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The Cranes

Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

The central population of the endangered Siberian Crane at Keoladeo National Park in India. The population contained more than 30 individuals through the early 1980s. No birds were seen on the wintering grounds in 1993-94 and 1994-95. Four individuals reappeared at Keoladeo National Park in February 1996.

Compiled by

Curt D. Meine and George W. Archibald

IUCN/SSC Crane Specialist Group

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This resource is based on the following source:

Meine, Curt D. and George W. Archibald (Eds).  1996.  The cranes: - Status 
     survey and conservation action plan.  IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and 
     Cambridge, U.K. 294pp.   

This resource should be cited as:

Meine, Curt D. and George W. Archibald (Eds).  1996.  The cranes: - Status 
     survey and conservation action plan.  IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and 
     Cambridge, U.K. 294pp.  Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online.
     http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/birds/cranes/index.htm
     (Version 02MAR98).

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Table of Contents

• Preface
• Executive Summary
• Acknowledgements
• Introduction
• Acronyms Used in Text
• Section 1: Conservation Biology of Cranes
  • Introduction
  • Evolution and Classification
  • An Overview of Crane Biology
    • Morphology
    • Distribution and Habitat
    • Behavior
    • Vocalizations
    • Diet and Foraging Behavior
    • Breeding
    • Movements
  • Cranes and People
  • Conservation Status
  • Threats
    • Habitat Loss and Degradation
    • Direct Exploitation
    • Poisoning
    • Other Anthropomorphic Threats
    • Biological Factors
    • Other Environmental Factors
  • Crane Conservation Measures
  • Captive Propagation and Reintroduction
  • Building Integrated Crane and Crane Habitat Conservation Programs
• Section 2: Species Accounts
  • Introduction to Species Accounts
  • Black Crowned Crane (Balearica pavonina)
  • Grey Crowned Crane (Balearica regulorum)
  • Demoiselle Crane (Anthropoides virgo)
  • Blue Crane (Anthropoides paradisea)
  • Wattled Crane (Bugeranus carunculatus)
  • Siberian Crane (Grus leucogeranus)
  • Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis)
  • Sarus Crane (Grus antigone)
  • Brolga (Grus rubicundus)
  • White-naped Crane (Grus vipio)
  • Hooded Crane (Grus monachus)
  • Eurasian Crane (Grus grus)
  • Whooping Crane (Grus americana)
  • Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis)
  • Red-crowned Crane (Grus japonensis)
• Section 3: Recommended Conservation Actions
  • Introduction to Global and Regional Recommendations
  • Recommended Actions at the Global Level
  • Recommended Actions at the Regional Level
• Literature
  • Literature I. Proceedings
  • Literature II. Cited A-K
  • Literature III. Cited L-Z
• Appendices
  • Appendix 1 -- IUCN/SSC and BirdLife International Crane Specialist Group Members
  • Appendix 2 -- Crane Working Groups
  • Appendix 3 -- New IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria
  • Appendix 4 -- Preparing National Crane Action Plans
  • Appendix 5 -- Securing Support for Crane Conservation Projects
• Topics
  • Topic 1 -- Key Controversies in Crane Conservation
  • Topic 2 -- Coordinating Efforts to Protect and Restore the Siberian Crane
  • Topic 3 -- The Ron Sauey Memorial Library for Bird Conservation
• Figures and Tables
  • Figure 1.1 -- Phlogenetic tree of cranes
  • Figure 1.2 -- Facial features of the world's cranes
  • Figure 2.1 -- Whooping Crane winter populations (1938-1995)

  • Table 1.1 -- Proposed conservation status of cranes under the revised IUCN categories
  • Table 1.2 -- Population estimates for crane taxa
  • Table 1.3 -- Threats to cranes
  • Table 1.4 -- Crane workshops and symposia
  • Table 1.5 -- Crane studbook keepers and program coordinators (as of October 1995)
  • Table 3.1 -- Distribution of cranes by region
  • Table 3.2 -- Contracting parties to the Ramsar Convention

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The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

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Produced by: Canadian Museum of Nature

Available from:

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