---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Emerging Infectious Diseases * Volume 2 * Number 4 * October-December, 1996 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Perspectives * Guarding Against the Most Dangerous Emerging Pathogens: Insights from Evolutionary Biology, P.W. Ewald ewald.pdf (131,023 Bytes) ewald.txt (60,589 Bytes) ewald.zip (356,665 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP) * Social Inequalities and Emerging Infectious Diseases, P. Farmer farmer.pdf (222,081 Bytes) farmer.txt (46,918 Bytes) farmer.zip (237,774 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP) Synopses * Molecular Mechanisms of Bacterial Virulence: Type III Secretion and Pathogenicity Islands, J. Mecsas and E.J. Strauss mecsas.pdf (412,060 Bytes) mecsas.txt (77,670 Bytes) mecsas.zip (554,040 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP) * New Vaccines for the Prevention of Pneumococcal Infections, H. Käyhty and J. Eskola kayhty.pdf (178,591 Bytes) kayhty.txt (45,641 Bytes) kayhty.zip (218,329 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP) * A Mathematical Model and CD4+ Lymphocyte Dynamics in HIV Infection, T. Hraba and J. Dolezal hraba.pdf (203,631 Bytes) hraba.txt (26,572 Bytes) hraba.zip (140,690 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP) * Chlamydiae as Pathogens: New Species and New Issues, R.W. Peeling and R.C. Brunham peeling.pdf (242,723 Bytes) peeling.txt (55,966 Bytes) peeling.zip (262,270 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP) Dispatches * Experimental Inoculation of Plants and Animals with Ebola Virus, R. Swanepoel, P.A. Leman, F.J. Burt, N.A. Zachariades, L.E.O. Braack, T.G. Ksiazek, P.E. Rollin, S.R. Zaki, and C.J. Peters swanepo2.pdf (99,445 Bytes) swanepo2.txt (20,517 Bytes) swanepo2.zip (297,694 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP) * Encephalitis Caused by a Lyssavirus in Fruit Bats in Australia, G.C. Fraser, P.T. Hooper, R.A. Lunt, A.R. Gould, L.J. Gleeson, A.D. Hyatt, G.M. Russell, and J.A. Kattenbelt fraser.pdf (95,200 Bytes) fraser.txt (19,809 Bytes) fraser.zip (119,851 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP) * Creutzfeld-tJakob Disease in the United States, 1979-1994: Using National Mortality Data to Assess the Possible Occurrence of Variant Cases, R.C. Holman, A.S. Khan, E.D. Belay, and L.B. Schonberger holman2.pdf (80,557 Bytes) holman2.txt (22,434 Bytes) holman2.zip (106,042 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP) * Rapid Increase of Resistance to Erythromycin and Clindamycin in Streptococcus pyogenes in Italy, 1993-1995 , G. Cornaglia, M. Ligozzi, A. Mazzariol, M.Valentini, G. Orefici, the Italian Surveillance Group for Antimicrobial Resistance, and R. Fontana cornagli.pdf (101,411 Bytes) cornagli.txt (18,603 Bytes) cornagli.zip (146,464 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP) * Assessing the Costs and Benefits of an Oral Vaccine for Raccoon Rabies: A Possible Model, M.I. Meltzer meltzer2.pdf (97,850 Bytes) meltzer2.txt (29,817 Bytes) meltzer2.zip (114,288 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP) Commentary * Traditional Healers and Global Surveillance Strategies for Emerging Diseases: Closing the Gap, N.E. Groce and M. E. Reeve groce.pdf (59,012 Bytes) groce.txt (12,342 Bytes) groce.zip (55,447 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP) Letters * Widespread Foodborne Cyclosporiasis Outbreaks Present Major Challenges, D.G. Colley * Identification of Cyclospora in Poultry, H.L. García-López, L.E. Rodríguez-Tovar, and C.E. Medina-De la Garza * PCR Confirmation of Infection with Cyclospora cayetanensis, N.J. Pieniazek, S.B. Slemenda, A.J. da Silva, E.M. Alfano, and M.J. Arrowood * Emerging Infectious Diseases and the Depopulation of French Polynesia in the 19th Century, P.M.V. Martin and C. Combes * Epidemic Zoster and AIDS, D.M. Morens, A.K. Agarwal, S. Sarkar, S. Panda, and R. Detels * Ancient Egypt and Today: Enough Scourges to Go Around, D.G. Colley * AIDS and [AAA] in Egypt? , R.J. Littman and D.M. Morens letters.pdf (201,521 Bytes) letters.txt (3,151 Bytes) letters.zip (201,013 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP) Addendum addendum.txt (1,567 Bytes) addencum.pdf (20,031 Butes) addendum.zip (11,003 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP) News and Notes * ABA Sponsors Program on Law and Emerging Infectious Diseases, D.P. Fidler * A Global Theme Issue: Bibliography of References, M.A. Winker * Conference on Emerging Foodborne Pathogens, D. Dalisera newsnote.pdf (148,302 Bytes) newsnote.txt (1,992 Bytes) newsnote.zip (130,772 Bytes- PostScript file compressed with PKZIP) --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ISSN 1080-6059 The file types available are PostScript compressed with GZIP (.gz), Adobe Acrobat (.pdf), and ASCII (.txt). The ASCII version of the journal does not contain figures. Both the .pdf and .gz files, however, contain graphics and figures and are true representations of the hard copy of the journal. The Adobe Acrobat format requires an Adobe Reader (see instructions below on requesting the free reader). If you have World-Wide Web (WWW) or File Transfer Protocol (FTP) capabilities, we strongly recommend that you access EID by using WWW or FTP rather than through e-mail. This is due to the large size of the journal files and the complexity of sending e-mail to different systems. PostScript and Adobe Acrobat files will be e-mailed in uuencoded format. If your e-mail system does not automatically uudecode the file, you will need to uudecode the file manually. How to Get the Files __________________ WWW EID is available on WWW at: http://www.cdc.gov FTP All files are available through anonymous FTP at ftp.cdc.gov behind the pub/Publications/EID/vol2no3 directory. E-MAIL You can also receive the files by sending an e-mail to lists@list.cdc.gov with the following in the body of your message: get eid-toc FILENAME (e.g., get eid-toc perkins.pdf). How to Get the Adobe Acrobat Reader _________________________________ The reader is available in DOS, Windows, UNIX, and Macintosh versions. Installation instructions are included in the file. Reader Filenames DOS: dosread.exe Windows: acroread.exe UNIX: acroread-sun.tar.Z Macintosh: AcroRead.sea.hqx To get the reader you need by e-mail, send an e-mail to lists@list.cdc.gov with the following in the body of your message: get eid-toc filename (e.g., get eid-toc dosread.exe) You can also get the reader from ftp.cdc.gov in the pub/Publications/EID/adobe directory. For further information about receiving EID electronically or technical help, send an e-mail to eidhelp@cidod1.em.cdc.gov. This material is provided by the National Center for Infectious Diseases--a sub-unit of CDC/ATSDR. It has been cleared for public distribution and is authentic if accessed directly from lists@list.cdc.gov or eid-pdf@list.cdc.gov. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- About EID Emerging Infectious Diseases is indexed in Index Medicus/Medline, Current Contents, and several other electronic databases. Emerging Infectious Diseases is part of CDC's plan for combatting emerging infectious diseases; the plan is outlined in a recently published document, Addressing Emerging Infectious Disease Threats--A Prevention Strategy for the United States. One of the main goals of CDC's plan is to enhance communication of public health information about emerging diseases so that prevention measures can be implemented without delay. Emerging Infectious Diseases is peer reviewed and will be providing information on emerging infections in three broad categories: 1) Perspectives, a section addressing factors that underlie disease emergence including microbial adaptation and change, human demographics and behavior, technology and industry, economic development and land use, international travel and commerce, and breakdown of public health measures; 2) Synopses, concise, state-of-the-art summaries of specific diseases or syndromes and related emerging infectious disease issues; 3) Dispatches, brief laboratory or epidemiologic reports with an international scope. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Editors Editor Joseph E. McDade, Ph.D., National Center for Infectious Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA Perspectives Editor Stephen S. Morse, Ph.D.,The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA Synopses Editor Phillip J. Baker, Ph.D., Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Dispatches Editor Stephen Ostroff, M.D., National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Managing Editor Polyxeni Potter, M.A., National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Liaison Representatives Anthony I. Adams, M.D., Chief Medical Adviser, Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health, Canberra, Australia David Brandling-Bennett, M.D., Deputy Director, Division of Communicable Diseases, Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization Washington, D.C., USA Gail Cassell, Ph.D., Liaison to American Society for Microbiology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama, USA Richard A. Goodman, M.D., M.P.H., Editor, MMWR, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Thomas M. Gomez. D.V.M.,M.S., Staff Epidemiologist U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Riverdale, Maryland, USA James LeDuc, Ph.D., Advisor for Arboviral Diseases, Division of Communicable Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland Joseph Losos, M.D., Director General, Laboratory Center for Disease Control Ontario, Canada Gerald L. Mandell, M.D., Liaison to Infectious Diseases Society of America, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Phillip P. Mortimer, M.D., Director, Virus Reference Division Central Public Health Laboratory London, United Kingdom Robert Shope, M.D., Director, Yale Arbovirus Research Unit, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Natalya B. Sipachova, M.D., Ph.D. Scientific Editor Russian Republic Information & Analytic Centre Moscow, Russia Bonnie Smoak, M.D. U.S. Army Medical Research Unit--Kenya Unit 64109 Box 401 APO AE 09831-4109 Robert Swanepoel, B.V.Sc., Ph.D., Head, Special Pathogens Unit, National Institute for Virology, Sandrinham 2131, South Africa Roberto Tapia-Conyer, M.D. Dirección General de Epidemiología Secretaría de Salud México ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Editorial and Computer Support Editing and Production Beatrice T. Divine, M.B.A. Teresa M. Hood, M.S. Editorial Assistance Maria T. Brito Electronic Distribution Carol Y. Crawford David L. Smith ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Emerging Infectious Diseases Emerging Infectious Diseases is published four times a year by the National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop C-12, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. Telephone 404-639-3967, fax 404-639-3039, e-mail eideditor@cidod1.em.cdc.gov. The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of CDC or the institutions with which the authors are affiliated. All material published in Emerging Infectious Diseases is in the public domain and may be used and reprinted without special permission; proper citation, however, is appreciated. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Public Health Service or by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Emerging Infectious Diseases is printed on acid free paper that meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Instructions to Authors Editorial Policy and Call for Articles Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) is a peer-reviewed journal established expressly to promote the recognition of new and reemerging infectious diseases and to improve the understanding of factors involved in disease emergence, prevention, and elimination. Emerging infections are new or newly identified pathogens or syndromes that have been recognized in the past two decades. Reemerging infections are known pathogens or syndromes that are increasing in incidence, expanding into new geographic areas, affecting new populations, or threatening to increase in the near future. EID has an international scope and is intended for professionals in infectious diseases and related sciences. We welcome contributions from infectious disease specialists in academia, industry, clinical practice, and public health as well as from specialists in economics, demography, sociology, and other disciplines. Inquiries about the suitability of proposed articles may be directed to the editor at 404-639-3967 (telephone), 404-727-8737 (fax), or eideditor@cidod1.em.cdc.gov (e-mail). EID is published in English and features three types of articles: Perspectives, Synopses, and Dispatches. The purpose and requirements of each type of article are described in detail below. A Spanish version of the journal's first volume is available electronically from the Universidad de la Plata, Argentina (ftp://ftp.unlp.edu.ar/pub/EID). --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Instructions to Authors Manuscripts should be prepared according to the "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals" (JAMA 1993:269[17]: 2282-6). Begin each of the following sections on a new page and in this order: title page, abstract, text, acknowledgments, references, each table, figure legends, and figures. On the title page, give complete information about each author (full names and highest degree). Give current mailing address for correspondence (include fax number and e-mail address). Follow Uniform Requirements style for references. Consult List of Journals Indexed in Index Medicus for accepted journal abbreviations. Tables and figures should be numbered separately (each beginning with 1) in the order of mention in the text. Double-space everything, including the title page, abstract, references, tables, and figure legends. Italicize scientific names of organisms from species name all the way up, except for vernacular names (viruses that have not really been speciated, such as coxsackievirus and hepatitis B; bacterial organisms, such as pseudomonads, salmonellae, and brucellae). All articles will be reviewed by independent reviewers. The Editor reserves the right to edit articles for clarity and to modify the format to fit the publication style of Emerging Infectious Diseases. Documents sent in hardcopy should also be sent on diskette, or by e-mail. Acceptable electronic formats for text are ASCII, WordPerfect, AmiPro, DisplayWrite, MS Word, MultiMate, Office Writer, WordStar, or Xywrite. Send graphics documents in Corel Draw, Harvard Graphics, Freelance, .TIF (TIFF), .GIF (CompuServe), .WMF (Windows Metafile), .EPS (Encapsulated Postscript), or .CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile). The preferred font for graphics files is Helvetica. If possible, convert Macintosh files into one of the suggested formats. Submit photographs in glossy, camera-ready photographic prints. Send all manuscripts and correspondence to the Editor, Emerging Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop C-12, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA, or by e-mail on the Internet to eideditor@cidod1.em.cdc.gov. Perspectives: Contributions to the Perspectives section should provide insightful analysis and commentary about new and reemerging infectious diseases or related issues. Perspectives may also address factors known to influence the emergence of infectious diseases, including microbial adaption and change; human demographics and behavior; technology and industry; economic development and land use; international travel and commerce; and the breakdown of public health measures. Articles should be approximately 3,500 words and should include references, not to exceed 40. Use of additional subheadings in the main body of the text is recommended. If detailed methods are included, a separate section on experimental procedures should immediately follow the body of the text. Photographs and illustrations are optional. Provide a short abstract (150 words) and a brief biographical sketch. Synopses: Submit concise reviews of infectious diseases or closely related topics. Preference will be given to reviews of new and emerging diseases; however, timely updates of other diseases or topics are also welcome. Synopses should be approximately 3,500 words and should include references, not to exceed 40. Use of additional subheadings in the main body of the text is recommended. If detailed methods are included, a separate section on experimental procedures should immediately follow the body of the text. Photographs and illustrations are encouraged. Provide a short abstract (150 words) and a brief biographical sketch. Dispatches: Provide brief updates on trends in infectious diseases or infectious disease research. Dispatches (1,000 to 1,500 words of text) should be in a letter to the editor format and should not be divided into sections. Dispatches should begin with a brief introductory statement about the relationship of the topic to the emergence of infectious diseases. Provide references, not to exceed 10, and figures or illustrations, not to exceed two. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------