The MLS H₂O Product

Contact: William Read for troposhpere
Alyn Lambert for stratosphere and mesosphere

Basic Information Water vapor is the dominant greenhouse gas in the troposphere. Its greatest influences on climate forcing is in the upper troposphere, and it is generally believed that water vapor amplifies the radiative forcing associated with the anthropogenic increases in carbon dioxide. In the tropics upper tropospheric water vapor is closely linked to sea surface temperature and thus ocean-atmosphere coupling phenomena such as the El Nino southern oscillation can be observed. Energy is released when water vapor condenses and large values of relative humidity, which is derived from water vapor and temperature, show where cloud formation is likely. Stratospheric water vapor influences stratospheric ozone chemistry both by providing a source of odd-hydrogen that destroys ozone and by influencing the formation of polar stratospheric clouds that trigger processes leading to large ozone loss in polar winter. Water vapor has been increasing in the stratosphere, believed due to changes near the tropical troposphere where water vapor enters the stratosphere.

The H2O Molecule

The standard water vapor product is taken from the 190 GHz (Core+R2A) retrieval. Due to the magnitude of changes with height in the upper troposphere, the vertical profile of water vapor is represented as piecewise-linear in the logarithm of water vapor mixing ratio versus logarithm of atmospheric pressure. For this reason, scientific studies using averages of MLS water vapor data should perform the averaging in logarithm of mixing ratio.

(map from 2005d264)

H2O Information from the Spectroscopy Database Product Information Line Listing

Future Publications

1. Su, H., J.H. Jiang, G.L. Stephens, D.G. Vane, N.J. Livesey, "Radiative properties of upper tropospheric clouds observed 2 by Aura MLS and CloudSat", Not yet published. Preprint

2009

1. Hegglin, M.I., C.D. Boone, G.L. Manney, K.A. Walker, "A global view of the extratropical tropopause transition layer from Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer O3, H2O, and CO", vol 114, pgs. D00B11, 2009. Reprint
2. Fueglistaler, S., A.E. Dessler, T.J. Dunkerton, I. Folkins, Q. Fu, P.W. Mote, "The Tropical Tropopause Layer", 2009. Preprint
3. Pittman, J.V., T.G. Chronis, F.R. Robertson, T.L. Miller, "Electrification in Hurricanes: Implications for Water Vapor in the Tropical Tropopause Layer", pgs. 21-34, 2009.

2008

1. Manney, G.L., W.H. Daffer, K.B. Strawbridge, K.A. Walker, C.D. Boone, P.F. Bernath, T. Kerzenmacher, M.J. Schwartz, K. Strong, R.J. Sica, K. Kruger, H.C. Pumphrey, L. Froidevaux, A. Lambert, M.L. Santee, N.J. Livesey, E.E. Remsberg, M.G. Mlynczak, J.R. Russell III, "The High Arctic in Extreme Winters: Vortex, Temperature, and MLS and ACE-FTS Trace Gas Evolution", vol 8, pgs. 505-522, 2008. Reprint
2. Schoeberl, M.R., A.R. Douglass, P.A. Newman, L.R. Lait, D. Lary, J. Waters, N. Livesey, L. Froidevaux, A. Lambert, W. Read, M.J. Filipiak, H.C. Pumphrey, "QBO and Annual Cycle Variations in Tropical Lower Stratosphere Trace Gases from HALOE and Aura MLS Observations", vol 113, pgs. D05301, 2008. Reprint
3. Santee, M.L., I.A. MacKenzie, G.L. Manney, M.P. Chipperfield, P.F. Bernath, K.A. Walker, C.D. Boone, L. Froidevaux, N.J. Livesey, J.W. Waters, "A study of stratospheric chlorine partitioning based on new", vol 113, pgs. D12307, 2008. Reprint
4. Barnes, J.E., T. Kaplan, H. Vomel, W.G. Read, "NASA/Aura/Microwave Limb Sounder Water Vapor Validation at Mauna Loa Observatory by Raman Lidar", vol 113, pgs. D15S03, 2008. Reprint
5. Hegglin, M.I., P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, W.H. Daffer, P. Hoor, G.L. Manney, C. Schiller, K. Strong, K.A. Walker, "Validation of ACE-FTS satellite date in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) using non-coincident measurements", vol 8, pgs. 1483-1499, 2008. Reprint
6. Read, W.G., M.J. Schwartz, A. Lambert, H. Su, N.J. Livesey, W.H. Daffer, C.D. Boone, "The Roles of Convection, Extratropical Mixing, and In-Situ Freeze-drying in the Tropical Tropopause Layer", vol 8, pgs. 3961-4000, 2008. Reprint
7. Ekstrom, M., P. Eriksson, W.G. Read, M. Milz, D.P. Murtagh, "Comparison of satellite limb-sounding humidity climatologies of the uppermost tropical troposphere", vol 8, pgs. 309-320, 2008. Reprint
8. Schwartz, M.J., D.E. Waliser, B. Tian, D.L. Wu, J.H. Jiang, W.G. Read, "Characterization of MJO-Related Upper-Tropospheric Hydrological Processes Using MLS", vol 35, pgs. L08812, 2008. Reprint
9. Coffey, M.T., J.W. Hannigan, A. Goldman, D.E. Kinnison, J.C. Gille, J. Barnett, L. Froidevaux, A. Lambert, M.L. Santee, N.J. Livesey, B.M. Fisher, S.S. Kulawik, R. Beer, "Airborne Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) observations in support of EOS Aura validation", vol 113, pgs. D16S42, 2008. Reprint
10. Considine, D.B., M. Natarajan, T.D. Fairlie, G.S. Lingenfelser, R.B. Pierce, L. Froidevaux, A. Lambert, "Noncoincident validation of Aura MLS observations using the Langley Research Center Lagrangian chemistry and transport model", vol 113, pgs. D16S33, 2008. Reprint
11. Read, W.G., M.J. Schwartz, A. Lambert, H. Su, N.J. Livesey, W.H. Daffer, C.D. Boone, "The roles of convection, extratropical mixing, and in situ freeze-drying in the tropical tropopause layer", vol 8, pgs. 6051-6067, 2008. Reprint
12. James, R., M. Bonazzola, B. Legras, K. Surbled, S. Fueglistaler, "Water vapor transport and dehydration above convective outflow during Asian monsoon", vol 35, pgs. L20810, 2008. Reprint
13. Fetzer, E.J., W.G. Read, D. Waliser, B.H. Kahn, B. Tian, H. Vomel, F.W. Irion, H. Su, A. Eldering, M. de la Torre Juarez, J. Jiang, V. Dang, "Comparison of upper tropospheric water vapor observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder", vol 113, pgs. D22110, 2008. Reprint
14. Flury, T., S.C. Muller, K. Hocke, N. Kampfer, "Water vapor transport in the lower mesosphere of the subtropics: a trajectory analysis", vol 8, pgs. 7273-7280, 2008. Reprint
15. Schoeberl, M.R., A.R. Douglass, R.S. Stolarski, S. Pawson, S.E. Strahan, W. Read, "Comparison of lower stratospheric tropical mean vertical velocities", vol 113, pgs. D24109, 2008. Reprint
16. McCormack, J.P., K.W. Hoppel, D.E. Siskind, "Parameterization of middle atmospheric water vapor photochemistry for high-altitude NWP and data assimilation", vol 8, pgs. 7519-7532, 2008. Reprint

2007

1. Manney, G.L., W.H. Daffer, J.M. Zawodny, P.F. Bernath, K.W. Hoppel, K.A. Walker, B.W. Knosp, C. Boone, E.E. Remsberg, M.L. Santee, V. Lynn Harvey, S. Pawson, D.R. Jackson, L. Deaver, C.T. McElroy, C.A. McLinden, J.R. Drummond, H.C. Pumphrey, A. Lambert, M.J. Schwartz, L. Froidevaux, S. McLeod, L.L. Takacs, M.J. Suarez, C.R. Trepte, D.T. Cuddy, N.J. Livesey, R.S. Harwood, J.W. Waters, "Solar Occultation Satellite Data and Derived Meteorological Products: Sampling Issues and Comparisons with Aura MLS", vol 112, pgs. D24S50, 2007. Reprint
2. Lambert, A., W.G. Read, N.J. Livesey, M.L. Santee, G.L. Manney, L. Froidevaux, D.L. Wu, M.J. Schwartz, H.C. Pumphrey, C. Jimenez, G.E. Nedoluha, R.E. Cofield, D.T. Cuddy, W.H. Daffer, B.J. Drouin, R.A. Fuller, R.F. Jarnot, B.W. Knosp, H.M. Pickett, V.S. Perun, W.V. Snyder, P.C. Stek, R.P. Thurstans, P.A. Wagner, J.W. Waters, K.W. Jucks, G.C. Toon, R.A. Stachnik, P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, K.A. Walker, J. Urban, D. Murtagh, J.W. Elkins, E. Atlas, "Validation of the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder middle atmosphere water vapor and nitrous oxide measurements", vol 112, pgs. D24S36, 2007. Reprint
3. Liu, C., E.J. Zipster, T.J. Garrett, J.H. Jiang, H. Su, "How do the water vapor and carbon monoxide 'tape recorders' start near the tropical tropopause", vol 34, pgs. L09804, 2007. Reprint
4. Wong, S., A.E. Dessler, "Regulation of H₂O and CO in Tropical Tropopause Layer by the Madden-Julian Oscillation", vol 112, pgs. D14305, 2007. Reprint
5. Read, W.G., A. Lambert, J. Bacmeister, R.E. Cofield, L.E. Christensen, D.T. Cuddy, W.H. Daffer, B.J. Drouin, E. Fetzer, L. Froidevaux, R. Fuller, R. Herman, R.F. Jarnot, J.H. Jiang, Y.B. Jiang, K. Kelly, B.W. Knosp, H.C. Pumphrey, K.H. Rosenlof, X. Sabounchi, M.L. Santee, M.J. Schwartz, W.V. Snyder, P.C. Stek, H. Su, L.L. Takacs, R.P. Thurstans, H. Vomel, P.A. Wagner, J.W. Waters, C.R. Webster, E.M. Weinstock, D.L. Wu, "Aura Microwave Limb Sounder upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric H2O and relative humidity with respect to ice validation", vol 112, pgs. D24S35, 2007. Reprint Supplemental
6. Chandra, S., J.R. Ziemke, M.R. Schoeberl, L. Froidevaux, W.G. Read, P.F. Levelt, P.K. Bhartia, "Effects of the 2004 El Nino on tropospheric ozone and water vapor", vol 34, pgs. L06802, 2007. Reprint
7. Ziemke, J.R., S. Chandra, M.R. Schoeberl, L. Froidevaux, W.G. Read, P.F. Levelt, P.K. Bhartia, "Intra-seasonal variability in tropospheric ozone and water vapor in the tropics", vol 34, pgs. L17804, 2007. Reprint
8. Vomel, H., J.E. Barnes, R.N. Forno, M. Fujiwara, F. Hasebe, S. Iwasaki, R. Kivi, N. Komala, E. Kyro, T. Leblanc, B. Morel, S.Y. Ogino, W. Read, S.C. Ryan, S. Saraspriya, H. Selkirk, M. Shiotani, J. Valverde-Canossa, D.N. Whiteman, "Validation of Aura MLS Water Vapor by Balloon Borne Cryogenic Frostpoint Hygrometer Measurements", vol 112, pgs. D24S37, 2007. Reprint
9. Nedoluha, G.E., R.M. Gomez, B.C. Hicks, R.M. Bevilacqua, J.M. Russell III, B.J. Connor, A. Lambert, "A comparison of middle atmospheric water vapor as measured by WVMS, EOS-MLS, and HALOE", vol 112, pgs. D24S39, 2007. Reprint

2006

1. Froidevaux, L., N.J. Livesey, W.G. Read, Y.B. Jiang, C.J. Jimenez, M.J. Filipiak, M.J. Schwartz, M.L. Santee, H.C. Pumphrey, J.H. Jiang, D.L. Wu, G.L. Manney, B.J. Drouin, J.W. Waters, E.J. Fetzer, P.F. Bernath, C.D. Boone, K.A. Walker, K.W. Jucks, G.C. Toon, J.J. Margitan, B. Sen, C.R. Webster, L.E. Christensen, J.W. Elkins, E. Atlas, R.A. Lueb, R. Hendershot, "Early validation analyses of atmospheric profiles from EOS MLS on the Aura satellite", vol 44, num no. 5, 2006. Reprint
2. Cofield, R.E., P.C. Stek, "Design and field-of-view calibration of 114-660 GHz optics of the Earth Observing System Microwave Limb Sounder", vol 44, num no. 5, pgs. 1166-1181, 2006. Reprint
3. Fu, R., Y. Hu, J.S. Wright, J.H. Jiang, R.E. Dickinson, M. Chen, M. Filipiak, W.G. Read, J.W. Waters, D.L. Wu, "Short circuit of water vapor and polluted air to the global stratosphere by convective transport over the Tibetan Plateau", vol 103, pgs. 5664-5669, 2006. Reprint
4. Garrett, T.J., C. Liu, J. Dean-Day, B.K. Barnett, G. Mace, D.G. Baumgardner, C.R. Webster, T.P. Bui, W.G. Read, "A redistribution of water due to pileus cloud near the tropopause", vol 5, pgs. 8209-8232, 2006. Reprint
5. Garrett, T.J., J. Dean-Day, C. Liu, B. Barnett, G. Mace, D. Baumbardner, C. Webster, T. Bui, W. Read, P. Minnis, "Convective formation of pileus cloud near the tropopause", vol 6, pgs. 1185-1200, 2006. Reprint
6. Jimenez, C.J., H.C. Pumphrey, I.A. MacKenzie, G.L. Manney, M.L. Santee, M.J. Schwartz, R.S. Harwood, J.W. Waters, "EOS MLS observations of dehydration in the 2004-2005 polar winters", vol 33, pgs. L16806, 2006. Reprint
7. Manney, G.L., N.J. Livesey, C.J. Jimenez, H.C. Pumphrey, M.L. Santee, I.A. MacKenzie, J.W. Waters, "EOS Microwave Limb Sounder Observations of 'frozen-in' anticyclone air in Arctic summer", vol 33, pgs. L06810, 2006. Reprint Supplemental Summary
8. Oikonomou, E.K., A. O'Neill, "Evaluation of ozone and water vapor fields from the ECMWF reanalysis ERA-40 during 1991-1999 in comparison with UARS satellite and MOZAIC aircraft observations", vol 111, pgs. D14109, 2006. Reprint
9. Su, H., W.G. Read, J.H. Jiang, J.W. Waters, D.L. Wu, E.J. Fetzer, "Enhanced positive water vapor feedback associated with tropical deep convection: New evidence from Aura MLS", vol 33, pgs. L05709, 2006. Reprint
10. Su, H., D.E. Waliser, J.H. Jiang, J-L. Li, W.G. Read, J.W. Waters, A.M. Tompkins, "Relationships of upper tropospheric water vapor, clouds and SST: MLS observations, ECMWF analyses and GCM simulations", vol 33, pgs. L22802, 2006. Reprint
11. Hilsenrath, E., M.R. Schoeberl, A.R. Douglass, P.K. Bhartia, J. Barnett, R. Beer, J. Waters, M. Gunson, L. Froidevaux, J. Gille, P.F. Levelt, "Early Data from Aura and Continuity from UARS and TOMS", vol 125, pgs. 417-430, 2006. Reprint
12. Folkins, I., P. Bernath, C. Boone, L.J. Donner, A. Eldering, G. Lesins, R.V. Martin, B-M. Sinnhuber, K. Walker, "Testing convective parameterizations with tropical measurements of HNO3, CO, H2O, and O3: Implications fotr the water vapor budget", vol 111, pgs. D23304, 2006. Reprint

2005

1. Manney, G.L., M.L. Santee, N.J. Livesey, L. Froidevaux, W.G. Read, H.C. Pumphrey, J.W. Waters, S. Pawson, "EOS Microwave Limb Sounder Observations of the Antarctic Polar Vortex Breakup in 2004", vol 32, pgs. L12811, 2005. Reprint Summary
2. Santee, M.L., G.L. Manney, N.J. Livesey, L. Froidevaux, H.C. Pumphrey, W.G. Read, M.J. Schwartz, J.W. Waters, "Polar processing and development of the 2004 Antarctic ozone hole: First results from Aura MLS", vol 32, pgs. L12817, 2005. Reprint Summary
3. Waugh, D.W., "Impact of potential vorticity intrusions on subtropical upper tropospheric humidity", vol 110, pgs. D11305, 2005. Reprint
4. Wu, D.L., J.H. Jiang, "Interannual and Seasonal Variations of Diurnal Tide, Gravity Wave, Ozone, and Water Vapor as Observed by MLS during 1991-1994", vol 35, pgs. 1999-2004, 2005. Reprint Summary
5. Folkins, I., R.V. Martin, " The Vertical Structure of Tropical Convection and Its Impact on the Budgets of Water Vapor and Ozone", vol 62, pgs. 1560-1573, 2005. Reprint

2004

1. Dessler, A.E., S.C. Sherwood, "Effect of convection on the summertime extratropical lower stratosphere", vol 109, pgs. D23301, 2004. Reprint
2. Eguchi, N., M. Shiotani, "Intraseasonal variations of water vapor and cirrus clouds in the tropical upper troposphere", vol 109, pgs. D12106, 2004. Reprint
3. Jiang, J.H., B. Wang, K. Goya, K. Hocke, S.D. Eckermann, J. Ma, D.L. Wu, W.G. Read, "Geographical Distribution and Inter-Seasonal Variability of Tropical Deep Convection: UARS MLS Observations and Analyses", vol 109, pgs. D03111, 2004. Reprint Summary
4. Minschwaner, K., A.E. Dessler, "Water Vapor Feedback in the Tropical Upper Troposphere: Model Results and Observations", vol 17, pgs. 1272-1282, 2004. Reprint Summary
5. Read, W.G., D.L. Wu, J.W. Waters, H.C. Pumphrey, "A New 147-56 hPa Water Vapor Product from the UARS Microwave Limb Sounder", vol 109, pgs. D06111, 2004. Reprint
6. Read, W.G., D.L. Wu, J.W. Waters, H.C. Pumphrey, "Dehydration in the Tropical Tropopause Layer: Implications from UARS MLS", vol 109, pgs. D06110, 2004. Reprint Summary

2003

1. Clark, H.L., R.S. Harwood, "Upper-Tropospheric Humidity from MLS and ECMWF Reanalysis", vol 131, pgs. 542-555, 2003. Reprint
2. Clark, H.L., R.S. Harwood, A. Billingham, H.C. Pumphrey, "Cirrus and water vapor in the tropical tropopause layer observed by the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite", vol 108, num D24, pgs. 4751, 2003. Reprint
3. Limpasuvan, V., D.L. Wu, "Two-day wave observations of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder mesospheric water vapor and temperature", vol 108, num D10, pgs. 4307, 2003. Reprint Summary
4. Salby, M., F. Sassi, P. Callaghan, W. Read, H. Pumphrey, "Fluctuations of Cloud, Humidity, and Thermal Structure near the Tropical Tropopause", vol 16, pgs. 3428-3446, 2003. Reprint

2002

1. Folkins, I., K.K. Kelly, E.M. Weinstock, "A simple explanation for the increase in relative humidity between 11 and 14 km in the tropics", vol 107, num D23, pgs. 4736, 2002. Reprint
2. Kley, D., J.M. Russell, C. Phillips, "SPARC assessment of upper tropospheric and stratospheric water vapour", vol 2, num WMO/ICSU/IOC, pgs. WCRP-113, 2002.
3. Michelsen, H.A., G.L. Manney, F.W. Irion, G.C. Toon, M.R. Gunson, C.P. Rinsland, R. Zander, E. Mahieu, M.J. Newchurch, P.N. Purcell, , J.M. Russell, H.C. Pumphrey, J.W. Waters, R.M. Bevilacqua, K.K. Kelly, E.J. Hintsa, E.M. Weinstock, E-W. Chiou, W.P. Chu, M.P. McCormick, C.R. Webster, "ATMOS Version 3 water vapor measurements: Comparisons with observations from two ER-2 Lyman-alpha hygrometers, MkIV, HALOE, SAGE II, MAS, and MLS", vol 107, num D3, pgs. 4027, 2002. Reprint Summary
4. Offerman, D., B. Schaeler, M. Riese, M. Langfermann, M. Jarisch, G. Eidmann, C. Schiller, H G.J. Smit, W.G. Read, "Water vapor at the tropopause during the CRISTA 2 mission", vol 107, num D23, pgs. 8176, 2002. Reprint
5. Sassi, F., M. Salby, H.C. Pumphrey, W.G. Read, "Influence of the Madden-Julian Oscillation on upper tropospheric humidity", vol 107, num D23, pgs. 4681, 2002. Reprint Summary
6. Spichtinger, P., K. Gierens, W. Read, "The statistical distribution law of relative humidity in the global tropopause region", vol 11, pgs. 83-88, 2002. Summary

2001

1. Clark, H.L., A. Billingham, R.S. Harwood, H.C. Pumphrey, "Water vapour in the tropical lower stratosphere during the driest phase of the atmospheric 'tape recorder'", vol 106, num D19, pgs. 22,695-22,705, 2001. Reprint
2. Folkins, I., "Origin of Lapse Rate Changes in the Upper Tropical Tropopause", vol 59, pgs. 992-1005, 2001. Reprint
3. Gettleman, A., W.J. Randel, S. Massie, F. Wu, W.G. Read, J.M. Russell, "El-Nino as a natural experiment for studying the Tropical Tropause Region", vol 14, pgs. 3375-3392, 2001. Reprint Summary
4. Lee, A.M., H.K. Roscoe, A.E. Jones, P.H. Haynes, E.F. Shuckburgh, M.W. Morrey, H.C. Pumphrey, "The impact of the mixing properties within the Antarctic stratospheric vortex on ozone loss in spring", vol 106, num D3, pgs. 3203-3211, 2001. Reprint
5. Pawson, S., L. Takacs, A. Molod, S. Nebuda, M. Chen, W. Read, M. Fiorino, "The Tropical Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere in the GEOS-2 GCM", vol 27, pgs. 1457-1465, 2001. Reprint
6. Read, W.G., J.W. Waters, D.L. Wu, E.M. Stone, Z. Shippony, A.C. Smedley, C.C. Smallcomb, S. Oltmans, D. Kley, H G.J. Smit, J.L. Mergenthaler, M.K. Karki, "UARS Microwave Limb Sounder Upper Tropospheric Humidity Measurement: Method and Validation", vol 106, num D23, pgs. 32,207-35,258, 2001. Reprint Summary
7. Sassi, F., M. Salby, W.G. Read, "Relationship between upper tropospheric humidity and deep convection", vol 106, num D15, pgs. 17,133-17,146, 2001. Reprint
8. Stone, E.M., A. Tabazadeh, E. Jensen, H.C. Pumphrey, M.L. Santee, J.L. Mergenthaler, "The onset, extent and duration of dehydration in the Southern Hemisphere polar vortex", vol 106, num D19, pgs. 22,979-22,989, 2001. Reprint Summary

2000

1. Dessler, A.E., S.C. Sherwood, "Simulations of tropical upper tropospheric humidity", vol 105, num D15, pgs. 20,155-20,163, 2000. Reprint
2. Gettleman, A., J.R. Holton, A.R. Douglass, "Simulations of water vapor in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere", vol 105, num D7, pgs. 9003-9023, 2000. Reprint
3. Gray, L.J., "A model study of the influence of the quasi-biennial oscillation on trace gas distributions in the middle and upper stratosphere", vol 105, num D4, pgs. 4539-4551, 2000. Reprint
4. Kley, D., J.M. Russell, C. Phillips, "SPARC Assessment of Upper Tropospheric and Stratospheric Water Vapor", 2000.
5. McCormack, J.P., R. Fu, W.G. Read, "The influence of convective outflow on water vapor mixing ratios in the tropical upper troposphere: An analyses based on UARS MLS measurements", vol 27, pgs. 525-528, 2000. Reprint
6. Morris, G.A., J.F. Gleason, J. Ziemke, M.R. Schoeberl, "Trajectory Mapping: A tool for validation of trace gas observations", vol 105, num D14, pgs. 17,875-17,894, 2000. Reprint
7. Mote, P.W., H.L. Clark, T.J. Dunkerton, R.S. Harwood, H.C. Pumphrey, "Intraseasonal Variations of Water Vapor in the Tropical Upper Troposphere and Tropopause Region", vol 105, num D13, pgs. 17,457-17,470, 2000. Reprint
8. Pan, L.L., E.J. Hintsa, E.M. Stone, E.M. Weinstock, W.J. Randel, "The seasonal cycle of water vapor and saturation mixing ratio in the extratropical lowermost stratosphere", vol 105, num D21, pgs. 26,519-26,530, 2000. Reprint
9. Pumphrey, H.C., H.L. Clark, R.S. Harwood, "Lower stratospheric water vapor measured by UARS MLS", vol 27, pgs. 1691-1694, 2000. Reprint
10. Sandor, B.J., E.J. Jensen, E.M. Stone, W.G. Read, J.W. Waters, J.L. Mergenthaler, "Upper Tropospheric Humidity and Thin Cirrus", vol 27, pgs. 2645-2648, 2000. Reprint
11. Stone, E.M., L. Pan, B.J. Sandor, W.G. Read, J.W. Waters, "Spatial distributions of upper tropospheric water vapor measurements from the UARS Microwave Limb Sounder", vol 105, num D10, pgs. 12,149-12,161, 2000. Reprint
12. Zhu, Y., R.E. Newell, W.G. Read, "Factors controlling upper tropospheric water vapor", vol 13, pgs. 836-848, 2000. Reprint

1999

1. Chen, M., R.B. Rood, W.G. Read, "Seasonal variations of upper tropospheric water vapor and high clouds observed from satellites", vol 104, num D6, pgs. 6193-6197, 1999. Reprint
2. Jensen, E.J., W.G. Read, J. Mergenthaler, B.J. Sandor, L. Pfister, A. Tabazadeh, "High humidities and subvisible cirrus near the tropical tropopause", vol 26, num D15, pgs. 2347-2350, 1999. Reprint
3. Khattatov, B.V., J.C. Gille, L.V. Lyjak, G.P. Brasseur, V.L. Dvortsov, A.E. Roche, J.W. Waters, "Assimilation of photochemically active species and a case analysis of UARS data", vol 104, num D15, pgs. 18,715-18,737, 1999. Reprint
4. Mlynczak, M.G., C.J. Mertens, R.R. Garcia, R.W. Portmann, "A Detailed Evaluation of the Stratospheric Heat Budget, 2. Global Radiation Balance and Diabatic Circulations", vol 104, num D6, pgs. 6039-6066, 1999. Reprint
5. Plane, J., C. Gardner, H.C. Pumphrey, , C.Y. She, R. Garcia, "Mesospheric Na Layer at 40 degrees N: Modelling and Observations", vol 104, num D3, pgs. 3773-3788, 1999. Reprint
6. , , "Validation of a new prototype water vapour retrieval for UARS MLS", vol 104, num D8, pgs. 9399-9412, 1999. Reprint
7. Pumphrey, H.C., S. Buehler, R.S. Harwood, "Instrumental and spectral parameters: their effect on and measurement by microwave limb sounding of the atmosphere", vol 64, pgs. 421-437, 1999. Reprint
8. Pumphrey, H.C., "Validation of a new prototype water vapor rertrieval for the UARS Microwave Limb Sounder", vol 104, num D8, pgs. 939909412, 1999. Reprint

1998

1. Chandra, S., J.R. Ziemke, W. Min, W.G. Read, "Effects of 1997-1998 El Nino on tropospheric ozone and water vapor", vol 25, pgs. 3867-3870, 1998. Reprint
2. Chen, M., R.B. Rood, W.G. Read, "Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor from GEOS Reanalysis and UARS MLS Observation", vol 103, num D16, pgs. 19,587-19,594, 1998. Reprint
3. Clark, H.L., R.S. Harwood, P.W. Mote, W.G. Read, "Variability of water vapor in the tropical upper troposphere as measured by the Microwave Limb Sounder on UARS", vol 103, num D24, pgs. 31,695-31,707, 1998. Reprint
4. Haas, M.R., L. Pfister, "A High-Altitude Site Survey for SOFIA", vol 110, pgs. 339-364, 1998. Reprint
5. Hu, H., W.T. Liu, "The impact of upper tropospheric humidity from Microwave Limb Sounder on the midlatitude greenhouse effect", vol 25, pgs. 3151-3154, 1998. Reprint
6. Manney, G.L., Y.J. Orsolini, H.C. Pumphrey, A.E. Roche, "The 4-Day Wave and Transport of UARS Tracers in the Austral Polar Vortex", vol 55, pgs. 3456-3470, 1998. Reprint
7. Morrey, M.W., R.S. Harwood, "Interhemispheric differences in stratospheric water vapour during late winter, in version 4 MLS measurements", vol 25, pgs. 147-150, 1998. Reprint
8. Mote, P.W., T.J. Dunkerton, H.C. Pumphrey, "Sub-seasonal variations in lower stratospheric water vapor", vol 25, pgs. 2445-2448, 1998. Reprint
9. Nair, H., M. Allen, L. Froidevaux, R.W. Zurek, "Localized Rapid Ozone Loss in the Northern Winter Stratosphere: An Analysis of UARS Observations", vol 103, num D1, pgs. 1555-1571, 1998. Reprint
10. , , "Nonlinear retrievals of water vapour from the UARS Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS)", vol 21, pgs. 389-392, 1998. Reprint
11. Pumphrey, H.C., D. Rind, J.M. Russell, J.E. Harries, "A preliminary zonal mean climatology of water vapour in the stratosphere and mesosphere", vol 21, pgs. 1417-1420, 1998. Reprint
12. Randel, W.J., F. Wu, J.M. Russell, A. Roche, J.W. Waters, "Seasonal Cycles and QBO Variations in Stratospheric CH₄ and H₂O Observed in UARS HALOE Data", vol 55, pgs. 163-185, 1998. Reprint
13. Ricaud, P., E. Monnier, F. Goutail, J-P. Pommereau, C. David, S. Godin, L. Froidevaux, J.W. Waters, J. Mergenthaler, A.E. Roche, H. Pumphrey, M.P. Chipperfield, "Stratosphere over Dumont d'Urville, Antarctica, in winter 1992", vol 103, num D11, pgs. 13,267-13,284, 1998. Reprint
14. Sandor, B.J., W.G. Read, J.W. Waters, K.H. Rosenlof, "Seasonal Behavior of Tropical to Mid-Latitude Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor from UARS MLS", vol 103, num D20, pgs. 25,935-25,947, 1998. Reprint

1997

1. Nedoluha, G.E., R.M. Bevilacqua, R.M. Gomez, W.B. Waltman, B.C. Hicks, D.L. Thacker, J.M. Russell III, M. Abrams, H.C. Pumphrey, B.J. Connor, "A comparative study of mesospheric water vapor measurements from the ground-based water vapor millimeter-wave spectrometer and space-based instruments", vol 102, num D14, pgs. 16,647-16,661, 1997. Reprint
2. Newell, R.E., Y. Zhu, W.G. Read, J.W. Waters, "Relationship between tropical upper tropospheric moisture and eastern tropical Pacific sea surface temperature on seasonal and interannual time scales", vol 24, pgs. 25-28, 1997. Reprint
3. Pumphrey, H.C., R.S. Harwood, "Water Vapour and Ozone in the Mesosphere as measured by UARS MLS", vol 24, pgs. 1399-1402, 1997. Reprint
4. Rood, R.B., A.R. Douglass, M.C. Cerniglia, W.G. Read, "Synoptic-Scale Mass Exchange from the Troposphere to the Stratosphere", vol 102, num D19, pgs. 23,467-23,485, 1997. Reprint

1996

1. Elson, L.S., W.G. Read, J.W. Waters, P.W. Mote, J.S. Kinnersley, R.S. Harwood, "Space-time variations in water vapor as observed by the UARS Microwave Limb Sounder", vol 101, num D4, pgs. 9001-9015, 1996. Reprint
2. Eluszkiewicz, J., D. Crisp, R.W. Zurek, L.S. Elson, E.F. Fishbein, L. Froidevaux, J.W. Waters, R. Grainger, A. Lambert, R.S. Harwood, G.E. Peckham, "Residual circulation in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere as diagnosed from Microwave Limb Sounder data", vol 53, pgs. 217-240, 1996. Reprint
3. Lahoz, W.A., A. O'Neill, A. Heaps, V.D. Pope, R. Swinbank, R.S. Harwood, L. Froidevaux, W.G. Read, J.W. Waters, G.E. Peckham, "Vortex dynamics and the evolution of water vapour in the stratosphere of the southern hemisphere", vol 122, pgs. 423-450, 1996.
4. Lahoz, W.A., M.R. Suttie, L. Froidevaux, R.S. Harwood, C.L. Lau, T.A. Lungu, G.E. Peckham, H.C. Pumphrey, W.G. Read, Z. Shippony, R.A. Suttie, J.W. Waters, G.E. Nedoluha, S.J. Oltmans, J.M. Russell, W.A. Traub, "Validation of UARS Microwave Limb Sounder 183 GHz H₂O measurements", vol 101, num D6, pgs. 10,129-10,149, 1996. Reprint
5. Massie, S.T., J.C. Gille, D.P. Edwards, P.L. Bailey, L.V. Lyjak, C.A. Craig, C.P. Cavanaugh, J.L. Mergenthaler, A.E. Roche, J.B. Kumer, A. Lambert, R.G. Grainger, C.D. Rodgers, F.W. Taylor, J.M. Russell, J.H. Park, T. Deshler, M.E. Hervig, E.F. Fishbein, J.W. Waters, W.A. Lahoz, "Validation studies using multiwavelength Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) observations of stratospheric aerosol", vol 101, num D6, pgs. 9757-9773, 1996. Reprint
6. Mote, P.W., K.H. Rosenlof, M.E. McIntyre, E.S. Carr, J.R. Holton, J.S. Kinnersley, H.C. Pumphrey, J.M. Russell, J.W. Waters, J.C. Gille, "An atmospheric tape recorder: the imprint of tropical tropopause temperatures on stratospheric water vapor", vol 101, num D2, pgs. 3989-4006, 1996. Reprint
7. Newell, R.E., Y. Zhu, E.V. Browell, S. Ismail, W.G. Read, J.W. Waters, K.K. Kelly, S.C. Liu, "Upper tropospheric water vapor and cirrus: Comparison of DC-8 Observations, preliminary UARS microwave limb sounder measurements and meteorological analyses", vol 101, num D1, pgs. 1931-1941, 1996. Reprint
8. Newell, R.E., Y. Zhu, E.V. Browell, W.G. Read, J.W. Waters, "Walker circulation and tropical upper tropospheric water vapor", vol 101, num D1, pgs. 1961-1974, 1996. Reprint
9. Schoeberl, M.R., A.R. Douglass, S.R. Kawa, A.E. Dessler, P.A. Newman, R.S. Stolarski, A.E. Roche, J.W. Waters, J.M. Russell, "The development of the Antarctic ozone hole", vol 101, num D15, pgs. 20,909-20,924, 1996. Reprint
10. Stone, E.M., W.J. Randel, J.L. Stanford, W.G. Read, J.W. Waters, "Baroclinic wave variations observed in MLS upper tropospheric water vapor", vol 23, pgs. 2967-2970, 1996. Reprint

1995

1. Carr, E.S., R.S. Harwood, P.W. Mote, G.E. Peckham, R.A. Suttie, W.A. Lahoz, A. O'Neill, L. Froidevaux, R.F. Jarnot, W.G. Read, J.W. Waters, R. Swinbank, "Tropical stratospheric water vapor measured by the microwave limb sounder (MLS)", vol 22, pgs. 691-694, 1995. Reprint
2. Limpasuvan, V., C.B. Leovy, "Observations of the two-day wave near the southern summer stratopause", vol 22, pgs. 2385-2388, 1995. Reprint
3. Manney, G.L., R.W. Zurek, W.A. Lahoz, R.S. Harwood, J.B. Kumer, J. Mergenthaler, A.E. Roche, A. O'Neill, R. Swinbank, J.W. Waters, "Lagrangian transport calculations using UARS data. Part I: Passive tracers", vol 52, pgs. 3049-3068, 1995. Reprint
4. Morris, G.A., M.R. Schoeberl, L. Sparling, P.A. Newman, L.R. Lait, L.S. Elson, J.W. Waters, A.E. Roche, J.B. Kumer, J.M. Russell, "Trajectory mapping of Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) data", vol 100, num D8, pgs. 16,491-16,505, 1995. Reprint
5. Mote, P.W., K.H. Rosenlof, J.R. Holton, R.S. Harwood, J.W. Waters, "Seasonal variation of water vapour in the tropical lower stratosphere", vol 22, pgs. 1093-1096, 1995. Reprint
6. Randel, W.J., F. Wu, J.M. Russell, J.W. Waters, L. Froidevaux, "Ozone and temperature changes in the stratosphere following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo", vol 100, num D8, pgs. 16,753-16,764, 1995. Reprint
7. Read, W.G., J.W. Waters, L. Froidevaux, D.A. Flower, R.F. Jarnot, D.L. Hartmann, R.S. Harwood, R.B. Rood, "Upper-tropospheric water vapor from UARS MLS", vol 76, pgs. 2381-2389, 1995. Reprint
8. Ricaud, P.D., E.S. Carr, R.S. Harwood, W.A. Lahoz, L. Froidevaux, W.G. Read, J.W. Waters, J.L. Mergenthaler, J.B. Kumer, A.E. Roche, G.E. Peckham, "Polar stratospheric clouds as deduced from MLS and CLAES measurements", vol 22, pgs. 2033-2036, 1995. Reprint
9. Rosenlof, K.H., "Seasonal cycle of the residual mean meridional circulation in the stratosphere", vol 100, num D3, pgs. 5173-5191, 1995. Reprint
10. Santee, M.L., W.G. Read, J.W. Waters, L. Froidevaux, G.L. Manney, D.A. Flower, R.F. Jarnot, R.S. Harwood, G.E. Peckham, "Interhemispheric differences in polar stratospheric HNO3, H2O, ClO and O3", vol 267, pgs. 849-852, 1995. Reprint

1994

1. Lahoz, W.A., A. O'Neill, E.S. Carr, R.S. Harwood, L. Froidevaux, W.G. Read, J.W. Waters, J.B. Kumer, J.L. Mergenthaler, A.E. Roche, G.E. Peckham, R. Swinbank, "Three-dimensional evolution of water vapour distributions in the northern hemisphere as observed by MLS", vol 51, pgs. 2914-2930, 1994. Reprint
2. Massie, S., P.L. Bailey, J.C. Gille, E.C. Lee, J.L. Mergenthaler, A.E. Roche, J.B. Kumer, E.F. Fishbein, J.W. Waters, W.A. Lahoz, "Spectral signatures of polar stratospheric clouds and sulfate aerosol", vol 51, pgs. 3027-3044, 1994. Reprint

1993

1. Elson, L.S., L. Froidevaux, "The use of Fourier transforms for asynoptic mapping: Early results from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite Microwave Limb Sounder", vol 98, pgs. 23,039-23,049, 1993. Reprint
2. Harwood, R.S., E.S. Carr, L. Froidevaux, R.F. Jarnot, W.A. Lahoz, C.L. Lau, G.E. Peckham, W.G. Read, P.D. Ricaud, R.A. Suttie, J.W. Waters, "Springtime stratospheric water vapour in the southern hemisphere as measured by MLS", vol 20, pgs. 1235-1238, 1993. Reprint
3. Lahoz, W.A., E.S. Carr, L. Froidevaux, R.S. Harwood, J.B. Kumer, J.L. Mergenthaler, G.E. Peckham, W.G. Read, P.D. Ricaud, A.E. Roche, J.W. Waters, "Northern hemisphere mid-stratosphere vortex processes diagnosed from H₂O, N₂O and potential vorticity", vol 23, pgs. 2671-2674, 1993. Reprint
4. Randel, W.J., J.C. Gille, A.E. Roche, J.B. Kumer, J.L. Mergenthaler, J.W. Waters, E.F. Fishbein, W.A. Lahoz, "Stratospheric transport from the tropics to middle latitudes by planetary-wave mixing", vol 365, pgs. 533-535, 1993. Reprint

1980

1. Waters, J.W., J.J. Gustincic, P.N. Swanson, A.R. Kerr, "Measurements of upper atmospheric H₂O emission at 183 GHz", 1980.

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