,
India.
Roy,
P.; Venugopalan, A.T.; Manvell, R. Isolation of Newcastle disease virus from an Indian house crow. Tropical Animal Health and Production. June 1998. v. 30
(3) p. 177-178. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: Corvus splendens, Newcastle disease, serotypes, disease
transmission, case reports, Tamilnadu.
Roy,
P.; Venugopalan, A.T. Virulence of Newcastle disease vaccine virus(es) in the field. Tropical Animal Health
and Production.
Feb 1998. v. 30
(1) p. 41-44. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease, live vaccines,
cross reaction, monoclonal antibodies, virulence, outbreaks, Tamil Nadu.
Roy,
P.; Venugopalan, A.T. Potentiation of immune response of live lentogenic
Newcastle disease vaccine using adjuvant. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Feb 1998. v. 30
(1) p. 37-39. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: chicks vaccination, live vaccines, Newcastle disease virus, age differences,
maternal antibodies, adjuvants, antibody formation.
Roy,
P.; Koteeswaran, A.; Sridevi, P.; Venugopalan, A.T. Comparison
of Newcastle disease vaccines by serology using serum, tears and feather
pulp samples. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Feb 1998. v. 30
(1) p. 31-35. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease, live vaccines,
blood serum, tears, feathers, hemagglutination inhibition test, strain differences,
vaccination, application methods, blood sampling, virus neutralization, oculonasal
administration.
Sagrera,
A.; Cobaleda, C.; Berger, S.; Marcos, M.J.; Shnyrov, V.; Villar, E. Study
of the influence of salt concentration on Newcastle disease virus matrix protein aggregation. Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology International. Oct
1998. v. 46 (3) p. 429-435. ISSN: 1039-9712
NAL
call no: QD415.A1B52
Descriptors: ion strength effects, Newcastle disease, protein aggregation,
salt effects.
Sander,
J.E.; Willinghan, E.M.; Wilson, J.L.; Thayer, S.G. The effect of inoculating Enterococcus
faecalis into the yolk sac on chick quality and maternal antibody absorption.
Avian Diseases. Apr/June 1998. v. 42 (2) p. 359-363. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish
summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Four hundred thirty-two 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free
chicks were randomly divided into 36 groups of 12. All chicks were given 0.2
ml of Newcastle disease antiserum (hemagglutination-inhibition
[HI] titer 1:5120) by injection into the yolk sac at hatch. Half of the groups
received 0.2 ml of Enterococcus faecalis (4.0 x 10(8) colony-forming units/ml)
by injection into the yolk sac at hatch (treatment). The remaining 18 groups
received no bacteria (control). Two treatment groups and two control groups
were weighed, bled, killed, and yolk sac weighed daily for the first 9 days
of life. Feed was weighed at placement and at the end of the trial. Blood was
tested for packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma protein, and Newcastle disease HI titer. No significant
difference was observed between treatment and control groups for chick body
weight, PCV, and feed consumption. Total plasma protein and retained yolk weight
were significantly higher for treatment groups over control (P < 0.01 and
P < 0.0001, respectively). Also, the geometric mean serum HI titer (log2)
for Newcastle disease antibody was significantly
higher in the control chicks vs. the treatment chicks (P < 0.01).
Descriptors: chickens, chicks, Streptococcus faecalis, yolk
sac, experimental infections, quality, Newcastle disease virus, immune serum,
serology, weight, blood chemistry, blood plasma, protein content, feed intake,
liveweight, maternal immunity, maternal antibodies.
Seal,
B.S.; King, D.J.; Locke, D.P.; Senne, D.A.; Jackwood, M.W. Phylogenetic
relationships among highly virulent Newcastle disease virus isolates obtained from exotic birds and poultry
from 1989-1996. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. Apr 1998. v. 36 (4) p. 1141-1145. ISSN: 0095-1137
NAL
call no: QR46.J6
Descriptors: virulence, phylogenetics, amino acid sequences,
nucleotide sequences.
Molecular sequence data: genbank/af015507. genbank/af015508. genbank/af015509.
genbank/af015510. genbank/af015511. genbank/af015512. genbank/af015513. genbank/af015514.
genbank/af015515. genbank/af015516. genbank/af015517. genbank/af015518. genbank/af015520.
genbank/af015519.
Sick,
C.; Schultz, U.; Munster, U.; Meier, J.; Kaspers,
B.; Staeheli, P. Promoter structures
and differential responses to viral and nonviral inducers of chicken type I
interferon genes. The
Journal of Biological Chemistry. Apr 17,
1998.
v. 273 (16) p. 9749-9754. ISSN: 0021-9258
NAL
call no: 381 J824
Descriptors: chickens, promoters, interferon, genes, nucleotide
sequences, recombinant DNA, reporter genes, luciferase, messenger RNA, gene
expression, genetic regulation, Newcastle disease virus, experimental infections,
immunostimulants, chifn1 gene, chifn2-gene.
Molecular sequence data: genbank/y14968. genbank/y14969.
imidazoquinoline-s-28463.
Stram,
Y.; Shchori, D.; Chinitch, Y.; David, D.; Molad, T.; Samina, I. Molecular
characterization of an unassigned Israeli Newcastle disease virus isolate. Avian Diseases. Oct/Dec 1998. v. 42 (4) p. 746-751. ISSN: 0005-2086 Note: Spanish summary.
NAL
call no: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Detection of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and
avian pathotyping of NDV isolates are extremely important because the appearance
of virulent virus has significant economic consequences in terms of vaccination,
eradication, and the ability to export poultry products. By using nucleotide
and amino acid (aa) homology analysis, we could demonstrate that a NDV broiler
isolate is a velogenic virus. This analysis was done after mean death time and
intracerebral pathogenicity index tests gave inconsistent results. By establishing
a nucleotide sequence dendrogram, we found that the disputed Ber-Tuvia was clearly
in the same group as the known Herev-Laet, a velogenic isolate. The difference
between Ber-Tuvia 92 arid the Herev-Laet velogenic isolate was 6% as opposed
to >16% of the meso- arid lentogenic isolates. The Ber-Tuvia isolate contains
the Arg/Arg arid Lys/Arg aa at positions 112, 113 arid 115, 116, respectively,
in the fusion protein cleavage aa sequence, which is typical for virulent NDV
isolates.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, strain differences,
pathotypes, detection, identification, diagnosis, virulence, vaccination, disease
control, export controls, exports, nucleotide sequences, amino acid sequences,
mortality, pathogenicity, phylogenetics, Israel, molecular sequence data.
Swain,
P.; Verma, K.C.; Kataria, J.M.; Mohanty, S.K.; Dhama, K. Antigenic
characterization of Indian isolates and vaccine strains of Newcastle disease virus. Tropical Animal Health and Production. Oct 1998. v. 30 (5) p. 295-298. ISSN: 0049-4747
NAL
call no: SF601.T7
Descriptors: chickens, Newcastle disease virus, monoclonal
antibodies, strain differences, ELISA, neutralization
tests, epitopes, virulence, viral-antigens, viral proteins, immunoprecipitation
tests.
Takakuwa,
H.; Ito, T.; Takada, A.; Okazaki, K.; Kida, H. An attenuation
mechanism of Newcastle disease vaccine strain TCND. Archives
of Virology. 1998.
v. 143 (6) p. 1129-1143. ISSN: 0304-8608
NAL
call no: 448.3 Ar23
Descriptors: virulence, strain differences,
virual strain TCND, attenuation.
Villegas,
P. Viral diseases of the respiratory
system. Poultry Science. Aug 1998. v. 77 (8) p. 1143-1145. ISSN: 0032-5791 Note: Paper
presented at the symposium "Infectious Poultry Diseases" held August 2-3, 1997, in Athens, Georgia, sponsored by the Poultry
Science Association and the American Association of Avian Pathologists.
NAL
call no: 47.8 Am33P
Abstract: Infectious bronchitis, Newcastle disease, infectious laryngotracheitis,
avian influenza, and pneumovirus are the viruses that more frequently affect
the respiratory tract of chickens. Because of the tendency to change its antigenic
properties, infectious bronchitis is currently the viral disease present in
most poultry producing areas of the world. New serotypes and variant strains
are reported in several countries. Current commercially available vaccines do
not always provide protection against new field isolates. Vaccination programs
are constantly adjusted in an attempt to improve protection against this disease.
Infectious laryngotracheitis has appeared in the broiler industry as a serious
disease. Improved vaccines are needed to control the disease in broilers. In
the U.S., the control of the highly
pathogenic forms of avian influenza and the velogenic forms of Newcastle disease have been achieved
by eradication. In other countries, effective vaccines have been used to control
Newcastle and avian influenza. Avian
pneumovirus infection is also an emerging disease of chickens and turkeys.
Descriptors: chickens, respiratory diseases, infectious bronchitis
virus, serotypes, Newcastle disease virus, viral diseases,
pneumovirus, avian influenzavirus, infectious laryngotracheitis.
Watanabe,
K.; Tsuge, Y.; Shimoyamada, M. Binding activities of pronase-treated fragments
from egg white ovomucin with anti-ovomucin antibodies and Newcastle disease virus. Journal of Agricultural
and Food Chemistry.
Nov 1998. v. 46 (11) p. 4501-4506. ISSN: 0021-8561
NAL
call no: 381 J8223
Abstract: The prepared gel-like ovomucin and its beta-subunit
were treated with Pronase at various ratios (1/25600-1/6.25) to the sample weight
at 37 degrees C for 24 h. The concentration, chemical composition, and SDS-polyacrylamide
gel electrophoretic patterns of the obtained soluble fractions and their abilities
to bind to anti-ovomucin antibodies and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were
measured. At a ratio of 1/6400 the highest soluble fraction (solubility: nearly
100%) was obtained. At a ratio of 1/800 the fragment with the highest binding
activity to the antibodies was obtained, and at a ratio of 1/50 the fragments
with the disulfide bonds intact (apparent molecular masses, AMMs: 55, 45, and
40 kDa) which showed binding to the antibodies were prepared and partially characterized.
Fragments (AMMs: 220, 120, and 100 kDa) at ratios of 1/3200-1/800 and the final
Pronase-resistant fragment (AMM: 120 kDa) at ratios of 1/12.5-1/6.25 with a
binding activity to NDV could then be prepared. From the analysis of the fragments
of Pronase-treated beta-subunit, the AMM 120-kDa fragment was demonstrated to
be a part of the AMM 220-kDa fragment.
Descriptors: Newcastle disease virus, egg proteins, glycoproteins,
egg albumen, antibodies, binding, amino-acids, chemical composition, structure
activity relationships, enzyme treatment, protein subunits.
Zoeller,
B.; Popp, M.; Walter, A.; Redmann-Muller, I.; Lodemann, E.; Jungwirth,
C. Overexpression of chicken interferon
regulatory factor-1 (Ch-IRF-1) induces constitutive expression of MHC class
I antigens but does not confer virus resistance to a permanent chicken fibroblast
cell line. Gene. Nov
19, 1998.
v. 222 (2) p. 269-278. ISSN: 0378-1119
NAL
call no: QH442.A1G4
Descriptors: chickens, transcription-factors, gene expression,
messenger RNA, major histocompatibility complex, histocompatibility antigens,
interferon, binding proteins, fibroblasts, disease resistance, Newcastle disease
virus, vaccinia virus, Sindbis virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, transcriptional
activators, gene overexpression, beta microglubulin, gyanylate binding protein,
B F antigen.
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