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Pavement Management Forecasting Model - A Microcomputer Program for Lotus 1-2-3
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PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT FORECASTING MODEL TABLE OF CONTENTS Credits. . . . . . . . . . i Table of Contents . . . . . . . ii OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . 1 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . 3 SOURCES OF DEFAULT VALUES . . . . . 4 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . 5 Purpose/use Design INSTALLATION . . . . . . . . 6 Environment Startup DATA ENTRY . . . . . . . . 7 Construction costs Deterioration rates Estimated future funding Current road conditions Road repair strategy OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . 9 Summary Edit Print Graph Edit View Save/print Quit TECHNICAL APPENDIX Model and Program Description Annotated Programs Structure Diagrams Installation Program Alterations Miscellaneous Sample Report Model Screens Saying Graphs ii OVERVIEW OF THE PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT FORECASTING MODEL PURPOSE: To estimate funds needed to repair locally-maintained roads by simulating the contest between pavement deterioration and roadway maintenance procedures; to produce 10-year forecasts of road conditions and of the cumulative maintenance backlog DESIGN: Inputs: Road maintenance and construction unit costs [Default values provided] Pavement deterioration rates [Default values provided] Estimated future funding for roadway improvements Current road conditions Choice of roadway repair strategies Outputs: Summary of estimates and assumptions on which each forecast is based Summary of forecast results Annual road conditions, maintenance backlog, and work plan Tabular and graphic presentations of road conditions and maintenance backlog over a 10-year period Environment: Program written in Lotus Command Language for use with Lotus 1-2-3, Release 2, on the IBM PC, XT, AT, or "IBM-compatible" computer. DATA ENTRY: NOTE: THE MODEL IS COMPLETELY AUTOMATIC, PROMPTING THE USER FOR NECESSARY INPUT AND USING DEFAULT VALUES IF CONTINUING WITHOUT MAKING A NUMERIC ENTRY. Construction costs: Surface Treatments [Default = $11,300 per mile] Rehabilitation [Default = $86,300 per mile] Reconstruction [Default = $259,900 per mile] Deterioration rates: Excellent pavement becomes good in _ years [Default = 10] Good pavement becomes fair in _ years [Default = 5] Fair pavement becomes poor in _ years [Default = 2] Future funding: Your estimates for total funds available for roadway improvements (surface treatments, rehabilitations, and reconstruction projects only) for each of ten years [Default = $O] Road Conditions: May be entered either by the number of miles or by the percentage of the total miles in each condition. [Default = 0.00] -1- Repair Strategy: Choice of three strategies: Percentage-based Approach - general approach, dividing repair costs between the three repair procedures so that the percentage of miles repaired is comparable, in percentage, to the number of miles in that condition. Best-first approach - concentrate spending on surface treatments first, repairing good and fair roads while allowing poor roads to deteriorate further. Worst-first approach - reconstruct poor roads first, allowing good and fair roads to continue to deteriorate OPTIONS: Several options may be selected from the menu following data entry, allowing the user to further focus the model to individual needs. These options include displaying summaries of the inputs and results, editing the inputs or the output form, and printing the results. -2- DEFINITIONS ROAD CONDITIONS [Definitions from Pavement Management: A Manual for Communities, MAPC, 986] Excellent - new or nearly new pavement with little or no distress; no repairs necessary Good - some pavement distress but few visible signs of surface deterioration; treatable with sealing and patching Fair - pavement displaying moderate distress and a riding quality noticeably inferior to new pavements and may be barely tolerable for high-speed traffic Poor - extensive distress or near complete failure; pavements deteriorating to such an extent that they are in need of extensive resurfacing or complete reconstruction ROADWAY REPAIR PROCEDURES Surface Treatments - crack fills, seals, patching, or other procedures that improve a good road to excellent condition Rehabilitation - resurfacing and overlays; restores a fair road to excellent condition Reconstruction - complete reconstruction of the roadway; improves a poor road to excellent condition ROADWAY REPAIR STRATEGIES - Methods for prioritizing and dividing expenditures among the three repair procedures Percentage-based Approach - repair costs are divided among the three repair procedures so that the percentage of miles repaired is comparable in percentage to the number of miles in the corresponding condition during the previous year Best-first Approach - concentrate spending on surface treatments first, repairing good and fair roads first while allowing poor roads to deteriorate further Worst-first Approach - reconstruct the worst roads first, allowing good and fair roads to deteriorate to poor condition DETERIORATION RATES - The length of time (in years) in which pavement deteriorates from one condition to the next lower condition FUTURE FUNDING - The estimated amount of funding available each year for surface treatments, rehabilitation, and reconstruction of roadways. Excludes costs such as snow removal and routine maintenance. MAINTENANCE BACKLOG - The dollar amount which would improve all roads to excellent condition at a given time. -3- SOURCES OF DEFAULT VALUES CONSTRUCTION COSTS: The default values for construction costs are based on information from the following sources: Street and Maintenance Manual, American Public Works Association (APWA), 1985. Road Surface Management for Local Governments: A Course Workbook, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), 1985. An Analysis of the Economic Benefits of a Highway Repair Program in Massachusetts, prepared by The Road Information Program (TRIP) for Construction Industries of Massachusetts, Inc., 1982. "The Decision-Making Process Related to Pavement Rehabilitation," David Kraus, Chief Engineer, Town of West Hartford, Connecticut, February 24, 1984. Pavement Evaluation Report for the Town of Holliston, Massachusetts, Kenneth Garrity, . Superintendent, 7983. Preliminary Engineering Study of Bituminous Pavements in Wenham, Massachusetts, Nathan Wiseblood, Private Consultant, 1985. Pavement Management Plan and Priority Programming, prepared for the Burlington Department of Public Works by Vanasse/Hangen Associates, Inc. and Tippetts-Abbott- McCarthy-Stratton, 1985. Town of Reading, Massachusetts, Roadway Maintenance Program, William R. Bergeron, Assistant Superintendent, Engineering Division, Department of Public Works. DETERIORATION RATES: The default values for deterioration rates are derived from the pavement deterioration curve in The Hole Story (American Public Works Association [APWA] and assumes a pavement design life of twenty years. -4- INTRODUCTION Purpose/use The Pavement Management Forecasting Model is an easy-to-use, quick response forecasting model. Developed to estimate the funds needed to maintain and repair locally-maintained roads, the mathematical model assumes simple relationships to simulate the contest between pavement deterioration and roadway repairs. It produces 10-year forecasts of road conditions and calculates the maintenance backlog of the road network. Design INPUTS The model is completely automatic and fully user- interactive, prompting the user for inputs of the following information: Road Maintenance and Construction Unit Costs; Pavement Deterioration Rates; Estimated Future Funding for Highway Improvements; and Current Road Conditions. Also to be entered is the choice of a road repair strategy from three options included in the model. Default values for construction costs and deterioration rates are also included in the model and are based on estimates from various expert sources. The model also provides the option of editing the inputs, making it easy to experiment with several different scenarios. OUTPUTS The model returns summaries of the inputs and the results to the screen, as well as graphs of road conditions and the maintenance backlog over the 10-year period. Also available, through the Options menu, is a printed report which includes the following information: A summary of the current inputs; Annual results of road conditions, maintenance backlog, and the work plan based on-the repair strategy; and A summary of the forecasted results. Graphs of road conditions and the maintenance backlog over the 10-year period can also be printed as part of the output. -5- INSTALLATION Environment The program is written in Lotus Command Language for use with Lotus 1-2-3, Release 2, on the IBM PC, XT, AT, or "IBM- compatible computer: with an appropriate version of DOS and a monitor capable of displaying Lotus 1-2-3 graphs. A printer is not essential to run the program but is necessary for complete output. Startup TWO-DISKETTE SYSTEM Follow these instructions if your system has two diskette drives: 1. Start your computer using appropriate DOS for Lotus 1- 2-3, Release 2 2. After entering the current date and time, the DOS prompt appears (A>) (If the DOS prompt is not A>, type A: (Return). At this point, place the Lotus 1-2-3 System Disk in the default drive (Drive A) and the program disk in Drive B and close the doors 3. To start the model, type B:MODELa (Return) HARD-DISK SYSTEM NOTE: THESE INSTRUCTIONS ARE BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT LOTUS 1- 2-3, RELEASE 2, IS CONTAINED IN A SUBDIRECTORY NAMED \123 ON THE HARD DISK (DRIVE C) AND THAT THE DEFAULT DIRECTORY OF LOTUS 1-2-3 IS THE MAIN DIRECTORY OF THE HARD DISK (DRIVE C). IF YOUR SYSTEM IS NOT CONFIGURED IN THIS MANNER OR IF YOU ARE NOT SURE, PLEASE REFER TO THE INSTALLATION SECTION OF THE TECHNICAL APPENDIX. Follow these instructions if your system has a hard-disk configured as noted above: 1. Start your computer using appropriate DOS for Lotus 1- 2-3, Release 2, entering the date and time 2. Make the hard disk the "default drive" The DOS prompt should be C>. If it is not, type C: (Return) 3. Place the program disk in the diskette drive (Drive A) and close the door 4. To start the model, type A:MODEL (Return) -6- DATA ENTRY WARNING: ENTER DATA ONLY AT THE PROMPTS. BE CAREFUL NOT TO STRIKE ANY EXTRANEOUS KEYS DURING DATA ENTRY AS THIS MAY RESULT IN EITHER THE SELECTION OF THE DEFAULT VALUES OR THE BYPASSING OF THE RESULTING GRAPHS. ALSO, DATA ENTERED ACCIDENTLY CANNOT BE CHANGED UNTIL THE EDIT OPTION AVAILABLE LATER IN THE MODEL. NOTE: Default values may be selected by striking RETURN Construction Costs: At the prompts (at the top of the screen), enter estimates of the costs per mile for surface treatments [Initial default = $11,300], rehabilitation [Initial default = $86,300], and road reconstruction [Initial default = $259,900] Deterioration rates: At the prompts, enter estimates of pavement deterioration rates (in whole years and assuming no preventative maintenance) [Initial default values: Excellent pavement becomes good in 10 years, good pavement becomes fair in 5 years, and fair pavement becomes poor in 2 years.] Further deterioration of poor roads is not included in the model. Future Funding: At the prompts, enter estimates of future funds available for highway improvements (Surface treatments, rehabilitations, and reconstruction projects only. Do not include costs associated with routine maintenance, snow removal, lighting, etc.) [Initial defaults = $O] Road Conditions: Current road conditions may either be entered by the number of miles in each condition or by the percentage of the total miles in each condition. .If entering by the number of miles in each condition, enter estimates for each condition at the prompts. [Initial defaults = 0.00] If entering by percentages, first enter the number of total miles, then enter estimates for each condition. (Percentages should be entered in integer form) [Initial defaults = 0.00] -7- Repair Strategy: Choose between the following three general roadway repair strategies: Percentage-based Approach - Repair costs are divided among the three procedures so,that the number of miles repaired is comparable in percentage to the number of miles in the corresponding condition during the previous year. EXAMPLE: If the road condi- Then, depending on tions during the costs and funding, previous year are: the work plan could be: Exc. 40 mi Good 30 mi -------> Surf. Treat. 3 mi Fair 20 mi -------> Rehab. 2 mi Poor 50 mi -------> Recon. 5-mi Best-first Approach - Concentrate spending on surface treatments and rehabilitation first, repairing good and fair roads first while allowing poor roads to deteriorate further, possibly to complete failure. Worst-first Approach - Reconstruct the worst roads first, allowing the excellent and good roads to deteriorate to poor condition. NOTE: After entering all the initial data, the model will run and, after a short wait, will return graphs of the road conditions and maintenance backlog. To continue from a graph, strike any key. BE CAREFUL TO STRIKE ONLY ONE. ADDITIONAL KEYSTROKES MAY RESULT IN BYPASSING A GRAPH. -8- OPTIONS The following options may be selected from the main options menu after entering the data by either typing the first letter or moving the highlight bar (using the space bar or the arrow keys) and pressing RETURN:(Pressing ESCAPE will return the user to the previous menu) Summary: Displays a summary of the current inputs. Results: Displays a summary of the yearly results including road conditions and maintenance backlog. Edit: Allows the user to alter any or all of the data entered. During Edit mode, pressing RETURN selects the displayed value. After editing an input, another menu appears: Edit: Allows the user to change additional inputs. Rerun: Reruns the model using all the updated inputs; the summary screen is displayed, then the resulting graphs (strike any key to continue from a graph) before returning to the main options menu. Quit: Returns to the main options menu without rerunning the model. (THE MODEL MUST BE RERUN FOR ANY DATA CHANGES TO BE INCLUDED IN THE RESULTS) Print: Prints out a report of the model's inputs and results. NOTE: The program is written so that part of the report is printed in compressed print. If your printer does not have compressed print capability, 11" x 14" paper should be used. To change any of the print settings, please refer to the Program Alterations section of the Appendix. Align: Resets the alignment of the paper to the top of the page. Go: Begins the printing process. After the report is printed, the user is returned to the main options menu. Quit: Returns to the main options menu without printing the report. Graph: Allows the user to edit, view, or save/print selected graphs. (Either the road conditions graph or the maintenance backlog graph or both can be selected). Edit: Allows changes to the graph titles and/or subtitles. After selecting which graph(s) to edit, the graph(s) is/are displayed (Strike any key to continue from a graph). Then, at the prompt(s), enter the new title or subtitle. View: Allows the user to view the selected graph(s). (To continue from a graph, strike any key) -9- Save: Allows the user to save the selected graph(s)on Drive B for later printing. After selecting which graph(s) to save, the graph(s) is/are displayed (Strike any key to continue from a graph). At the prompt(s), enter the file name in which to save the graph. The file name can contain up to eight characters and can include uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and the underscore character (_). Space characters and special characters (/,@,|, etc.) are not accepted. If you are using a hard-disk system, there will be a prompt to insert a disk for the B Drive. Insert a new disk and hit any key to save the graphs on a separate disk or just hit any key to save the graphs on the program disk. (On quitting the model, there will be a prompt to insert a disk for Drive A. If you saved the graphs on the program disk, just hit any key; if you used another disk, place the program disk in Drive A.) If you are using a two-disk system, the graphs will automatically be saved on the program disk. (If you wish to save the graphs in a drive other than B, please refer to the Miscellaneous section of the Appendix.) To print the graph, quit the model and use Lotus PrintGraph. From the Lotus Access menu, select PrintGraph. First, make sure the Graphs Directory is set to B: To set the Graphs Directory to B:, from the main PrintGraph menu, select: Settings Hardware Graphs-Directory and type B: (Return) Return to the main menu by Quit Quit Use Image-Select to select the graphs you named earlier Align after adjusting the paper in the printer, then Go to print the graph. (It may take a few minutes to finish printing the graph.) For more complete and detailed information about other options in the PrintGraph program, please refer to the Lotus 1-2-3 manual. Quit: Returns the user to the main options menu. Quit: Returns the user to the Lotus Access menu. -10- PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT FORECASTING MODEL TECHNICAL APPENDIX PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT FORECASTING MODEL TECHNICAL APPENDIX Table of Contents Model and Program Description . . . . Al Annotated Programs . . . . . . A5 Structure Diagrams . . . . . . A12 Installation . . . . . . . A16 Program Alterations . . . . . . A18 Miscellaneous Sample Report . . . . . . A20 Model Screens and Menus . . . . A26 Saying Graphs . . . . . . A36 MODEL AND PROGRAM DESCRIPTIONS The Pavement Management Forecasting Model is a combination of eight files designed for use with Lotus 1-2-3, Release 2, and an appropriate version of DOS. The files, contained on the program disk, are: MODEL.BAT LOGO.TXT MODELA.BAT MENUL.TXT DEFA.BAT MENU2.TXT AUT0123.WK1 MENU3.TXT The batch files (file extension BAT) contain the instructions which run the model during DOS. (The batch file used depends upon the type of system which is being used.) The text files (extension TXT) contain the four introductory screens of the model. Most of the model, however, is contained in the Lotus worksheet file (AUT0123.WKI). Upon beginning the model, either by typing B:MODELA on a two-disk system or A:MODEL on a system with a hard-disk, the instructions of the corresponding batch file are executed. After requesting the current date, the model continues through the four introductory text screens, pausing after each screen for a keystroke before continuing. After the introduction, the model enters Lotus 1-2-3 and automatically retrieves the worksheet file (AUT0123.WK1). This file has two major components, the controlling program and the forecasting calculations, which are described below. (A diagram of the layout of the worksheet is included in the Structure Diagrams section of the Appendix.) Controlling Program: The model continues with the controlling program which is written in Lotus Command Languages as an automatically executing macro. The program controls the input of data and the output of results, directing the user through six data entry screens which are located in the worksheet. The program automatically positions the cursor at the appropriate position for the input and prompts for the needed information. Default values can be selected by striking RETURN without entering any other data. Necessary directions are included throughout the data entry session to inform the user of the status of the program. After the information is entered, the program then calculates the road conditions and the maintenance backlog for each of the 10 years and displays graphs of both over the ten year period. (See page A2 for a description of the forecasting calculations.) After displaying the graphs, the Main Options menu appears, allowing the user several options. These options are: Summary - displays a summary of the current inputs Results - displays a summary of the yearly road conditions and maintenance backlog Edit - allows the alteration of any or all inputs Print - prints out a report of the results Graph - allows the user to edit titles, view, or save (for later printing) selected graphs Quit - return to the Lotus Access menu -A1- Upon selection of a menu command, the program branches to execute that command. The commands of EDIT, PRINT, and GRAPH have submenus that further branch the program. (See the Structure Diagrams section of the Appendix for a diagram of the menus.) Completion of a command returns the program to the Main Options menu for further commands. .(Refer to the Annotated Program section of the Appendix for a complete, step-by-step description of the program.) Forecasting Calculations: This section of the worksheet uses the entered data and performs calculations to forecast future road conditions and maintenance backlog. Beginning with the current road conditions, the model calculates the annual work plan based on the construction costs, estimated funding, and repair strategy. The work plan is determined by the following formulas: Percentage-Based Approach: ST = EAF ______________________________ ST$ + Rh$ x (F/G) + Rc$ x P/G) Rh = EAF ______________________________ ST$ x (G/F) + Rh$ + Rc$ x (P/F) Rc = EAF _______________________________ ST$ x (G/P) + Rh$ x (F/P) + Rc$ Best-first Approach: ST = EAF if G x ST$ > EAF ___ ST$ = G otherwise Rh = EAF - G x ST$ ___________________ Rh$ if ST = G and (EAF - G x ST$) < F x Rh$ = F if ST = G and (EAF - G x ST$) > F x Rh$ = 0 otherwise Rc = EAF - G x ST$ - F x Rh$ if Rh = F and _____________________________ RC$ (EAF - G x ST$ - F x Rh$) > P x Rc$ = P if Rh = F and (EAF G x ST$ - F x Rh$) > P x Rc$ = 0 otherwise -A2- Worst-first Approach: Rc = EAF if P x Rc$ > EAF Rc$ = P otherwise Rh = EAF - P x Rc$ if Rc = P and (EAF - P x Rc$) < F x Rh$ Rh$ = F if Rc = P and (EAF - P x Rc$) > F x Rh$ = 0 otherwise ST = EAF - P x Rc$ F x Rh$ if Rh = F and ___________________________ ST$ (EAF - P x Rc$ - F x Rh$) < G x ST$ = G if Rh = F and (EAF - P x Rc$ - F x Rh$) > G x ST$ = 0 otherwise Where: ST = Number of mile repaired with surface treatments Rh = Number of mile rehabilitated Rc = Number of miles reconstructed EAF = Estimated annual funding ST$ = Costs (per mile) of surface treatments Rh$ = Costs (per mile) of rehabilitation Rc$ = Costs (per mile) of reconstruction G = miles in good condition (during previous year) F = miles in fair condition (during previous year) P = miles in poor condition (during previous year) Conditions: ST <= G Rh <= F Rc <= P Using the inputted deterioration rates, the model also calculates the number of road miles that deteriorate from each condition during each year. The model assumes that the age of the pavements in each condition is uniformly distributed (i.e. If a good road deteriorates to fair in 5 years, 20% of the good pavements will become fair in the next year, and, if left unmaintained, all the current roads in good condition will be in fair (or poor) condition in 5 years). -A3- The model then applies the work plan and the deterioration results to calculate the new road conditions. It then uses these road conditions and calculates the next year's results, continuing this process throughout the ten year period. EXAMPLE: Initial Road Conditions Deterioration Rates Exc. 40 mi Excellent becomes good in 10 years Good 30 mi Good becomes fair in 5 years Fair 20 mi Fair becomes poor in 2 years Poor 50 mi Est. Resulting Construction Costs Funding Work Plan (%-based) Surface Treat. $10,000 Surface Treat 3 ml Rehab. 35,000 $600,000 Rehab. 2 mi Recon. 100,000 Recon. 5 mi Road Conditions ______________________________________________________________________ Change Change Initial (Deterioration) (Work Plan) Resulting Exc. 40 mi -4 +10 46 mi Good 30 mi +4 -6 -3 25 mi Fair 20 mi +6 -10 -2 14 mi Poor 50 mi +10 -5 55 mi _____ _____ ______ ____ ______ TOTAL 140 mi 0 0 140 mi -A4- ANNOTATED PROGRAMS BATCH FILE PROGRAMS MODELa.BAT (used with a two-disk system) ECHO OFF suppresses prompt and command display CLS clears the screen DATE prompts for date TYPE B:LOGO.TXT displays the logo PAUSE waits for a keystroke CLS clears the screen TYPE B:MENUL.TXT displays the first intro. screen PAUSE waits for a keystroke CLS clears the screen TYPE B:MENU2.TXT displays the second intro. screen PAUSE waits for a keystroke CLS clears the screen TYPE B:MENU3.TXT displays the third intro. screen PAUSE waits for a keystroke CLS clears the screen 123 loads Lotus 1-2-3 LOTUS returns the Lotus Access menu MODEL.BAT (used with a hard-disk system) ECHO OFF suppresses prompt and command display CLS clears the screen DATE prompts for date TYPE A:LOGO.TXT displays the logo PAUSE waits for a keystroke CLS clears the screen TYPE A:MENUL.TXT displays the first intro. screen PAUSE waits for a keystroke CLS clears the screen TYPE A:MENU2.TXT displays the second intro. screen PAUSE waits for a keystroke CLS clears the screen TYPE A:MENU3.TXT displays the third intro. screen PAUSE waits for a keystroke CLS clears the screen A:DEFA branches to A:defa.BAT DEFA.BAT COPY A:AUT0123.WK1 C:AUT0123.WK1 copies the woksheet file to the default directory C: changes to the hard drive CD \123 changes to the directory containing 123 123 loads Lotus 1-2-3 CD \ return to the hard-disk main directory DEL AUT0123.WK1 deletes the automatic woksheet from the hard disk CD \123 changes to the directory containing 123 LOTUS returns the Lotus Access menu CD return to the hard-disk main directory -A5- Click HERE for graphic. -A6- Click HERE for graphic. -A7- Click HERE for graphic. -A8- Click HERE for graphic. -A9- Click HERE for graphic. -A10- Click HERE for graphic. -A11- NAMED RANGES IN THE WORKSHEET AE subroutine funding input ARM print output annual results - best-first ARP print output annual results - percent ARR print output annual results - worst-first ASSUMP print output summary of inputs CC subroutine const. costs input DR subroutine det. rates input GMENU subroutine graph choice GRPH subroutine graph creation GTITLE subroutine graph editing MAIN subroutine graph editing - main title MBL graph output backlog - best-first MBRANCH subroutine options menu MEG graph output exc/good - best-first MF graph output fair - best-first MP graph output poor - best-first OOPS subroutine error OOPS2 subroutine error OUTPUT subroutine display result summary PBL graph output backlog - percent PEG graph output exc/good - percent PF graph output fair - percent PP graph output poor - percent PRNT subroutine print report RBL graph output backlog - worst-first RCC subroutine road conditions input method choice RCM subroutine road conditions input - miles RCP subroutine road conditions input - percent RCP1 subroutine road conditions input - percent REG graph output exc/good - worst-first RF graph output fair - worst-first RP graph output poor - worst-first SGRAPH subroutine save graphs STRAT subroutine strategy choice SUB subroutine edit graph subtitles SUM subroutine display input summary SUMM print output results summary - best-first SUMMARY display output input summary screen SUMP print output result summary - percent SUMR print output result summary - worst-first VGRAPH subroutine view graphs VIEW subroutine view graphs YEAR graph output graph X range \O routine main macro -A12- Click HERE for graphic. -A13- Click HERE for graphic. -A14- Click HERE for graphic. -A15- INSTALLATION HARD-DISK SYSTEM The program is based on the assumptions that Lotus 1-2-3, Release 2, is contained in a subdirectory named \123 on the hard disk (Drive C) and that the default directory of Lotus 1-2-3 is the main directory (C:\) of the hard-disk. To check if our system is configured in this manner, follow these instructions: NOTE: Instructions contained in brackets and underlined are for insertion of information particular to your system. After booting the system up in DOS and at the prompt (C>), type DIR/P (Return ) Check the directory to see where Lotus 1-2-3 is located (Look for key words like Lotus or 123) If these key words ate followed by "", at the prompt (C>), type cd {directory name} (Return ) After finding files with names such as 123.EXE, 123.CMP, and other similar files, at the prompt (C>), type cd (Return ) This returns the name of the directory that contains the Lotus files. To check the default drive of Lotus, start 123 by typing 123 (Return ) while in the directory that contains the Lotus files. After the spreadsheet appears, select / Worksheet Global Default Directory This returns the default directory of Lotus. To leave, press RETURN, then select Quit / Quit Yes Then type cd \ (Return ) to return to the main directory -A16- To install the model for a system configured differently than stated above, follow these instructions: Place the program disk in Drive A Type copy con a:defa (Return ) copy a.auto123.wki {default drive} auto123.wki (Return ) c: (Return ) cd {directory containing Lotus} (Return ) 123 (Return ) cd {default drive} (Return ) del autol23.wkl (Return ) cd {directory containing Lotus} (Return ) lotus (Return ) cd \ (Return ) Then strike F6, followed by return. At this point, type A:MODEL (Return ) to start the model. -A17- PROGRAM ALTERATIONS CAUTION: THE PROGRAM IS WRITTEN USING ADVANCED LOTUS MACRO COMMANDS. THE USER SHOULD BE FAMILIAR WITH THESE COMMANDS BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO ALTER THE PROGRAM IN ANY WAY. FOR DESCRIPTIONS AND INFORMATION ABOUT THESE COMMANDS, REFER TO THE LOTUS 1-2-3 MANUAL. ALSO, BEFORE MAKING ANY CHANGES TO THE PROGRAM, BACKUP THE WORKSHEET FILE BY COPYING IT INTO ANOTHER FILE. To make any alterations to the program, you must first enter the Lotus 1-2-3 worksheet containing it. Since the program runs automatically upon the retrieval of the worksheet, follow these instructions: Begin the model. After the initial four screens, the program enters 123. After the 123 logo and the quick worksheet display, strike BREAK while the indicator in,the upper right corner flashes WAIT The computer beeps when the first screen is displayed [WAIT A MOMENT PLEASE] and the indicator flashes ERROR in the upper right corner. At this point, strike BREAK once more. You are now free to move around in the worksheet. CAUTION: MOST OF THE CELLS IN THE WORKSHEET ARE PROTECTED AGAINST OVERWRITE. BEFORE MAKING ANY CHANGES, UNPROTECT THE CELLS BY SELECTING / Range Unprotect AND USING THE ARROW KEYS TO HIGHLIGHT THE REGION TO UNPROTECT AND PRESSING RETURN After making any alterations to the program, save the revised program directly to the program disk by typing: / File Save and entering the complete pathname of the worksheet file on the program disk (i.e. A:autol23 for a hard-drive system or B:autol23 for a two-diskette system). Otherwise, any changes will not be saved. -A18- PRINTER CONTROL CODE To change the printer control code from compressed print to another choice, after entering the worksheet, hit F5 and type AU292 (Return ) This line contains the printer setup string that selects compressed print To change this to another mode (see your printer manual for printer modes available), select / Range Unprotect (Return ) and type the appropriate decimal code, using three digits, followed by RETURN. (Example: The code for Italic Mode is 052) Then, place the program disk in Drive A, hit F5 and type BE121 (Return ) / F S A:AUT0123 (Return ) -A19- ANALYSIS OF MAINTENANCE of Locally Maintained Roads =========== PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT FORECASTING MODEL OUTPUT =========== --------------- ASSUMPTIONS --------------- -------------- 1. Construction Costs (per mile): surface treatment (improves good pavement to excellent condition $11,300 rehabilitation (improves fair pavement to excellent condition $86,300 reconstruction (improves poor pavement to excellent condition $259,900 2. Deterioration Rates: excellent pavement becomes good in 10 years good pavement becomes fair in 5 years fair pavement becomes poor in 2 years 3. Annual Expenditures year 1 $112,770,000 year 2 $112,770,000 year 3 $112,770,000 year 4 $112,770,000 year 5 $112,770,000 year 6 $112,770,000 year 7 $112,770,000 year 8 $112,770,000 year 9 $112,770,000 year 10 $112,770,000 4. Current Road Conditions: miles % of total excellent condition 2456.00 26.9 good condition 2586.00 28.3 fair condition 2812.00 30.8 poor condition 1286.00 14.1 ----------------------------------------------- ------------ total 9140.00 100.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------- BACKLOG (one-time expense needed to $606,128,800 make all roads excellent now) -A20- Click HERE for graphic. -A21- Click HERE for graphic. -A22- Click HERE for graphic. -A23- Click HERE for graphic. -A24- Click HERE for graphic. -A25- Click HERE for graphic. -A26- Click HERE for graphic. -A27- Click HERE for graphic. -A28- Click HERE for graphic. -A29- Click HERE for graphic. -A30- Click HERE for graphic. -A31- Click HERE for graphic. -A32- Click HERE for graphic. -A33- Click HERE for graphic. -A34- Click HERE for graphic. -A35- SAVING GRAPHS Graphs produced by the model may be saved on a Drive other than the B Drive. To do so, simply type a path name as part of the file name in which to save the graph. EXAMPLE: Typing C:\123\grphname at the prompt asking for the graph file name would store the graph in a subdirectory named \123 on Drive C. (The subdirectory must be previously named.) Remember to specify the Drive (and directory) in which the graphs are saved as the graphs-directory when using PrintGraph. -A36-
