Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Daniel Sechrist John Jones Publication_Date: 2001 Title: Collier County FL soil map Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: GIS layer Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/jjones/jjones.html Description: Abstract: The data sets consist of two files, an ARC/INFO shape file with associated files and an ARC/INFO export file, of a composite of soil maps for Collier County, Florida issued by the Soil Conservation Service in March, 1954. The data is at 1:40,000 scale. Purpose: Getting geographic information into a form that can be analyzed in a Geographic Information System (GIS) has always been a labor-intensive process. Graphic information was historically captured using variations of manual digitizing techniques. Users either digitized directly from printed materials on digitizing tablets or tables or by a variation of heads-up digitizing from scanned graphics displayed on computer monitors. Data collection involves considerable interaction between the user and a computer to capture and manipulate graphical data into a GIS layers. By using inexpensive image processing software to process and manipulate scanned images before processing these images in the GIS, features can be semi-automatically extracted from the scanned graphics, virtually eliminating the process of manual delineation. Common photo editing techniques combined with GIS expertise can dramatically decrease the time required to collect GIS data layers. Supplemental_Information: The mentioning of specific software brands or registered trademarks does not constitute a commercial endorsement; their mention is done for clarity only. Mention of software products in the description of graphic processing techniques should be viewed as a use of available tools and not a recommendation for a software product. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1947 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -81.85 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -80.85 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 26.54 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 25.79 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Theme_Keyword: soils Theme_Keyword: geology Theme_Keyword: mapping Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: environment Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover Theme_Keyword: 007 Theme_Keyword: 010 Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Department of Commerce, 1995, Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions, Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 10-4, Washington, D.C., National Institute of Standards and Technology Place_Keyword: United States Place_Keyword: US Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1987, Codes for the identification of the States, the District of Columbia and the outlying areas of the United States, and associated areas (Federal Information Processing Standard 5-2): Washington, D. C., NIST Place_Keyword: Florida Place_Keyword: FL Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Department of Commerce, 1990, Counties and Equivalent Entities of the United States, Its Possessions, and Associated Areas, FIPS 6-3, Washington, DC, National Institute of Standards and Technology Place_Keyword: Collier County Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Place_Keyword: SW Big Cypress Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: Techniques described in the process description should be viewed as suggestions only. Because source graphics vary in color and quality and because scanners vary between manufacturers, it is highly unlikely that the techniques described will achieve the same results in all circumstances. This project will however, describe several basic tools and techniques to use these tools that, with some trial and error and experimentation, will improve productivity. This documentation describes methods used to collect linear map features. The same commercial products could be used to collect polygon features. However, some different tools and techniques would be used. Polygon delineation, though obviously important, will not be described here. The methods used to complete this project were developed out of necessity. Time constraints imposed on the data collection process mandated that innovative solutions be developed in order to meet these time constraints. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: John W. Jones Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 521 National Center City: Reston State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 20192 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703 648-5543 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jwjones@usgs.gov Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/jjones/col-dade-sm.gif Browse_Graphic_File_Description: image of the composite vintage soil maps for Collier County Browse_Graphic_File_Type: GIF Data_Set_Credit: Daniel Sechrist of the Mapping Applications Center, National Mapping Division, USGS, developed the techniques used to create the GIS layers. The original maps were produced by the USDA Soil Conservation Service in cooperation with the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Ideal 48 inch pinch roll scanner for scanning the original maps, Adobe Photoshop for image processing. ARC 7.2.1 and ArcView 3.2 were used during the process. Cross_Reference: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Publication_Date: 195403 Title: Collier County, Florida Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: report Series_Information: Series_Name: Soil Survey - Detailed Reconnaisance Issue_Identification: Series 1942, No. 8 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, DC Publisher: U.S. Department of Agriculture Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: All lines in the raster file created by scanning the paper maps were inspected for connectivity. Broken line segments resulting from dashed line symbology in the source maps were connected as necessary. The data are topologically clean. Completeness_Report: All polygons in the source maps are captured in the data sets. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: not available Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Department of Agriculture Univeristy of Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Publication_Date: 195804 Title: Soil Map Dade County - Florida Sheet 1 Series_Information: Series_Name: Soil Survey Detailed Reconnaisance Issue_Identification: Series 1947, No. 4 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington DC Publisher: U.S. Department of Agriculture Source_Scale_Denominator: 40000 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1947 Time_of_Day: Unknown Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Collier1 Source_Contribution: Provided source for soil information as of 1947 Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Dpeartment of Agriculture Florida Agriculture Experiment Station Publication_Date: 195403 Title: Soil Map Collier County - Florida Sheet 2 Series_Information: Series_Name: Soil Survey Detailed Reconnaisance Issue_Identification: Series 1942, No. 8 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, DC Publisher: U. S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service Source_Scale_Denominator: 40000 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1947 Time_of_Day: Unknown Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Collier2 Source_Contribution: Provided source for soil information as of 1947 Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Department of Agriculture Florida Agriculture Experiment Station Publication_Date: 195403 Title: Soil Map Collier County - Florida Sheet 3 Series_Information: Series_Name: Soil Survey Detailed Reconnaisance Issue_Identification: Series 1942, No. 8 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington DC Publisher: U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service Source_Scale_Denominator: 40000 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1947 Time_of_Day: Unknown Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Collier3 Source_Contribution: Provided source for soil information as of 1947 Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Department of Agriculture Florida Agriculture Experiment Station Publication_Date: 195403 Title: Soil Map Collier County - Florida Sheet 4 Series_Information: Series_Name: Soil Survey Detailed Reconnaisance Issue_Identification: Seris 1942, No. 8 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, DC Publisher: U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service Source_Scale_Denominator: 40000 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1947 Time_of_Day: Unknown Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Collier4 Source_Contribution: Provided source for soil information as of 1947 Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Department of Agriculture Florida Agriculture Experiment Station Publication_Date: 195403 Title: Soil Map Collier County - Florida Sheet 5 Series_Information: Series_Name: Soil Survey Detailed Reconnaisance Issue_Identification: Series 1942, No. 8 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, DC Publisher: U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service Source_Scale_Denominator: 40000 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1947 Time_of_Day: Unknown Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Collier5 Source_Contribution: Provided source for soil information as of 1947 Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Department of Agriculture Florida Agriculture Experiment Station Publication_Date: 195403 Title: Soil Map Collier County - Florida Sheet 6 Series_Information: Series_Name: Soil Survey Detailed Reconnaisance Issue_Identification: Series 1942, No. 8 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington DC Publisher: U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service Source_Scale_Denominator: 40000 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1947 Time_of_Day: Unknown Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Collier6 Source_Contribution: Provided source for soil information as of 1947 Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Department of Agriculture Florida Agriculture Experiment Station Publication_Date: 195403 Title: Soil Map Collier County - Florida Sheet 7 Series_Information: Series_Name: Soil Survey Detailed Reconnaisance Issue_Identification: Series 1942, No. 8 Source_Scale_Denominator: 40000 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1947 Time_of_Day: Unknown Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Collier7 Source_Contribution: Provided source for soil information as of 1947 Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: U.S. Department of Agriculture Florida Agriculture Experiment Station Publication_Date: 195403 Title: Soil Map Collier County - Florida Sheet 8 Series_Information: Series_Name: Soil Survey Detailed Reconnaisance Issue_Identification: Series 1942, No.8 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Washington, DC Publisher: U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service Source_Scale_Denominator: 40000 Type_of_Source_Media: paper Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 1947 Time_of_Day: Unknown Source_Currentness_Reference: ground condition Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Collier8 Source_Contribution: Provided source for soil information as of 1947 Process_Step: Process_Description: The deliverables for a USGS South Florida PBS (Place Based Studies) project were GIS data layers derived from vintage soils maps. Eight, 30-minute by 15-minute, 1:40,000-scale maps covered Collier County. Two GIS layers were created for Collier County. Scanning the Maps: The scanner was an Ideal 48 inch pinch roller scanner. The Ideal scanner came with proprietary image processing software. However, the Ideal software was not used, because using the proprietary software would make the scanner unavailable to other users. Adobe PhotoShop was available on workstations and was a familiar tool to the data collection team. Consequently, PhotoShop became the selected image processing software. Initially, the maps were scanned at 400 Pixels Per Inch (PPI). This preserved the greatest amount of graphic detail but resulted in files that were too large to be practical. For the larger maps stored with 24-bit image depth, file sizes were in the neighborhood of 500 megabytes. These 400 PPI images were saved for archival purposes only. The images used to extract the graphic features were resampled. Initial Processing: In Photoshop the 400 PPI images were resampled to 200 PPI. The maps could have been rescanned however, there was virtually no time savings to be gained by rescanning so the images were resampled to produce the 200 PPI images. At this point in the processing it is necessary to view the color pallet and select an easily distinguishable and contrasting color to the majority of the colors in the scanned image. By using one of the "Paint Brush" tools or "Pens" it is necessary to place a moderately large swatch of this color in the margin of the image. An ideal location for this swatch is in the upper left corner of the image. This swatch will serve more than one purpose the second of which will be described in greater depth later in this document. Further processing can now be done to change the images "Mode" to 8-bit "Indexed Color". By converting the image from 24-bit to indexed color, the image file size was dramatically reduced. The "Indexed Color" image should be viewed. The contrasting swatch should be visible and in an acceptable color. If the color of the swatch has changed and is no longer unique, the painted area should be made larger so that it is not changed during the indexing process. The number of unique colors in the image is now reduced from potentially millions to approximately 25. The number 25 was selected as the number of unique colors to be retained in the output image. This number was somewhat arbitrarily selected, but represents roughly twice the number of unique colors used to print the original maps. The intent of indexing the colors is to reduce the colors in the image to a manageable level while not reducing them to the point where similar colors begin to coalesce. For instance, the image will now have more than one color of blue, but it will not have many more than perhaps four or five. The same should be true of all of the other colors in the image, there may be more than one shade of black but the color black is stored separately from blue. Colors should be distinguishable. The contrasting color added to the margin should be present and unique. Once satisfied with the pixel size, the number of colors, and the presence of a unique user added color, feature processing can begin. Save this image with a new image name. Set-up and Color Manipulations: Before beginning the feature extraction process some Photoshop parameters need to be set. Click on the "Selection Tool", look for the "Magic Wand". In the "Magic Wand Options" window, set the tolerance to 1 and make sure the "Anti-Aliased" box is not checked. For this project, virtually all of the polygons to be collected were bound by black outlines. Therefore, the color black is the color that needs to be distinguishable from all others. If there appears to be a great number of pixels that are not black but should be black, they should be changed now. Most of the time all of the colors are well defined and distinguishable so that they can be processed without additional color manipulations. Sometimes though, the color of pixels changes slightly where color changes on the map occur. For instance, where a black line borders a white area, some of the pixels may have been stored as gray. With the Magic Wand select a gray pixel that should have been black. Notice that all adjacent pixels of the same color are also highlighted. From the "Select" pull down menu choose similar. All pixels of that color will be highlighted. With the "Hand Tool" scroll through the image to evaluate whether or not these pixels should be changed to black. Assuming that some gray pixels should be converted to black, click on the "Eye Dropper" tool. With the Eye Dropper a new foreground color can be chosen. Select black as the new foreground color from either the color pallet window or from the image. To change the gray pixels to black, click on "Fill" from the "Edit" pull down window. Use the "Foreground Color" and select "OK". All of the gray pixels that should be black have been changed to black. Assuming that either the colors were acceptable as scanned or that similar colors were converted, processing can continue. Creating an Image Overlay: With the "Magic Wand" select a black pixel. Notice that all adjacent black pixels will also be selected. Choose "Similar" from the "Select" menu. Notice that all of the black pixels are selected. Click on the "Select" pull down menu. Choose "Modify" then "Expand". In the dialog box enter "1" and click on "OK" to expand the selected set by one pixel. The selected set will now include all of the black pixels as well as any pixel that is within a radius of "1" from a black pixel. Click on the "Eye Dropper" tool and select the bright, contrasting color that was added to the image before converting the image to "Indexed Color". From the "Edit" pull down menu select "Fill" with foreground color and click on "OK". All of the selected pixels should have changed color. Save this image to a new name. There should be three versions of the image saved at this time. Image 1 should be the 200 PPI image with 24-bit color. Image 2 should be the 200 PPI image with 8-bit indexed color. Image 3 should be 200 PPI 8-bit, indexed color with all of the black line work, and probably text too, in the contrasting bright color. Overlaying the Images: Open both Image 2, the indexed color image and Image 3, the image with the brightly colored delineations. With the contrasting color image (Image 3) active, use the "Magic Wand" to select one of the brightly colored pixels. From the "Select" pull down menu, choose "Similar". All of the brightly colored pixels should be highlighted. From the "Edit" pull down menu, choose "Copy" to put the selected set into a buffer. Make Image 2 the indexed color image active. From the "Edit" pull down menu, choose "Paste" to place the information that was stored in the buffer on top of the indexed image. Close Image 3 the contrasting color image. Remember to save Image 2 the indexed color image that now has the brightly colored selection pasted on top of it to a new file name so that none of the previous images are overwritten. Raster Editing: Before beginning to edit the combined image be sure that there is nothing selected. Click on the "Select" pull down menu and choose "Deselect". Edits will only be possible within the selected set. If nothing is selected, the entire image is editable. The image may appear somewhat messy. Text may be displayed in the bright contrasting color along with other features that would not be desirable in the final vectorized product. This technique relies strongly on the concept that it is much easier to delete elements that are not wanted than it is to add elements manually. With the "History Brush" tool selected choose a brush size that is comfortable from the "Brushes" pallet. By erasing all of the elements that are not to be vectorized with the "History Brush", what remains will be the line work for the raster to vector conversion. If line work is accidentally deleted, it can easily be recovered by going backward one step in the history pallet. If additional line work needs to be captured, it can be added by tracing over the image with a "Paint Brush" or "Air Brush" as long as it is added using the selected bright color. Line work should be inspected for connectivity. It may be necessary to connect broken line segments especially if dashed line symbology was used to produce the source graphic. This method of capturing line work may seem time consuming and laborious, it is! However, through experimentation and practice considerable time-savings can be achieved. Be sure to capture the neatline or corner tics. Without them geo-registration will not be possible. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Collier1 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Collier2 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Collier3 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Collier4 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Collier5 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Collier6 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Collier7 Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: Collier8 Process_Date: 200011 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: John W. Jones Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 521 National Center City: Reston State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 20192 Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703 648-5543 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: jwjones@usgs.gov Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Indirect_Spatial_Reference: Collier County Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: Area chain Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 38179 SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: GT-polygon composed of chains Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 19850 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 17 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.9996 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -81 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0 False_Easting: 500000 False_Northing: 0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: Coordinate Pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 200 Ordinate_Resolution: 200 Planar_Distance_Units: pixels per inch Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1983 Ellipsoid_Name: Geodetic Reference System 80 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257 Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Heather S.Henkel Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 600 Fourth St. South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext 3028 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2030 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: hhenkel@usgs.gov Resource_Description: Collier County soil map shape file Distribution_Liability: No warrantees are implied or explicit for the data Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: shape file Format_Version_Number: 7.2.1 Format_Information_Content: ARC/INFO shape file Transfer_Size: 44 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/jjones/jjones.html Access_Instructions: Log onto the SOFIA web site at http://sofia.usgs.gov Fees: none Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Heather S.Henkel Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: 600 Fourth St. South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext 3028 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2030 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: hhenkel@usgs.gov Resource_Description: Collier County export file Distribution_Liability: No warrantees are implied or explicit for the data Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: ARCE Format_Version_Number: 7.2.1 Format_Information_Content: ARC/INFO export file Transfer_Size: 54 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://sofia.usgs.gov/exchange/jjones/jjones.html Access_Instructions: Log onto the SOFIA web site at http://sofia.usgs.gov Fees: none Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20061002 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: Heather Henkel Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: 600 Fourth Street South City: St. Petersburg State_or_Province: FL Postal_Code: 33701 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 727 803-8747 ext 3028 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 727 803-2030 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sofia-metadata@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998