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Climate Variability and Change Analysis Publications

To obtain reprints of any of these articles, please contact the first author.


2009

  • Randel, W.J., K.P. Shine, J. Austin, J.Barnett, C. Claud, N.P. Gillett., P. Keckhut, U. Langematz, R. Lin, C. Long, C. Mears, A. Miller, J. Nash, D.J. Seidel, D.W.J. Thompson, F. Wu and S. Yoden, 2009: An update of observed stratospheric temperature trends. J.Geophys. Res., 114, D02107, doi:10.1029/2008JD010421. Reprint

2008

  • Lanzante, J.R., and M. Free, 2008: Comparison of radiosonde and GCM vertical temperature trend profiles: Effects of dataset choice and data homogenization. Journal of Climate 21, 5417-35, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2287.1. Reprint
  • Santer, B.D., P.W. Thorne, L. Haimberger, K.E. Taylor, T.M.L. Wigley, J.R. Lanzante, S. Solomon, M. Free, P.J. Gleckler, P.D. Jones, T.R. Karl, S.A. Klein, C. Mears, D. Nychka, G.A. Schmidt, S.C. Sherwood, and F.J. Wentz, 2008: Consistency of modelled and observed temperature trends in the tropical troposphere. International Journal of Climatology 28, 1703-1722, doi:10.1002/joc.1756. Reprint
  • Seidel, D.J., Q, Fu, W.J. Randel and T.J. Reichler: Widening of the tropical belt in a changing climate. Nature Geoscience, doi:10.1038/ngeo.2007.38 (published online: 2 December 2007) Reprint

2007

  • Free, M., and D. J. Seidel, 2007: Comment on "Biases in stratospheric and tropospheric temperature trends derived from historical radiosonde data" by Randel and Wu (2006). J. Climate, 20, 3704-3709, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI4210.1. Reprint
  • Seidel, D.J., and W.J. Randel, 2007: Recent widening of the tropical belt: Evidence from tropopause observations. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D20113, doi:10.1029/2007JD008861. Reprint
  • Sun, B., T.R. Karl, and D.J. Seidel, 2007: Changes in cloud ceiling occurrence frequencies and ceiling heights over the United States since the early 1950s. J. Climate, 20, 3956-3970, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI4213.1. Reprint
  • Randel, W. J., D. J. Seidel, and L. L. Pan, 2007: Observational characteristics of double tropopauses. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D07309, doi:10.1029/2006JD007904. Reprint

2006

  • Angell, J. K., 2006: Changes in the 300-mb north circumpolar vortex, 1963–2001. J. Climate, 19, 2984-2994. Reprint
  • Liang, X.-Z., J. Pan, J. Zhu, K. E. Kunkel, J. X. L. Wang, and A. Dai, 2006: Regional climate model downscaling of the U.S. summer climate and future change, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D10108, doi:10.1029/2005JD006685. Reprint
  • Seidel, D.J., and M. Free, 2006: Measurement requirements for climate monitoring of upper-air temperature derived from reanalysis data. J. Climate, 19, 854-871. Reprint
  • Seidel, D.J., and W.J. Randel, 2006: Variability and trends in the global tropopause estimated from radiosonde data, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D21101, doi:10.1029/2006JD007363. Reprint

2005

  • Free, M., and D.J. Seidel, 2005: Causes of differing temperature trends in radiosonde upper-air datasets, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D07101, doi:10.1029/2004JD00548. Reprint
  • Free, M., D.J. Seidel, J.K. Angell, J. Lanzante, I. Durre, T.C. Peterson, 2005: Radiosonde Atmospheric Temperature Products for Assessing Climate (RATPAC): A new data set of large-area anomaly time series, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D22101, doi:10.1029/2005JD006169. Reprint
  • Pepin, N. C., and J. R. Norris, 2005: An examination of the differences between surface and free-air temperature trend at high-elevation sites: relationships with cloud cover, snow cover, and wind. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D24112, doi:10.1029/2005JD006150. Reprint
  • Pepin, N. C., and D. J. Seidel, 2005: A global comparison of surface and free-air temperatures at high elevations, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D03104, doi:10.1029/2004JD005047. Reprint
  • Santer, B.D., T.M.L. Wigley, C. Mears, F.J. Wentz, S.A. Klein, D.J. Seidel, K.E. Taylor, P.W. Thorne, M.F. Wehner, P.J. Gleckler, J.S. Boyle, W.D. Collins, K.W. Dixon, C. Doutriaux, M. Free, Q. Fu, J.E. Hansen, G.S. Jones, R. Ruedy, T.R. Karl, J.R. Lanzante, G.A. Meehl, V. Ramaswamy, G. Russell, and G.A. Schmidt, 2005: Amplification of surface temperature trends and variability in the tropical atmosphere. Science, 309, 1551-1555. Reprint
  • Seidel, D.J., 2005: Research Highlights-Journal Club: Follow the ups and downs of a boundary in the atmosphere with a climate scientist. Nature, 435, 1140-1141 (30 June 2005) | doi: 10.1038/4351140a. Link to text
  • Seidel, D.J., M. Free, and J. Wang, 2005: Diurnal cycle of upper-air temperature estimated from radiosondes, J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09102, doi:10.1029/2004JD005526. Reprint
  • Seidel, D.J., A. Robock, J. Angell, B. Hicks, K. Labitzke, J. Lanzante, J. Logan, J. Mahlman, V. Ramaswamy, B. Randel, G. Rasmusson, B. Ross, and S. F. Singer, 2005: Jim Angell's contributions to meteorology: Report from a symposium honoring him on his 80th birthday, Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc., 86, 404-410, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-86-3-403. Reprint

2004

  • Free, M., J.K. Angell, I. Durre, J. Lanzante, T.C. Peterson and D.J. Seidel, 2004: Using first differences to reduce inhomogeneity in radiosonde temperature datasets, J. Climate, 21, 4171-4179. Reprint
  • Free, M., M. Bister, K. Emanuel, 2004: Potential intensity of tropical cyclones: Comparison of results from radiosonde and reanalysis data, J. Climate, 17, 1722-1727.
  • Fu, Q., C.M. Johanson, S.G. Warren, and D.J. Seidel, 2004: Contribution of stratospheric cooling to satellite-inferred tropospheric temperature trends, Nature, 429, 55-58: doi: 10.103/nature02524. Reprint
  • Fu, Q., D.J. Seidel, C.M. Johanson, and S.G. Warren, 2004: Atmospheric science: Stratospheric cooling and the troposphere (reply), Nature, doi: 10.1038/nature03210. Reprint
  • Liang, X.-Z., L. Li, K.E. Kunkel, M. Ting, and J. Wang, 2004, Regional climate model simulation of U.S. precipitation during 1982-2002: Part I: Annual cycle, J. Climate, in press.
  • Seidel, D.J., J.K. Angell, J. Christy, M. Free, S.A. Klein, J.R. Lanzante, C. Mears, D. Parker, M. Schabel, R. Spencer, A. Sterin, P. Thorne, and F. Wentz, 2004: Uncertainty in signals of large-scale climate variations in radiosonde and satellite upper-air temperature datasets, J. Climate, 17, 2225-2240. Reprint.The data used in this study are available via J. Climate's electronic supplement.
  • Seidel, D.J., and J.R. Lanzante, 2004: An assessment of three alternatives to linear trends for characterizing global atmospheric temperature changes, J.Geophys. Res.,109, D14108, doi:10.1029/2003JD004414. reprint

2003

  • Angell, J.K., 2003: Effect of exclusion of anomalous tropical stations on temperature trends from a 63-station radiosonde network, and comparison with other analyses. J. Climate, 16, 2288-2295.
  • Fan, L., J. Li, Z. Wei, W. Dong, and J. Wang 2003: Annual variations of the Arctic oscillation and the Antarctic oscillation. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 27(3):419-424.
  • Lanzante, J.R., S.A. Klein, and D.J. Seidel, 2003: Temporal homogenization of monthly radiosonde temperature data. Part I: Methodology. J. Climate, 16, 224-240. Reprint
  • Lanzante, J.R., S.A. Klein, and D.J. Seidel, 2003: Temporal homogenization of monthly radiosonde temperature data. Part II: Trends, sensitivities, and MSU comparison. J. Climate, 16, 241-262. Reprint
  • Li, J., and J.X.L. Wang, 2003: A modified zonal index and its physical sense. Geophysical Research Letters, 30(12):1632, doi:10.1029/2003GL017441.
  • Li, J., and J.X.L. Wang, 2003: A new North Atlantic oscillation index and its variability. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 20(5):661-676.
  • Seidel, D.J., and M. Free, 2003: Comparison of lower-tropospheric temperature climatologies and trends at low and high elevation radiosonde sites. Climatic Change, 59, 53-74. Preprint
  • Seidel, D.J., and I. Durre, 2003: Comments on "Trends in low and high cloud boundaries and errors in height determination of cloud boundaries" by I.V. Chernykh, O.A. Alduchov, and R.E. Eskridge, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84, 237-240. DOI:10.1175/BAMS-84-2-237. Reprint
  • Shine, K.P., M.S. Bourqui, P.M.de F. Forster, S.H.E. Hare, U. Langematz, P. Braesicke, V. Grewe, C. Schnadt, C.A. Smith, J.D. Haigh, J. Austin,, N. Buchart, D. Shindell, W.J. Randel, T. Nagashima, R.W. Portman, S. Solomon, D.J. Seidel, J. Lanzante, S. Klein, V. Ramaswamy, M.D. Schwarzkopf, 2003: A comparison of model-predicted trends in stratospheric temperatures. Quart. J. Royal. Meteor. Soc., 129, 1565-1588. doi: 10.1256/qj.02.186

2002

  • Elliott, W.P., R.J. Ross, and W.H. Blackmore, 2002: Recent changes in NWS upper-air observations with emphasis on changes from VIZ to Vaisala radiosondes. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 1003-1017.
  • Free, M, and J. K. Angell, 2002: Effect of volcanoes on the vertical temperature profile in radiosonde data. J. Geophys. Res., 10.1029/2001JD001128.
  • Free, M., I. Durre, E. Aguilar, D. Seidel, T.C. Peterson, R.E. Eskridge, J.K. Luers, D. Parker, M. Gordon, J. Lanzante, S. Klein, J. Christy, S. Schroeder, B. Soden, and L.M. McMillin, 2002: Creating climate reference datasets: CARDS workshop on adjusting radiosonde temperature data for climate monitoring. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 891-899. Reprint
  • Gettelman, A., D. J. Seidel, M. C. Wheeler and R. J. Ross, 2002: Multi-decadal trends in tropical convective available potential energy. J. Geophys. Res., 107: D21, doi: 10.1029/2001JD001082. Reprint
  • Ross, R.J., W.P. Elliott, and D.J. Seidel, 2002: Lower-tropospheric humidity-temperature relationships in radiosonde observations and atmospheric general circulation models. J. Hydromet., 3, 26-38. Reprint
  • Zhou, S., A.J. Miller, J. Wang, and J.K. Angell, 2002: Downward-propagating temperature anomalies in the preconditioned polar stratosphere. J. Climate, 15, 781-792. 2001.

2001

  • Angell, J.K., 2001: Relation of size and displacement of the 300 mb north circumpolar vortex to QBO, El Nino, and sunspot number, 1963-2000. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 31787-31794.
  • >Levitus, S., J.I. Antonov, J. Wang, T.L. Delworth, K.W. Dixon, A.J. Broccoli, 2001: Anthropogenic warming of Earth's climate system. Science, 292, 267-269.
  • Ramaswamy, V., M.-L. Chanin, J. Angell, J. Barnett, D. Gaffen, M. Gelman, P. Kekhut, Y. Koshelkov, K. Labitzke, J.-J. R. Lin, A. O'Neill, J. Nash, W. Randel, R. Rood, K. Shine, M. Shiotani, and R. Swinbank, 2001: Stratospheric temperature trends: Observations and model simulations. Rev. Geophys., 39, 71-122.
  • Ross, R.J., and W.P. Elliott, 2001: Radiosonde-based Northern Hemisphere tropospheric water vapor trends. J. Climate, 14, 1602-1612.
  • Ross, R.J., D.J. Gaffen, and J.Gille, 2001: Preface to Water Vapor in the Climate System special section. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5197. Reprint
  • Seidel, D.J., R.J. Ross, J.K. Angell, and G.C. Reid, 2001: Climatological characteristics of the tropical tropopause as revealed by radiosondes. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 7857-7878. Reprint
  • Wang, J.X.L., and D.J. Gaffen, 2001: Late-twentieth-century climatology and trends of surface humidity and temperature in China. J. Climate, 14, 2833-2845. Reprint
  • Wang, J.X.L., and D.J. Gaffen, 2001: Trends in extremes of surface humidity, temperatures and summertime heat stress in China. Adv. Atmospheric Sciences, 18(5), 742-751.

2000

  • Angell, J.K., 2000: Tropospheric temperature variations adjusted for El Nino, 1958-1998. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 11,841-11,849.
  • Angell, J.K., 2000: Difference in radiosonde temperature trend for the period 1979-1998 of MSU data and the period 1959-1998 twice as long. Geophys. Research Letters, 27, 2177-2180.
  • Elliott, W.P. and R.J. Ross, 2000: Estimated impacts of synoptic scheduling of radiosondes on climate records. J. Climate, 13, 2116-2120
  • Gaffen, D.J., R.J. Ross, and J. Gille 2000: Water vapor's role in climate revisited at follow-up Chapman Conference. EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 81, 158-165.
  • Gaffen, D.J., M.A. Sargent, R.E. Habermann, and J.R. Lanzante, 2000: Sensitivity of tropospheric and stratospheric temperature trends to radiosonde data quality. J. Climate, 13, 1776-1796. Reprint
  • Gaffen, D.J., B.D. Santer, J.S. Boyle, J.R. Christy, N.E. Graham, and R.J. Ross, 2000: Multi- decadal changes in the vertical temperature structure of the tropical troposphere. Science, 287, 1239-1241. Reprint
  • Randel, W.J., F. Wu, and D.J. Gaffen, 2000: Interannual variability of the tropical tropopause derived from radiosonde data and NCEP reanalyses. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 15,509-15,524. Reprint
  • Santer, B.D., T.M.L. Wigley, D.J. Gaffen, L. Bengtsson, C. Doutriaux, J.S. Boyle, M. Esch, J.J. Hnilo, P.D. Jones, G.A. Meehl, E. Roeckner, K.E. Taylor, and M. Wehner, 2000: Interpreting differential temperature trends at the surface and in the lower troposphere. Science, 287, 1227-1232. Reprint
  • Santer, B.D., T.M.L.Wigley, J.S. Boyle, D.J. Gaffen, J.J. Hnilo, D. Nychka, D.E. Parker and K.E. Taylor, 2000: Statistical significance of trend differences in layer-average temperature time series. J. Geophys. Res., 105, 7337-7356. Reprint

1999

  • Angell, J.K., 1999: Variation with height and latitude of radiosonde temperature trends in North America, 1975-94. J. Climate, 12, 2551-2561.
  • Gaffen, D.J., and R.J. Ross, 1999: Climatology and trends of U.S. surface humidity and temperature. J. Climate, 12, 811-828. Reprint
  • Ross, R.J. and S. Rosenfeld, 1999: Correction to 'Estimating mean weighted temperature of the atmosphere for Global Positioning System applications'. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 27625.
  • Wang, J.X.L., and J.K. Angell, 1999: Air stagnation climatology for the United States(1948-1998). NOAA/Air Resources Laboratory ATLAS No. 1, Silver Spring, MD, 73 pp.

1998

  • Angell, J.K., 1998: Contraction of the 300 mb north circumpolar vortex during 1963-97, and its movement into the eastern hemisphere. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 25, 887-25, 893.
  • Angell, J.K., 1998: Impact of El Chichon and Pinatubo on ozonesonde profiles in the north extratropics. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4485-4488.
  • Elliott, W.P., R.J. Ross, and B. Schwartz, 1998: Effects on climate records of changes in National Weather Service humidity processing procedures. J. Climate, 11, 2424-2436.
  • Gaffen, D.J., 1998: Falling satellites, rising temperatures? Nature, 394, 615-616. Reprint
  • Gaffen, D.J., D.B. Franklin, E.W. Friday, Jr., E. Gorre-Dale, H. Kootval, and K.E. Weston, 1998: The international participation of women in World Meteorological Organization activities and in the fields of meteorology and hydrology. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 79, 861-864.
  • Gaffen, D.J., and R.J. Ross, 1998: Increased summertime heat stress in the United States. Nature, 396, 529-530. Reprint. abstract
  • Ross, R.J., and D.J. Gaffen, 1998: Comment on "Widespread tropical atmospheric drying from 1979 to 1995" by Steven R. Schroeder and James P. McGuirk. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4357-4358. Reprint

1997

  • Angell, J.K., 1997: Stratospheric warming due to Agung, El Chichon and Pinatubo taking into account the QBO. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 9479-9485.
  • Angell, J.K., 1997: Estimated impact of Agung, El Chichon and Pinatubo volcanic eruptions on global and regional total ozone after adjustment for the QBO. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 647-650.
  • Elliott, W.P., and J.K. Angell, 1997: Variations of cloudiness, precipitable water, and relative humidity over the U.S.: 1973-1993. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 41-44.
  • Gaffen, D.J., R.D. Rosen, D.A. Salstein, and J.S. Boyle, 1997: Evaluation of tropospheric water vapor with simulations from the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project. J. Climate, 10, 1648-1661. Reprint
  • Gaffen, D.J., E.W. Friday, K.E. Weston, and D.B. Franklin, 1997: The participation of women in meteorology and hydrology in the United States: The U.S. response to a World Meteorological Organization Questionnaire. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2241-2245.
  • Hansen, J., M. Sato, R. Reudy, A. Lacis, K. Asamoah, K. Beckford, S. Borenstein, E. Brown, B. Cairns, B. Carlson, B. Curran, S. de Castro, L. Druyan, P. Etwarrow, T. Ferede, M. Fox, D. Gaffen, J. Glascoe, H. Gordon, S. Hollandsworth, X. Jiang, C. Johnson, N. Lawrence, J. Lean, J. Lerner, K. Lo., J. Logan, A. Luckett, M.P. McCormick, R. McPeters, R. Miller, P. Minnis, I. Ramberran, G. Russell, P. Russell, P. Stone, I. Tegen, S. Thomas, L. Thomason, A. Thompson, J. Wilder, R. Willson, J. Zawodny, 1997: Forcings and chaos in interannual to decadal climate change. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 25679-25720.
  • Ross, R.J., and S. Rosenfeld, 1997: Estimating mean weighted temperature of the atmosphere for GPS applications. J. Geophys. Res., 100, 21719-21730.

1996

  • Angell, J.K., 1996: Temperatures after volcanic eruptions. In G. Fiocco, D. Fua, and G.Visconti eds. The Mt. Pinatubo Eruption Effects on the Atmosphere and Climate, NATO Series: Global Environmental Change Vol.42 Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 83-93.
  • Elliott, W. P., 1996: Atmospheric Structure, in S. Schneider, Editor, Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather, 67-70. Oxford University Press, 929 pp.
  • Gaffen, D.J. 1996: A Digitized Metadata Set of Global Upper-Air Station Histories. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL ARL-211 , NOAA Air Resources Lab. Silver Spring, MD, 38 pp.
  • Gaffen, D. J., 1996: Humidity, in S. Schneider, Editor, Encyclopedia of Climate and Weather, 404-407. Oxford University Press, 929 pp.
  • Ross, R.J., and W.P. Elliott, 1996: Water vapor trends over North America: 1973-1993. J. Climate, 9, 3561-3574. Reprint
  • Ross, R.J., J. Otterman, D. Starr, W. Elliott, J. Angell, and J. Susskind, 1996: Regional trends of surface and tropospheric temperature and evening-morning temperature difference in northern latitudes: 1973-93. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 3179-3182.
  • Ross, R.J., and W.P. Elliott, 1996: Tropospheric precipitable water: a radiosonde-based climatology. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL ARL-219, 132 pp.
  • Elliott, W.P., and D.J. Gaffen, 1995: Chapman conference probes water vapor in the climate system. EOS, 76, 67.

1995

  • Elliott, W.P., and D.J. Gaffen, 1995: Water vapor in the climate system. Earth and Space, 7, 5-7.
  • Elliott, W.P., 1995: On detecting long-term changes in atmospheric moisture. Climatic Change, 31, 349-367.

1994

  • Elliott, W.P., D.J. Gaffen, J.D. Kahl and J.K. Angell, 1994: The effects of moisture on layer thicknesses used to monitor global temperatures. J. Climate, 7, 304-308. Reprint
  • Gaffen, D.J., 1994: Temporal inhomogeneities in radiosonde temperature records. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3667-3676. Reprint

1993

  • Angell, J.K., 1993: Comparison of stratospheric warming following Agung, El Chichon, and Pinatubo volcanic eruptions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 715-718.
  • Angell, J.K., 1993: Reexamination of the relations between depth of the Antarctic ozone hole, and equatorial QBO and SST, 1962-1992. Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1559- 1562.
  • Elliott, W.P., and D.J. Gaffen, 1993: Effects of conversion algorithms on reported upper-air dewpoint depressions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 1323-1325. Reprint
  • Gaffen, D.J., and W.P. Elliott, 1993: Column water vapor content in clear and cloudy skies. J. Climate, 6, 2278-2287. Reprint
  • Gaffen, D.J., 1993: Historical changes in radiosonde instruments and practices, Instruments and Observing Methods, Report 50, WMO/TD-541, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, 123 pp.

1992

  • Angell, J.K., 1992: Relation between 300-mb north polar vortex and equatorial SST, QBO, and sunspot number and the record contraction of the vortex in 1988-89. J. Climate, 5, 22-29.
  • Angell, J.K., 1992: Evidence of a relation between El Niño and QBO and for an El Niño in 1991-92. Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 285-288.
  • Gaffen, D.J., 1992: Observed annual and interannual variations in tropospheric water vapor, NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL ARL-198, NOAA Air Resources Lab., Silver Spring, MD, 162 pp.
  • Gaffen, D.J., and T.P. Barnett, 1992: A comparison of observations and model simulation of tropospheric water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 2775-2780. Abstract
  • Gaffen, D.J., W.P. Elliott and A. Robock, 1992: Relationships between tropospheric water vapor and surface temperature as observed by radiosondes, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 1839-1842. Reprint
  • Gaffen, D.J., A. Robock and W.P. Elliott, 1992: Annual cycles of tropospheric water vapor, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 18,185-18,193. Abstract

1991

  • Angell, J.K., 1991: Changes in tropospheric and stratospheric global temperatures, 1958-88. In M. E. Schlessinger (ed), Greenhouse-Gas-Induced Climate Change: A Critical Appraisal of Simulations and Observations, 231-247.
  • Angell, J.K., 1991: Stratospheric temperature change as a function of height and sunspot number during 1972-89 based on rocketsonde and radiosonde data. J. Climate, 4, 1170-1180.
  • Elliott, W.P., J.K. Angell, and K.W. Thoning, 1991: Relation of atmospheric CO2 to tropical sea and air temperatures and precipitation. Tellus, 43B, 144-155.
  • Elliott, W.P., and D.J. Gaffen, 1991: On the utility of radiosonde humidity archives for climate studies. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 72, 1507-1520. Reprint
  • Elliott, W.P., M.S. Smith, and J.K. Angell, 1991: Monitoring tropospheric water vapor changes using radiosonde data. In M. E. Schlessinger (ed), Greenhouse-Gas-Induced Climate Change: A Critical Appraisal of Simulations and Observations, 311-328, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 615 pp.
  • Gaffen D.J., T.P. Barnett, and W.P. Elliott, 1991: Space and time scales of global tropospheric moisture. J. Climate, 4, 989-1008. Reprint