Tests, Detection and
Diagnosis
Abraham, A., V. Sivanandan, D.A. Halvorson, and J.A.
Newman (1986). Standardization of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for
avian influenza virus antibodies in turkeys. American Journal of
Veterinary Research 47(3): 561-6.
ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: The signal-to-noise ratio was useful in
determining the optimal dilution of rabbit anti-turkey conjugate. Optimum
dilution for rabbit anti-turkey conjugate to be used in the enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was 1:1,000. The avian influenza virus antigen
concentration was 128 hemagglutinating units (0.3 microgram of protein) per
well, as determined by checkerboard titration. Bovine serum albumin fraction V
increased nonspecific binding of conjugate and was not used to coat the plates
in subsequent tests. Using ELISA, nonspecific binding to avian influenza
virus-coated plates were not found with antibodies to Newcastle disease virus,
infectious bursal disease, Salmonella, or Escherichia coli.
Chromogens o-phenenediamine, and 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethyl-benz-thiazoline
sulfonic acid) were almost equal in sensitivity for detecting released oxygen
from the H2O2. The substrate plate was more sensitive than was the polystyrene
plate. Dual wavelength was reliable in reading ELISA results.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, fowl plague
immunology, influenza A virus avian immunology, enzyme linked immunosorbent
assay, hemagglutination inhibition tests, turkeys.
Abraham, A., V. Sivanandan, J.A. Newman, and S.K.
Maheswaran (1984). Rapid purification of avian influenza virus for use in
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. American Journal of Veterinary
Research 45(5): 959-62. ISSN:
0002-9645.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: A rapid and easy purification method was
developed to obtain avian influenza antigen for use in immunochemical assays.
This was achieved by rapid concentration of virus from infective allantoic
fluid, using 8% (w/v) polyethylene glycol 8000, and later, by purification on
gel-permeation chromatography through controlled-pore glass beads. Rabbit
anti-turkey globulins were made specific for turkey globulins, using affinity
chromatography, conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and used in enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay. A significant increase in specificity and sensitivity of
the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was observed when purified antigen was
used in place of a crude antigen preparation. This purified antigen eliminated
the false-positives obtained as a result of the turkeys being previously
vaccinated with egg-grown virus vaccines (Newcastle disease virus). The details
of the technique and the importance of antigen preparation are discussed.
Descriptors: antigens, viral isolation and purification,
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, immunoenzyme techniques, influenza A virus
avian isolation and purification, antibodies, anti idiotypic isolation and
purification, chick embryo, chromatography, affinity, chromatography, gel, fowl
plague diagnosis, horseradish peroxidase, avian immunology, rabbits immunology,
turkeys immunology.
Adair, B.M., K. Burns, M.S. McNulty, and D. Todd
(1990). A study of ELISA systems incorporating pooled viral and Mycoplasma
antigen preparations for antibody screening of chicken sera. Avian
Pathology 19(2): 263-278. ISSN:
0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, screening techniques,
ELISA, Mycoplasma synoviae, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Gallus
gallus, chickens.
Al Attar, M., K. Nielsen, and W.R. Mitchell (1981). The
application of the soluble antigen fluorescent antibody test for the diagnosis
of avian influenza. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine Revue
Canadienne De Medecine Comparee 45(2):
140-6. ISSN: 0008-4050.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 C162
Abstract: The application of the soluble antigen
fluorescent test as a tool for serological investigation of influenza type A
infection in wild birds was studied. The soluble antigen fluorescent antibody
test is basically an indirect fluorescent antibody test except that an
artificial matrix of cellulose acetate discs is used as a substrate for antigen
and the test results are scanned and recorded by a fluorometer. THe influenza
type A soluble antigen fluorescent antibody was obtained from concentrated and
detergent disrupted virus particles, absorbed onto cellulose acetate discs.
Anti-influenza sera were prepared in pheasants and ducks to
A/turkey/Ontario/6118/67 and in pigeons to A/turkey/Ontario/6213/68. The
antigen-antibody complex was detected by specific staining with monovalent or
polyvalent fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated rabbit anti-avian
immunoglobulins. The soluble antigen fluorescent antibody test is a sensitive
technique for the detection of specific influenza A antibodies in several avian
species, and could be adapted for use in large scale surveys.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, fluorescent
antibody technique, fowl plague diagnosis, influenza A virus avian immunology,
antigens, viral, birds, hemagglutination inhibition tests veterinary, poultry,
solubility.
Al Natour, M.Q. and M.N. Abo Shehada (2005). Sero-prevalence
of avian influenza among broiler-breeder flocks in Jordan. Preventive
Veterinary Medicine 70(1-2): 45-50.
NAL
Call Number: SF601.P7
Abstract: Thirty blood samples were collected randomly
from each of the 38 breeder-broiler farms in Jordan. Serum samples were
examined using indirect ELISA for specific antibodies to avian influenza virus.
The overall true flock-level sero-prevalence of avian influenza was 71% (95%
CI: 55,83). Positive flocks had 2-30 sero-positive chickens and half of flocks
had >20 sero-positive birds. The number of sero-positive flocks varied in
the studied localities with more sero-positives in farms located within the migratory
route of migratory wild fowl. The examined broiler-breeder flocks had no
clinical signs, or noticeable decrease in egg production; mortalities were
within the normal range (0.1-1%). The number of positive sera/flock correlated
with flock size. There were a no significant (Pearsons r = 0.21, p = 0.21)
correlation between positive flocks and age. A non-pathogenic AI virus infects
broiler-breeder farms in Jordan. Wild local and migrating birds might promote
the further spread of this virus in Jordan and other countries.
Descriptors: avian influenza, poultry, viral diseases,
broiler-breeder, ELISA, age influence, Jordan.
Alexander, D.J. (2000). Highly pathogenic avian
influenza. In: Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines.
List A and B Diseases of Mammals, Birds and Bees, 4th edition, p. 212-220.
ISBN: 92-9044-510-6.
NAL
Call Number: SF771.M36 2000
Descriptors: fowl plague virus, influenza virus A,
immunization, diagnosis, techniques, mortality, pathogenicity, diagnostic
tests, manual of standards, vaccines, Gallus gallus, poultry.
Allan, G.M. and M.S. McNulty (1985). A direct
immunofluorescence test for the rapid detection of avian influenzavirus antigen
in tissue impression smears. Avian Pathology 14(4): 449-460. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: immunofluorescent test, avian influenza
virus, diagnosis, techniques, detection, poultry.
Allan, W.H. (1981). Diagnostic
procedures--response. In: Proceedings of the First International
Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, 167-171 p.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, diagnostic
procedures.
Allan, W.H., D.J. Alexander, B.S. Pomeroy, and G.
Parsons (1977). Use of virulence index tests for avian influenza viruses.
Avian Diseases 21(3): 359-63.
ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The intravenous and intracerebral
pathogenicity index tests normally used for Newcastle disease virus isolates
were used to measure the virulence of 13 avian influenza viruses. The tests
allowed quantitative measurements of the virulence of the avian influenza
viruses, and the results confirmed the range in virulence, between the two
extremes, of the avian influenza viruses and demonstrated the lack of
correlation between virulence and antigenic type.
Descriptors: chickens, fowl plague etiology, influenza A
virus avian pathogenicity, antigens, viral analysis, brain, chick embryo, fowl
plague mortality, avian immunology, injections, intravenous, methods,
virulence.
Apisarnthanarak, A., R. Kitphati, K. Thongphubeth, P.
Patoomanunt, P. Anthanont, W. Auwanit, P. Thawatsupha, M. Chittaganpitch, S.
Saeng Aroon, S. Waicharoen, P. Apisarnthanarak, G.A. Storch, L.M. Mundy, and
V.J. Fraser (2004). Atypical avian influenza (H5N1). Emerging
Infectious Diseases 10(7): 1321-4.
ISSN: 1080-6040.
NAL
Call Number: RA648.5.E46
Abstract: We report the first case of avian influenza
in a patient with fever and diarrhea but no respiratory symptoms. Avian
influenza should be included in the differential diagnosis for patients with
predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly if they have a history of
exposure to poultry.
Descriptors: gastrointestinal diseases physiopathology,
influenza physiopathology, influenza A virus, avian pathogenicity, adult,
chickens virology, fatal outcome, gastrointestinal diseases virology, health
personnel, influenza virology, influenza, avian transmission, influenza, avian
virology, poultry diseases transmission, poultry diseases virology.
Astorga, R.J., L. Leon, M.J. Cubero, A. Arenas, A.
Maldonado, M.C. Tarradas, and A. Perea (1994). Avian influenza in wild
waterfowl and shorebirds in the Donana National Park: Serological survey using
the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Avian Pathology 23(2): 339-344. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: The indirect ELISA was used to detect
antibodies to influenzavirus A in the sera of wildfowl from the Donana National
Park. Of the 712 birds examined, 44 (6.2%) were seropositive. Positive birds
belonged to 10 of the 13 species studied. Infection rates varied widely:
spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia, 32.2%), mallard (Anas platyrhynchos,
9.9%), gadwall (Anas strepera, 8.6%), red-crested pochard (Netta
rufina, 8.1%), pochard (Aythya ferina, 6.4%), shoveler (Anas
clypeata, 5%), great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus, 4.3%),
avocet (Recurostra avosetta, 3.1%), grey heron (Ardea cinerea,
3.1%) and coot (Fulica atra, 0.8%). Although infection rates were not
high, the wide range of avian species susceptible to influenzavirus A suggests
circulation of the virus amongst wildfowl at Donana.
Descriptors: enzymology, immune system, infection, methods
and techniques, pathology, veterinary medicine, diagnostic method ELISA
epidemiology.
Australia Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation (1988). Australian Standard Diagnostic Techniques for
Animal Diseases. Nos. 1-51, ISBN: 0643040765.
Descriptors: standard diagnostic techniques, animal
diseases, Australia, booklet series.
Barli Maganja, D., U. Krapez, S. Manko, I. Toplak, J.
Grom, P. Hostnik, and O.Z. Rojs (2004). New approaches in diagnosis and
typing of viruses causing diseases in poultry. Praxis Veterinaria
(Zagreb) 52(1/2): 19-26. ISSN:
0350-4441.
Abstract: In the last two decades, various molecular
biological methods were introduced in diagnostic virology. They are used for
the rapid detection of viral nucleic acids, genetic characterization of the
pathogens responsible for many viral infections and tracking of the origin and
spread of viruses. In this review, the application of molecular biology
methods, particularly the combined approach of amplifying defined fragments of
viral genomes, using the polymerase chain reaction and subsequent nucleotide
sequencing analysis, is described. Emphasis is placed on some of the few
important viruses causing economically important diseases in poultry, like
Newcastle disease virus, avian influenza virus, infectious bursal disease virus
and chicken anaemia virus.
Descriptors: avian infectious bursitis, diagnosis,
diagnostic techniques, DNA sequencing, fowl diseases, genomes, influenza,
methodology, molecular biology, Newcastle disease, polymerase chain reaction,
poultry, reviews, avian influenza virus, chicken anaemia virus, fowls,
infectious bursal disease virus, Newcastle disease virus.
Barr, D.A. and M.D. O'Rourke (1993). Avian
influenza: pathology, virology and serology. In: L.A. Corner and T.J.
Bagust (editor), Australian Standard Diagnostic Techniques for Animal
Diseases, East Melbourne, Vic. 3002
Australia, 6 p. ISBN: 0-643-05243-7.
NAL
Call Number: SF772.6.A97 1993
Descriptors: standard diagnostic techniques, avian
influenza virus, Gallus gallus, Australia.
Barr, D.A. and M.D. O' Rourke (1987). Virulent
avian influenza. In: Australian Standard Diagnostic Techniques for
Animal Diseases, Vol. 51, 14 p.
NAL
Call Number: SF771.A8A97 no.51
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, standard diagnostic
techniques, Australia.
Beard, C.W. (1970). Avian influenza antibody
detection by immunodiffusion. Avian Diseases 14(2): 337-41. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: antibodies analysis, immunodiffusion,
influenza diagnosis, poultry diseases diagnosis, antigens isolation and
purification, chickens, hemagglutination inhibition tests, influenza
immunology, orthomyxoviridae immunology, orthomyxoviridae isolation and
purification, poultry diseases immunology,
turkeys.
Beard, C.W. and B.C. Easterday (1975). Isolierung
und Identifizierung eines Vogel-Influenza-Virus mit dem Hamagglutinin des
Geflugelpestvirus. [Isolation and identification of an avirulent avian influenza
virus with the hemagglutinin of fowl plague virus]. Proceedings of the 5th World Veterinary
Poultry Association Congress, Munich 1973 1: 725-736.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, diagnosis, fowl plague
virus, identification, isolation.
Beard, C.W. and B.C. Easterday (1973). A-Turkey-Oregon-71,
an avirulent influenza isolate with the hemagglutinin of fowl plague virus.
Avian Diseases 17(1): 173-81.
ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: hemagglutinins viral, influenza A virus avian
immunology, orthomyxoviridae immunology, antibodies, viral analysis, chickens,
fowl plague immunology, fowl plague microbiology, hemagglutination inhibition
tests, immunization, influenza immunology, influenza microbiology, influenza
veterinary, avian enzymology, avian isolation and purification, neuraminidase
analysis, neutralization tests, orthomyxoviridae enzymology, orthomyxoviridae
isolation and purification, poultry diseases immunology, poultry diseases
microbiology, virulence.
Becht, H. (1968). Properties of erythrocytes
stabilized with sulfosalicylic acid and their use in an indirect hemagglution
test with influenza virus RNP-antigen. Journal of Immunology 101(1):
18-22. ISSN: 0022-1767.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 J8232
Descriptors: antigens, erythrocytes, hemagglutination
tests, indicators and reagents, orthomyxoviridae, salicylic acids, sulfonic
acids, complement fixation tests, immune sera, influenza A virus avian,
nucleoproteins, sheep.
Becht, H. and B. Malole (1975). Comparative
evaluation of different fixation procedures and different coupling reagents for
the demonstration of influenza virus-specific antibodies by the indirect
hemagglutination test. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 162(1):
43-53. ISSN: 0300-8584.
Abstract: The indirect hemagglutination technique has
been improved by fixing the carrier erythrocytes successively with
glutaraldehyde and sulfosalicylic acid. Sensitization by covalent conjugation
of influenza virus antigens to the erythrocytes with various coupling reagents,
which resulted in stable and highly sensitive test cells, has been defined. An
economical affinity chromatography procedure using antibody-coated agarose has
been developed to prepare sufficiently pure antigens from fowl plague
virus-infected choriollantoic membranes.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, erythrocytes
immunology, hemagglutination tests methods, antibody specificity, blood
preservation, chromatography, affinity, cytological techniques, glutaral,
hemagglutinins viral isolation and purification, influenza A virus avian
immunology, salicylic acids.
Beck, J.R., D.E. Swayne, S. Davison, S. Casavant, and
C. Gutierrez (2003). Validation of egg yolk antibody testing as a method to
determine influenza status in white leghorn hens. Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 1196-1199. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Determination of the avian influenza (AI)
status of a flock has traditionally been done by detection of serum antibodies.
However, for many diseases, detection of antibodies in egg yolk has been
effective in monitoring the disease status of laying flocks. This study
compared the utility of egg yolk vs. serum for determining AI status in laying
hen flocks. Specific-pathogen-free white leghorn hens were inoculated via the
respiratory tract with a low-pathogenic H7N2 AI virus or sterile allantoic
fluid or subcutaneously with an inactivated oil emulsion vaccine produced from
the same AI virus or normal allantoic fluid. Antibody levels were determined by
the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test, the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI)
test, and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Anti-influenza
antibodies were detected in sera of all live virus-inoculated hens by day 7
postinoculation (PI) (AGID and ELISA tests), but detection of antibodies in egg
yolk was delayed by a few days, with all being positive by day 14 PI. Sera from
all vaccinated hens were positive by day 14 PI (AGID and ELISA tests), and egg
yolk was positive by day 18 PI. The HI test was less sensitive than the ELISA
and AGID tests in detecting anti-influenza antibodies in both sera and yolk.
Serum and yolk from all control birds remained negative throughout the study.
These studies show that currently used serologic tests can detect antibodies in
serum and yolk samples from hens exposed to live AI virus or from those that
have been vaccinated. Antibody is detected earlier in the serum than in the
yolk and antibody is detected earlier from birds exposed to a live infection
compared to birds vaccinated with an inactivated oil emulsion vaccine.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, immune system, infection,
avian influenza, infectious disease, viral disease, ELISA immunologic techniques,
laboratory techniques, agar gel immunodiffusion test, agid test, egg yolk
antibody testing, hemagglutination inhibition test, influenza status, laying
flock disease status.
Berinstein, A., B.S. Seal, and D.L. Suarez (2002). Heteroduplex
mobility assay for detection of new avian influenza virus variants. Avian
Diseases 46(2): 393-400. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in
poultry causes high morbidity and mortality, and it is a List A disease of the
Office International des Epizooties. An outbreak of HPAI in commercial poultry
not only causes direct disease losses but often results in trade restrictions
for the affected country. Because HPAI viruses can mutate from H5 and H7 low
pathogenic avian influenza viruses, it is necessary to monitor and control even
the low pathogenic form of the virus. We report a practical approach for
screening large numbers of isolates that uses amplification by reverse
transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of a segment of the hemagglutinin (HA)
gene (536-560 bp) of H7 avian influenza viruses followed by the heteroduplex
mobility assay (HMA). The HMA test compares the amplified polymerase chain
reaction product from unknown samples with reference isolates, which allows the
identification of new variants. The HMA test results were compared with
sequence analysis of the isolates used in the study. On the basis of the HMA,
we could identify several new variant viruses present in the live bird markets
in the northeastern United States. New strains gave a distinct pattern of bands
in the gels in accordance with the different heteroduplexes formed when their
HA region amplification products were incubated together with the same
amplification product of a reference strain. These differences correlate with
phylogenetic analysis from sequence data.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, infection, molecular
genetics, avian influenza virus infection, infectious disease, viral disease,
gene sequencing cycle DNA sequencing, sequencing method, heteroduplex mobility
assay bioassay method, phylogenetic analysis genetic method, reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction genetic method, polymerase chain
reaction, morbidity mortality.
Brugh, M. and C.W. Beard (1980). Collection and
processing of blood samples dried on paper for microassay of Newcastle disease
virus and avian influenza virus antibodies. American Journal of
Veterinary Research 41(9): 1495-8.
ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: A practical method for collection and
processing of dried whole blood samples on filter paper was developed to
facilitate large-scale testing programs for Newcastle disease virus and avian
influenza virus antibodies. A modified paper punch was used to cut and place
dried blood samples simultaneously in a standard 96-well microlate for elution
of antibody. Twelve eluted samples were simultaneously transferred to another
microplate for the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) microtest. Similar HI
titers were obtained with simultaneously collected serum and dried blood
samples. Minor differences were not considered of practical importance in
diagnostic serologic studies. Dried blood titers were not markedly affected by
method of drying (37 C for 2 hours or 26 C for 4 hours), by storage for 24
hours before drying, or by storage of dried samples at 4 C for 28 days or 30 C
for 14 days. Blood dried on paper was a satisfactory sample for assay of HI
antibodies to Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, blood specimen
collection veterinary, chickens immunology, influenza A virus avian immunology,
Newcastle disease virus immunology, blood specimen collection instrumentation,
hemagglutination inhibition tests, paper.
Capua, I., G. Cattoli, and S. Marangon (2004). DIVA--a
vaccination strategy enabling the detection of field exposure to avian
influenza. Developmental Biology (Basel) 119: 229-33. ISSN: 1424-6074.
Abstract: The present paper reports on the development,
validation and field application of a control strategy for avian influenza
infections in poultry. The "DIVA" (Differentiating Infected from
Vaccinated Animals) strategy is based on the use of an inactivated oil emulsion
vaccine containing the same haemagglutinin (H) subtype as the challenge virus,
but a different neuraminidase (N). The possibility of using the heterologous N
subtype, to differentiate between vaccinated and naturally infected birds, was
investigated through the development of an "ad hoc" serological test based
on the detection of specific anti-N antibodies. This test is based on an
indirect fluorescent antibody assay, using as an antigen a baculovirus
expressing recombinant N proteins. The vaccination strategy has been tested in
the laboratory and shown to be efficacious both against challenge with highly
pathogenic AI viruses and with low pathogenicity AI viruses, ensuring clinical
protection, reduction of duration and titre of shedding. In addition,
vaccination resulted in an increased resistance to infection. The companion
diagnostic tests directed to the detection of anti-N1 and anti-N3 antibodies
have been validated in the laboratory and using field samples. The serological
assay showed an "almost perfect agreement" (Kappa value) with the HI
test, with relative sensitivity and specificity values of 98.1 and 95.7,
respectively. The results of the present investigation suggest that the
"DIVA" control strategy may represent a tool to support the
eradication of avian influenza infections in poultry.
Descriptors: animals, viral blood antibodies, viral
immunology antibodies, genetic engineering, avian influenza A virus enzymology,
avian influenza diagnosis, avian influenza prevention and control,
neuraminidase genetics, poultry, sensitivity and specificity, veterinary serologic
tests, marker vaccines, viral vaccines immunology, virus shedding.
Cattoli, G., A. Drago, S. Maniero, A. Toffan, E.
Bertoli, S. Fassina, C. Terregino, C. Robbi, G. Vicenzoni, and I. Capua (2004).
Comparison of three rapid detection systems for type A influenza virus on
tracheal swabs of experimentally and naturally infected birds. Avian
Pathology 33(4): 432-7. ISSN:
0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian isolation and
purification, avian diagnosis, poultry diseases diagnosis, poultry diseases
virology, immunoenzyme techniques methods, avian classification, avian
genetics, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction methods, sensitivity
and specificity, trachea virology, turkeys.
Cattoli, G., C. Terregino, V. Brasola, J.F.
Rodriguez, and I. Capua (2003). Development and preliminary validation of an
ad hoc N1-N3 discriminatory test for the control of avian influenza in Italy.
Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 1060-1062. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The development of a discriminatory test,
based on the differentiation between N1 and N3 antibodies, to be used in the
framework of a vaccination program, based on vaccination with a heterologous
H7N3 inactivated vaccine against the Italian H7N1 field virus, is reported. The
indirect immunofluorescence antibody (iIFA) assay was based on the expression
of the N1 protein in a baculovirus system. HighFive(R) insect cells were
transfected with the recombinant virus and used as an antigen in the iIFA test.
Preliminary validation on 608 turkey sera yielded relative sensitivity and
specificity of 98.1% and 95.7%, respectively, when compared to the HI test with
an almost perfect agreement between the two methods (Kappa value = 0.93). It is
concluded that the iIFA test is a valid tool for monitoring avian influenza
infection in a vaccinated population.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, immune system, infection,
antibody differentiation test, immunologic techniques, immunofluorescence
antibody assay, bioassay techniques, laboratory techniques, vaccination,
clinical techniques, influenza control.
Ceron, H.M., V.H. Rodriguez, M.A. Hernandez, R.K.
Blasco, J. Garcia Garcia, and R.G. Webster ( 1996). Estudios basicos de las
cepas de desafio de influenza aviar y evaluacion de la prueba de patogenicidad.
[Basic studies with avian influenza challenge viruses, and evaluation of the
pathogenicity test]. Proceedings of the Western Poultry Diseases
Conference 45: 50-51.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, basic studies,
challenge, pathogenicity test.
Chu, H.P., N.M. Barhouma, S. Eid, J.R. Fuller, and
M.K. Fuller (1975). Egg yolk haemagglutination-inhibition tests for
Newcastle disease and avian influenza. Proceedings of the 5th World
Veterinary Poultry Association Congress, Munich 1973 II: 1014-1019.
Descriptors: diagnosis, hemagglutination inhibition test,
Newcastle disease, avian influenza, egg yolk, poultry.
Collins, R.A., L.S. Ko, K.L. So, T. Ellis, L.T. Lau,
and A.C.H. Yu (2003). A NASBA method to detect high- and low-pathogenicity
H5 avian influenza viruses. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue):
1069-1074. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification
(NASBA) allows the rapid amplification of specific regions of nucleic acid
obtained from a diverse range of sources. It is especially suitable for
amplifying RNA sequences. A NASBA technique was developed that allows the
detection of avian influenza A subtype H5 from allantoic fluid harvested from
inoculated chick embryos. The amplified viral RNA is detected by
electrochemiluminescence. The described NASBA technique is a specific, rapid,
and sensitive method of detection of influenza A subtype H5 viruses. More
importantly, it can be used to distinguish high- and low-pathogenicity strains
of the H5 subtype.
Descriptors: immune system, infection, molecular genetics,
electrochemiluminescence, immunologic techniques, laboratory techniques,
nucleic acid amplification, genetic techniques, nucleic acid sequence based
amplification, NASBA.
Collins, R.A., L.S. Ko, K.Y. Fung, K.Y. Chan, J.
Xing, L.T. Lau, and A.C.H. Yu (2003). Rapid and sensitive detection of avian
influenza virus subtype H7 using NASBA. Biochemical and Biophysical
Research Communications 300(2): 507-515.
ISSN: 0006-291X.
NAL
Call Number: 442.8 B5236
Abstract: Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification
with electrochemiluminescent detection (NASBA/ECL) is an isothermal technique
allowing rapid amplification and detection of specific regions of nucleic acid
from a diverse range of sources. It is especially suitable for amplifying RNA.
A NASBA/ECL technique has been developed allowing the detection of RNA from
avian influenza virus subtype H7 derived from allantoic fluid harvested from
inoculated chick embryos and from cell cultures. Degenerate amplification
primers and amplicon capture probes were designed enabling the detection of low
and highly pathogenic avian influenza of the H7 subtype from the Eurasian and
North American lineages and the Australian sub-lineage. The NASBA/ECL technique
is specific for subtype H7 and does not cross-react with other influenza
subtypes or with viruses containing haemagglutinin-like genes. The assay is 10-
to 100-fold more sensitive than a commercially available antigen capture
immunoassay system. The NASBA/ECL assay could be used in high throughput
poultry screening programmes.
Descriptors: molecular genetics, influenza, diagnosis,
respiratory system disease, viral disease, nucleic acid based amplification
with electrochemiluminescent detection genetic techniques, laboratory
techniques.
Collins, R.A., L.S. Ko, K.L. So, T. Ellis, L.T. Lau,
and A.C.H. Yu (2002). Detection of highly pathogenic and low pathogenic
avian influenza subtype H5 (Eurasian lineage) using NASBA. Journal of
Virological Methods 103(2): 213-225.
ISSN: 0166-0934.
NAL
Call Number: QR355.J6
Abstract: Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification
(NASBA) is a technique that allows the rapid amplification of specific regions
of nucleic acid obtained from a diverse range of sources. It is especially
suitable for amplifying RNA sequences. A NASBA technique has been developed
that allows the detection of avian influenza A subtype H5 from allantoic fluid
harvested from inoculated chick embryos. The amplified viral RNA is detected by
electrochemiluminescence. The NASBA technique described below is rapid and
specific for the identification of influenza A subtype H5 viruses of the
Eurasian lineage. More importantly, it can be used to distinguish highly
pathogenic and low pathogenic strains of the H5 subtype.
Descriptors: human medicine, infection, methods and
techniques, molecular genetics, DNA sequencing analytical method, recombinant
DNA technology, sequencing techniques, electrochemiluminescence technique
analytical method, applications, description, molecular method, nucleic acid
sequence based amplification technique molecular biology techniques and
chemical characterization, applications, description, molecular method, reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction molecular method, polymerase chain
reaction, diagnostics, pathogenicity, viral genetics, virological methodologies
applications, virulence.
Davison, S., A.F. Ziegler, and R.J. Eckroade (1998). Comparison
of an antigen-capture enzyme immunoassay with virus isolation for avian
influenza from field samples. Avian Diseases 42(4): 791-795. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: The standard tests used to detect avian
influenza (AI) viral infection include virus isolation from tissues of the
infected birds and the detection of Al antibody in blood or egg yolk. A new
application of an existing human test to rapidly detect the presence of any
influenza A virus is now possible. A commercially available antigen-capture
enzyme immunoassay (AC-EIA), developed for the detection of influenza A in
humans, was tested for relative sensitivity and specificity and for speed of
use in diagnosing nonpathogenic H7N2 AI
in naturally infected poultry. During the recent nonpathogenic H7N2 AI
epornitic, the AC-EIA was used for rapid diagnosis and quarantine decisions.
Between February and August 1997, 1524 samples from 295 commercial layer,
pullet, and broiler flocks were submitted to the Laboratory of Avian Medicine
and Pathology, New Bolton Center, for AI virus isolation and testing by AC-EIA.
The relative specificity of the AC-EIA was 100% and the relative sensitivity
was 79%. We believe that the AC-EIA will
be a useful adjunct to standard AI diagnostic tests.
Descriptors: infection, methods and techniques, veterinary
medicine, avian influenza, detection, respiratory system disease, viral
disease, antigen capture enzyme immunoassay comparison, diagnostic method,
virus isolation comparison, diagnostic method.
de Boer, G.F., W. Back, and A.D. Osterhaus (1990). An
ELISA for detection of antibodies against influenza A nucleoprotein in humans
and various animal species. Archives of Virology 115(1-2):
47-61. ISSN: 0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: A double antibody sandwich blocking ELISA,
using a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) was
developed to detect antibodies against influenza. Collections of serum samples
were obtained from human and various animal species. All influenza A subtypes
induced antibodies against hemagglutinins and NP. A close correlation between
titers of the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test and the NP-ELISA was seen.
Antibodies against influenza NP were demonstrated in serum samples from humans,
ferrets, swine, horses, chickens, ducks, guinea pigs, mice, and seals. The
serum samples were collected at intervals during prospective epidemiological
studies, from experimental and natural infections, and vaccination studies. The
decline of maternal antibodies was studied in swine and horses. The NP-ELISA
enables rapid serological diagnosis and is suited for influenza A antibody
screening, especially in species which harbor several influenza subtypes. The
HI and neuraminidase inhibition tests, however, must still be used for
subtyping.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay, influenza A virus immunology, nucleoproteins immunology,
orthomyxoviridae infections immunology, viral core proteins immunology,
ferrets, hemagglutination inhibition tests, horses, avian immunology, human
immunology, porcine immunology, orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary,
poultry, prospective studies, Rodentia, seals, species specificity, specific
pathogen free organisms, swine, vaccination.
Durham, S. (2003). A new, rapid test for avian
influenza. Agricultural Research 51(2): 9. ISSN: 0002-161X.
Online: www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/
NAL
Call Number: 1.98 Ag84
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, influenza, poultry
diseases, laboratory tests, rapid methods, reverse transcription, polymerase
chain reaction, pathogenicity, United States.
Dybkaer, K., M. Munch, K.J. Handberg, and P.H. Jorgensen
(2004). Application and evaluation of RT-PCR-ELISA for the nucleoprotein and
RT-PCR for detection of low-pathogenic H5 and H7 subtypes of avian influenza
virus. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, Official
Publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory
Diagnosticians, Inc 16(1): 51-6.
ISSN: 1040-6387.
NAL
Call Number: SF774.J68
Abstract: Three 1-tube Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase
Chain Reactions (RT-PCR) directed against the genes encoding the nucleoprotein
(NP) and the H5 and H7 hemagglutinin (HA) gene, respectively, were used for
detection of avian influenza virus (AIV) in various specimens. A total of 1,040
samples originating from chickens experimentally infected with 2 different low
pathogenic avian influenza viruses, from domestic ducks and from wild aquatic
birds were examined. The outcome of 1) the universal AIV RT-PCR including a
PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure directed against NP (NP
RT-PCR-ELISA) and 2) the subtype specific RT-PCR for H5 and H7 were compared to
the results obtained by inoculation of the same specimens into the allantoic
cavity of embryonated specific pathogen free (SPF) hen's eggs. Using
inoculation in SPF fowl eggs as standard the sensitivity of the NP RT-PCR-ELISA
and the RT-PCR for H5 or H7 was 91% and 94%, and the corresponding specificity
98% and 96%. In comparison with inoculation into eggs an additional of 9
samples were positive by NP RT-PCR-ELISA and 13 samples were positive by RT-PCR
for one of the HA subtypes. Hence, the 3 RT-PCR procedures described are fast,
sensitive and specific for detecting AIV and subtyping H5 and H7 and they are
obvious alternatives when testing large numbers of samples.
Descriptors: enzyme linked immunosorbent assay veterinary,
hemagglutinins genetics, influenza veterinary, influenza A virus, avian
classification, avian genetics, avian pathogenicity, nucleoproteins chemistry,
avian isolation and purification, nucleoproteins genetics, poultry diseases
virology, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction veterinary,
antibodies, viral blood, chick embryo, chickens, ducks, enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay methods, hemagglutination inhibition tests veterinary,
influenza diagnosis, influenza virology, RNA, viral chemistry, viral genetics,
reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction methods, sequence analysis,
DNA, virulence.
Dybkaer, K., M. Munch, K.J. Handberg, and P.H.
Jorgensen (2003). RT-PCR-ELISA as a tool for diagnosis of low-pathogenicity
avian influenza. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue): 1075-1078. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A one-tube reverse transcriptase/polymerase
chain reaction coupled with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (RT-PCR-ELISA)
was developed for the rapid detection of avian influenza virus (AIV) in
clinical specimens. A total of 419 swab pools were analyzed from chickens
experimentally infected with low-pathogenicity AIV, from wild aquatic birds,
and from domestic ducks. The AIV was detected in 32 swab pools by RT-PCR-ELISA
compared to 23 by virus isolation (VI) in embryonated specific pathogen free
(SPF) chicken eggs. Thus, 39% more specimens were positive by RT-PCR-ELISA than
by VI. Two of the twenty-three VI-positive specimens were negative when tested
by RT-PCR-ELISA. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of the RT-PCR-ELISA
was 91% and 97%, respectively, using VI in SPF eggs as the gold reference
standard.
Descriptors: infection, molecular genetics, reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ELISA clinical techniques, diagnostic
techniques, genetic techniques, immunologic techniques, laboratory techniques,
clinical specimens.
Elbers, A.R., B. Kamps, and G. Koch (2005). Diagnostische
mogelijkheden van pathologische laesies bij pluimvee voor het opsporen van
uitbraken tijdens de klassieke vogelpestepidemie in Nederland in 2003.
[Diagnostic approaches to pathological lesions in fowl to determine outbreaks
during the classical avian influenza epidemic in the Netherlands in 2003]. Tijdschrift
Voor Diergeneeskunde 130(1): 14.
ISSN: 0040-7453.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, avian influenza
epidemiology, avian influenza diagnosis, avian influenza pathology, Netherlands
epidemiology, poultry.
Elbers, A.R., B. Kamps, and G. Koch (2004). Performance
of gross lesions at postmortem for the detection of outbreaks during the avian
influenza A virus (H7N7) epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003. Avian
Pathology 33(4): 418-22. ISSN:
0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, influenza A
virus, avian, influenza, avian diagnosis, poultry diseases epidemiology, chickens,
edema pathology, edema veterinary, epidemiology, pathology, neck pathology,
Netherlands epidemiology, peritonitis pathology, peritonitis veterinary,
poultry diseases diagnosis, poultry diseases pathology, tracheitis pathology,
tracheitis veterinary.
Elkin, V.S., R.I.A. Podcherniaeva, E.V. Sidorenko,
F.E. Sadykhova, and T.A. Ignatenko (1988). Vyiavlenie antitel s pomoshch'iu
rekombinantnykh shtammov virusov grippa v syvorotakh razlichnykh vidov ptits,
tsirkuliruiushchikh na territorii Ukrainskoi i Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR. [Detection
of antibodies using recombinant strains of influenza viruses in the sera of
various species of birds circulating in the territories of the Ukrainian and
Azerbaijan SSRs]. Voprosy Virusologii 33(6): 674-6. ISSN: 0507-4088.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 P942
Abstract: Examinations of blood sera from different
species of birds trapped in the Ukrainian and Azerbaijan SSRs using diagnostic
preparations from the influenza A/sea gull/Maryland/704/77 virus strain and a
recombinant R117 derived from it revealed the presence of antibodies to
hemagglutinin H13. The diagnostic preparation produced from the recombinant
strain was found to be more active in the detection of antibodies in avian
sera.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, birds immunology,
influenza A virus avian immunology, recombination, genetic, Azerbaijan,
hemagglutination inhibition tests veterinary, avian genetics, Ukraine.
Ellis, T.M., L. Hustas, J.S. MacKenzie, and I.M.
Watson (1988). Rapid detection of group specific influenza A virus antigen
[avian influenza; fowl plague]. Australian Veterinary Journal
65(11): 357-358. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: chickens, avian influenza virus, antigens,
diagnosis, birds, domestic animals, domesticated birds, Galliformes,
immunological factors, immunology, influenza virus, livestock, poultry, useful
animals, viruses.
Fatunmbi, O.O., J.A. Newman, V. Sivanandan, and D.A.
Halvorson (1989). A broad-spectrum avian influenza subtype antigen for
indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Avian Diseases 33(2):
264-9. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A broad-spectrum viral antigen for the
detection of avian-influenza-virus-specific antibodies, using the indirect
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), was identified. Purified and
disrupted antigens were used, which helped to increase the sensitivity of the
assay. All of the antigens tested were able to detect antibodies to homologous
and heterologous viruses to varying degrees. The H9N2 antigen was the best
single antigen to use in the ELISA to screen for avian influenza virus
antibodies. It detected antibodies against six viruses as early as day 4
postinfection.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, antigens, viral
immunology, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, fowl plague immunology,
influenza A virus avian immunology, antigens, viral analysis, turkeys
immunology.
Fatunmbi, O.O., J.A. Newman, V. Sivanandan, and D.A.
Halvorson (1992). Efficacy of avridine and liposomes as adjuvants for avian
influenza virus antigens in turkeys. Avian Pathology 21(2): 225-237. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: disease control, adjuvants, avian influenza
virus antigens, vaccines, turkeys.
Forsyth, W.M., D.C. Grix, and C.A. Gibson (1993). Diagnosis
of highly pathogenic avian influenza in chickens: Bendigo 1992. Australian Veterinary Journal 70(3):
118-9. ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Descriptors: disease outbreaks veterinary, fowl plague
epidemiology, influenza A virus avian immunology, antibodies, viral analysis,
chickens, Victoria epidemiology.
Hadjiev, G., V. Bumbarov, Y. Ivanov, G. Kostov, and
S.Z.B. Thracian University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (2000). Preparation
of diagnostic agents-ingredients for ELISA and use of double sandwich
procedures for detection of antigens and antibodies in avian influenza A
(grippe). Bulgarian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 3(4):
163-170. ISSN: 1311-1477.
Abstract: Type-specific antigens from horioallantoic
membranes (HAM) and allanto-amnionic fluids (AAF) of chicken embryos (CE),
infected with a referent avian influenza virus strain (AIV) subtype H2, as well
as corresponding hyperimmune rabbit anf guinea pig sera were prepared. The
latter, being highly specific and with a high sensitivity, were used as
ingredients in an indirect double-sandwich ELISA procedure for detection of
type-specific antigen of AIV and antibodies against it in a blockade double
sandwich ELISA procedure. The results of blockade ELISA, applied to 916 hen
sera from different farms from different regions of the country and to 11 sera
from wild birds revealed no antibodies against AIV. Seven hundried and sixty
eight of these sera where parallely studied in agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID)
test and the results were negative as well. The studies, performed in the
period 1993-1998 for isolation of AIV in Ce from viscera of 212 carcasses from
13 domestic and wild avian species, gave negative results.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, antigens, antibodies,
serotypes, ELISA, immunodiffusion tests,
biological differences, immunoenzyme techniques, immunological factors,
immunological techniques, immunoprecipitation tests, influenza virus,
orthomyxoviridae, viruses.
Hadjiev, G., G. Kostov, I. Chenchev, V. Bumbarov, Y.
Ivanov, and S.Z.B. Thracian University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (2000). Preparation
of diagnosticums from referent avian influenza A virus (grippe) strains and
attempts for the detection of the disease in Bulgaria. Bulgarian Journal
of Veterinary Medicine 3(2-3): 81-88.
ISSN: 1311-1477.
Abstract: Inactivated antigens from the allantoamnionic
fluids (AAF) and chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) of chicken embryos (CE)
infected with the avian influenza A virus (grippe) were prepared. Referent
viral strains from the subtypes H-2, H-5, H-6 and H-8 were used for that
purpose. The titres for the 50% endpoint infection dose (EID50) of strains for
HE were within the range 5.52-8.26 lg/ml and their haemagglutination titers -
from 1:256 to 1:512. The antigens were predominantly used for screening studies
of avian sera with the tests: agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID),
haemagglutination inhibition (HI), complement fixation reaction (CFR) (with
informative purpose) and the indirect immunofluorescence reaction (IIFR). With
the AGID test, positive seroreagents were detected among samples from 2 farms.
Using RHI in a previous period in other 2 farms, there were positive samples
against the H-5 subtype.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, antigens, immune
serum, immunodiffusion tests, hemagglutination tests, complement fixation
tests, immunofluorescence, agglutination tests, immunological factors,
immunological techniques, immunoprecipitation tests, influenza virus,
orthomyxoviridae, viruses.
Harley, V.R., P.J. Hudson, B.E. Coupar, P.W. Selleck,
H. Westbury, and D.B. Boyle (1990). Vaccinia virus expression and sequence
of an avian influenza nucleoprotein gene: potential use in diagnosis. Archives
of Virology 113(1-2): 133-41. ISSN:
0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: The nucleoprotein (NP) gene from avian
influenza strain A/Shearwater/Aust/1/72 (H6N5) was cloned, sequenced, and
expressed in vaccinia virus for the production of potent sera in immunised
rabbits. The NP gene is 1565 bp and shares greater than 95% amino acid sequence
identity with other NPs of the avian subtype. The recombinant NP expressed by
vaccinia virus comigrated with endogenous A/Shearwater/Aust/1/72 NP by Western
blot analysis. Polyclonal rabbit sera raised against recombinant NP was
evaluated in an antigen capture ELISA system as a potential diagnostic tool for
the detection of avian influenza. All type A strains, comprising several HA and
NA subtypes, but not type B nor other avian viruses, were detected.
Descriptors: fowl plague diagnosis, genes viral, influenza
A virus avian genetics, nucleoproteins genetics, vaccinia virus genetics, viral
core proteins, viral proteins genetics, amino acid sequence, antibodies, viral
immunology, base sequence, blotting, southern, cloning, molecular, DNA, viral,
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, avian immunology, molecular sequence data,
nucleoproteins immunology, predictive value of tests, thymidine kinase
genetics, vaccinia virus immunology, viral proteins immunology.
Horimoto, T. and Y. Kawaoka (1995). Direct reverse
transcriptase PCR to determine virulence potential of influenza A viruses in
birds. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 33(3): 748-751. ISSN: 0095-1137.
NAL
Call Number: QR46.J6
Abstract: A reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) was used
for rapid determination of the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site sequence, a
marker for the virulence potential of avian influenza viruses. When applied to
specimens from chickens experimentally infected with either a virulent or an
avirulent virus, RT-PCR uniformly detected the HA gene, even in specimens that
were negative for virus by standard testing in eggs. This technique, combined
with sequencing of the HA cleavage site, offers a rapid and sensitive way to
assess the virulence potential of avian influenza viruses. Early detection of
field isolates with virulence-associated structural motifs at the HA cleavage
site would allow better control of influenza among large poultry populations.
Descriptors: chickens, avian influenza virus,
pathogenicity, PCR, experimental infection, in vivo experimentation,
agglutinins, genes, biological properties, birds, cell structure, chromosomes,
disease transmission, domestic animals, domesticated birds, experimentation,
Galliformes, infection, influenza virus, livestock, microbial properties,
nucleus, orthomyxoviridae, pathogenesis, poultry, proteins, useful animals, viruses,
hemagglutinins.
Huang ShuJian
(1999). The diagnosis and control of avian influenza. Poultry
Husbandry and Diseases Control (8): 8-10.
Descriptors: disease control, diagnosis, avian influenza
virus, China.
Jin, M., G. Wang, R. Zhang, S. Zhao, H. Li, Y. Tan,
and H. Chen (2004). Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with
nucleoprotein as antigen for detection of antibodies to avian influenza virus.
Avian Diseases 48(4): 870-8.
ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract:
During the avian influenza outbreak of
2003-04 in Southeast Asia, two avian influenza viruses (AIV), one of H5N1
subtype and the other H9N2 subtype, were isolated and identified from local
farms. The nudeoprotein (NP) gene of the H5N1 AI isolate was cloned, and the
segment encoding amino acid 47-384, which covers its major antigenic domains,
was subcloned and expressed in E. coli. Subsequently, the NP (47-384)
expression product was purified and used as the diagnostic antigen to develop a
NP-based type-specific indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for
detecting antibodies to AI from chicken sera. The ELISA is shown to be specific
for AIV and does not cross-react with chicken sera that has antibodies to other
avian viruses. The NP(47-384)-ELISA was compared with a hemagglutination
inhibition test and a commercial AIV ELISA kit in evaluating 150 sera samples
from experimentally AIV-infected or vaccinated specific-pathogen-free (SPF)
chickens. Our NP(47-384)-ELISA was more sensitive than the two tests and showed
an 82% agreement ratio with the HI test and an 80.67% agreement ratio with the
commercial kit. The NP(47-384)-ELISA and the commercial AIV ELISA were used to
evaluate 448 field sera samples from diseased chickens or vaccinated chickens
during the 2003-04 AI outbreak in China. The two ELISA tests had a 95%
agreement ratio. We conclude that the NP(47-384)-ELISA developed in our
laboratory was specific and sensitive and it has great application potential in
China's long-term prevention and control of AI.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay methods, influenza A virus, avian isolation and
purification, nucleoproteins immunology, viral proteins immunology, amino acid
sequence, chick embryo, chickens, avian immunology, avian influenza diagnosis,
molecular sequence data, nucleoproteins chemistry, reagent kits, diagnostic,
reproducibility of results, specific pathogen free organisms, viral proteins
chemistry.
Jover, A., R. Manvell, R. Jackson, A. Medrano, A.
Pages, and C. Artigas (2004). Screening for avian influenza: do it now! World
Poultry 20(3): 26-27. ISSN:
1388-3119.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.M54
Descriptors: antibody testing, disease control, disease prevention,
disease transmission, ELISA, public health, screening, zoonoses, avian
influenza virus.
Kaleta, E.F., H. Will, E. Bernius, W. Kruse, and A.L.
Bolte (1998). Zum serologischen Nachweis virusbedingter Infektionen bei der
Hausgans ( Anser anser dom.). [The serologic detection of virus-induced
infections in the domestic goose (Anser anser dom.)]. Tierarztliche
Praxis. Ausgabe G, Grosstiere Nutztiere 26(4): 234-8. ISSN: 1434-1220.
NAL
Call Number: SF603.V43
Abstract: The most important virus-induced diseases
associated with heavy losses in the domestic goose are Derzsy's disease which
is caused by a goose parvovirus and duck plague (duck viral enteritis) which is
caused by an avian herpesvirus. Both diseases still occur but can be prevented
by timely vaccinations. Antibodies against Influenza A viruses of the subtypes
H1, H5, and H7 as well as against avian paramyxoviruses of the serogroups 4, 6,
and 8, respectively, were not detected in any of the examined sera. However,
antibodies against paramyxovirus type 1 were detected in sera of one source.
Haemagglutination inhibition or neutralizing antibodies against avian
adenoviruses (EDS76 virus and goose adenovirus of the serotypes 1, 2, and 3)
were quite often detected. Based on the present knowledge their pathogenic
potential is minor. Neutralizing antibodies against a reovirus originating from
Muscovy ducks and against a chicken reovirus (strain U Con S 1133) were quite
frequently detected. In 35 of 564 examined geese sera hepatitis B virus was
found.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, geese, poultry
diseases diagnosis, virus diseases veterinary, aviadenovirus immunology,
avulavirus immunology, hepatitis B virus, duck immunology, hepatitis virus,
duck immunology, influenza A virus avian immunology, parvovirus immunology,
poultry diseases prevention and control, reoviridae immunology, virus diseases
diagnosis, virus diseases prevention and control.
Kodihalli, S., V. Sivanandan, D.A. Halvorson, K.V.
Nagaraja, and M.C. Kumar (1993). Antigen-capture ELISA for rapid diagnosis
of avian influenza virus in commercial turkey flocks. Journal of
Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, Official Publication of the American
Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc 5(3): 438-40. ISSN: 1040-6387.
NAL
Call Number: SF774.J68
Descriptors: enzyme linked immunosorbent assay veterinary,
fowl plague diagnosis, poultry diseases diagnosis, turkeys microbiology,
antigens, viral analysis, cloaca microbiology, enzyme linked immunosorbent
assay methods, fowl plague microbiology, influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, poultry diseases microbiology, sensitivity and specificity,
trachea microbiology.
Kodihalli, S., V. Sivanandan, K.V. Nagaraja, S.M.
Goyal, and D.A. Halvorson (1993). Antigen-capture enzyme immunoassay for
detection of avian influenza virus in turkeys. American Journal of
Veterinary Research 54(9): 1385-1390.
ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: A double-antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA)
was developed for detection of avian influenza virus (AIV) antigen. A
monoclonal antibody to the viral nucleoprotein (NP) was used to coat the ELISA
plates. A direct DAS-ELISA and an indirect DAS-ELISA were evaluated. In the
direct DAS-ELISA, monoclonal antibody to the AIV NP conjugated with horseradish
peroxidase was used. The direct DAS-ELISA was evaluated for its sensitivity to
detect purified NP; this procedure detected as little as 0.1 ng. In the
indirect DAS-ELISA, rabbit NP antibody and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated
goat anti-rabbit immunoglobin were used as primary and secondary antibodies,
respectively. The indirect DAS-ELISA was evaluated for its ability to detect
the AIV antigen in tracheal and cloacal specimens from turkeys inoculated with
AIV. Results of indirect DAS-ELISA were compared with those of conventional
virus isolation. Percentage agreement between indirect DAS-ELISA and virus
isolation in AIV-positive samples was found to be 76.1% and, in AIV-negative
samples, it was found to be 82.1%. These results indicate that the DAS-ELISA
might be a viable alternative to virus isolation because of its rapidity,
compared with virus isolation.
Descriptors: turkeys, ELISA, avian influenza virus,
antigens, monoclonal antibodies, animal viruses, proteins, antibodies, birds,
Galliformes, immunoenzyme techniques, immunological factors, immunological
techniques, immunology, influenza virus, viruses, viral nucleoproteins, viral
antigens.
Kodihalli, S. (1993). Diagnosis and Control of
Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Turkeys, p. viii, 148 leaves, ill.
Descriptors: avian influenza, diagnosis, control, turkeys.
Lagata, J.R., V. Sivanandan, A.S. Abraham, and J.A.
Newman (1985). Monoclonal antibodies to hemagglutinin of avian influenza
virus. Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Annual Meeting of the
Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases. 66(Abstract 327): 60.
NAL
Call Number: SF605.C59
Descriptors: hemagglutinins, avian influenza virus,
diagnosis, monoclonal antibodies, turkeys, ducks.
Lagutkin, N.A. (1991). Aspects of the laboratory
diagnosis of avian influenza and Newcastle disease. Veterinariia
(3): 29-32. ISSN: 0042-4846.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6426
Descriptors: laboratory diagnosis, Newcastle disease,
avian influenza virus.
Lamichhane, C.M. and L. Kirkegaard Jr. (1997). ELISA
for the detection of antibodies to avian influenza type A virus in chicken sera.
Proceedings of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 46: 81.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: ELISA, detection, antibodies, avian
influenza, chicken, sera, type A virus.
Lamichhane, C.M., D.E. Swayne, M. Blankfard, B.
Erickson, and J. Beck (1996). Elisa for the detection of antibody to avian
influenza type A virus in chicken and turkey serum. Proceedings of the
Western Poultry Diseases Conference 45: 56-57.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: chickens, turkeys, avian influenza virus,
birds, domestic animals, domesticated birds, Galliformes, influenza virus,
livestock, orthomyxoviridae, poultry, useful animals, viruses.
Landgraf, J.G., J.E. Pearson, and D.A.n.p. Senne
(1984). Laboratory diagnosis of avian influenza. Proceedings of the
Western Poultry Diseases Conference 33: 3-4.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: laboratory diagnosis, avian influenza virus.
Lau, L.T., J. Banks, R. Aherne, I.H. Brown, N.
Dillon, R.A. Collins, K.Y. Chan, Y.W. Fung, J. Xing, and A.C. Yu (2004). Nucleic
acid sequence-based amplification methods to detect avian influenza virus. Biochemical
and Biophysical Research Communications 313(2): 336-42. ISSN: 0006-291X.
NAL
Call Number: 442.8 B5236
Abstract: Infection of poultry with highly pathogenic
avian influenza virus (AIV) can be devastating in terms of flock morbidity and
mortality, economic loss, and social disruption. The causative agent is
confined to certain isolates of influenza A virus subtypes H5 and H7. Due to
the potential of direct transfer of avian influenza to humans, continued
research into rapid diagnostic tests for influenza is therefore necessary. A
nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) method was developed to
detect a portion of the haemagglutinin gene of avian influenza A virus subtypes
H5 and H7 irrespective of lineage. A further NASBA assay, based on the matrix
gene, was able to detect examples of all known subtypes (H1-H15) of avian
influenza virus. The entire nucleic acid isolation, amplification, and
detection procedure was completed within 6h. The dynamic range of the three AIV
assays was five to seven orders of magnitude. The assays were sensitive and
highly specific, with no cross-reactivity to phylogenetically or clinically
relevant viruses. The results of the three AIV NASBA assays correlated with
those obtained by viral culture in embryonated fowl's eggs.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, genetics, isolation and
purification, self sustained sequence replication methods, base sequence,
birds, chick embryo, DNA primers genetics, DNA probes genetics, diagnosis,
virology, sensitivity and specificity, species specificity, swine.
Lee, C.W. and D.L. Suarez (2004). Application of
real-time RT-PCR for the quantitation and competitive replication study of H5
and H7 subtype avian influenza virus. Journal of Virological Methods
119(2): 151-8. ISSN: 0166-0934.
NAL
Call Number: QR355.J6
Abstract: Avian influenza (AI) viruses are endemic in
wild birds and if transmitted to poultry can cause serious economic losses. In
the study of AI, the quantitation of virus shed from infected birds is valuable
in pathogenesis studies and to determine the effectiveness of vaccines, and is
performed routinely by cultivation of virus containing samples using
embryonating chicken eggs (ECE) and expressed by 50% egg infectious dose
(EID(50)). Although, this assay is accurate and is the standard test for
infectious virus titration, the method is laborious, requires a large number of
ECE, and takes at least 7 days to determine results. In this study, a one-tube
hydrolysis fluorescent probe based real-time RT-PCR (RRT-PCR) was applied for
the quantitation of AI virus and compared with conventional virus titration
method. A strong positive correlation was observed between the amount of RNA
determined by quantitative RRT-PCR and the EID(50)s determined by conventional
methods. This RRT-PCR test was further applied in the study of competitive
replication of co-infected H5 and H7 subtype viruses in chickens. Using
hemagglutinin subtype specific probes, we were able to determine the amount of
individual subtype virus, which could not have easily been done with
conventional methods. This RRT-PCR based quantitation of AI virus, which is
specific, sensitive, easy to perform, and rapid, will be useful for
virological, pathogenesis, and protection studies.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian physiology, avian
classification, avian genetics, avian isolation and purification, poultry,
sensitivity and specificity, poultry diseases virology, reverse transcriptase
polymerase chain reaction methods, virus replication, fluorescent dyes,
hemagglutinin glycoproteins, influenza virus analysis.
Levi, R., T. Beeor Tzahar, and R. Arnon (1995). Microculture
virus titration--a simple colourimetric assay for influenza virus titration.
Journal of Virological Methods 52(1-2): 55-64. ISSN: 0166-0934.
NAL
Call Number: QR355.J6
Abstract: Influenza antigens can be detected by several
well established methods. However, when it is important to determine the titre
of infective virions, a bioassay should be employed. The standard and the most
widely used tests for influenza infectivity are titration carried out in
embryonated hen eggs, or the plaque assay employing tissue culture techniques.
A simple colourimetric assay for influenza virus detection and titration is
described. Samples of allantoic fluid or mice lung homogenates were used to
infect MDCK cultures in microplate wells. After an incubation period, the
tetrazolium (MTT) colourimetric assay was used to determine cell viability, and
when compared to untreated culture control enabled the detection and titration
of several influenza strains. When samples were assayed simultaneously in
embryonated eggs and by the MCVT method, good correlation in determined titres
was obtained. The availability of an additional method for influenza titration
allows more flexibility in the choice of titration method according to the
specific needs of the study. Furthermore, this method lends itself to full
automatization. Similar procedures should also be applicable to titration of
other cytopathic viruses.
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus avian
isolation and purification, human isolation and purification, cell line, chick
embryo, colorimetry methods, dogs, avian physiology, human physiology, kidney,
lung virology, mice, mice inbred BALB c, species specificity, virology methods,
virus replication.
Lin, J.T. (2004). [Strategies in the diagnosis and
treatment of patients with avian influenza]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi
84(5): 355-6. ISSN: 0376-2491.
Descriptors: influenza, avian influenza diagnosis, avian
influenza drug therapy, acetamides therapeutic use, antiviral agents
therapeutic use, birds virology, avian influenza A virus drug effects, avian
influenza virology, sialic acids therapeutic use.
Lin, J.A. (1995). The technique of enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay on serology of avian influenza virus. Journal of the
Chinese Society of Veterinary Science 21(3): 146-151. ISSN: 0253-9179.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.C54
Abstract: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is
widely used as a technique for serological diagnosis or seroepidemiological
survey on various poultry diseases. Because avian influenza virus (AIV) seems
to be getting severely threatened to economic animals in Taiwan, it is
necessary to take a screening test for vast serum samples from animals. By the
screening technique, it becomes to be possible to investigate the epidemiology
of AIV infections. In this study, we are trying to develop the technique of AIV
purification and ELISA to provide a model for laboratory work. The viral fluid
was purified by different ultracentrifugation and sedimentation through a
sucrose gradient (10-50% sucrose). ELISA was carried out in 96-well microplates
coated with purified AIV antigens. Conjugated rabbit-anti-chicken peroxidase
and substrate of o-Phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (OPD) were used in this
study. The results of Box Titration of ELISA showed that the most proper
concentration of coating antigen, conjugate and OPD were 1.0 mu g/well, 3,000X
dilution and 0.4 mg/mL, respectively. Sera of 16X dilution were used. The high
specificity of ELISA were conducted by using 40 AVI negative sera from
specific-pathogen-free chickens, 5 positive sera of AIV, 5 positive sera of
chicken anemia agent (CAA), 12 positive sera of Marek's disease virus (MDV),
totally 62 tested sera.
Descriptors: enzymology, immune system, infection,
microbiology, pathology, veterinary medicine, diagnosis.
Lin XiangMei, Zhao ZengLian, and Chen WanFang (2001).
Detection of avian influenza virus antigen in tissues of chicken infected
with A/duck/Nanjing/21/95. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science
21(5): 466-470. ISSN: 1005-4545.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.C58
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, isolation,
kidneys, strains, chickens, China.
Lin XiangMei, Zhao ZengLian, Tian GuoBin, Chen
WanFang, Chen PuYan, and Yu KangZhen (1998). Comparison of sensitivity among
indirect ELISA, haemagglutinin inhibition (HI) and AGP tests for detecting
antibodies against avian influenza A virus in chickens. Chinese Journal
of Veterinary Science 18(5): 454-456.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.C58
Descriptors: antibodies, ELISA, immunodiagnosis, influenza
virus A and B, chickens.
Loza Rubio, E., F. Diosdado Vargas, A. Hernandez
Magdaleno, V.M. Banda Ruiz, A. Morilla Gonzalez, and J. Garcia Garcia (1997). Diagnostico
serologico de influenza aviar por medio de una tecnica de microimunodifusion
(MIDG) en agar. (Nota de investigacion). [Serological diagnosis of avian
influenza, using a microimmuno-diffusion test in agar][Research note]. Tecnica
Pecuaria En Mexico (Mexico) 35(3): 165-169.
ISSN: 0040-1889.
NAL
Call Number: 49 T222
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to develop a microimmunodiffusion
test in gel (MIDG), to detect antibodies against type A of avian influenza
virus in chicken serum. An antigen was prepared from chorioallantonic membranes
infected with the avian influenza virus strain (A/Ck/Puebla/14585-622/94H5N2).
Microimmunodiffussion test in gel (MIDG) was compared with immunodiffusion test
in agar (IDA), and Hemagglutination inhibition test (HI) which is the reference
technique. Seventy five serum samples were obtained from specific pathogen free
chicken, which resulted negative by the three assays. 163 serum samples were
obtained from vaccinated poultry with HI titers from 1:10 to 1:1280. The
sensitivity of these 2 agar gel precipitin tests was relatively low (43%) in
comparison with HI. It was found that sensitivity of MIDG was identical to IDG
(98%), and both were positives from HI titers of 1:320 and above. We conclude
that IDA and MIDG are very useful in detecting infected poultry with virus that
produce Hi titers from 1:320 to 1:1280. Both, can be used in laboratories with
a reduced infrastructure, besides, MIDG has the advantage of making possible
the analysis a great quantity of samples at low cost.
Descriptors: broiler chickens, avian influenza virus,
immunodiagnosis, birds, chickens, diagnosis, domestic animals, Galliformes,
immunological techniques, influenza virus, livestock, meat animals,
orthomyxoviridae, poultry, useful animals, viruses.
Lu, H. (2003). A longitudinal study of a novel
dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of avian influenza virus.
Avian Diseases 47(2): 361-369.
ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A monoclonal antibody (MAb)-based
dot-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed that detected
the epitopes specifically associated with avian influenza virus (AIV). The
dot-ELISA detected the antigens of AIV directly from clinical and field
specimens. Data obtained from experimentally AIV-infected
specific-pathogen-free chickens and also the 2001/02 AIV outbreak of serotype
H7N2 positive flocks in Pennsylvania indicated that the mean sensitivity (Se)
of the dot-ELISA ranged between 45% and 68% and the mean specificity (Sp),
between 85% and 90%. The values were derived from various clinical and field
specimens when compared with virus isolation with embryonating chicken eggs. On
routine AIV surveillance samples, the dot-ELISA achieved a 92%-100% Sp on the
basis of testing over 1500 AIV surveillance samples that were confirmed
negative by virus isolation. The dot-ELISA detected AIV antigens with a 5-mul
allantoic fluid sample that contained a concentration of 0.4 hemagglutinating
units. Furthermore, the dot-ELISA retained its specificity for AIV because no
cross-reactions were obtained with various other avian viruses. The findings in
this study indicated that the dot-ELISA was highly sensitive and specific and
comparable with the commercial Directigen(R) test in the detection of AIV
obtained from clinical and field specimens.
Descriptors: immune system, infection, avian influenza,
diagnosis, infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease,
monoclonal antibody based dot ELISA, mab dot ELISA, immunologic techniques,
laboratory techniques.
Malik, Y.S., D.P. Patnayak, and S.M. Goyal (2004). Detection
of three avian respiratory viruses by single-tube multiplex reverse
transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. Journal of Veterinary
Diagnostic Investigation, Official Publication of the American Association of
Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc 16(3): 244-8. ISSN: 1040-6387.
NAL
Call Number: SF774.J68
Abstract: Acute respiratory tract infections are
leading causes of morbidity in poultry farms throughout the world. Avian
pneumovirus (APV), avian influenza virus (AIV), and Newcastle disease virus
(NDV) have been recognized as the most important pathogens of both chicken and
turkeys. Single-virus reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (sRT-PCR)
assays are used extensively to detect these viruses in clinical samples. This
study reports the development and evaluation of a single-tube multiplex RT-PCR
(mRT-PCR) assay for simultaneous and specific detection of APV, AIV, and NDV.
Specific primers for each virus were selected that amplified products of
predicted sizes from each virus in the mRT-PCR as well as in the sRT-PCR assays
(438, 218, and 532 bp for APV, AIV, and NDV, respectively). The sensitivity and
specificity of mRT-PCR assay were compared with those of the sRT-PCR. The
mRT-PCR assay was as sensitive as the sRT-PCR assays because virus detection
limits were similar in both assays. The detection limits of mRT-PCR assay were
10(0.5) tissue culture infective dose (50%) (TCID50)/ml, 10(1.2) TCID50/ml, and
10(0.7) TCID50/ml for APV, AIV, and NDV, respectively. Overall, there was an
excellent correlation between mRT-PCR and sRT-PCR assays. No product
amplification was obtained with nucleic acid from infectious bronchitis virus
and reovirus using these primer sets. In summary, mRT-PCR assay holds potential
to be an economical and rapid diagnostic method for the simultaneous detection
of 3 avian respiratory viruses in chickens and turkeys.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian growth and
development, metapneumovirus growth and development, Newcastle disease virus
growth and development, poultry diseases virology, respiratory tract infections
veterinary, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction veterinary,
turkeys, avian genetics, metapneumovirus genetics, Newcastle disease virus
genetics, RNA, viral chemistry, viral genetics, respiratory tract infections
diagnosis, respiratory tract infections virology, reverse transcriptase
polymerase chain reaction methods, sensitivity and specificity.
Manvell, R. (1998). Diagnosi di laboratorio dell'
Influenza aviare. [Laboratory diagnosis of avian influenza]. [Italian Society
of Poultry Pathology. Meeting on World and Italian situation of avian
influenza]. Legnaro, Padua (Italy). 7 Apr 1998. Selezione Veterinaria
(Italy) (12): 952-955.
NAL
Call Number: 241.71 B75
Descriptors: chickens, laboratory diagnosis, avian
influenza virus, viroses, animal diseases, immunological techniques,
pathogenicity, identification, enzyme inhibitors, nucleotide sequence,
antimetabolites, biological properties, birds, diagnosis, domestic animals,
Galliformes, genomes, infectious diseases, influenza virus, livestock,
microbial properties, orthomyxoviridae, poultry, useful animals, viruses.
McNulty, M.S., J.B. McFerran, J.B. McFerran (ed.),
and M.S. McNulty (ed.) (1986). Avian influenza: diagnosis and vaccination.
Current Topics in Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science - Acute Virus
Infections of Poultry 37: 36-44.
NAL
Call Number: SF600.C82
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, diagnosis,
vaccination.
Merino, R., L.J. Gutierrez, V.R. Tejeda, and J.A.
Quintana (2002). Detection of antibodies against avian influenza virus in
egg yolk, using HI, ELISA and AGID tests. Poultry Science (USA) 81(Suppl. 1):
163. ISSN: 0032-5791.
NAL
Call Number: 47.8 Am33P
Descriptors: infection, methods and techniques, veterinary
medicine, avian influenza, respiratory system disease, viral disease, ELISA
diagnostic method, agar gel immunodiffusion test diagnostic method,
hemagglutination inhibition test diagnostic method, meeting abstract.
Min, S.L., C.C. Poa, H.S. Jui, H.L. Long, and H.K.
Shieh (1999). Identification and differentiation of avian influenza and
Newcastle disease viruses by a multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain
reaction. Journal of the Chinese Society of Veterinary Science
25(3): 191-198. ISSN: 0253-9179.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.C54
Abstract: Avian influenza and Newcastle disease share
many common clinical symptoms. A method for rapid identification and
differentiation of these two diseases comes to be necessary. A pair of primers
was designed based on the nucleotide sequences of the highly conserved region
of nucleoprotein of avian influenza virus. By reverse transcription-polymerase
chain reaction (RT-PCR), this pair of primers could amply a 330 bp fragment
from 13 reference strains (H1-H13) and 77 field isolates of avian influenza
virus with a high sensitivity and specificity. A multiplex RT-PCR procedure was
then developed by using the above AIV primers and primers for the detection of
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) developed in the previous study. This multiplex
RT-PCR procedure could detect both AIV and NDV in a single reaction tube, and
could differentiate vaccine strains from field isolates of NDV. Since the one
tube multiplex RT-PCR could significantly reduce the time and cost of AIV and
NDV, it is suitable for rapid identification and differentiation of AIV and
NDV.
Descriptors: molecular genetics, multiplex reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (multiplex RT PCR) DNA amplification
method, polymerase chain reaction, nucleotide sequencing sequencing method.
Mitchell, B.W. and M. Brugh (1982). Comparison of
electrocardiograms of chickens infected with viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle
disease virus and virulent avian influenza virus. American Journal of
Veterinary Research 43(12): 2274-8.
ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: Electrocardiograms of chickens infected with
viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) or virulent avian
influenza virus (AIV) were characterized and compared. The ECG were monitored
by radiotelemetry and were recorded twice daily before virus infection and
during the course of the infection. Thirteen lead II intervals, segments, and
amplitudes were measured and analyzed. The ECG of NDV-infected chickens were
characterized by lengthened (P less than or equal to 0.05) ST segments and
increased (P less than or equal to 0.05) P amplitudes. The ECG of AIV-infected
chickens were characterized by lengthened (P less than or equal to 0.05) RS intervals,
ST segments, TP intervals, and PR segments and by increased (P less than or
equal to 0.05) P amplitudes. The TP intervals and PR segments of ECG of
AIV-infected chickens were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) longer
than those of NDV-infected chickens. The pronounced conduction delays indicated
in the ECG of AIV-infected chickens may have diagnostic importance.
Descriptors: chickens, fowl plague physiopathology, heart
physiopathology, Newcastle disease physiopathology, electrocardiography
veterinary, influenza A virus avian pathogenicity, Newcastle disease virus
pathogenicity, specific pathogen free organisms, virulence.
Moreno, A. and R. Ruiz (1983). La influenza aviar.
Epizootiologia, diagnostico y control. [Epidemiology, diagnosis and control of
avian influenza - a review]. Revista Avicultura, Cuba 27(3): 89-108.
NAL
Call Number: SF481.A9
Descriptors: reviews, avian influenza virus, epidemiology,
diagnosis, control.
Munch, M., L.P. Nielsen, K.J. Handberg, and P.H.
Jorgensen (2001). Detection and subtyping (H5 and H7) of avian type A
influenza virus by reverse transcription-PCR and PCR-ELISA. Archives of
Virology 146(1): 87-97. ISSN:
0304-8608.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 Ar23
Abstract: Avian influenza virus infections are a major
cause of morbidity and rapid identification of the virus has important
clinical, economical and epidemiological implications. We have developed a
one-tube Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for the rapid
diagnosis of avian influenza A. A panel of reference influenza strains from
various hosts including avian species, human, swine and horse were evaluated in
a one tube RT-PCR using primers designed for the amplification of a 218 bp
fragment of the NP gene. The PCR products were detected by PCR-ELISA by use of
an internal catching probe confirming the NP influenza A origin. The PCR-ELISA
was about 100 times more sensitive than detection of PCR products by agarose
gel electrophoresis. RT-PCR and detection by PCR-ELISA is comparable in sensitivity
to virus propagation in eggs. We also designed primers for the detection of the
influenza. A subtypes H5 and H7 shown to have pathogenic potential in poultry.
The H5 primers cover the cleavage site of the HA gene and specifically amplify
influenza A subtype H5. The H7 primers also cover the HA cleavage site and
detected all H7 reference strains investigated. In addition, the H7 primers
also amplified very weak and/or additional bands on an agarose gel from other
subtypes. However, the H7 origin and the pathogenic potential defined by the
presence or absence of basic amino acids at the cleavage site can be determined
by sequencing of the PCR product. As far as we know this is the first
demonstration of RT-PCR detection on a panel of H7 strains using only one
primer set.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, polymerase chain reaction methods, birds, DNA primers genetics,
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, fowl plague virology, hemagglutinins viral
genetics, horses, avian classification, avian genetics, nucleoproteins
analysis, nucleoproteins genetics, RNA viral analysis, reverse transcriptase
polymerase chain reaction, sensitivity and specificity, swine.
Naeem, K., M. Naurin, S. Rashid, and S. Bano (2003). Seroprevalence
of avian influenza virus and its relationship with increased mortality and
decreased egg production. Avian Pathology 32(3): 285-289. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: antibody testing, disease prevalence, disease
surveys, seroprevalence, ELISA, egg production, poultry, mortality, avian
influenza virus, Pakistan.
Ninomiya, A. (1998). Detection of antibodies in
the sera specific to the hemagglutinin of avian influenza viruses. Japanese
Journal of Veterinary Research 46(2-3): 135-136. ISSN: 0047-1917.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6446
Descriptors: infection, veterinary medicine, influenza
virus infection, viral disease, thesis, dissertation.
Oskolkov, V.S., K.h. Kreimer Yu, and A.A. Ibragimov
(1974). [Some problems of epidemiology and diagnosis of avian influenza].
Veterinariia (4): 63-65.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V6426
Descriptors: avian influenza, epidemiology, diagnosis,
problems, poultry.
Palfi, V., L. Tekes, and J. Tanyi (1997). Improvement
of diagnostic methods for infectious diseases. Magyar Allatorvosok Lapja
119(11): 686-692. ISSN: 0025-004X.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 V644
Abstract: Diagnostic methods to be used in case of
notifiable infectious diseases have been regulated partly by regulations and
partly by guidelines to be considered obligatory. The use of internationally
accepted standard methods is especially important because the veterinary
authorities issue different transport papers, certificates based on the results
of these investigations. Only with a few exceptions, the diagnosis of
infectious diseases in the list A of Office International des Epizooties is
the responsibility of central veterinary
laboratories in each country. The laboratory procedures are based on the
demonstration of virus its antigen or nucleic acid in the animal tissues,
isolation of virus, as well as demonstration of antibodies developing in the
blood serum by different methods. ELISA and virus isolation are used for the
demonstration of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus. Serum antibodies are
demonstrated by virus neutralization or ELISA tests. In case of swine vesicular
disease (SVD) the samples are tested
parallel also for the presence of FMD virus. The SVD virus can be isolated in
cell cultures of porcine origin and can not be isolated in those of bovine
origin. Serum antibodies are demonstrated by virus neutralization and ELISA
tests. Immunofluorescent investigation of tissue samples and virus isolation
methods are used for the diagnosis of classical swine fever (CSF). Monoclonal
antibodies are used to differentiate among CSF, BVD virus and Suvac vaccine
virus strains. Different ELISA and virus
neutralization test are used for the demonstration of serum antibodies. In case
of a suspected African Swine Fever case, haemadsorption and immunofluorescent
tests are used for the demonstration of the virus and also pigs are inoculated
with the suspected material. ELISA is used for the serological diagnosis of
EBL. Cultivation of avian influenza viruses is carried out in embryonated eggs.
The type of virus is determined by immuno-diffusion test and the type of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase - and
occasionally - the virulence have also been determined. Haemagglutination
inhibition test is used for the demonstration of serum antibodies. Practically
the same methods are used for the diagnosis of Newcastle disease.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, infection, methods and
techniques, infectious disease, swine fever, virus neutralization test
diagnostic method, ELISA diagnostic method.
Pang, Y., H. Wang, T. Girshick, Z. Xie, and M.I. Khan
(2002). Development and application of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction
for avian respiratory agents. Avian Diseases 46(3): 691-9. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
was developed and optimized to simultaneously detect 6 avian respiratory
pathogens. Six sets of specific oligonucleotide primers for infectious
bronchitis virus (IBV), avian influenza virus (AIV), infectious
laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Mycoplasma
gallisepticum (MG), and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) were used
respectively in the test. With the use of agarose gel electrophoresis for
detection of the PCR-amplified DNA products, the sensitivity of detection was
between 10 pg for IBV, AIV, MG, and ILTV and 100 pg for NDV and MS after 35
cycles of PCR. Similar sensitivity of these primers was achieved with chickens
experimentally infected with respiratory pathogens. In experimental infections,
the multiplex PCR was able to detect all the infected chickens in each group at
I and 2 wk postinfection as compared with serologic tests at 2 wk postinfection
that confirmed the presence of specific antibodies. The multiplex PCR was also
able to detect and differentiate coinfections with two or more pathogens. No
specific DNA amplification for respiratory avian pathogens was observed among
noninoculated birds kept separately as a negative control group.
Descriptors: bird diseases diagnosis, Mycoplasma
infections veterinary, polymerase chain reaction veterinary, virus diseases
veterinary, bird diseases microbiology, bird diseases virology, birds, chick
embryo, chickens, DNA, bacterial isolation and purification, DNA, viral
isolation and purification, diagnosis, differential, electrophoresis, agar gel veterinary, Mycoplasma
genetics, Mycoplasma isolation and purification, Mycoplasma infections
diagnosis, polymerase chain reaction methods, RNA viral isolation and
purification, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction methods, reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction veterinary, sensitivity and
specificity, species specificity, specific pathogen free organisms, virus
diseases diagnosis.
Pang YaoShan, Xie ZhiXun, and Khan M. I. (2001). Establishement
of two-temperature multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting six
pathogens causing respiratory diseases in chicks at the same time. Chinese
Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology 31(5): 3-6. ISSN: 1000-6419.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, infectious bronchitis
virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma
synoviae, Newcastle disease virus, diagnostic techniques, experimental
infections, polymerase chain reaction, poultry, chicks.
Patolsky, F., G. Zheng, O. Hayden, M. Lakadamyali, X.
Zhuang, and C.M. Lieber (2004). Electrical detection of single viruses. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
101(39): 14017-22. ISSN: 0027-8424.
NAL
Call Number: 500 N21P
Abstract: We report direct, real-time electrical
detection of single virus particles with high selectivity by using nanowire
field effect transistors. Measurements made with nanowire arrays modified with
antibodies for influenza A showed discrete conductance changes characteristic
of binding and unbinding in the presence of influenza A but not paramyxovirus
or adenovirus. Simultaneous electrical and optical measurements using
fluorescently labeled influenza A were used to demonstrate conclusively that
the conductance changes correspond to binding/unbinding of single viruses at
the surface of nanowire devices. pH-dependent studies further show that the
detection mechanism is caused by a field effect, and that the nanowire devices
can be used to determine rapidly isoelectric points and variations in
receptor-virus binding kinetics for different conditions. Lastly, studies of nanowire
devices modified with antibodies specific for either influenza or adenovirus
show that multiple viruses can be selectively detected in parallel. The
possibility of large-scale integration of these nanowire devices suggests
potential for simultaneous detection of a large number of distinct viral
threats at the single virus level.
Descriptors: influenza A virus, avian isolation and
purification, nanotechnology methods, paramyxoviridae isolation and
purification, birds, electric conductivity, immunochemistry, avian chemistry,
avian immunology, avian metabolism, microscopy, electron, transmission,
microscopy, fluorescence, nanotechnology instrumentation, paramyxoviridae
chemistry, paramyxoviridae immunology, paramyxoviridae metabolism, silicon
chemistry.
Payungporn, S., P. Phakdeewirot, S. Chutinimitkul, A.
Theamboonlers, J. Keawcharoen, K. Oraveerakul, A. Amonsin, and Y. Poovorawan
(2004). Single-step multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR) for influenza A virus subtype H5N1 detection. Viral
Immunology 17(4): 588-93. ISSN:
0882-8245.
Abstract: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 causes a
rapidly fatal systemic disease in domestic poultry and spreads directly from
poultry to humans. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid, cost-saving
and effective method for influenza A virus subtype H5N1 detection. The selected
primer set was used in single-step RT-PCR for simultaneous detection in
multiplex format of the 276-, 189-, and 131-bp fragments, corresponding to
sequences specific for M, H5 and N1. The amplified DNA fragments were clearly
separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. The sensitivity of this assay was
about 10(3) copies/microL. Moreover, this method can be applied to detect not
only avian but also human influenza A virus subtype H5N1. In conclusion, the
highlights of this particular method are its rapidity and cost-effectiveness,
thus rendering it feasible and attractive for large-scale screening at times of
influenza A virus subtype H5N1 outbreak.
Descriptors: influenza virology, influenza A virus, avian
isolation and purification, avian influenza virology, reverse transcriptase
polymerase chain reaction methods, birds virology, chickens virology, influenza
diagnosis, avian genetics, avian influenza diagnosis, sensitivity and
specificity.
Pearson, J.E. and D.A. Senne. (1981). Avian
influenza diagnostic procedures. In: Proceedings of the First
International Symposium on Avian Influenza, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, p.
157-166.
NAL
Call Number:
aSF995.6.I6I5 1981a
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, tests,
assays, diagnostic procedures, symposium.
Pearson, J.E., D.A. Senne, and D.A. Halvorson. (
1986). Diagnosis of avian influenza in the United States. In: IVth
International Symposium of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, p.
647-650.
NAL
Call Number:
SF771.I5 1986
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, diagnosis,
turkeys, United States, symposium.
Perdue, M.L., P.O. Wainright, and M. Brugh (1990). Effects
of chicken embryo age on time to death following infection by avian influenza
viruses: implications for distinguishing highly pathogenic isolates. Virus
Research 16(2): 137-52. ISSN:
0168-1702.
NAL
Call Number: QR375.V6
Abstract: When white leghorn (WL) chick embryos ranging
in age from 8 to 13 days were inoculated with a variety of avian influenza
virus (AIV) isolates, strain-specific differences in embryo mean death times
(MDT) were observed. Non-highly pathogenic (nHP) strains killed 8 or 9 day-old
embryos much more rapidly than 12 or 13 day-old embryos. Highly pathogenic (HP)
strains, however, were less sensitive to embryo age resulting in similar MDTs
in both older and younger embryos. These observations were consistent over a broad
range of virus doses for both HP and nHP strains. When a HP derivative of H5N2
AIV was compared to its nHP parent, the derivative killed older embryos more
rapidly than the parent virus, while MDTs in younger embryos were the same for
both parent and derivative. The two strains further exhibited clear differences
in the structure of their respective hemagglutinin, a previously described
pathogenicity determinant for this virus. Thus it may be possible to readily
demonstrate the HP phenotype in AIV strains based on MDT measurements in WL
embryos.
Descriptors: chick embryo microbiology, orthomyxoviridae
pathogenicity, orthomyxoviridae infections veterinary, poultry diseases
mortality, antibodies, monoclonal immunology, hemagglutinin glycoproteins,
influenza virus, hemagglutinins viral immunology, orthomyxoviridae infections
mortality, specific pathogen free organisms, time factors, viral envelope
proteins immunology.
Pourbakhsh, S.A., F. Moosakhani, and M. Kianizadeh
(1999). Standardization of ELISA for detection of avian influenza virus
antibodies. Archives of Razi Institute (50): 19-28. ISSN: 0365-3439.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.A73
Descriptors: ELISA, hemagglutination inhibition test,
immunodiagnosis, antibody testing, diagnostic techniques, poultry, influenza
virus.
Purchase, H.G. (1989). Practical application of
nucleic acid techniques to avian disease problems. Avian Diseases
33(4): 609-14. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A workshop in which 17 practicing scientists
participated was intended to address primarily people who use or could use
biotechnology in their work and was confined to five techniques. Endonuclease
fingerprinting and mapping involved cleaving nucleic acid with a specific
restriction enzyme and separating the nucleic acid fragments by
electrophoresis. Field and vaccine isolates of Pasteurella multocida
could be distinguished; Salmonella enteritidis could be divided into
three groups; chlamydia could be grouped into seven groups; and vaccinia, quail
pox, and fowl pox could be clearly distinguished. Preparation of nucleic acid
probes involved producing large amounts of labeled oligonucleotides, usually of
unknown sequence. Successful probes had been made for infectious bursal disease
virus, avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, and infectious
bronchitis virus. In Southern, Northern, and dot blotting, either DNA or RNA
fragments were placed on or transferred to a solid substrate and probed. The
procedure was able to detect infectious bursal disease virus, infectious
bronchitis virus, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and Marek's disease virus.
In situ hybridization involved applying a labeled probe to frozen or fixed
sections or to intact cells. In Polymerase chain reaction, two primers, some
distance apart, were annealed to a denatured target DNA. Repeated cycles of DNA
synthesis with a thermostable polymerase, denaturing, and reannealing resulted
in great amplification of a rare sequence. After 30 cycles, a rare gene
sequence could be amplified more than 10(6) times. It was used successfully to
detect minute quantities of influenza virus and infectious bursal disease
virus, and the process was used to facilitate DNA sequencing of coccidiosis
gene segments.
Descriptors: poultry diseases diagnosis, blotting, northern,
blotting, Southern, DNA restriction enzymes genetics, nucleic acid
hybridization, nucleic acid probes, peptide mapping, polymerase chain reaction.
Rada, B. and T. Hanusovska (1987). Rapid method
for the detection of synergism in combinations of antiviral substances. Acta
Virologica 31(2): 126-37. ISSN:
0001-723X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 AC85
Abstract: The plaque inhibition method was modified in
order to evaluate the effectiveness of various combinations of antiviral
substances. One substance (A) diffuses from the centre of cell culture, the
other (B) is incorporated into the agar overlay at subinhibitory concentration.
The inhibitory effect of the combination (A + B) is demonstrated by the
increase in size of the inhibitory zone in comparison with the control
inhibitory zone produced by the substance A alone. The ratio of the diameter of
the inhibitory zone with substance combination (A + B) to the diameter of
single drug control zone (substance A) serves as index DI (degree of interaction).
Quantitative evaluation of the degree of potentiation using isobolograms showed
that DI greater than 1.5 indicate a synergistic effect of the respective
combinations. This inexpensive method can serve for rapid selection of suitable
combinations out of number of substances. Model experiments were performed with
combinations of selected inhibitors of virus replication.
Descriptors: antiviral agents pharmacology, influenza A
virus avian drug effects, vaccinia virus drug effects, chick embryo, cycloheximide
pharmacology, drug synergism, drug therapy, combination, microbial sensitivity
tests, models, biological, plaque assay, ribavirin pharmacology, rimantadine
pharmacology.
Ramos, V.J.A., P.F. Del, M. Kiupel, S.D. Fitzgerald,
A.J. Bermudez, G.C. Johnson, and M.A. Miller (2002). Diagnostic
immunohistochemistry of equine and avian infectious diseases. Journal of
Histotechnology 25(4): 185-198.
ISSN: 0147-8885.
Abstract: This article is the second part of a series
of review articles dedicated to immunohistochemical detection of infectious
agents in domestic animals and covers infectious diseases of horses and birds.
Immunohistochemistry is heavily used in these species for certain infectious
diseases and until recently was the only quick and reliable diagnostic
technique for some diseases (e.g., West Nile virus). A discussion of the
immunohistochemical detection of the following infectious diseases of horses
(Borna disease, eastern equine encephalitis virus, equine herpesvirus 1, equine
protozoal myelitis, equine viral arteritis, leishmaniasis, viral
papillomatosis, rabies, and West Nile fever) and birds (avian adenovirus, avian
influenza virus, avian pneumovirus, budgerigar fledgling disease, chlamydiosis,
Newcastle disease virus, Tyzzer's disease, and West Nile fever) is presented.
In addition, references of selected equine and avian infectious diseases in
which immunohistochemistry has been used and immunohistochemical protocols from
the authors' laboratories are tabulated.
Descriptors: infection, veterinary medicine, borna
disease, diagnosis, infectious disease, viral disease, Newcastle disease,
infectious disease, viral disease, west nile fever, infectious disease, nervous
system disease, viral disease, abortion, reproductive system disease, female, infectious
disease, infectious disease, formalin fixation histology and cytology
techniques, laboratory techniques, immunohistochemistry clinical techniques,
diagnostic techniques, immunologic techniques, laboratory techniques, paraffin
embedding histology and cytology techniques, laboratory techniques.
Rowe, T., R.A. Abernathy, J. Hu Primmer, W.W.
Thompson, X. Lu, W. Lim, K. Fukuda, N.J. Cox, and J.M. Katz (1999). Detection
of antibody to avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in human serum by using a
combination of serologic assays. Journal of Clinical Microbiology
37(4): 937-43. ISSN: 0095-1137.
NAL
Call Number: QR46.J6
Abstract: From May to December 1997, 18 cases of mild
to severe respiratory illness caused by avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses were
identified in Hong Kong. The emergence of an avian virus in the human
population prompted an epidemiological investigation to determine the extent of
human-to-human transmission of the virus and risk factors associated with
infection. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, the standard method for
serologic detection of influenza virus infection in humans, has been shown to
be less sensitive for the detection of antibodies induced by avian influenza
viruses. Therefore, we developed a more sensitive microneutralization assay to
detect antibodies to avian influenza in humans. Direct comparison of an HI
assay and the microneutralization assay demonstrated that the latter was
substantially more sensitive in detecting human antibodies to H5N1 virus in
infected individuals. An H5-specific indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) was also established to test children's sera. The sensitivity and
specificity of the microneutralization assay were compared with those of an
H5-specific indirect ELISA. When combined with a confirmatory H5-specific
Western blot test, the specificities of both assays were improved. Maximum
sensitivity (80%) and specificity (96%) for the detection of anti-H5 antibody
in adults aged 18 to 59 years were achieved by using the microneutralization
assay combined with Western blotting. Maximum sensitivity (100%) and
specificity (100%) in detecting anti-H5 antibody in sera obtained from children
less than 15 years of age were achieved by using ELISA combined with Western
blotting. This new test algorithm is being used for the seroepidemiologic
investigations of the avian H5N1 influenza outbreak.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral blood, influenza A virus
avian immunology, serologic tests methods, adolescent, adult, blotting, western
methods, blotting, western statistics and numerical data, child, preschool,
cross reactions, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay methods, enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay statistics and numerical data, hemagglutination inhibition
tests methods, hemagglutination inhibition tests statistics and numerical data,
Hong Kong epidemiology, influenza epidemiology, influenza immunology, influenza
transmission, avian classification, avian pathogenicity, middle aged,
neutralization tests methods, neutralization tests statistics and numerical
data, sensitivity and specificity, seroepidemiologic studies, serologic tests
statistics and numerical data.
Russi Cahill, J.C., M.C. Mogdasy, R.E. Somma Moreira,
and M.H. de Peluffo (1975). Counterimmunoelectrophoresis with influenza
antigens. I. Use of avian plague virus to detect type-specific antibodies to
influenza A in human sera. Journal of Infectious Diseases 131(1):
64-6. ISSN: 0022-1899.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 J821
Abstract: Avian plague virus was used as antigen in a
counterimmunoelectrophoresis technique. This virus was selected because it
detects only type-specific influenza A antibodies in human sera, avoiding the
possible interference of other antigens with anodic migration. The results with
reference sera, as well as the correlation of positive sera found by
counterimmunoelectrophoresis and complement fixation with the proposed antigen,
in the absence of other types of antibodies to fowl plague virus antigen,
support the conclusion that the counterimmunoelectrophoresis technique reveals
type-specific antibodies. The test is more sensitive than immunodiffusion but
less sensitive than complement fixation. Its sensitivity, simplicity, and
rapidity make it suitable for serologic surveys of human influenza A.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, antigens, viral,
immunoelectrophoresis, influenza immunology, influenza A virus avian
immunology, antibody specificity, chick embryo, complement fixation tests,
guinea pigs immunology, immune sera, immunodiffusion.
Sala, G., P. Cordioli, M.A. Moreno, M. Tollis, E.
Brocchi, A. Piccirillo, and A. Lavazza (2003). ELISA test for the detection
of influenza H7 antibodies in avian sera. Avian Diseases 47(Special
Issue): 1057-1059. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Using a monoclonal antibody (MAb) specific
for the H7 influenza surface glycoproteins, a serological enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test has been developed. This MAb was made using
the low-pathogenicity (LP) avian influenza (AI) strain (BS2676/99) isolated in
Italy during a recent outbreak. The test is able to detect H7 antibodies in
avian sera. The H7 ELISA has a 99% concordance of results with the classical
hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test.
Descriptors: immune system, infection, ELISA, immunologic
techniques, laboratory techniques, hemagglutination inhibition test.
Samadieh, B. (1971). Pathogenicity,
transmissibility and diagnosis of two strains of avian influenza-A viruses in
turkeys. Dissertation Abstracts International, B 31(9): 5440.
NAL
Call Number: Z5055.U49D53
Descriptors: avian influenza A virus, diagnosis,
pathogenicity, transmissibility, turkeys.
Samadieh, B., R. Kargar Moaakhar, and M. Afnan (
1975). Demonstration of avian influenza-A virus in Iran by immunodiffusion
technique. Avian Diseases 19(4): 689-91. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A total of 1000 chicken serum samples (CSS)
and 235 turkey serum samples (TSS) were tested by an immunodiffusion procedure
against soluble antigen (S-antigen) prepared from avian influenza-A virus
(AIAV), T/Calif/5142/66. None of the CSS tested developed any precipitin line,
whereas 8.9% of the TSS tested developed well-defined precipitin lines against
S-antigen. This observation confirmed the presence of AIAV in Iran.
Descriptors: influenza A virus avian immunology, chickens
immunology, fowl plague immunology, Iran, turkeys immunology.
Samame, H.A. and R.A. Bankowski (1977). Application
of the egg-bit technique in poultry disease research. Avian Diseases
21(4): 623-629. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, cell culture
techniques, egg-bit technique, virology, eggs, poultry, disease research.
Sangret, M., O.J. Vrtiak, and B. Kapitancik (1972). Use
of DEAE-cellulose in testing disinfectants. Acta Virologica 16(5):
444. ISSN: 0001-723X.
NAL
Call Number: 448.3 AC85
Descriptors: antiviral agents pharmacology, cellulose,
disinfectants pharmacology, adsorption, body fluids microbiology, chick embryo,
drug resistance, microbial, fetal membranes, hemagglutination tests, influenza
A virus avian drug effects, avian isolation and purification, methods, sodium
chloride, sodium hydroxide.
Selleck, P.W., S.L. Lowther, G.M. Russell, and P.T.
Hooper (2003). Rapid diagnosis of highly pathogenic avian influenza using
pancreatic impression smears. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue):
1190-1195. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract:
The 1985 outbreak of high-pathogenicity
avian influenza (HPAI) in Victoria, Australia, took 5 days to confirm by
standard laboratory tests, during which time infected chickens continued
excreting virus, thus creating the opportunity for transmission to other farms.
An immunofluorescence test for the detection of viral antigen in tissue
impression smears was evaluated as a rapid diagnostic test for HPAI virus
infections of poultry. Several test configurations were compared for background
reactions and strength of fluorescence, with the optimum combination found to
be an influenza A group-specific monoclonal antibody, detected by an anti-mouse
fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate. Immunohistochemical examination of
tissues from chickens experimentally infected with low-pathogenicity and HPAI
viruses identified the pancreas as the organ most consistently containing high
concentrations of HPAI viral antigen. This test has since been used in
Australia in the rapid laboratory confirmation of three avian influenza outbreaks
and in showing that numerous other suspect cases were not caused by avian
influenza.
Descriptors: epidemiology, infection, avian influenza,
diagnosis, infectious disease, transmission, viral disease, immunofluorescence,
immunologic techniques, laboratory techniques, immunohistochemistry, pancreatic
impression smears, clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, pathogenicity.
Semenova, N.P., E.N. Kantorovich Prokudina, I.A.
Miasnikova, and O.N. Berezina (1978). Ispol'zovanie metoda bliashek dlia vyiavleniia
fenomena autointerferentsii u virusa grippa. [Use of the plaque method to
reveal the phenomenon of autointerference in influenza virus]. Voprosy
Virusologii (6): 709-13. ISSN:
0507-4088.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 P942
Abstract: The paper describes a simple and convenient
method for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the capacity of influenza
virus for autointerference consisting in the lack or considerable reduction of
the cytolytic effect of the virus under agar overlay at a high multiplicity of
infection. Some experimental and theoretical arguments assuming the role of
defective interfering particles in the formation of the observed phenomenon. It
is assumed that the detection of autointerference under agar may be used as an
additional criterion for detection of non-plaque-forming strains of influenza
virus, tentative determination of their interfering capacity as well as for the
establishment of biological relationships of viruses.
Descriptors: influenza A virus physiology, viral interference,
defective viruses, influenza A virus avian, plaque assay.
Shafer, A.L., J.B. Katz, and K.A. Eernisse (1998). Development
and validation of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection
of type A influenza antibodies in avian sera. Avian Diseases 42(1):
28-34. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Serologic screening of avian sera for
group-specific antibodies to type A influenza is currently accomplished by
using the avian influenza (AI) agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test. A
competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CELISA) was developed using a
baculovirus vector, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus,
expressing the nucleoprotein (NP) gene of A/Ann Arbor/6/60 influenza virus. The
recombinant NP was obtained by inoculation of Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells or Trichoplusia ni
insect larvae with the recombinant baculovirus. A hybridoma cell line producing
monoclonal antibody against influenza virus A nucleoprotein was used to
generate mouse ascitic fluid for the CELISA. The nucleoprotein and the
monoclonal antibody were used without further purification in a CELISA for
detection of avian-origin serum antibodies to type A influenza. The AI AGID and
CELISA tests were compared for sensitivity and specificity using 1651
experimental and reference antisera. Samples discrepant in AGID and CELISA test
results were further evaluated by the AI indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA),
hemagglutination-inhibition (HI), and neuraminidase-inhibition (NI) tests. The
results demonstrated a high degree of correlation between the AGID and CELISA
test results, with the IFA, HI, and NI tests offering additional support of
CELISA test specificity. The CELISA is a rapid, economical, sensitive, and
specific serodiagnostic method for screening large numbers of avian sera for
antibodies to avian influenza virus.
Descriptors: birds, avian influenza virus, ELISA,
antibodies, body fluids, immunology, immunodiagnosis, testing, recombinant
antigens, microbial proteins, animal viruses, gene expression, cell culture,
monoclonal antibodies, evaluation, immunological techniques, antibodies,
antigens, body parts, culture techniques, diagnosis, immunoenzyme techniques,
immunological factors, immunological techniques, in vitro culture, influenza
virus, orthomyxoviridae, viruses, serum, serology, screening, cell lines,
comparisons.
Shamseddini, M., M. Vasfi Marandi, S.A. Pourbakhsh,
M. Gharagozlo, M. Bahmani-Nejad, and P.
Khazraee-Nia (2002). The use of indirect immunoperoxidase assay in diagnosis
of type A (H9N2) avian influenza virus antigen on frozen tissue sections. Archives
of Razi Institute (53): 11-21. ISSN:
0365-3439.
NAL
Call Number: QR189.A73
Descriptors: animal tissues, staining techniques, immunoperoxidase
technique, diagnosis, experimental infection, immune response, avian influenza
virus, broilers, poultry.
Shan, S., L.S. Ko, R.A. Collins, Z. Wu, J. Chen, K.Y.
Chan, J. Xing, L.T. Lau, and A.C.H. Yu (2003). Comparison of nucleic
acid-based detection of avian influenza H5N1 with virus isolation. Biochemical
and Biophysical Research Communications 302(2): 377-383. ISSN: 0006-291X.
NAL
Call Number: 442.8 B5236
Abstract: Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification
with electrochemiluminescent detection (NASBA/ECL) of avian influenza virus was
compared with viral culture in embryonated chicken eggs. Virus was isolated
from blood or anal swabs of chickens artificially infected with highly
pathogenic avian influenza A/Chicken/Hong Kong/1000/97 (H5N1). Viral nucleic
acid was detected in blood samples by NASBA/ECL immediately prior to death,
whilst nucleic acid extracted from anal swabs was detected from the day
following artificial infection until death. Thus, blood and/or anal swabs are a
suitable source of material for the detection of avian influenza in dead birds,
but anal swabs are more suitable for detection of viral genetic material in
live birds. Dilution of a known viral standard was used to determine the limit
of sensitivity for both NASBA/ECL and egg culture detection methods. The
NASBA/ECL method was equivalent in sensitivity to egg culture. The NASBA/ECL
results agreed with egg culture data in 71/94 (75.5%) tissue samples obtained
from artificially infected birds.
Descriptors: infection, molecular genetics, avian
influenza virus infection, viral disease, electrochemiluminescence laboratory
techniques, nucleic acid sequence based amplification genetic techniques,
laboratory techniques, virus isolation.
Shao HongXia, Qin Kun, Liu YeLong, and Jin WenJie
(2002). Development of monoclonal antibody specific to haemagglutinins of
subtype H5 avian influenza virus. Chinese Journal of Animal Quarantine
19(8): 21-23. ISSN: 1005-944X.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, diagnosis,
hemagglutinins, monoclonal antibodies, poultry.
Sivanandan, V., D.A. Halvorson, and J.A. Newman
(1988). Phagocytosis assay for avian influenza virus in turkeys. Proceedings
of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 51: 37.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: diagnostic techniques, avian influenza virus,
turkeys, phagocytosis assay.
Sivanandan, V., C.K. Perera, K.V. Nagaraja, and D.A.
Halvorson (1996). Avian influenza virus antibody detection by competitive
ELISA. Proceedings of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference 45:
52.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: ELISA, avian influenza virus, immunoenzyme
techniques, immunological techniques, influenza virus, orthomyxoviridae,
viruses.
Smolenskii, V.I. and O.I. Sukharev (1974). Preparation
of luminescent antibody against avian influenza virus, strain GP6. Sbornik
Nauchnykh Trudov Moskovskaya Veterinarnaya Akademiya 73(2): 41-42.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, mmunofluorescence,
poultry, antibody.
Snyder, D.B., W.W. Marquardt, F.S. Yancey, and P.K.
Savage (1985). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of
antibody against avian influenza virus. Avian Diseases 29(1):
136-44. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
was developed for detecting antibody to type A avian influenza (AI) virus. The
sensitivity and group specificity of the AI-ELISA were compared with those of
the agar-gel-precipitin test (AGPT) and the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI)
test under conditions of both controlled and field exposure. During the course
of temporal experimental infection (0-76 days) of specific-pathogen-free (SPF)
chickens with AI subtype Hav9N2, the AI-ELISA was able to detect specific AI antibody
as early as 8 days postinoculation (PI), and it measured rising levels of
antibody through 35 days PI, at which time the chickens were re-exposed to AI
virus. Conversely, AGP tests were negative through 35 days PI, and HI tests
began to detect low levels of AI antibody only at 21 days PI. Following a
secondary infection at 35 days PI with the same AI subtype, all tests measured
rising levels of AI-specific antibody (35-76 days PI). However, the AGP test
was positive at only the 7- and 14-day samplings postsecondary immunization.
Under field conditions, the AI-ELISA was able to detect serum AI antibody in
flocks from which highly pathogenic AI was isolated, but the AGP tests of these
sera were negative.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral analysis, chickens, fowl
plague immunology, influenza A virus avian immunology, enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay, hemagglutination inhibition tests veterinary, precipitin
tests veterinary.
Soto, P.E., Z.A. Heneidi, A.D. Vazquez, M.E. Aranda,
J. Gonzalez, P. Reyes, G.M. Gay, and J.G. Garcia (1996). Valoracion de la
prueba de hi utilizada en el montoreo serologico de la influenza aviar.
[Evaluation of the hemagglutination inhibition test for serologically
monitoring of avian influenza]. Proceedings of the Western Poultry Diseases
Conference 45: 53-56.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: hemagglutination inhibition test, evaluation,
monitoring, avian influenza.
Spackman, E., D.A. Senne, L.L. Bulaga, T.J. Myers,
M.L. Perdue, L.P. Garber, K. Lohman, L.T. Daum, and D.L. Suarez (2003). Development
of real-time RT-PCR for the detection of avian influenza virus. Avian
Diseases 47(Special Issue): 1079-1082.
ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A real-time reverse transcriptase/polymerase
chain reaction (RRT-PCR) assay was developed using hydrolysis probes for the
detection of avian influenza virus (AIV) and the H5 and H7 subtypes. The AIV
specific primers and probes were directed to regions of the AIV matrix gene
that are conserved among most type A influenza viruses. The H5 and H7 primers
and probes are directed to H5 and H7 hemagglutinin gene regions that are
conserved among North American avian influenza viruses. The sensitivity and
specificity of this RRT-PCR assay was compared to virus isolation (VI) in
chicken embryos with 1550 clinical swab samples from 109 live-bird markets
(LBMs) in New York and New Jersey. RRT-PCR detected influenza in samples from
61 of 65 (93.8%) of the LBMs that were the sources of VI positive samples. Of
the 58 markets that were positive for H7 influenza by hemagglutination
inhibition assay, RRT-PCR detected H7 influenza in 56 markets (96.5%). Too few
H5 positive samples were obtained to validate the H5 RRT-PCR assay in this
study. Although RRT-PCR was less sensitive than VI on an individual sample
basis, this study demonstrated that the AIV and H7 RRT-PCR assays are good
tools for the rapid screening of flocks and LBMs.
Descriptors: infection, molecular genetics, avian
influenza, infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease,
hemagglutination inhibition assay bioassay techniques, immunologic techniques,
laboratory techniques, real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain
reaction, real time RT PCR, clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, genetic
techniques, viral isolation, diagnostic techniques, live bird markets.
Spackman, E., D.A. Senne, L.L. Bulaga, S. Trock, and
D.L. Suarez (2003). Development of multiplex real-time RT-PCR as a
diagnostic tool for avian influenza. Avian Diseases 47(Special
Issue): 1087-1090. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A multiplex real-time reverse
transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) assay for the simultaneous
detection of the H5 and H7 avian influenza hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes was
developed with hydrolysis type probes labeled with the FAM (H5 probe) and ROX
(H7 probe) reporter dyes. The sensitivity of the H5-H7 subtyping assay was determined,
using in vitro transcribed RNA templates, to have a reproducible detection
limit for H7 of approximately 104 HA gene copies and approximately 104-105 HA
gene copies of H5. A direct comparison of H5-H7 multiplex RRT-PCR with
hemagglutination inhibition (HI) was performed with 83 AI RRT-PCR and virus
isolation positive tracheal and cloacal swab samples obtained from various
avian species and environmental swabs from live-bird markets in New York and
New Jersey. Both multiplex RRT-PCR and HI agreed on the subtype determination
of 79 (95.2%) of the 83 samples, of which 77 were positive for H7 and two were
determined to be non-H5/non-H7 subtypes. No samples were determined to be the
H5 subtype by either assay.
Descriptors: immune system, infection, molecular genetics,
avian influenza, infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease,
hemagglutination inhibition clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques,
immunologic techniques, laboratory techniques, multiplex real time reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, multiplex RT PCR, clinical techniques,
genetic techniques.
Spackman, E., D.A. Senne, T.J. Myers, L.L. Bulaga,
L.P. Garber, M.L. Perdue, K. Lohman, L.T. Daum, and D.L. Suarez (2002). Development
of a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for type A influenza virus and
the avian H5 and H7 hemagglutinin subtypes. Journal of Clinical
Microbiology 40(9): 3256-60. ISSN:
0095-1137.
NAL
Call Number: QR46.J6
Abstract: A real-time reverse transcriptase PCR
(RRT-PCR) assay based on the avian influenza virus matrix gene was developed
for the rapid detection of type A influenza virus. Additionally, H5 and H7
hemagglutinin subtype-specific probe sets were developed based on North
American avian influenza virus sequences. The RRT-PCR assay utilizes a one-step
RT-PCR protocol and fluorogenic hydrolysis type probes. The matrix gene RRT-PCR
assay has a detection limit of 10 fg or approximately 1,000 copies of target
RNA and can detect 0.1 50% egg infective dose of virus. The H5- and H7-specific
probe sets each have a detection limit of 100 fg of target RNA or approximately
10(3) to 10(4) gene copies. The sensitivity and specificity of the real-time
PCR assay were directly compared with those of the current standard for
detection of influenza virus: virus isolation (VI) in embryonated chicken eggs
and hemagglutinin subtyping by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The
comparison was performed with 1,550 tracheal and cloacal swabs from various
avian species and environmental swabs obtained from live-bird markets in New
York and New Jersey. Influenza virus-specific RRT-PCR results correlated with
VI results for 89% of the samples. The remaining samples were positive with
only one detection method. Overall the sensitivity and specificity of the H7-
and H5-specific RRT-PCR were similar to those of VI and HI.
Descriptors: fowl plague virology, hemagglutinin
glycoproteins, influenza virus genetics, influenza A virus avian isolation and
purification, poultry diseases virology, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain
reaction, chick embryo, fluorescent dyes, hemagglutination inhibition tests,
avian classification, avian genetics,
poultry, sensitivity and specificity.
Spackman, E. and D.L. Suarez (2005). Use of a
novel virus inactivation method for a multicenter avian influenza real-time
reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction proficiency study. Journal
of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, Official Publication of the American
Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc 17(1): 76-80
. ISSN: 1040-6387.
NAL
Call Number: SF774.J68
Abstract: Proficiency assessments are important
elements in quality control for diagnostic laboratories. Traditionally,
proficiency testing for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays has involved
the use of clinical samples, samples "spiked" with live agents or DNA
plasmids. Because of government regulations and biosecurity concerns,
distribution of live high-consequence pathogens of livestock and poultry, such
as avian influenza, is not possible, and DNA plasmids are not technically
suitable for evaluating RNA virus detection. Therefore, a proficiency testing
panel using whole avian influenza in a diluent containing a phenolic
disinfectant that inactivates the virus while preserving the RNA for at least 8
weeks at -70 C was developed and used in a multicenter proficiency assessment
for a type A influenza real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR test. The test,
which was highly standardized, except for variation in the real-time RT-PCR
equipment used, was shown to be highly reproducible by proficiency testing in
12 laboratories in the United States, Canada, and Hong Kong. Variation in cycle
threshold values among 35 data sets and 490 samples was minimal (CV = 5.19%),
and sample identifications were highly accurate (96.7% correct identifications)
regardless of real-time PCR instrumentation.
Descriptors: disinfectants pharmacology, influenza A
virus, avian isolation and purification, laboratories standards, reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction veterinary, virus inactivation drug
effects, avian drug effects, quality control, RNA, viral drug effects,
reproducibility of results, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
standards.
Starick, E., O.A. Roemer, and O. Werner (2000). Type-
and subtype-specific RT-PCR assays for avian influenza A viruses (AIV). Journal
of Veterinary Medicine Series B 47(4): 295-301. ISSN: 0931-1793.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Z52
Abstract: Reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR assays have
been developed to improve the diagnosis of avian influenza A. RT-PCR using
primers complementary to a conserved region of the matrix protein was assessed
as being suitable for the detection of influenza A virus RNA from poultry as
well as from pigs, horses and humans, regardless of the haemagglutinin (HA) and
neuraminidase (NA) subtype. Therefore, this RT-PCR is a valuable tool to
confirm the initial diagnosis of any influenza A infection. As a second
approach, experiments were performed to identify the HA gene encoding the
post-translational cleavage site of potentially highly pathogenic AIV isolates
by RT-PCR. The principal aim was to design one universal primer pair for each
virus subtype, H5 and H7, respectively, which allows the detection of all
strain variants using only one consistent method. To realize this objective, it
was necessary to develop 'wobble' primers. AIV RNAs from seven H5 and 11 H7
subtype viruses included in the investigations were specifically recognized by
RT-PCR using these primers. This method therefore provides a rapid,
subtype-specific diagnosis and subsequent sequencing of H5 and H7 avian
influenza viruses.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, infection, methods and
techniques, influenza A virus infection, avian, diagnosis, viral disease,
reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction diagnostic method, polymerase
chain reaction.
Starick, E. and O. Werner (2003). Detection of H7
avian influenza virus directly from poultry specimens. Avian Diseases 47(Special Issue):
1187-1189. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: Using clinical materials from experimentally
infected poultry, we established an effective method for the preparation of
viral RNA directly from tissue samples and eggs. Furthermore, our type
A-specific matrix reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test
was improved, and an H7 subtype-specific nested RT-PCR, which includes the
hemagglutinin cleavage site, was designed. Both RT-PCR systems proved to be as
sensitive as virus isolation. In addition, the labeled H7 HA-nested PCR primers
were suitable for sequencing of the PCR products. The RT-PCR amplification of
viral RNA and sequencing of the PCR product allows for the sensitive and rapid
differentiation between low-pathogenic and highly pathogenic avian influenza
viruses.
Descriptors: immune system, infection, molecular genetics,
avian influenza, infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease,
H7 subtype, specific nester, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction,
clinical techniques, RT-PCR, diagnostic techniques, genetic techniques,
laboratory techniques, genetic techniques, type A specific matrix.
Stephenson, I., J.M. Wood, K.G. Nicholson, and M.C.
Zambon (2003). Sialic acid receptor specificity on erythrocytes affects
detection of antibody to avian influenza haemagglutinin. Journal of
Medical Virology 70(3): 391-398.
ISSN: 0146-6615.
Abstract: Haemagglutination-inhibition tests (HI) are
used to detect increases in influenza antibody in serum. However, they are
relatively insensitive for the detection of human antibody responses to avian
haemagglutinin, even in the presence of high titres of neutralising antibody
after confirmed infection or vaccination. Human influenza viruses bind
preferentially sialic acid containing N-acetylneuraminic acid
alpha2,6-galactose (SAalpha2,6Gal) linkages while avian and equine viruses bind
preferentially those containing N-acetylneuraminic acid alpha2,3-galactose
(SAalpha2,3Gal) linkages. Increasing the proportion of SAalpha2,3Gal linkages
on the erythrocytes used, by enzymatic modification or change of species,
improves the ability of erythrocytes to bind to avian influenza strains and
thereby improves the sensitivity of detection of antibody to avian and equine
HA in a range of mammalian and human sera using HI tests.
Descriptors: clinical chemistry, hematology, infection,
methods and techniques, serology, veterinary medicine, hemagglutinin inhibition
test clinical techniques, diagnostic techniques, immunologic techniques,
laboratory techniques.
Suarez, D.L., E. Spackman, D.A. Senne, L. Bulaga,
A.C. Welsch, and K. Froberg (2003). The effect of various disinfectants on
detection of avian influenza virus by real time RT-PCR. Avian Diseases
47(Special Issue): 1091-1095. ISSN:
0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: An avian influenza (AI) real time reverse
transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) test was previously shown to
be a rapid and sensitive method to identify AI virus-infected birds in
live-bird markets (LBMs). The test can also be used to identify avian influenza
virus (AIV) from environmental samples. Consequently, the use of RRT-PCR was
being considered as a component of the influenza eradication program in the
LBMs to assure that each market was properly cleaned and disinfected before
allowing the markets to be restocked. However, the RRT-PCR test cannot
differentiate between live and inactivated virus, particularly in environmental
samples where the RRT-PCR test potentially could amplify virus that had been
inactivated by commonly used disinfectants, resulting in a false positive test
result. To determine whether this is a valid concern, a study was conducted in
three New Jersey LBMs that were previously shown to be positive for the H7N2
AIV. Environmental samples were collected from all three markets following
thorough cleaning and disinfection with a phenolic disinfectant. Influenza
virus RNA was detected in at least one environmental sample from two of the
three markets when tested by RRT-PCR; however, all samples were negative by
virus isolation using the standard egg inoculation procedure. As a result of
these findings, laboratory experiments were designed to evaluate several
commonly used disinfectants for their ability to inactivate influenza as well
as disrupt the RNA so that it could not be detected by the RRT-PCR test. Five
disinfectants were tested: phenolic disinfectants (Tek-trol and one-stroke
environ), a quaternary ammonia compound (Lysol no-rinse sanitizer), a peroxygen
compound (Virkon-S), and sodium hypochlorite (household bleach). All five disinfectants
were effective at inactivating AIV at the recommended concentrations, but AIV
RNA in samples inactivated with phenolic and quaternary ammonia compounds could
still be detected by RRT-PCR. The peroxygen and chlorine compounds were
effective at some concentrations for both inactivating virus and preventing
amplification by RRT-PCR. Therefore, the RRT-PCR test can potentially be used
to assure proper cleaning and disinfection when certain disinfectants are used.
Descriptors: animal husbandry, infection, avian influenza,
infectious disease, respiratory system disease, viral disease, environmental
disinfection clinical techniques, therapeutic and prophylactic techniques, real
time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction clinical techniques, diagnostic
techniques, genetic techniques, laboratory techniques, influenza eradication
program, live bird markets.
Swayne, D.E. and H.D. Stone (1996). Valuation of
inactivated H5 avian influenza virus and fowlpox virus recombinant vaccines and
diagnostic test reagents: implications in avian influenza control and
prevention strategies. Proceedings of the Western Poultry Diseases
Conference 45: 35-38.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, vaccines, influenza
virus, orthomyxoviridae, viruses.
Syurin, V.N., G.A. Ivanova, E.A. Krasnobaev and B. Fomin Yu (1972). Laboratornaya
Diagnostika Virusnykh Boleznei Zhivotnykh. [Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral
Diseases of Animals], 416 p.
Descriptors: virology, laboratory diagnosis, farm animals,
identification.
Tumpey, T.M., R. Alvarez, D.E. Swayne, and D.L.
Suarez (2005). Diagnostic approach for differentiating infected from
vaccinated poultry on the basis of antibodies to NS1, the nonstructural protein
of influenza A virus. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43(2):
676-83. ISSN: 0095-1137.
NAL
Call Number: QR46.J6
Abstract: Vaccination programs for the control of avian
influenza (AI) in poultry have limitations due to the problem of
differentiating between vaccinated and virus-infected birds. We have used NS1,
the conserved nonstructural protein of influenza A virus, as a differential
diagnostic marker for influenza virus infection. Experimentally infected
poultry were evaluated for the ability to induce antibodies reactive to NS1
recombinant protein produced in Escherichia coli or to chemically synthesized
NS1 peptides. Immune sera were obtained from chickens and turkeys inoculated
with live AI virus, inactivated purified vaccines, or inactivated commercial
vaccines. Seroconversion to positivity for antibodies to the NS1 protein was
achieved in birds experimentally infected with multiple subtypes of influenza A
virus, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western
blot analysis. In contrast, animals inoculated with inactivated
gradient-purified vaccines had no seroconversion to positivity for antibodies
to the NS1 protein, and animals vaccinated with commercial vaccines had low,
but detectable, levels of NS1 antibodies. The use of a second ELISA with
diluted sera identified a diagnostic test that results in seropositivity for
antibodies to the NS1 protein only in infected birds. For the field application
phase of this study, serum samples were collected from vaccinated and infected
poultry, diluted, and screened for anti-NS1 antibodies. Field sera from poultry
that received commercial AI vaccines were found to possess antibodies against
AI virus, as measured by the standard agar gel precipitin (AGP) test, but they
were negative by the NS1 ELISA. Conversely, diluted field sera from AI-infected
poultry were positive for both AGP and NS1 antibodies. These results
demonstrate the potential benefit of a simple, specific ELISA for anti-NS1
antibodies that may have diagnostic value for the poultry industries.
Descriptors: animals, viral blood antibodies, chickens,
avian influenza A virus classification, avian influenza A virus immunology,
avian influenza diagnosis, avian influenza immunology, avian influenza
prevention and control, avian influenza virology, poultry, poultry diseases
diagnosis, poultry diseases prevention and control, poultry diseases virology,
non-U.S. Government research support, non-U.S. Government P.H.S. research
support, turkeys, vaccination, viral nonstructural proteins chemical synthesis,
viral nonstructural proteins immunology, viral vaccines administration and
dosage, viral antibodies, influenza virus INS1 protein, viral nonstructural
proteins, viral vaccines.
Van Deusen, R.A., V.S. Hinshaw, D.A. Senne, and D.
Pellacani (1983). Micro neuraminidase-inhibition assay for classification of
influenza A virus neuraminidases. Avian Diseases 27(3):
745-750. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, inhibition assay,
classification.
Velek, K. and V. Leathers (1999). Evaluation of a
highly sensitive and specific ELISA for detection of antibodies to avian
influenza virus. Proceedings of the Western Poultry Diseases Conference
48: 140-141.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.W4
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, ELISA, detection.
Volokhov, D.V., N.A. Vlasov, and I.M. Surgucheva
(1999). The bi-sitespecific monoclonal antibodies in avian influenza A virus
nucleoprotein ELISA. Sel'Skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya 0(4):
91-99. ISSN: 0131-6397.
NAL
Call Number: S13.S44
Abstract: The data on production of quadromas secreting
bi-sitespecific monoclonal immunoglobulins to avian influenza A virus
nucleoprotein and horseradsh peroxidase are presented. The monoclonal
antibodies application in immunoassay was shown to be possible by development
of test-system for avian influenza laboratory diagnostics.
Descriptors: immune system, immunoassay diagnostic method,
laboratory diagnostics diagnostic method, nucleoprotein, ELISA, analytical
method.
Wang XiuRong, Deng GuoHua, Yu KangZhen, Qiao ChuanLing,
Liu LiLing, Chen HuaLan, and Jiang YongPing (2004). [Detection and subtyping
of avian influenza virus using DNA microarray hybridization]. Animal
Biotechnology Bulletin 9(1): 356-357.
ISSN: 1014-8469.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, characterization,
diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, DNA, genetic analysis, microarray,
hybridization, subtyping, poultry, fowl.
Wang ZeLin, L.i. Wang, Yao HuiXia, Ma ZhongBin, and
Song YunQing (2004). Rapid differentiation of the virulence of Newcastle
disease virus isolates by RT-PCR. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science
24(4): 317-320. ISSN: 1005-4545.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.C58
Descriptors: Newcastle disease, amino acid sequences,
avian infectious bursitis, bronchitis, death, diagnostic techniques, embryos,
pathogenicity, polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcription, allantoic
fluid, avian influenza virus, poultry, fowl.
Waschke, K. and H. Staber (1976). Stich -- Plaque
-- Test, ein okonomisches Verfahren zur quantitativen Virusbestimmung
[Stich-plaque test--an economic method for quantitative determination of
viruses]. Journal of Hygiene, Epidemiology, Microbiology, and Immunology
21(3): 332-40. ISSN: 0022-1732.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 J826
Abstract: An economic method for quantitative assay of
viruses is presented. In this "canule stick-plaque test" (German
abbreviation SPT) samples of viruses, geometrically diluted and taken up by a
canule, are inoculated by sticking into monolayer cell cultures overlayed with
agar medium. A plaquelike CPE detectable by neutral red staining develops in
the area of the inoculation. The frequency of this CPE formation depends on the
concentration of viruses in the inoculated dilution. This dose-response allows
calculation of the ID 50. In this way it is possible to carry out titration
involving 6 dilutions and 10 inoculations per dilution using 3 common Petri
dishes (6 cm in diameter), only. The sensitivity, accuracy, and
reproductibility of this method are described and discussed.
Descriptors: plaque assay methods, viruses isolation and
purification, chick embryo, cytopathogenic effect, viral, herpesvirus 1, suid
isolation and purification, influenza A virus avian isolation and purification,
sindbis virus isolation and purification, tissue culture.
Watanabe, S., H. Shimizu, C. Kawakami, and M. Imai
(1999). [Evaluation of an optical immunoassay test for rapid detection of
influenza A and B viral antigen]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi Journal of the
Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases 73(12): 1199-204. ISSN: 0387-5911.
Abstract: An optical immunoassay test, FLU OIA
(BIOSTAR, USA), was evaluated for the diagnosis of influenza viral infection.
The reactivity of the FLU OIA test was evaluated using 42 influenza strains (25
human influenza A, 12 human influenza B, 2 swine influenza A and 3 avian
influenza A strains). The FLU OIA test showed positive results for all
influenza strains. There was no evidence that cross-reactivity occurred with
non-influenza viruses. The detection limit of the FLU OIA test was found to be
3.0-6.5 x 10(4) pfu/assay for human influenza A and B strains. The sensitivity
and specificity of the FLU OIA test compared to isolation in cell culture was
89.7% and 76.0% for testing of 54 nasopharyngeal aspirate specimens. The FLU
OIA test is rapid and easy for the detection of influenza A and B viral antigen
and provide a valuable tool for the rapid diagnosis of influenza viral infection.
Descriptors: antigens, viral analysis, influenza A virus
immunology, influenza B virus immunology, evaluation studies, immunoassay
methods.
Werner, O. (1987). Beitrag zur Verbesserung der
Diagnostik von Influenza-A-Virus-infektionen des Geflugels. [Improving the
diagnosis of influenza A virus infections in poultry]. Archiv Fur
Experimentelle Veterinarmedizin 41(6): 851-6. ISSN: 0003-9055.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Ex7
Abstract: Seven different hyperimmune serum samples
from chickens or rabbits were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and
reacted with reference influenza A strains. Conclusions are that direct
immunofluorescence reliably detected avian influenza viruses and distinguished
them from Newcastle disease virus. A diagnostic set of nine inactivated
influenza A viruses is available, covering subtypes from H3 to H11.
Descriptors: fowl plague diagnosis, poultry diseases
diagnosis, antibodies, viral analysis, influenza A virus avian immunology,
poultry.
Wood, J.M., J. Mumford, G.C. Schild, R.G. Webster,
and K.G. Nicholson (1986). Single-radial-immunodiffusion potency tests of
inactivated influenza vaccines for use in man and animals. Developments
in Biological Standardization 64: 169-77.
ISSN: 0301-5149.
NAL
Call Number: QR180.3.D4
Abstract: Single-radial-immunodiffusion (SRD) provides
a sensitive and reproducible in vitro assay for haemagglutinin (HA)
concentration in inactivated influenza vaccines. The use of SRD for human
influenza vaccine standardization and application for equine and avian
influenza vaccines is discussed. In clinical trials, vaccine HA concentration
measured by SRD has been shown to be directly related to antibody responses and
to protection against challenge. The use of SRD may considerably reduce the
usage of animals for potency testing of veterinary influenza vaccines.
Descriptors: influenza vaccine standards, vaccines,
attenuated standards, antibodies, viral biosynthesis, chickens, horses,
immunodiffusion standards, influenza prevention and control, influenza veterinary.
Woolcock, P.R., M.D. McFarland, S. Lai, and R.P. Chin
(2001). Enhanced recovery of avian influenza virus isolates by a combination
of chicken embryo inoculation methods. Avian Diseases 45(4):
1030-1035. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, diagnosis, embryos,
ducks, pheasants, Psittaciformes, turkeys,
Galliformes, California, Illinois, Montana, Washington, United States,
OECD countries, reviews.
Wunderwald, C. and R.K. Hoop (2002). Serological
monitoring of 40 Swiss fancy breed poultry flocks. Avian Pathology
31(2): 157-62. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL
Call Number: SF995.A1A9
Abstract: Rapid serum agglutination, haemagglutination
inhibition and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to screen Swiss
fancy breed chicken flocks for antibodies against 12 avian infectious agents.
For this purpose, 1,002 blood samples from 40 flocks were collected and tested.
Ten percent of the samples were positive for Salmonella gallinarum-pullorum and
62.5% of the flocks were affected. More than 75% of the flocks had antibodies
against Mycoplasma gallisepticum/Mycoplasma synoviae, infectious
bronchitis, infectious bursal disease, avian encephalomyelitis, infectious
chicken anaemia and reoviral arthritis. Low prevalence of antibodies was
recorded for Salmonella enteritidis, avian influenza, avian leukosis and
Newcastle disease (2.0 to 4.0%).
Descriptors: monitoring, immunologic veterinary, Mycoplasma
infections veterinary, poultry, poultry diseases epidemiology, Salmonella
infections, animal epidemiology, serologic tests veterinary, antibodies,
bacterial blood, antibodies, viral blood, monitoring, immunologic methods, Mycoplasma
infections epidemiology, poultry diseases immunology, prevalence, serologic
tests methods, Switzerland epidemiology.
Xin ChaoAn (et al.)
(2000). Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of avian influenza. Poultry
Husbandry and Diseases Control (7): 9-10.
Descriptors: diagnosis, prevention, treatment, avian
influenza virus, fowl, Galliformes.
Yamaguchi, S., M. Mase, K. Tsukamoto, T. Imada, M.
Narita, Y. Murakami, and Y. Yokoki (2000). Establishment of diagnostic
methods for avian influenza. Bulletin of the National Institute of
Animal Health (Japan) (106): 19-25.
ISSN: 0388-2403.
NAL
Call Number: 41.9 T572
Descriptors: chickens, avian influenza virus, diagnosis,
PCR, birds, domestic animals, Galliformes, influenza virus, livestock,
orthomyxoviridae, poultry, useful animals, viruses.
Zaides, V.M. and V.M. Zhdanov (1984). Reaktsiia
tormozheniia gemaggliutinatsii kak indikator gumoral'nogo immuniteta pri
grippe: o nekotorykh ogranicheniiakh metoda. Voprosy Virusologii
29(1): 4-8. ISSN: 0507-4088.
NAL
Call Number: 448.8 P942
Descriptors: hemagglutination inhibition tests, influenza
immunology, antibodies, viral analysis, antibody formation, antigens, viral
analysis, chick embryo, complement fixation tests, hemagglutination, viral,
influenza A virus avian immunology, influenza A virus immunology,
neutralization tests.
Zhao JianMei, Wei Rong, Wang ZhiLiang, and Meng
LiangYu (2003). Studies on application of one step multiple RT-PCR technique
for detection of Newcastle disease, avian influenza and avian infectious bronchitis
viruses. Chinese Journal of Animal Quarantine 20(1): 22-24. ISSN: 1005-944X.
Descriptors: avian influenza virus, infectious bronchitis
virus, Newcastle disease virus, polymerase chain reaction, China, Galliformes.
Zhou, E.M., M. Chan, R.A. Heckert, J. Riva, and M.F.
Cantin (1998). Evaluation of a competitive ELISA for detection of antibodies
against avian influenza virus nucleoprotein. Avian Diseases 42(3):
517-22. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL
Call Number: 41.8 Av5
Abstract: A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (C-ELISA) employing a baculovirus-expressed recombinant nucleoprotein and
a monoclonal antibody was developed for the detection of antibodies to type A
influenza virus nucleoprotein. The performance of the C-ELISA was evaluated by testing
756 chickens, 1123 turkeys, 707 emus, and 1261 ostriches, for a total of 3847
serum samples. Relative to the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test, the
C-ELISA had a sensitivity of 100% for all four species. The C-ELISA's
sensitivity relative to the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test results was
100% for chicken, turkey, and emu and 96.2% for the ostrich serum samples. More
than 90% of the AGID-negative/C-ELISA-positive serum samples were found
positive by HI for at least one influenza serotype. The specificity of C-ELISA
relative to AGID ranged from 85.5% to 99.8% for sera collected from these
species. These results indicated that the C-ELISA was more sensitive and more
specific than the AGID test and as sensitive and as specific as the HI test. The
C-ELISA has the potential to replace the AGID test for screening sera from
avian species, including ratites, for detection of antibodies to type A
influenza virus.
Descriptors: antibodies, viral immunology, enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay, influenza A virus avian immunology, nucleoproteins
immunology, chickens immunology, chickens virology, emus immunology, emus
virology, fowl plague immunology, fowl plague virology, ostriches immunology,
ostriches virology, turkeys immunology, turkeys virology.
Zhu ChangGui
and Li YuMin (1996). Diagnosis
and management of an outbreak of avian influenza in exotic birds. Chinese
Journal of Veterinary Medicine 22(1): 20.
NAL
Call Number: SF604.C485
Descriptors: immunoprecipitation tests, serological
surveys, avian influenza virus, diagnosis, management, outbreaks, pheasants,
China.
Ziegler, T., H. Hall, A. Sanchez Fauquier, W.C.
Gamble, and N.J. Cox (1995). Type- and subtype-specific detection of
influenza viruses in clinical specimens by rapid culture assay. Journal
of Clinical Microbiology 33(2): 318-21.
ISSN: 0095-1137.
NAL
Call Number: QR46.J6
Abstract: A rapid culture assay which allows for the
simultaneous typing and subtyping of currently circulating influenza A(H1N1),
A(H3N2), and B viruses in clinical specimens was developed. Pools of monoclonal
antibodies (MAbs) against influenza A and B viruses and MAbs HA1-71 and HA2-76,
obtained by immunizing mice with the denatured hemagglutinin subfragments HA1
and HA2 of influenza virus A/Victoria/3/75, were used for immunoperoxidase
staining of antigens in infected MDCK cells. MAb HA1-71 reacted exclusively
with influenza A viruses of the H3 subtype, while MAb HA2-76 reacted with
subtypes H1, H3, H4, H6, H8, H9, H10, H11, and H12, as determined with 78
human, 4 swine, and 10 avian influenza virus reference strains subtyped by the
hemagglutination inhibition test. To determine if the technique can be used as
a rapid diagnostic test, 263 known influenza virus-positive frozen nasal or
throat swabs were inoculated into MDCK cells. After an overnight incubation,
the cells were fixed and viral antigens were detected by immunoperoxidase
staining. Influenza A viruses of the H1 and H3 subtypes were detected in 31 and
113 specimens, respectively. The subtypes of 10 influenza A virus-positive
specimens could not be determined because they contained too little virus.
Influenza B viruses were detected in 84 specimens, and 25 specimens were
negative. We conclude that this assay is a rapid, convenient,
non-labor-intensive, and relatively inexpensive test for detecting, typing, and
subtyping influenza viruses in clinical specimens.
Descriptors: influenza virology, orthomyxoviridae
classification, orthomyxoviridae isolation and purification, virus cultivation
methods, antibodies, monoclonal, antibodies, viral, cell line, disease
outbreaks, dogs, evaluation studies, false negative reactions, immunoenzyme
techniques, influenza diagnosis, influenza epidemiology, influenza A virus
avian classification, avian immunology, avian isolation and purification, human
classification, human immunology, human isolation and purification, porcine
classification, porcine immunology, porcine isolation and purification,
influenza B virus classification, influenza B virus immunology, influenza B
virus isolation and purification, mice, orthomyxoviridae immunology, serotyping, time factors.