Advanced Detector Group
Papers
In the table below, we list many of our papers along with links that
will download preprints from LLNL's Library
of the Future. In some cases, we also include a link to
a reprint which can be downloaded from the journal. You may
need to have an account with the publisher to download these reprints.
Documents which are available on-line are in Adobe Acrobat format (.PDF).
Click here
to download Acrobat Reader.
Categories:
Summary
papers
| Title |
"Energy-sensitive Cryogenic Detectors for High-mass
Biomolecule Mass Spectrometry" |
| Reference |
M. Frank, et al, Mass Spectrometry Revievs, 1999,
18 155-186 |
| Description |
Application of the energy-sensitive low temperature detectors
for ion detection in time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Overview of cryogenic
detectors is given and first results with STJ detectors are discussed. |
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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| Title |
"Energy Resolution and High Count Rate Performance of
Superconducting X-ray Spectrometers for Soft X-rays" |
| Reference |
M. Frank, et al 1997, Review of Scientific Instruments,
62, 25. |
| Description |
Comprehensive review of our STJ detector operation and
performance at high count rate. Demonstrated 13 eV FWHM resolution
at 277 eV with a count rate of 23.3 kHz without pile-up rejection. |
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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| Title |
"Cryogenic Detector Development at LLNL: Ultraviolet,
X-ray, Gamma-ray, and Biomolecular Spectroscopy" |
| Reference |
S.E. Labov, et al 1997, Proc. 7th Int. Workshop on Low
Temperature Detectors LTD-7, 82. |
| Description |
A comprehensive summary of superconducting detector development
at LLNL |
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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Superconducting
Tunnel Junction (STJ) Ultra-violet and X-ray Detector Performance
| Title |
"Superconducting Tunnel Junction Array Development for
High-Resolution Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy" |
| Reference |
S. Friedrich, et al, Journal of Microscopy and Microanalysis,
vol. 4, 616-621 (1999) |
| Description |
|
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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| Title |
"High-Resolution Tunnel Junction Extreme Ultraviolet
Detectors Limited by Quasiparticle Counting Statistics" |
| Reference |
S. Friedrich, et al, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity
vol. 9, pp. 3330-3333 (1999) |
| Description |
|
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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| Title |
"Superconducting High-Resolution X-Ray Detectors for
Metalloprotein L-edge Spectroscopy" |
| Reference |
S. Friedrich, et al, Journal of Electron Spectroscopy
and Related Phenomena, vol. 101, pp. 891-896 (1999) |
| Description |
|
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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| Title |
"A Superconducting Tunnel Junction X-ray Detector with
Performance Limited by Statistical Effects" |
| Reference |
J. B. le Grand, et al 1998, Appl.
Phys. Lett., 73, 1295. |
| Description |
Measured energy resolution agrees to within 15% of the
limit due to statistical fluctuations in the creation and tunneling of
quasiparticles. Resolution ranges from 4.5 eV FWHM at 0.2 keV to 9 eV FWHM
at 1 keV. |
| Download |
Abstract
|
Preprint
|
Reprint
|
| Title |
"Energy Resolution and High Count Rate Performance of
Superconducting X-ray Spectrometers for Soft X-rays" |
| Reference |
M. Frank, et al 1997, Review of Scientific Instruments,
62, 25. |
| Description |
Comprehensive review of our STJ detector operation and
performance at high count rate. Demonstrated 13 eV FWHM resolution
at 277 eV with a count rate of 23.3 kHz without pile-up rejection. |
| Download |
Abstract
|
Preprint
|
Reprint
|
| Title |
"Soft X-ray performance of high-resolution superconducting
spectrometers" |
| Reference |
C.A. Mears, et al 1997, Journal of X-ray Science and
Technology, 7,1. |
| Description |
Study of Nb/Al/AlOx/Al/Nb STJ detectors at energies below
the Nb M edge (230 eV) where the Nb is relatively transparent and more
photons are absorbed in the Al layers than in the Nb layers. |
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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| Title |
"High-Resolution Superconducting X-Ray Spectrometers
with an Active Area of 282 mm x 282 mm" |
| Reference |
C.A. Mears, et al 1997, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercon.,
7, 3415 |
| Description |
A high-speed SQUID array current amplifier was coupled
to an STJ x-ray detector with an area eight times larger than any previous
STJ with a comparable resolution. Measured resolution was 19 eV FWHM
at 1.5 keV and 21 eV FWHM at 2.6 keV. |
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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| Title |
"High-Resolution X-ray Detectors with High-Speed SQUID
Readout of Supterconducting Tunnel Junctions" |
| Reference |
M. Frank, et al 1996, Nucl. Inst. and Meth., A
370, 41. |
| Description |
Description of SQUID acquisition electronics for STJs.
Junction size is 100 mm x 100 mm
without any collimation. Measured 29 eV FWHM resolution for Mn Ka1
and Mn Ka2 combined. The resolution for
a single line would be 24 eV FWHM. |
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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| Title |
"Analysis of Pulse Shape from a High-Resolution Superconducting
Tunnel Junction X-ray Spectrometer" |
| Reference |
C.A. Mears, et al 1996, Nucl Inst. and Meth.,A
370, 53. |
| Description |
Study of pulse shape of STJ as a function of bias voltage
using SQUID amplifier. Used pulse shape to separate events absorbed
in top and bottom films. Measured 29 eV resolution for Mn Ka1
and Mn Ka2 combined. The resolution for
a single line would be 24 eV FWHM. |
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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| Title |
"Temperature Dependence of a Superconducting Tunnel
Junction X-ray Detector" |
| Reference |
L.J. Hiller, et al 1995, SPIE Proceedings, 2518,
244. |
| Description |
Demonstration of temperature independence of LLNL STJ's
up to 500mK. |
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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| Title |
"High Resolution Superconducting X-Ray Detectors with
Two Aluminum Trapping Layers" |
| Reference |
C.A. Mears, et al 1993, Journ. Low Temp. Phys.,
93,
561. |
| Description |
36 eV energy resolution for 6 keV x-rays. |
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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| Title |
"Energy-Resolving Superconducting X-Ray Detectors with
Charge Amplification due to Multiple Quasiparticle Tunneling" |
| Reference |
C.A. Mears, et al 1993, Appl.
Phys. Lett., 63, 2961. |
| Description |
First discussion of additional noise due to multiple quasiparticle
tunneling in an STJ. (later expanded by Goldie,
et al 1994, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 3169) |
| Download |
Abstract
|
Preprint
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Reprint
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Superconducting
Transition Edge Sensor (TES) Microcalorimeters
| Title |
"High-resolution hard x-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers
based on superconducting absorbers coupled to superconducting transition
edge sensors" |
| Reference |
M.L. van den Berg et al 2000, SPIE Proceedings |
| Description |
Discussion of the performance of the TES |
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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| Title |
"High-resolution gamma-ray spectrometers using bulk
absorbers coupled to Mo/Cu multilayer superconducting transition-edge sensors" |
| Reference |
D.Chow, et al 2000, SPIE Proceedings |
| Description |
Discussion of the performance of the TES with Sn
absorber. The measured energy resolution of the device is 70 eV for 60
keV gamma-rays |
| Download |
Abstract
|
Preprint
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Reprint
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| Title |
"Gamma-ray spectrometers using a bulk Sn absorber coupled
to a Mo/Cu multilayer superconducting transition edge sensor" |
| Reference |
D. Chow, et al, Nuclear Instruments and Methods
in Physics Research, Section A,vol.444, (no.1-2), (LTD-8. 8th International
Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors) Elsevier, 11 April 2000. p.196-200 |
| Description |
Developing of the gamma-ray detectors with a bulk
absorber and a superconducting transition-edge sensor is discussed. The
absorber is high-purity Sn and the transition-edge sensor is a Mo/Cu
multilayer thin film. |
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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Crystal
Absorber Detectors
| Title |
"Proximity Effect and Hot-Electron Diffusion in Ag/Al2O3/Al
Tunnel Junctions" |
| Reference |
H. Netel, et al 1997, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercon., 7,
3379. |
| Description |
First description of the fabrication process to make Ag/AlOx/Al
NIS tunnel junctions on both superconducting thin films as well as bulk
superconducting crystals. Presents temperature and magnetic field dependence
of the current-voltage characteristics of Ag/AlOx/Al tunnel junctions on
an Al thin film. Also discusses hot-electron diffusion in the Ag
electrode. |
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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| Title |
"Development of a Prototype Superconducting X-Ray Spectrometer
Using a Ta Crystal as an Absorber" |
| Reference |
H. Netel, et al 1996, Nucl. Inst. and Meth., A370,
47. |
| Description |
More discussion of the design issues of a superconducting
crystal based spectrometer. Gives a description of the fabriaction and
characteristics of the first protype devices based on a Ta crystal. |
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
|
| Title |
"Initial Development of a Superconducting Crystal X-Ray
and Gamma-Ray Spectrometer" |
| Reference |
H. Netel, et al 1995, SPIE Proceedings, 2518, 244. |
| Description |
Discussion of the device design issues of a superconducting
crystal based X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometer. Gives a description of
the fabrication issues involved and shows the first I-V curves of Al/AlOx/Al
STJs on a 30um thick Al foil. |
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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Detector
Physics
| Title |
"Energy-Resolving Superconducting X-Ray Detectors with
Charge Amplification due to Multiple Quasiparticle Tunneling" |
| Reference |
C.A. Mears, et al 1993, Appl.
Phys. Lett., 63, 2961. |
| Description |
First discussion of additional noise due to multiple quasi-particle
tunneling in an STJ. (later expanded by Goldie,
et al 1994, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 3169) |
| Download |
Abstract
|
Preprint
|
Reprint
|
| Title |
"Imaging of vortices in spuerconductors by electron
beam scanning" |
| Reference |
J. Martin, et al 1998, Appl. Phys. Lett. 73,
378. |
| Description |
|
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
|
| Title |
"Proximity Effect and Hot-Electron Diffusion in Ag/Al2O3/Al
Tunnel Junctions" |
| Reference |
H. Netel, et al 1997, IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercon.,
7, 3379. |
| Description |
|
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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X-ray Fluorescence
| Title |
"Cryogenic, high-resolution x-ray spectrometers for
SR-XRF and microanalysis" |
| Reference |
M. Frank, et al Synchrotron Radiation Instrumentation Conference,
Himeji, Japan, 1997 |
| Description |
|
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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Biomolecule
Mass Spectrometry
| Title |
"Identification of Microorganisms Using Superconducting
Tunnel Junctions and Time-of-Flight Mass
Spectrometry" |
| Reference |
J.N. Ullom, et al 2000 Nucl. Instr. and Meth.
A 444, 385 |
| Description |
|
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
|
| Title |
"Discrimination Between Bacterial Spore Types Using
Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Matrix-Free Infrared Laser Desorption
and Ionization" (submitted) |
| Reference |
|
| Description |
Describes the use of a tunable infrared laser to desorb
signature ions from intact bacterial spores without a matrix or preprocessing. |
| Download |
Abstract
|
Preprint
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Reprint
|
| Title |
"Using a Superconducting Tunnel Junction Detector to
Measure the Secondary Electron Emission Efficiency for a MCP Detector Bombarded
by Large Molecular Ions" |
| Reference |
G. Westmacott, et al 2000 Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.
19, 1854. |
| Description |
Describes the response of a cryogenic detector to ions
of different types and energies. |
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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| Title |
"Investigating ion-surface collisions with a niobium
superconducting tunnel junction detector in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer" |
| Reference |
G. Westmacott, et al 2000 Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom.
14, 600. |
| Description |
Describes the response of a cryogenic detector to ions
of different types and energies. |
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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| Title |
"Simultaneous Measurement of Flight Time and Energy
of large MALDI Ions with a Superconducting Tunnel Junction Detector" |
| Reference |
W.H. Benner, et al 1997, Journal of the American Mass
Spectrometry Society, 8, 1094. |
| Description |
Detailed description of mass spectrometry using STJs with
complete demonstration of how cryodetectors can measure mass and charge
indepently. |
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
|
| Title |
"High-Efficiency Detector of 66000 Da Protein Molecules
Using a Cryogenic Detector in a Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization
(MALDI) Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer" |
| Reference |
M. Frank, et al 1996, Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,
10,
1946. |
| Description |
Measured efficiency of STJ detectors in mass spectrometry.
This is also the first description of using cryogenic detectors to separate
charge states of ions in mas spectrometry. Found STJ detectors have
more than 200 times better efficiency per unit area than microchannel plates. |
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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NIS
Refrigeration
| Title |
"Quasiparticle Behavior in Tunnel Junction Refrigerators" |
| Reference |
J.N. Ullom, et al. 2000 Physica B 284-8
2036. |
| Description |
|
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
|
| Title |
"Novel Refrigerator Development" |
| Reference |
J.N. Ullom, et al. 2000 Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A
444, 38. |
| Description |
|
| Download |
Abstract
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Preprint
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Reprint
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UCRL-MI-141695