Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

Unit XI (C) 

COURSE TITLE Building Design for Homeland Security for Continuity of Operations 
(COOP) Train-the-Trainer TIME 45 minutes 
UNIT TITLE Electronic Security Systems 

OBJECTIVES 1. Explain the basic concepts of electronic security system 
components, their capabilities, and their interaction with other 
systems. 

2. Describe the electronic security system concepts and practices that 
warrant special attention to enhance public safety. 
3. Use the assessment process to identify electronic security system 
requirements that can mitigate vulnerabilities. 
4. Justify selection of electronic security systems to mitigate 
vulnerabilities. 
SCOPE The following topics will be covered in this unit: 

1. Perimeter layout and zoning of sensors. 
2. Intrusion detection systems and sensor technologies. 
3. Entry-control systems and electronic entry control technologies. 
4. Closed circuit television and data-transmission media. 
5. Control centers and building management systems. 
6. Definitions of the degree of security and control. 
REFERENCES 1. FEMA 426, Reference Manual to Mitigate Potential Terrorist 
Attacks Against Buildings: 

a. Pages 3-46 to 3-50 
b. Appendix D 
c. Security Systems and Security Master Plan sections of 
Building Vulnerability Checklist, pages 1-81 and 1-92 
2. Case Study – Appendix C: COOP, Cooperville Information / 
Business Center 
3. Student Manual, Unit XI (C) (info only – do not list in SM) 
4. Unit XI (C) visuals (info only – do not list in SM) 
REQUIREMENTS 1. FEMA 426, Reference Manual to Mitigate Potential Terrorist 
Attacks Against Buildings(one per student) 

IG XI-C-1



Unit XI (C) 

2. Instructor Guide, Unit XI (C) 
3. Student Manual, COOP Case Study (C) (one per student) 
4. Overhead projector or computer display unit 
5. Unit XI (C) visuals 
6. Risk Matrix poster and box of dry-erase markers (one per team) 
7. Chart paper, easel, and markers (one per team) 
UNIT XI (C) OUTLINE Time Page 

XI. Electronic Security Systems 45 minutes IG XI-C-1 
1. Introduction and Unit Overview 3 minutes IG XI-C-5 
2. Perimeter Layout and Zoning Sensors 1 minute IG XI-C-7 
3. Intrusion Detection Systems and Technology 12 minutes IG XI-C-8 
4. Entry Control Systems and Technology 5 minutes IG XI-C-16 
5. CCTV Systems and Data Transmission Media 1 minute IG XI-C-23 
6. Security Operations Center 1 minute IG XI-C-23 
7. Summary/Student Activity/Transition 2 minutes IG XI-C-24 
8. Activity: Electronic Security Systems 20 minutes IG XI-C-27 
(Version (C) - COOP) 
[15 minutes for students, 5 minutes for review] 
PREPARING TO TEACH THIS UNIT 

• Tailoring Content to the Local Area: This is a generic instruction unit that does not have 
any specific capability for linking to the Local Area. However, this unit comes after Units IX 
and X where Local Area content is most easily inserted and this instruction unit supplements 
Units IX and X. Then, as appropriate, locally oriented discussion can be inserted, especially 
if done in conjunction with the Case Study. 
• Optional Activity: There are no optional activities in this unit. 
• Activity: The students will complete their familiarization with the Case Study materials. The 
Case Study is a risk assessment and analysis of mitigation options and strategies for a typical 
commercial office building located in a mixed urban-suburban environment business park. 
The assessment uses the DoD Antiterrorism Standards and the GSA Interagency Security 
IG XI-C-2



Unit XI (C) 

Criteria to determine Levels of Protection and identify specific vulnerabilities. Mitigation 
options and strategies will use the concepts provided in FEMA 426 and other FEMA 
publications related to risk management, emergency planning, and disaster recovery. 

• Refer students to their Student Manuals for worksheets and activities. 
• Direct students to the appropriate page (Unit #) in the Student Manual. 
• Instruct the students to read the activity instructions found in the Student Manual. 
• Tell students how long they have to work on the requirements. 
• While students are working, all instructors should closely observe the groups’ process and 
progress. If any groups are struggling, immediately assist them by clarifying the assignment 
and providing as much help as is necessary for the groups to complete the requirement in the 
allotted time. Also, monitor each group for full participation of all members. For example, 
ask any student who is not fully engaged a question that requires his/her viewpoint to be 
presented to the group. 
• At the end of the working period, reconvene the class. 
• After the students have completed the assignment, “walk through” the activity with the 
students during the plenary session. Call on different teams to provide the answer(s) for each 
question. After each response simply ask if anyone disagrees. If the answer is correct and no 
one disagrees, state that the answer is correct and move on to the next requirement. If there is 
disagreement, provide the “school solution” and move on. 
• For this activity, the assessment of the building’s security systems in greater depth may 
prompt the groups to adjust the vulnerability ratings in their Risk Matrix, with resultant 
changes to risk ratings. 
• If time is short, simply provide the “school solution” and ask for questions. Do not end the 
activity without ensuring that students know if their answers are correct or at least on the 
right track. 
• Ask for and answer questions. 
Editor Note: Two methods have been used in Instructor Guides to ensure the slide designation 
and slide thumbnail in the left column aligns with the Content/Activity in the right 
column. 

(1) Highlight row by placing cursor in left column until arrow shifts to right, Tab 
<Insert>, <Break>, <select Page Break>, <OK> 
(2) Highlight row as in (1), right click on highlighted row for menu, <Table Properties>, 
Tab <Row>, remove check in box <Allow row to break across pages> 
(3) Alternate for (2), highlight row, click on <Table> at top of screen, <Table 
Properties> and continue like (2) 
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Unit XI (C) 

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IG XI-C-4



Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

VISUAL XI-C-1 


BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI
Electronic Security
Systems



VISUAL XI-C-2 


Unit Objectives 

Explain the basis concepts of electronic security system 
components, their capabilities, and their interaction with 
other systems. 

Describe the electronic security system concepts and 
practices that warrant special attention to enhance public 
safety. 

Use the Building Vulnerability Assessment Checklist to 
identify electronic security system requirements that can 
mitigate vulnerabilities. 

Justify selection of electronic security systems to mitigate 
vulnerabilities. 


BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-2 

Introduction and Unit Overview 

This is Unit XI Electronic Security Systems 
(ESS). This unit will describe the types of 
sensors, concepts of operation of electronic 
security systems, and terminology used in the 
industry. 

Unit Objectives 

At the end of this unit, the students should be 
able to: 

1. Explain the basis concepts of electronic 
security system components, their 
capabilities, and their interaction with 
other systems. 
2. Describe the electronic security system 
concepts and practices that warrant special 
attention to enhance public safety. 
3. Use the Building Vulnerability 
Assessment Checklist (Table 1-22, pages 
1-81 to 1-89 of FEMA 426) to identify 
electronic security system requirements 
that are needed to mitigate vulnerabilities. 
4. Justify selection of electronic security 
systems to mitigate vulnerabilities. 
IG XI-C-5



Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

VISUAL XI-C-3 


Electronic Security System (ESS) 
Concepts 

• Basic concepts of site security systems 
•Use of ESS 
• General ESS Description 
• ESS Design Considerations 
BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-3 

Electronic Security Systems Concepts 

The Building Vulnerability Assessment 
Checklist, Section 12 (Table 1-22, pages 181 to 1-89 of FEMA 426) can be used for the 
assessment of security systems. Security 
systems historically have been designed, 
installed, serviced, and monitored by physical 
security companies, typically after the 
completion of the building. New Internet and 
wireless technologies have significantly 
changed the way in which security systems 
are designed and now incorporation of 
security system design and processes should 
begin at the earliest stages of design or 
renovation. An electronic security system is 
the physical implementation of the elements 
of the Layers of Defense: 

• Deter 
• Detect 
• Deny 
• Devalue 
In this unit, the student should have an 
appreciation for: 

• Basic concepts of ESS 
• Use of ESS 
• General ESS Description 
• ESS Design Considerations 
Fundamental objective: 

Provide appropriate, effective, and 

economical protective design for assets. 

Approach: 

Coordinated effort between security, law 

enforcement, and engineering 

communities. 

IG XI-C-6



Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

VISUAL XI-C-4 


BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-4 
Perimeter Zone 
FEMA 452, Figure 2-2: Layers of Defense, p. 2-3 
VISUAL XI-C-5 


Perimeter Zone 


Zone 9 Zone 8 Zone 7 


Zone 4 
one 2 
3 
Zone 5 

Zone 1 

Zone 11 

Zone 10 

Zone 6 

Adapted from FEMA 426, Figure 2-2: Dispersed Facilities, p. 2-8 

BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-5 

Perimeter Zone 

The protection of a facility is designed with 
layers of defense, detection, and response. 
Before we discuss security systems, we need 
to review several basic concepts: 

• A protected area’s perimeter is usually 
defined by an enclosing wall or fence, or a 
natural barrier, such as water. For exterior 
sensors to be effective, the perimeter 
around which they are to be deployed must 
be precisely defined. 
Perimeter Zone and Layers of Defense 

• First layer of defense is from the perimeter 
outward (either fenceline or owned 
property). 
• Second layer of defense is between the 
perimeter and the building. 
• Third layer of defense is the building 
envelope. 
• A fourth layer of defense may be a room 
inside the building. 
Perimeter Layout and Zoning Sensors 

• After the perimeter has been defined, the 
next step is to divide it into specific 
detection zones. The length of each 
detection zone is determined by evaluating 
the contour, the existing terrain, and the 
operational activities along the perimeter. 
• The exterior and interior Intrusion and 
Detection Systems should be configured as 
layers of unbroken rings concentrically 
surrounding the asset. These rings should 
correspond to defensive layers that 
constitute the delay system. The first 
detection layer is located at the outermost 
defensive layer necessary to provide the 
required delay. Detection layers can be on 
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Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

a defensive layer, in the area between two 
defensive layers, or on the asset itself, 
depending on the delay required. 
•If an alarm occurs in a specific zone, the 
operator can readily determine its 
approximate location by referring to a map 
of the perimeter. 
VISUAL XI-C-6 
BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-6 
CCTVIntrusion Detection Systems 
CCTV 
Motion 
Sensors 
Old Generation New Generation 
Motion Sensors 
Source: Protech Source: Protech 
This slide shows old generation and new 
generation CCTV cameras and motion 
detectors. 
Intrusion Detection Systems 
There are a number of different sensor 
technologies: 
•Boundary Penetration Sensors 
•Volumetric Motion Sensors 
•Exterior Intrusion Detection Sensors 
•Fence Sensors 
•Buried Line Sensors 
•Microwave Sensors 
•Infrared Sensors 
•Video Motion Sensors 
VISUAL XI-C-7 
BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-7 
Boundary Penetration Sensors 
1. Structural Vibration Sensors 
2. Glass Break (GB) -both acoustical and contact mount 
3. Balanced Magnetic 
Switches (BMS) -
doors, windows, 
and hatches 
4. Passive Ultrasonic Sensors 
5. Grid Wire Sensors 
12 
3 
4 
5 
Adapted from DARPA Perimeter Security Sensor Technologies Handbook, 
July 1998, p. 1-13 
Boundary Penetration Sensors 
•Structural Vibration Sensors 
•Glass Breaking Sensors 
•Balanced Magnetic Switches 
•Passive Ultrasonic Sensors 
•Grid Wire Sensors 
Structural vibration sensors detect low-
frequency energy generated in an attempted 
penetration of a physical barrier (such as a 
wall or a ceiling) by hammering, drilling, 
cutting, detonating explosives, (subterranean 
digging) or employing other forcible methods 
of entry. 
Glass breaking sensors detect the breaking 
IG XI-C-8



Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

of glass. The noise from breaking glass 
consists of frequencies in both the audible 
and ultrasonic range. (This type of sensor 
should not be used without another sensor 
type). 

Balanced magnetic switches (BMSs) are 
typically used to detect the opening of a door. 
These sensors can also be used on windows, 
hatches, gates, or other structural devices that 
can be opened to gain entry. 

Passive ultrasonic sensors detect acoustical 
energy in the ultrasonic frequency range, 
typically between 20 and 30 kilohertz (kHz). 
They are used to detect an attempted 
penetration through rigid barriers (such as 
metal or masonry walls, ceilings, and floors), 
and windows and vents covered by metal 
grilles, shutters, or bars if these openings are 
properly sealed against outside sounds. 

Grid wire sensors consist of a continuous 
electrical wire arranged in a grid pattern. The 
wire maintains an electrical current. An alarm 
is generated when the wire is broken. The 
sensor detects forced entry through walls, 
floors, ceilings, doors, windows, and other 
barriers. (This type sensor can be used well 
with structural vibration sensors). 

IG XI-C-9



Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

VISUAL XI-C-8 


Volumetric Motion Sensors 

Designed to detect intruder motion within the interior of 
the protected volume 

. Microwave Motion Sensors 
. Passive Infrared (PIR) Motion Sensors 
. Dual Technology Sensors 
. Video Motion Sensors 
. Point Sensors 
. Capacitance Sensors 
. Pressure Mats 
. Pressure Switches 
BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-8 

Volumetric Motion Sensors 

Designed to detect intruder motion within the 
interior of the protected volume: 

• Microwave Motion Sensors 
• Passive Infrared (PIR) Motion Sensors 
• Dual Technology Sensors 
• Video Motion Sensors 
• Point Sensors 
• Capacitance Sensors 
• Pressure Mats 
• Pressure Switches 
Microwave motion sensors use high-
frequency electromagnetic energy to detect 
an intruder’s motion within the protected 
area. Interior or sophisticated microwave 
motion sensors are normally used. 

Interior microwave motion sensors are 
typically monostatic; the transmitter and the 
receiver are housed in the same enclosure 
(transceiver). 

Sophisticated microwave motion sensors 

may be equipped with electronic range 
gating. This feature allows the sensor to 
ignore the signals reflected beyond the 
settable detection range. Range gating may 
be used to effectively minimize unwanted 
alarms from activity outside the protected 
area. 

Passive infrared (PIR) motion sensors 

detect a change in the thermal energy pattern 
caused by a moving intruder and initiate an 
alarm when the change in energy satisfies the 
detector’s alarm criteria. These sensors are 
passive devices because they do not transmit 
energy; they monitor the energy radiated by 
the surrounding environment. 

Dual technology sensors combine two 
different technologies in one unit to minimize 
the generation of alarms caused by sources 

IG XI-C-10



Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

other than intruders. 

• Stereo Doppler is a dual channel 
microwave design. The combination of 
a Microwave (MW) Sensor and a 
Passive Infrared Sensor (PIR) must 
activate simultaneously to create an 
alarm. 
Video motion sensors generate an alarm 
when an intruder enters a selected portion of 
a CCTV camera’s field of view. The sensor 
processes and compares successive images 
between the images against predefined alarm 
criteria. There are two categories of video 
motion detectors, analog and digital. Analog 
detectors generate an alarm in response to 
changes in a picture’s contrast. Digital 
devices convert selected portions of the 
analog video signal into digital data that are 
compared with data converted previously; if 
differences exceed preset limits, an alarm is 
generated. The signal processor usually 
provides an adjustable window that can be 
positioned anywhere on the video image. 

Point sensors are used to protect specific 
objects within a facility. These sensors 
(sometimes referred to as proximity sensors) 
detect an intruder coming in close proximity 
to, touching, or lifting an object. Several 
different types are available, including 
capacitance sensors, pressure mats, and 
pressure switches. 

Capacitance sensors detect an intruder 
approaching or touching a metal object by 
sensing a change in capacitance between the 
object and the ground. Think of some types 
of car alarms. 

Pressure mats generate an alarm when 
pressure is applied to any part of the mat’s 
surface, such as when someone steps on the 
mat. 

IG XI-C-11



Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

VISUAL XI-C-9 


BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-9 
Exterior Intrusion Detection 
Strain Sensitive Cable 
Fiber Optic Cable, Bistatic/Monostatic Microwave, Active 
Infrared, and Ported Coax 
Dual Technology 
(PIR/MW) 
Video Motion 
First Layer of Defense Source: Protech 
Explosion Proof 
Pressure switches are mechanically 
activated contact switches or single ribbon 
switches. 

Exterior Intrusion Detection Sensors 

• Strain Sensitive Cable - fences and gates 
• Fiber Optic Cable - fences, gates, and 
gravel pathways 
• Bistatic/Monostatic Microwave - line of 
sight, clear zones 
• Active Infrared - portals, short perimeter 
gap filters 
• Ported Coax - exterior clear zones 
• Dual Technology (PIR/MW) - portals and 
gap fillers 
• Video Motion - volumetric traffic, open 
areas 
Exterior intrusion detection sensors are 
customarily used to detect an intruder 
crossing the boundary of a protected area. 
They can also be used in clear zones between 
fences or around buildings, for protecting 
materials and equipment stored outdoors 
within a protected boundary, or in estimating 
the POD (Probability of Detection) for 
buildings and other facilities. 

Because of the nature of the outdoor 
environment, exterior sensors are also more 
susceptible to nuisance and environmental 
alarms than interior sensors. Inclement 
weather conditions (e.g., heavy rain, hail, and 
high wind), vegetation, the natural variation 
of the temperature of objects in the detection 
zone, blowing debris, and animals are major 
sources of unwanted alarms. 

The combination of MW (Microwave) and 
PIR (Passive Infrared) works well to 
eliminate weather, birds/animals, vegetation, 
blowing debris, hail etc from causing false 

IG XI-C-12



Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

VISUAL XI-C-10 


BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-10 
Fence Sensors 
Strain sensitive cables 
Taut wire sensors 
Fiber optic sensors 
Capacitance proximity sensors 
First Layer of Defense 
Army TM 5-853-4, Electronic Security Systems, pgs. 5-3 and 5-4 
alarms. 

Fence Sensors 

• Strain sensitive cables 
• Taut wire sensors 
• Fiber optic sensors 
• Capacitance proximity sensors 
Fence sensors detect attempts to penetrate a 
fence around a protected area. Penetration 
attempts (e.g., climbing, cutting, or lifting) 
generate mechanical vibrations and stresses 
in fence fabric and posts that are usually 
different than those caused by natural 
phenomena like wind and rain. 

Strain sensitive cables are transducers that 
are uniformly sensitive along their entire 
length. They generate an analog voltage 
when subject to mechanical distortions or 
stress resulting from fence motion. 

Taut wire sensors combine a physically 
taut-wire barrier with an intrusion detection 
sensor network. The taut wire sensor consists 
of a column of uniformly spaced horizontal 
wires up to several hundred feet in length and 
securely anchored at each end. 

Fiber optic sensors are functionally 
equivalent to the strain-sensitive cable 
sensors previously discussed. However, 
rather than electrical signals, modulated light 
is transmitted down the cable and the 
resulting received signals are processed to 
determine whether an alarm should be 
initiated. 

Capacitance proximity sensors measure the 
electrical capacitance between the ground 
and an array of sense wires. Any variations in 
capacitance, such as that caused by an 
intruder approaching or touching one of the 
sense wires, initiates an alarm. 

IG XI-C-13



Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

VISUAL XI-C-11 


Buried Line Sensors 


First Layer of Defense 


Army TM 5-853-4, Electronic Security Systems, p. 5-6 

BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-11 

VISUAL XI-C-12 


BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-12 
Microwave Sensors 
Bistatic System Monostatic System 
First Layer of Defense 
Microwave beam 
Transceiver 
Army TM 5-853-4, Electronic Security Systems, pgs. 5-15 and 5-7 
Buried Line Sensors 

A buried line sensor system consists of 
detection probes or cable buried in the 
ground, typically between two fences that 
form an isolation zone. These devices are 
wired to an electronic processing unit. The 
processing unit generates an alarm if an 
intruder passes through the detection field. 

Buried line sensors have several significant 
features: 

• They are hidden, making them difficult 
to detect and circumvent. 
• They follow the terrain’s natural 
contour.
• They do not physically interfere with 
human activity, such as grass mowing 
or snow removal. 
• They are affected by certain 
environmental conditions, such as 
running water and ground freeze/thaw 
cycles. 
Microwave (MW) Sensors 

• Bistatic system 
• Monostatic 
Microwave intrusion detection sensors are 
categorized as bistatic or monostatic. Bistatic 
sensors use transmitting and receiving 
antennas located at opposite ends of the 
microwave link, whereas monostatic sensors 
use the same antenna. 

A bistatic system uses a transmitter and a 
receiver that are typically separated by 100 to 
1,200 feet and that are within direct line of 
sight of each other. 

Monostatic microwave sensors use the same 
antenna or virtually coincident antenna arrays 

IG XI-C-14



Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

VISUAL XI-C-13 


BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-13 
Infrared Sensors 
Active 
Passive 
First or Second Layer of Defense 
VISUAL XI-C-14 


BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-14 
Video Motion Sensors 
Old Generation 
New 
Generation 
First or Second Layer of Defense 
GBC Color Exit Sign Camera 
Source: Protech 
This slide shows old generation and new 
generation video motion sensors. 

for the transmitter and receiver, which are 
usually combined into a single package. 

Infrared (IR) Sensors 

The IR sensors are available in both active 
and passive models. An active sensor 
generates one or more near-IR beams that 
generate an alarm when interrupted. A 
passive sensor detects changes in thermal IR 
radiation from objects located within its field 
of view. 

Active sensors consist of transmitter/receiver 
pairs. The transmitter contains an IR light 
source (such as a gallium arsenide light-
emitting diode [LED]) that generates an IR 
beam. The receiver detects changes in the 
signal power of the received beam. To 
minimize nuisance alarms from birds or 
blowing debris, the alarm criteria usually 
require that a high percentage of the beam be 
blocked for a specific interval of time. 

Video Motion Sensors 

Video motion sensors are available on most 
digital video recorders used in security 
applications. 

• They can be programmed to activate 
alarms, initiate recording, or any other 
designated action when motion is detected 
by a security camera. 
• Some digital video recorders can be 
programmed to monitor very specific 
fields of view for specific rates of motion 
in order to increase effectiveness and 
minimize extraneous detections. 
• Video motion sensors can also greatly 
improve the efficiency of security 
personnel monitoring security cameras by 
alerting them when motion is detected. 
IG XI-C-15



Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

VISUAL XI-C-15 


BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-15 
Electronic Entry 
Control 
Coded Devices 
Credential Devices 
Biometric Devices 
Inspection Devices 
First or Second 
Layer of Defense 
Inspection Devices are primarily used in 
manual systems as they are operated by the 
guards as part of the entry process. These 
devices include 

• Magnetic Wand / Magnetometer to detect 
weapons 
• X-Ray to inspect packages 
• Sniffers / Swabs to detect chemicals / 
explosives 
Entry Control Systems and Technology 

• Coded Devices 
• Credential Devices 
• Biometric Devices 
• Inspection Devices 
The function of an entry control system is to 
ensure that only authorized personnel are 
permitted into or out of a controlled area. 
Entry can be controlled by locked fence 
gates, locked doors to a building or rooms 
within a building, or specially designed 
portals. These means of entry control can be 
applied manually by guards or automatically 
by using entry control devices. 

• In a manual system, guards verify that a 
person is authorized to enter an area, 
usually by comparing the photograph and 
personal characteristics of the individual 
requesting entry. 
• In an automated system, the entry control 
device verifies that a person is authorized 
to enter or exit. The automated system 
usually interfaces with locking 
mechanisms on doors or gates that open 
momentarily to permit passage. 
All entry control systems control passage by 
using one or more of three basic techniques 
(e.g., something a person knows, something a 
person has, or something a person is or does). 
Automated entry control devices based on 
these techniques are grouped into three 
categories: coded, credential, and biometric 
devices. 

Inspection Device information is found under 
Visual in the left column. 

IG XI-C-16



Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

VISUAL XI-C-16 


BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-16 
Coded Devices 
Electronic Keypad Devices 
Computer Controlled KeypadDevices 
First, Second, or Third 
Layer of Defense 
Coded Devices 

• Electronic Keypad Devices 
• Computer Controlled Keypad Devices 
Coded devices operate on the principle that a 
person has been issued a code to enter into an 
entry control device. This code will match 
the code stored in the device and permit 
entry. Depending on the application, a single 
code can be used by all persons authorized to 
enter the controlled area or each authorized 
person can be assigned a unique code. Group 
codes are useful when the group is small and 
controls are primarily for keeping out the 
general public. Individual codes are usually 
required for control of entry to more critical 
areas. Electronically coded devices include 
electronic and computer controlled keypads. 

Electronic keypad devices are similar to 
telephone keypads (12 keys). This type of 
keypad consists of simple push-button 
switches that, when depressed, are decoded 
by digital logic circuits. When the correct 
sequence of buttons is pushed, an electric 
signal unlocks the door for a few seconds. 

Computer controlled keypad devices are 
devices similar to electronic keypad devices, 
except they are equipped with a 
microprocessor in the keypad or in a separate 
enclosure at a different location. The 
microprocessor monitors the sequence in 
which the keys are depressed and may 
provide additional functions, such as personal 
ID and digit scrambling. When the correct 
code is entered and all conditions are 
satisfied, an electric signal unlocks the door. 

PRECAUTIONS: 

• Care should be taken so other persons 
cannot observe individuals entering 
IG XI-C-17



Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

VISUAL XI-C-17 


BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-17 
Credential Devices 
• Magnetic Stripe Card 
• Wiegand-effect Card 
• Proximity Card 
• Smart Card 
•Bar Code 
• “i” Button 
• Radio Frequency ID 
(RFID) 
First, Second, or Third 
Layer of Defense 
their assigned code. Installation of an 
opaque shield around the device aids in 
control of unauthorized observations. 
This helps to eliminate the use of 
another’s code to gain entry into an 
unauthorized area. 

• Also, care should be taken to replace 
coded pads that show wear from 
repeated code entries. Code 
compromise may be accomplished by 
attempting use of the worn keys (which 
results in less permutations of the 
combination to gain access). 
• Individual codes are best for access 
control and accountability. 
Credential Devices 

• Magnetic Stripe Card 
• Wiegand-effect Card 
• Proximity Card 
• Smart Card 
• Bar Code 
• Button 
• Radio Frequency Identification Device 
A credential device identifies a person having 
legitimate authority to enter a controlled area. 
A coded credential (e.g., plastic card or key) 
contains a prerecorded, machine-readable 
code. An electric signal unlocks the door if 
the prerecorded code matches the code stored 
in the system when the card is read. 

A magnetic stripe card is a strip of 
magnetic material located along one edge of 
the card that is encoded with data (sometimes 
encrypted). The data are read by moving the 
card past a magnetic read head. 

A Wiegand-effect card contains a series of 
small-diameter, parallel wires approximately 

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Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

½-inch long, embedded in the bottom half of 
the card. The wires are manufactured from 
ferromagnetic materials that produce a sharp 
change in magnetic flux when exposed to a 
slowly changing magnetic field. This type of 
card is impervious to accidental erasure. The 
card reader contains a small read head and a 
tiny magnet to supply the applied magnetic 
field. It usually does not require external 
power. 

A proximity card is not physically inserted 
into a reader; the coded pattern on the card is 
sensed when it is brought within several 
inches of the reader. Several techniques are 
used to code cards. One technique uses a 
number of electrically tuned circuits 
embedded in the card. Data are encoded by 
varying resonant frequencies of the tuned 
circuits. The reader contains a transmitter that 
continually sweeps through a specified range 
of frequencies and a receiver that senses the 
pattern of resonant frequencies contained in 
the card. Another technique uses an 
integrated circuit embedded in the card to 
generate a code that can be magnetically or 
electrostatically coupled to the reader. 

A smart card is embedded with a 
microprocessor, memory, communication 
circuitry, and a battery. The card contains 
edge contacts that enable a reader to 
communicate with the microprocessor. Entry 
control information and other data may be 
stored in the microprocessor’s memory. 

A bar code consists of black bars printed on 
white paper or tape that can be easily read 
with an optical scanner. This type of coding 
is not widely used for entry control 
applications because it can be easily 
duplicated. 

The “i” button is a computer chip enclosed 

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Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

inside a 16mm stainless steel can. The “i” 
button can grant its owner access to a 
building, a PC, a piece of equipment, or a 
vehicle. Some “i” buttons can be used to 
store cash for small transactions, such as 
transit systems, parking meters, and vending 
machines. Also used as an electronic asset 
tag to store information needed to keep track 
of valuable capital equipment. 

The Radio Frequency Identification Device 
(RFID) Systems rely on a radio frequency 
identification chip implanted in an access 
card, i.e., Proximity, Smart, or similar which 
transmits card owner information wirelessly. 

Although this is leading edge technology, 
significant security and privacy issues exist 
to a level that government agencies eager to 
use this technology have abandoned their 
acceptance and use until the security and 
privacy issues are resolved. The ability for 
the remote operation of this technology gives 
it great interest for now and the future. 

Without a biometric device necessary to be 
used with a credential device the only thing 
to be verified from an after incident entry 
point log review is “the device” was used to 
enter the area. Without some other means of 
identification (biometrics or Personal 
Identification Number), a person other than 
the owner can use a lost or stolen card, and 
cannot be tied to the card. 

In the absence of biometric devices, anti-pass 
back devices, and procedures should be in 
place to eliminate unauthorized usage. 
Assign responsibility of the person issued the 
device for ensuring two people cannot use the 
same credential device. This is commonly 
occurs when one tells another they “forgot” 
their device. 

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Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

VISUAL XI-C-18 


BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-18 
Biometric Devices 
Fingerprints 
Hand Geometry 
Retinal Patterns 
Facial Patterns 
First, Second, or Third Layer of Defense 
Source: A4Vision 
Source: Veridt 
Biometric Devices 

• Fingerprints 
• Hand Geometry 
• Retinal Patterns 
• Facial Recognition 
The third basic technique used to control 
entry is based on the measurement of one or 
more physical or personal characteristics of 
an individual. Because most entry control 
devices based on this technique rely on 
measurements of biological characteristics, 
they have become commonly known as 
biometric devices. Characteristics such as 
fingerprints, hand geometry, voiceprints, 
handwriting, and retinal blood-vessel patterns 
have been used for controlling entry. 
Typically, in enrolling individuals, several 
reference measurements are made of the 
selected characteristic and then stored in the 
device’s memory or on a card. From then on, 
when that person attempts entry, a scan of the 
characteristic is compared with the reference 
data template. If a match is found, entry is 
granted. 

Fingerprint verification devices use one of 
two approaches. One is pattern recognition of 
the whorls, loops, and tilts of the referenced 
fingerprint, which is stored in a digitized 
representation of the image and compared 
with the fingerprint of the prospective 
entrant. The second approach is minutiae 
comparison, which means that the endings 
and branching points of ridges and valleys of 
the referenced fingerprint are compared with 
the fingerprint of the prospective entrant. 

Hand geometry devices use a variety of 
physical measurements of the hand, such as 
finger length, finger curvature, hand width, 
webbing between fingers, and light 
transmissivity through the skin to verify 

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Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

identity. Both two- and three-dimensional 
units are available. 

Retinal pattern is based on the premise that 
the pattern of blood vessels on the human 
eye’s retina is unique to an individual. While 
the eye is focused on a visual target, a low-
intensity IR light beam scans a circular area 
of the retina. The amount of light reflected 
from the eye is recorded as the beam 
progresses around the circular path. Reflected 
light is modulated by the difference in 
reflectivity between blood-vessel pattern and 
adjacent tissue. This information is processed 
and converted to a digital template that is 
stored as the eye’s signature. 

Facial Recognition is a facial 
identification/verification reader system with 
touch screen PIN (Personal Identification 
Number) and 3D facial biometric access. An 
audio request for a PIN entry references the 
3D face template stored in the database with 
the corresponding PIN. Verification is made 
from the correct PIN entry matching the 
reader image. Night, changing light 
conditions, and motion will not change the 
high rate of accuracy according to the 
manufacturer. 

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Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

VISUAL XI-C-19 


BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-19 
First, Second, or Third Layer of Defense 
Closed Circuit Television 
Interior CCTV 
Alarm assessment, individual zones 
and portal assessment, specificpaths and areas, exclusion areas, 
and surveillance of waterside 
activities 
Alarm assessment, card reader door 
assessment, emergency exit doorassessment, and surveillance of 
lobbies, corridors, and open areas 
Exterior CCTV 
Source: Protech Protection Technologies, Inc. 
VISUAL XI-C-20 


BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-20 
Security Operations Center 
Enhancements to Overcome Operator/System Limitations 
• Workspace / Hardening 
• Alarm Recognition / Alerts 
• CCTV Image Alarm -Motion 
Detection 
• Smart CCTV Auto Pan/Tilt/Zoom 
on Tripped Sensor Location 
• Forwarding Alarms to Pagers, 
PDAs, Radios 
• Data Recording -DVR 
• Line Supervision / Backup Feeds 
• Emergency Power to System 
Closed Circuit Television Systems 

• Interior CCTV - alarm assessment, card 
reader door assessment, emergency exit 
door assessment, and surveillance of 
lobbies, corridors, and open areas 
• Exterior CCTV - alarm assessment, 
individual zones and portal assessment, 
specific paths and areas, exclusion areas, 
and surveillance of waterside activities 
• Transmission media includes twisted pair 
telephone cable, coaxial TV cable, LAN 
(Local Area Network) cable, fiber optics, 
and wireless. Each has cost, line length, 
resolution, reliability, and quality 
considerations. Security, encryption, and 
redundancy are also concerns throughout 
the length of run from sensor to 
monitor/alarm. 
• Only color should be installed. There is 
very little use of black and white television 
when attempting to assemble a description 
of an individual who is wearing clothing in 
the shades of gray to white. Were they 
wearing blue jeans, or black or green 
trousers? 
Security Operations Center 

The operator monitoring the alarms and 
displays of a Security Operations Center is 
probably the most ineffective sensor in the 
system. 

• The workspace should be conducive to 
maintaining attention, not like the two 
smaller photos where the monitors are 
outside the normal line of sight and in 
glare. 
• The workspace should have some 
hardening as it is a single point of 
vulnerability in the system where response 
is initiated. 
• Visual and/or audio alerts need to draw the 
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Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

operators attention to alarms and focus the 
operator on the specific monitor with the 
detection information requiring real-time 
assessment for action. 

• CCTV can assist in these alerts using 
image-based motion detection or SMART 
CCTV where attention is drawn to the 
camera that pan/tilts/zooms to the location 
from which the alarm is coming, such as 
the door where a balanced magnetic 
switch loses continuity or a motion 
detector senses motion where none is 
expected. 
• Forwarding of alarms to cell phones, 
pagers, personal digital assistants, or 
radios keeps the staff on notice that a 
problem exists. It also allows the operator 
to take a bathroom break without having to 
have another person stand-in at the 
monitors. 
• Digital Video Recorders (DVR) store 
more information with better quality 
resolution for not only detection, but also 
assessment and future potential criminal 
proceedings. 
• Like fire alarm systems, all physical lines 
carrying alarm information should be 
supervised to identify any tampering with 
a line and to ensure functionality. Backup 
feeds or alternate feeds following different 
routes also increase reliability, especially 
in computer-based IP (Internet Protocol) 
systems. 
• Since electric power is needed for system 
operation throughout the system, backup 
power with redundant lines should also be 
considered. 
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Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

VISUAL XI-C-21 


Summary 

Use the Building Vulnerability Assessment Checklist to 
identify electronic security system requirements. 

Public safety is enhanced by electronic security systems 
(deter, detect, deny, devalue). 

Electronic security systems components and capabilities 
interact with other systems (LAN, doors, windows, 
lighting, etc.). 

Electronic security systems can be used to mitigate 
vulnerabilities. 


BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-21 

Summary 

Remember all the different components of 
the system must support each others’ 
function. For example, the best barriers are 
those tied to a detection system, like a strain 
sensitive cable alarm sensor on a chain link 
fence, with a steel cable woven into the 
fence, delay function, and overseen by an 
assessment method, such as a CCTV system. 

The best practice is to evaluate products 
against operational and desired results 
criteria. This has proven to be a problem 
during attempted evaluations conducted by 
agencies trying to compare two different 
systems. System operating protocols were 
different from each other and, as a result, 
could not produce compatible/comparable 
results. 

NOTE: All system control boxes should be 
equipped with an intrusion detection alarm 
which annunciates at the box and at the 
system control console, and is tied 
electronically to the events report log to be 
acknowledged, investigated (response) and 
cleared on the log. A link to CCTV recorded 
events is also advisable for immediate visual 
response/review. 

• Use the Building Vulnerability 
Assessment Checklist (Table 1-22, pages 
1-81 to 1-89 of FEMA 426) to identify 
electronic security system requirements. 
• Public safety is enhanced by electronic 
security systems (deter, detect, deny, 
devalue). 
• Electronic security systems components 
and capabilities interact with other systems 
(LAN, doors, windows, lighting, etc.). 
• Electronic security systems can be used to 
mitigate vulnerabilities. 
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Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

INSTRUCTOR NOTES CONTENT/ACTIVITY 

VISUAL XI-C-22 


BUILDING DESIGN FOR HOMELAND SECURITY COOP T-t-T Unit XI-C-22 
Unit XI Case Study Activity 
Electronic Security Systems 
Background 
Emphasis: Various components and technology availablefor use in electronic security systems 
FEMA 426, Building VulnerabilityAssessment Checklist 
Assess Electronic Security Systems inCase Study for vulnerabilities and 
recommended mitigation measures 
Refer participants to FEMA 426, 
Vulnerability Checklist Section 12 and Tab 
XI-A or XI-B in the Student Manual for the 
selected Case Study activity. 

At the end of 10 minutes, reconvene the class 
and facilitate group reporting. The plenary 
session should take 5 minutes. 

Student Activity 

In this unit, the emphasis was upon the 
various components and technology available 
for use in electronic security systems. 

The Building Vulnerability Assessment 
Checklist in FEMA 426 (Table 1-22, pages 
1-81 to 1-89) can be used as a screening tool 
for preliminary building design vulnerability 
assessment and assessment of existing 
buildings. 

Activity Requirements 

• Working in small groups, refer to the 
selected Case Study to determine answers 
to the worksheet questions. 
• Then review results to identify 
vulnerabilities and possible mitigation 
measures. 
Take 10 minutes to complete this activity. 
Solutions will be reviewed in plenary group. 

Transition 

In the next unit, you will finalize and present 
the Case Study Results determined by your 
team. This will include preparation and 
presentation of the top three risks identified 
by the group, the vulnerabilities identified for 
these risks, and top three recommended 
mitigation measures to reduce vulnerability 
and risk, although other vulnerabilities and 
recommended mitigation measures may also 
be presented. Prioritize the top three risks and 
the top three recommended mitigation 
measures with rationale and justification. 
Include any consideration for changes to 
security systems per this instruction unit. 

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Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

UNIT XI (C) CASE STUDY ACTIVITY: 
ELECTRONIC SECURITY SYSTEMS 
(COOP Version) 

In this unit, the emphasis will be upon the various components and technology available for use 
in electronic security systems. The Building Vulnerability Assessment Checklist in FEMA 
426 can be used as a screening tool for preliminary building design vulnerability assessment or 
for assessment of an existing building and site. 

Requirements 

Refer to the Appendix C Case Study to determine answers to the questions. Then review results 
as a team to identify vulnerabilities and possible mitigation measures. 

Activity # 1: Complete the selected vulnerability checklist questions in the following 
Vulnerability Questions table. 

Activity # 2: Upon completion of the questions refer back to the vulnerability ratings determined 
in the Unit IV (C) Student Activity. Based on this more detailed analysis, decide if any 
vulnerability rating needs adjustment. Adjust the Risk Matrix poster accordingly for any changes 
in vulnerability rating. 

Activity # 3: Select mitigation measures to reduce vulnerability and associated risk from the site, 
layout, and building perspectives. Concentrate on the three highest risk ratings on the Risk 
Matrix poster as adjusted by Activity # 2. Use the Electronic Security System Mitigation 
Measures table found at the end of this unit to capture this information. 

Activity # 4: Consider the mitigation measures of Activity #3 to be installed, estimate the new 
vulnerability ratings as if these measures were in place, and calculate the new risk ratings. 
Capture your information in the Electronic Security System Mitigation Measures table. 

Section Vulnerability 
Question Guidance Observations 
12 Security Systems 
Perimeter Systems 
12.1 Are black/white or 
color CCTV (closed 
circuit television) 
cameras used? 
Are they monitored 
and recorded 24 
hours/7 days a week? 
By whom? 
Security technology is frequently 
considered to complement or supplement 
security personnel forces and to provide a 
wider area of coverage. Typically, these 
physical security elements provide the first 
line of defense in deterring, detecting, and 
responding to threats and reducing 
vulnerabilities. They must be viewed as an 
integral component of the overall security 
program. Their design, engineering, 
installation, operation, and management 
The parking lot behind the 
CI/BC office is well lit and 
monitored by older 
generation analog CCTV 
cameras using telephone 
wires that are connected to 
video displays in the CI/BC 
Security Officer’s office and 
recorded on standard VHS 
tape. 

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Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

Are they analog or 
digital by design? 
What is the number 
of fixed, wireless and 
pan-tilt-zoom 
cameras used? 
Who are the 
manufacturers of the 
CCTV cameras? 
What is the age of the 
CCTV cameras in 
use? 
must be able to meet daily security 
challenges from a cost-effective and 
efficiency perspective. During and after an 
incident, the system, or its backups, should 
be functional per the planned design. 
Consider color CCTV cameras to view and 
record activity at the perimeter of the 
building, particularly at primary entrances 
and exits. A mix of monochrome cameras 
should be considered for areas that lack 
adequate illumination for color cameras. 
Reference: GSA PBS P-100 
The CCTVs are commercial 
grade black and white with a 
180-degree field of view that 
the security officer can 
control via the display panel. 
The front parking lot is lit, 
but not monitored. 
12.2 Are the cameras 
programmed to 
respond 
automatically to 
perimeter building 
alarm events? 
Do they have built-in 
video motion 
capabilities? 
The efficiency of monitoring multiple 
screens decreases as the number of screens 
increases. Tying the alarm system or 
motion sensors to a CCTV camera and a 
monitoring screen improves the man-
machine interface by drawing attention to a 
specific screen and its associated camera. 
Adjustment may be required after 
installation due to initial false alarms, 
usually caused by wind or small animals. 
Reference: Physical Security Assessment 
for the Department of Veterans Affairs 
Facilities 
No cameras respond 
automatically to alarms or 
have video motion 
capability. 
Video controls are manual 
and available to the CI/BC 
Security Officer via the 
display panel. 
12.4 Are panic/duress 
alarm buttons or 
sensors used, where 
are they located, and 
are they hardwired or 
portable? 
Call buttons should be provided at key 
public contact areas and as needed in 
offices of managers and directors, in 
garages and parking lots, and other high 
risk locations by assessment. 
Reference: GSA PBS P-100 
There are no panic/duress 
alarms or sensors used. 
12.5 Are intercom call 
boxes used in parking 
areas or along the 
building perimeter? 
See Item 12.4. There are no intercom call 
boxes used on the site. 

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Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

12.7 Who monitors the 
CCTV system? 
Reference: DOC CIAO Vulnerability 
Assessment Framework 1.1 
The CI/BC security officer. 
12.9 Are the perimeter 
cameras supported by 
an uninterruptible 
power supply, 
battery, or building 
emergency power? 
Reference: Physical Security Assessment 
for the Department of Veterans Affairs 
Facilities 
The CCTV system is 
connected to the Computer 
Center Bus. This bus is 
supplied by the 
Uninterruptible Power 
Supply for the building and 
the backup diesel electric 
generator. 

Electronic Security System Mitigation Measures 
(COOP Version) 

This table is filled out because there is less possibility of great variation among assessment 
teams in this subject area. 

Asset-Threat / Hazard 
Pair 
Current Risk 
Rating 
Suggested Mitigation 
Measure 
Revised Risk 
Rating 
1. All Assets / Vehicle 
Bomb 
High Upgrade Closed Circuit 
Television (CCTV)s to 
digital and use Digital 
Video Recorders 
(DVR). 
Install exterior CCTVs 
to monitor front 
parking and expand 
back parking coverage, 
including loading dock. 
Install interior CCTVs 
to monitor interior 
lobbies, utility rooms, 
and access to secure 
spaces. 
Link cameras to alarms 
and install video motion 
where appropriate. 
Goal: Deter and Detect 
Medium 

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Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

Asset-Threat / Hazard 
Pair 
Current Risk 
Rating 
Suggested Mitigation 
Measure 
Revised Risk 
Rating 
2. Functions 
( Engineering / IT 
Technicians, Data 
Center 
Communications, 
and Security) and 
Critical 
Infrastructure 
(Mechanical 
Systems and IT / 
Communications) / 
Chemical (CBR 
Attack) 
High Evaluate installation of 
basic chemical sensors 
on outside air intake of 
HVAC system or 
acquisition of portable 
sensors for use by 
Building Security. 
Ensure coverage of 
intakes and mechanical 
systems equipment 
using CCTV and 
alarms to prevent 
tampering. 
Consider automatic 
shutdown of all air 
handling equipment 
upon activation of 
sensors and alarms. 
Goal: Detect 
High to Medium 
3. Functions 
( Engineering / IT 
Technicians, Data 
Center 
Communications, 
and Security) and 
Critical 
Infrastructure 
(Mechanical 
Systems and IT / 
Communications) / 
Biological (CBR 
Attack) 
High Evaluate acquisition of 
portable or basic level 
biological sensors for 
use by Building 
Security. 
Ensure coverage of 
intakes and mechanical 
systems equipment 
using CCTV and 
alarms to prevent 
tampering. 
Consider automatic 
shutdown of all air 
handling equipment 
upon activation of 
sensors and alarms. 
Goal: Detect 
High to Medium 

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Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

Asset-Threat / Hazard 
Pair 
Current Risk 
Rating 
Suggested Mitigation 
Measure 
Revised Risk 
Rating 
4. Functions 
( Engineering / IT 
Technicians, Data 
Center 
Communications, 
and Security) and 
Critical 
Infrastructure 
(Mechanical 
Systems and IT / 
Communications) / 
Radiological (CBR 
Attack) 
High Evaluate acquisition of 
portable or basic level 
radiological sensors for 
use by Building 
Security. 
Ensure coverage of 
intakes and mechanical 
systems equipment 
using CCTV and 
alarms to prevent 
tampering. 
Consider automatic 
shutdown of all air 
handling equipment 
upon activation of 
sensors and alarms. 
Goal: Detect 
Medium 

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Course Title: Building Design for Homeland Security COOP T-t-T 

Unit XI (C): Electronic Security Systems 

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