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PHOSPHINE IN WORKPLACE ATMOSPHERES
Method Number: |
ID-180 |
|
Matrix: |
Air |
|
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits Final Rule Limit:
Transitional Limit: |
0.3 ppm [Time Weighted Average (TWA)] 1 ppm [Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL)] 0.3 ppm (TWA) |
|
Collection Device: |
Samples are collected using a calibrated sampling pump and a glass tube containing beaded carbon impregnated with potassium hydroxide. A humidification device may also be used in front of the sorbent tube. |
|
Recommended Sampling Rates TWA: STEL: |
0.05 to 0.15 L/min 0.3 L/min (15-min samples) |
|
Recommended Maximum Air Volume: |
36 L (0.15 L/min for 240 min) |
|
Analytical Procedure: |
Sampling media is desorbed in 30% hydrogen peroxide and analyzed as phosphite by ion chromatography. |
|
Detection Limit Qualitative: Quantitative: |
0.009 ppm for a 36-L air sample 0.015 ppm for a 36-L air sample |
|
Precision and Accuracy Validation Range: CVT(pooled): Bias: Overall Error: |
TWA 0.15 to 0.67 ppm 0.041 +0.1% ±8.3% | STEL 1.3 ppm 0.039 (CV2) -6.0% ±13.8% |
|
|
Method Classification: |
Validated Method |
|
Special Requirements Collection Device: |
Certain lots or grades of beaded carbon have been inefficient in collecting phosphine. See Section 5 for information. |
|
Sampling: |
If sampling in low relative humidity (<40% RH) areas, an in-line humidifier is necessary. The humidifier can be used regardless of humidity levels and if used, eliminates the need to measure humidity. |
|
Analysis: |
Analyze samples within 12 days after collection. Samples should be refrigerated to increase stability. |
|
Chemist: Date (Date Revised): |
James Ku March, 1988 (June, 1991) |
Commercial manufacturers and products mentioned in this method are for descriptive use only and do not constitute endorsements by USDOL-OSHA. Similar products from other sources can be substituted.
Branch of Inorganic Methods Development OSHA Technical Center Salt Lake City, Utah
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1. Introduction
This method describes the breathing zone sampling and laboratory
analysis of workplace personnel for occupational exposure to phosphine.
Collected samples are analyzed by ion chromatography.
1.1. History
1.1.1. Previously, a solid sorbent tube containing silica gel
impregnated with mercuric cyanide was used for phosphine
monitoring (8.1.). After sample collection, a hot, acidic
permanganate solution was used for sample extraction and
oxidation to phosphate. An organic solvent extraction was
also used and the phosphate was analyzed calorimetrically as
a phosphomolybdate complex. This analytical method involved
several time-consuming analytical steps and solution
transfers. The sampling material, mercuric cyanide, is toxic
and sampling tubes have been difficult to obtain through
commercial sources.
1.1.2. although it has been reported that phosphine can be collected
in bubblers containing acidified permanganate solution (8.2.)
or silver diethyldithiocarbamate (AgDDC) dissolved in
pyridine (8.3.), the analytical methods are complex and
sampling is inconvenient. Collection of phosphine in
permanganate solution requires a sampling train of bubblers
containing large amounts of solution. The permanganate
solutions are analyzed using the calorimetric
phosphomolybdate method mentioned in Section 1.1.1. The
AgDDC method requires samples to be analyzed within 8 h of
sampling.
For these reasons, it was desirable to develop a more
acceptable sampling and analytical method for phosphine.
1.2. Principle
Phosphine is collected on a solid sorbent consisting of beaded,
activated carbon impregnated with potassium hydroxide. The sample
collection and analysis are based on the following proposed chemical
reaction:
3PH3 + 6OH- + 5O2 ----> 6H2O + HPO42- + 2HPO32-
For every 3 moles of phosphine collected, 1 mole of phosphate
(HPO42-) and 2 moles of phosphite (HPO32-) are produced; therefore,
the conversion factor (3PH3/2HPO32-) is 0.6376. The collected
phosphine is extracted from the treated carbon beads with 30%
hydrogen peroxide and analyzed as phosphite by ion chromatography
(IC).
1.3. Advantages and Disadvantages
-
1.3.1. This method has adequate sensitivity for determining
compliance with the 0.3 ppm time weighted average (TWA) OSHA
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for phosphine. The method
is also adequate for Short-Term Exposure Limit monitoring.
1.3.2. The samples are analyzed by means of a quick instrumental
method that may be easily automated and computerized.
1.3.3. The method is specific for phosphine (determined as
phosphite) in the presence of phosphate and other compounds.
1.3.4. The sampling device is portable and does not contain any
highly toxic materials.
1.3.5. Desorption and preparation of samples for analysis involve
simple procedures and equipment.
1.3.6. One disadvantage is an unacceptable decrease in recovery when
sampling at a RH <40%. When sampling with an in-line
humidifier, the recovery approaches that seen at higher
humidities. The humidifier can be used regardless of the
humidity level at the sampling site.
1.3.7. Another disadvantage is sample storage stability. Collected
samples stored at 20 to 25°C for periods greater than 12
days gave unacceptably low recoveries. Samples should be
analyzed within 12 days after sampling. Sample refrigeration
improves stability, and is strongly recommended.
1.4. Phosphine (CAS 7803-51-2) uses (8.4.):
Organic preparations |
Phosphonium halides |
Polymerization initiator |
Condensation catalyst |
Doping agent for solid state electronic components |
Phosphine is also used as a fumigant insecticide or rodenticide. A
metal phosphide (usually magnesium, calcium, zinc or aluminum) is
used for fumigation. Phosphine is produced from the decomposition
reaction of the phosphide with moisture in the ambient air.
1.5. Physical and chemical properties (8.4., 8.5.):
Phosphine is a colorless gas; impurities can give the gas a
disagreeable, garlic-like odor. Some of the physical properties are:
Solubility |
Soluble in alcohol, ether and cuprous chloride solution; slightly soluble in cold water; insoluble in hot water. |
Specific gravity |
1.185 |
Melting point |
-133.5°C |
Boiling point |
-85°C |
Autoignition temp. |
37°C (pure gas) |
1.6. Toxicology
Note: |
Information listed within this section is a synopsis of current knowledge of the physiological effects of phosphine and is not intended to be used as a basis for OSHA policy. |
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1.6.1. The main occupational route of exposure is inhalation of
phosphine vapor.
1.6.2. Phosphine is a central nervous system depressant and airway
irritant. Symptoms of mild, non-chronic phosphine exposures
are (8.6., 8.7.):
weakness |
fatigue |
vomiting |
vertigo |
nausea |
diarrhea |
headache |
respiratory irritation |
abdominal pain |
|
Symptoms may mimic a viral respiratory tract infection.
1.6.3. At higher concentrations, symptoms may be present as tremors,
disturbances of gait, convulsions, and coma. Death from
extreme phosphine exposure is usually attributed to pulmonary
edema and, to a lesser extent, cardiac arrest.
1.6.4. The mechanism of phosphine toxicity is not well understood.
The physiologic effects are thought to occur as a result of
damage to enzyme systems (8.8.).
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2. Range, Detection Limit and Sensitivity (8.9.)
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2.1. This method was validated over the range of 0.15 to 0.67 ppm using
flow rates from 0.11 to 0.15 L/min and 240- to 360-min sampling
times.
2.2. The qualitative and quantitative detection limits of the method are
0.009 and 0.015 ppm phosphine (36-L air volume). Both detection
limits are based on a 5-mL sample volume, a 50-µL injection volume,
and a 3 microsiemens full scale output setting.
2.3. The sensitivity of the analytical method, when using the
instrumentation specified in Section 6.2., was calculated from the
slope of a linear working range curve (0.61 to 12 µg/mL phosphate).
The sensitivity for this curve was 433,020 area units per 1 µg/mL
phosphite (for the HP 3357 data reduction system used, 1 area unit =
0.25 microvolt-second). A graphic representation of a typical
concentration-response curve is shown in Figure 1.
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3. Method Performance (8.9.)
3.1. The coefficient of variation for the overall sampling and analytical
method [CVT(pooled)] in the range of 0.15 to 0.67 ppm was 0.041.
Bias was +0.1% and overall error was ±8.3%. For the STEL (1.3 ppm
was used) determinations, the CV2 was 0.039, bias was -6% and
overall error was ±13.8%.
3.2. The collection efficiency for in-house and commercially (SKC Inc.,
Eighty Four, PA) prepared tubes was 100.0%. The parameters used for
determining collection efficiency were: 50% RH, 0.12 to 0.15 L/min
pump flow rate, 210- and 240-min sampling times and concentrations
of 0.6 to 0.67 ppm.
3.3 There was no evidence of breakthrough after sampling 0.6 ppm
phosphine for 360 min (50% RH and 25°C). A pump flow rate of 0.14
L/min was used for sampling. Sampling at a higher concentration
(1.9 ppm) for 240 min gave an breakthrough value of less than 5%.
Breakthrough did occur after sampling at 30% RH without an
in-line humidifier. Sampling was performed at a 0.115- to 0.135-L/min flow rate, 90-min sampling time, and a generation
concentration of 1 ppm. The sample load at breakthrough was
approximately 6 µg.
3.4. In storage stability studies, the mean recovery of samples stored at
20 to 25°C was 81% after 12 days, 64% after 18 days and 48% of the
known concentration after 32 days. Samples refrigerated up to 30
days showed an acceptable improvement in recovery.
4. Interferences
4.1. When other compounds are known or suspected to be present in the
sampled air, such information should be transmitted with the sample.
4.2. Any compound that has the same retention time as phosphite is an
interference.
4.3. Interferences may be minimized by changing the operating conditions
of the ion chromatography (e.g., changing the concentration of eluent
and pump flow rate).
4.4. Water soluble phosphite salts will cause a positive interference;
however, the collection of any particulate in a solid sorbent
sampling tube should be minimal. If necessary, a pre-filter can be
used to capture particulate.
5. Sampling
5.1. Equipment
Sampling and pre-moistened humidifier tubes are commercially
available [three companies offer sampling tubes: Forest Biomedical
(Salt Lake City, UT), SKC Inc. (Eighty Four, PA), or Supelco
(Bellefonte, PA)]. Two different size sampling tubes are available;
a thin tube approximately 5-mm o.d. × 17-cm long and a wider tube
approximately 9-mm o.d. × 11-cm long. Both tubes contain 1.5 g of
treated sorbent. The 9-mm o.d. tube has similar dimensions as the
humidifier tube. If a humidifier tube is not necessary, the thin
(5-mm o.d.) tube can be used for added convenience. Sampling and
humidifier tubes can also be prepared according to procedures listed
in Sections 5.1.3.-5.1.5.
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5.1.1. A personal sampling pump capable of sampling within ±5% of
the recommended flow rate of 0.05 to 0.15 L/min.
5.1.2. Tygon or other flexible tubing.
5.1.3. Carbon bead (Kureha Chemical Industry Co., 420 Lexington
Ave., Suite 1742, NY, 10170, phone no. 212-867-7040).
Certain lots or grades of carbon bead (after treatment) have
shown losses of up to 50% when sampling phosphine. The
ability of the carbon bead to capture phosphine may be
dependent on the pitch used to produce the bead and should be
tested on a lot-by-lot basis. See reference 8.9. for an
evaluation of carbon bead, Grade MU-AZ, lot 820601 or 15161.
5.1.4. Solid sorbent tubes are prepared by using beaded activated
carbon. The beaded activated carbon is impregnated according
to the following procedure:
CAUTION: |
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) can cause skin and eye irritation. Extended contact can cause serious burns. Avoid physical contact with this reagent. |
Approximately 30 tubes can be prepared from this recipe.
- Prepare a KOH solution by adding 0.5 g KOH to 75 mL
deionized water (DI H2O).
- Using a hood for ventilation, carefully add the KOH
solution to 50 g of beaded activated carbon.
Occasionally stir and then allow the slurry to sit for a
few minutes.
- Dry the impregnated carbon at 100°C for at least 2 h in
a drying oven.
- Cool the impregnated carbon to room temperature.
- Pack approximately 1.5 g of solid sorbent into 9-mm o.d.
(standard wall) × 12-cm Pyrex sampling tubes and hold in
place with glass wool plugs. Cap tubes with end caps or
fire seal.
- Sampling tubes prepared in this fashion are stable for at
least 6 months (8.9.).
5.1.5. For low humidity (<40% RH) sampling, an in-line impinger or
humidifier pre-tube is required. Humidifying pre-tubes are
prepared by the following procedure:
- Insert a cellulose filter plug (Rainin Instrument Co.,
Woburn, MA; part no. 23534/B) into each glass tube (9-mm
o.d. × 10-cm length).
- Cap the pre-tubes with end caps or fire seal.
- The plug is saturated with 0.75 mL DI H2O before
sampling. One humidifier tube provides enough water
vapor for one sampling tube taken at the prescribed flow
rate and time.
5.2. Sampling Procedure
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5.2.1. Measure the RH of the area to be sampled.
Note: |
Humidity measurements are not necessary if an in-line
humidifier is used for each sample taken. The humidifiers
can be used in high humidity environments. |
A battery-operated or sling psychrometer or a water vapor
detector tube can be used. If measurements indicate less
than 40% RH, or is expected to drop below 40% during
sampling, an in-line impinger containing approximately 5 mL
of DI H2O or a humidifier pre-tube will be necessary for
sorbent humidification.
- For humidification using an impinger, connect the
impinger (containing only 5 mL DI H2O) the sampling tube
and then the pump with a minimum amount of flexible
tubing. Sampled air must enter the impinger first and
then the sampling tube.
- For humidification using a filter plug, use the pre-tube
assembled in Section 5.1.5. (If a commercially prepared
pre-tube is used, do not add any water. The plug has
already been moistened). Using an eyedropper or pipette,
add 0.75 mL DI H2O to the filter plug. Connect the
pre-tube in front of the solid sorbent tube with a
minimum amount of tubing. Connect both tubes to the pump
such that sampled air enters the pre-tube first.
5.2.2. If the RH is greater than or equal to 40%, a humidification
device can still be used but is not required.
5.2.3. Place the sampling tube, impinger, or pre-tube and pump in
appropriate positions on the employee.
5.2.4. For TWA determinations, sample at a flow rate of 0.15 L/min.
Sample for a period up to 240-min per tube. For STEL
measurements, sample at 0.3 L/min for 15 min.
5.2.5. Prepare a blank sample by treating a sampling tube in the
same manner as the other sorbent tubes except that no air is
drawn through it.
5.2.6. Cap and seal samples with OSHA Form 21 or other appropriate
seals. Submit samples to the laboratory along with air
volume and potential interference information. Request
phosphine analysis.
5.2.7. All samples should be sent to the laboratory as soon as
possible. If a delay in sample submission is unavoidable,
refrigerate samples until shipment.
5.2.8. If bulk samples are also submitted, check hazardous substance
shipping requirements and send in a separate shipping
container.
5.2.9. Refrigerate these samples at the laboratory until analysis.
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6. Analysis
Samples should be analyzed within 12 days of sampling. Refrigerated
samples should be warmed to room temperature before preparation.
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6.1. Precautions
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6.1.1. Laboratory safety rules and regulations regarding solution
preparation and instrument operation must be followed.
6.1.2. Use gloves, lab coat, protective eyewear and an exhaust hood
when handling hydrogen peroxide or sulfuric acid solutions.
6.1.3. Refer to the appropriate manuals for proper instrument
operation and maintenance (8.10.).
6.2. Equipment
6.2.1. Ion chromatography (model no. 2010i or 4500, Dionex,
Sunnyvale, CA) equipped with a conductivity detector.
6.2.2. Automatic sampler (model no. AS-1, Dionex) and 0.5 mL sample
vials.
6.2.3. Laboratory automation system: Ion chromatography interfaced
to a data reduction and control system (AutoIon 450, Dionex).
6.2.4. Micromembrane suppressor (model no. AMMS-1, Dionex).
6.2.5. Anion separator column (model no. HPIC-AS4A, Dionex) with
pre-column (model no. HPIC-AG4A, Dionex).
6.2.6. Disposable syringes (1 mL).
6.2.7. Syringe pre-filters, 0.5 pm pore size (part no. SLSR 025 NS
Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA).
(Note: |
Some syringe pre-filters are not cation- or anion-free.
Tests should be done with blank solutions first to
determine suitability for the analyte being determined). |
6.2.8. Assorted volumetric glassware: Micropipettes, volumetric
flasks, graduated cylinders, beakers, and pipettes.
6.2.9. Analytical balance (0.01 mg).
6.3. Reagents - all chemicals should be at least reagent grade:
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
Sodium phosphite (NaH2PO3 or Na2HPO3·5H2O)
Sodium phosphate (Na2HPO4)
6.3.1. Deionized water (DI H2O) with a specific conductance of 10
microsiemens or less.
6.3.2. Eluent (0.002 M Na2CO3 + 0.001 M NaHCO3):
Dissolve 0.848 g Na2CO3 and 0.336 gram NaHCO3 in 4.0 L DI
H2O.
6.3.3. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4),
6.3.4. Suppressor regenerant solution (0.02 N H2SO4):
Place 1.14 mL concentrated H2SO4 into a 2-L volumetric flask
which contains approximately 500 mL DI H2O. Dilute to volume
with DI H2O.
6.3.5. Standard stock solution, 1,000 µg/mL phosphite (as HPO32-):
Place 1.3000 g NaH2PO3 (sodium phosphite, monobasic) or
2.7000 g Na2HPO3·5H2O (sodium phosphite pentahydrate,
dibasic) in a 1-L volumetric flask. Add about 500 mL DI H2O,
swirl to dissolve, then dilute to the mark with DI H2O.
Prepare every 6 months.
6.3.6. Hydrogen peroxide, 30% (CAUTION: Solutions of 30% hydrogen
peroxide can cause irritation or burns).
6.3.7. Phosphite standard solutions, 100, 10, and 1 µg/mL:
Pipette appropriate volumes of 1,000 µg/mL phosphite stock
solution into volumetric flasks and dilute to the mark with
eluent. Prepare monthly.
6.3.8. Standard stock solution 1,000 µg/mL phosphate (HPO42-):
Dissolve 1.4950 g Na2HPO4 and dilute to 1 L with DI H2O.
Note: |
The phosphate stock standard is only prepared as a
source for preparing the mixed standard in Section 6.3.9.
This mixed standard is used during the analysis to assure
separation of the phosphite and phosphate peaks. |
6.3.9. Phosphate and phosphite mixed-standard solution: Make serial
dilutions of the phosphite and phosphate stock solutions to
achieve concentrations of about 5 to 10 µg/mL of both
analytes. Prepare this mixture in eluent.
6.4. Sample Preparation
6.4.1. Carefully transfer the beaded activated carbon from each
sample tube into separate 25-mL Erlenmeyer flasks.
6.4.2. Using a hood for ventilation, carefully pipette 5 mL of 30%
hydrogen peroxide into each flask and wait until the reaction
stops (approximately 10 min). Occasionally stir the solution
while allowing to cool to ambient temperature. Cap the
flasks tightly and allow the solution to sit for at least
1 h.
6.4.3. Pipette a 0.5- to 0.6-mL portion of each sample solution into
separate automatic sampler vials. Place a 0.5-mL filter cap
into each vial. The large filter portion of the cap should
face the sample solution.
6.5. Working Standard Preparation
6.5.1. Phosphite working standards may be prepared in the ranges
specified below:
Working Std µg/mL
|
Standard Solution µg/mL
|
Aliquot mL
|
|
0.5 |
1 |
5 |
1 |
1 |
* |
3 |
10 |
3 |
6 |
10 |
6 |
10 |
10 |
* |
|
* Already prepared in Section 6.3.7. |
6.5.2. Pipette appropriate aliquots of standard solutions (prepared
in Section 6.3.7.) into 10-mL volumetric flasks and dilute to
volume with eluent. Prepare working standards weekly.
6.5.3. Pipette a 0.5- to 0.6-mL portion of each standard solution
into separate automatic sampler vials. Also prepare a vial
containing a mixed-standard solution (Section 6.3.9.). Place
a 0.5-mL filter cap into each vial. The large filter portion
of the cap should face the standard solution.
6.5.4. Load the automatic sampler with labeled samples and standards.
6.6. Analytical Procedure
6.6.1. Set up the ion chromatography in accordance with the Standard
Operating Procedure (8.10.). Typical operating conditions
using the equipment described in Section 6.2. are:
Ion Chromatograph |
|
Eluent: |
0.002 M Na2CO3 + 0.001 M NaHCO3 |
Columns: |
separator column (HPIC-AS4A) with precolumn A(HPIC-AG4A) |
Suppressor: |
anion micromembrane (AMMS-1) |
Column temperature: |
ambient |
Sample injection volume: |
50 µL |
|
Pump |
|
Pump flow rate: |
2 mL/min |
Pump pressure: |
approximately 1000 psi |
|
Chromatogram |
|
Run time: |
8 to 10 min |
Retention time (HPO32-): |
4 to 5 min |
6.6.2. Determinations
Follow the Standard Operating Procedure (8.10.) for initiating
the analysis. Always analyze a mixed phosphite/phosphate
standard (Section 6.3.9.) to determine if sufficient
resolution is present with the IC to separate phosphite and
phosphate. A chromatogram for a 6 µg/mL (as phosphite)
generated sample spiked with 12 µg/mL of phosphate is shown in
Figure 2. After the analysis is completed, retrieve the
computer-calculated sample and standard peak areas or heights.
7. Calculations
7.1. Prepare a concentration-response curve by plotting the concentration
of the standards in µg/mL (or µg/sample if the same volumes are used
for samples and standards) versus peak areas or peak heights. An
example of a typical curve constructed from peak areas is shown in
Figure 1.
7.2. The blank and sample concentrations are calculated from the
regression equation. The calculated µg/mL phosphite blank value is
then subtracted from the calculated sample values. If a different
solution volume is used for samples and blank, subtract total
µg blank values from total µg sample values.
7.3. The concentration of phosphine (PH3) in each air sample is expressed
in ppm:
ppm PH3 = |
[24.45] [µg/mL Phosphite] [sample volume (mL)] [Conversion] [MW] [air volume (L)] |
Where:
Molar volume |
= |
24.45 (25°C and 760 mmHg) |
µg/mL Phosphite |
= |
Calculated from curve (blank corrected) |
Sample volume |
= |
5 mL |
Molecular weight (MW) of phosphine |
= |
34.0 |
[Conversion] of phosphite to phosphine |
= |
0.6376 (from Section 1.2.) |
Therefore, for a 5 mL sample volume:
ppm Phosphine = |
[2.293] [µg/mL Phosphite] air volume (L) |
7.4. Reporting Results
Report results to the industrial hygienist as ppm phosphine.
8. References
8.1. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health: NIOSH
Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd. ed., Vol. 5 (Method No. S332)
(DHEW/NIOSH Pub. No. 79-141). Cincinnati, OH: National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health, 1979.
8.2. Barrett, W.J. and H.K. Dillon: Development of Methods for the
Determination of Elemental Phosphorus and Phosphine in Air (DHEW
Publication No. 78-177) Cincinnati, OH: National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health, 1978; p 52.
8.3. Dechant, R., G. Sanders, and R. Graul: Determination of phosphine
in air. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 24: 164-167 (1963).
8.4. Hawley, G.G., ed.: The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 9th ed. New
York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1971.
8.5. Weast, R.C., ed.: CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 62nd ed.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1981.
8.6. Sittig, M.: Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals. Park Ridge,
NJ: Noyes Publications, 1981, pp 541-543.
8.7. Proctor, N.H. and J.P. Hughes: Chemical Hazards of the Workplace.
Philadelphia, PA: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1978. pp 415-416.
8.8. Air Products and Chemicals Inc.: Specialty Gas Material Safety
Data Sheet for Phosphine. Allentown, PA: Air Products and
Chemicals Inc., 1984.
8.9. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Technical Center:
Phosphine Backup Data Report (ID-180) by J.C. Ku. Salt Lake City,
UT. Revised 1991.
8.10. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Technical Center:
Standard Operating-Procedure-Ion Chromatography. Salt Lake City,
UT. In progress (unpublished).
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