Machine generated contents note: ÿþContents -- 1 Markets for Transport in the Midwest and Sources of Transport Services in the Early 187O's -- Steamers and Railroads from Chicago 6 -- Summary: Market Definition and Sources of Transport Services 10 -- 2 Prerequisites and Effects of a Successful Cartel -- Requirements for Loyalty to a Cartel 14 -- The Results of a Successful Cartel 21 -- Measuring Reasons and Results 22 -- 3 The Beginning of Cartel Control of Trunk-Line Railroad Rates, 1871 to 1879 -- The Effects of Collusive Rates, 1871 to 1874 30 The Effect of Collusive Rates Upon Grain Markets, -- 1871 to 1874 32 -- The Entry of the Baltimore and Ohio into Chicago and the Collapse of the Agreement, 1874 to 1876 39 -- The New Trunk-line Rate Agreements, 1876 to 1879 50 -- The Consequences for the Shippers of Cartel Instability, 1875 to 1879 63 -- The Consequences for the Railroads of Cartel Instability, 1875 to 1879 71 -- 1 -- 13 -- 25 -- vii -- viii CONTENTS -- 4 Elaborate Trunk-Line Cartels and the Control of Rates, 1880 to 1886 -- Harmony in 1880 and Rate Wars in 1881 80 -- The Pooling of Revenues and Joint Control of Rates During 1882 and 1883 91 -- Independent Railroads and a Breakdown in the Rate Agreement, 1884-1885 95 -- Last Attempts to Set and Maintain Rates, -- 1885-1886 103 -- The Resulting Structure of Through and Local Rates 106 -- 5 Trunk-Line Railroad Rates and the Interstate Commerce Commission, 1887 to 1899 -- The Act to Regulate Commerce of 1887 111 -- The Interstate Commerce Commission's Standards -- for "Just and Reasonable" Rates 113 -- The Interstate Commerce Commission's First Attempts at Enforcement 115 -- The Trunk Lines' Initial Adjustments to Interstate Commerce Commission Regulation 119 Cartel Control of Long-Distance Rates, 1887 -- to 1890 125 -- Strengthened Regulation and Strict Cartel Control of Rates, 1891 to 1893 144 -- Regulation and Cartellization: The Weakening of Regulation and the Disruption of Rates -- in 1894 153 -- Regulation and Cartellization: Evasion of Regulation and the Rate Demoralizations of 1894-1895 164 Regulation and Cartellization: The Strengthening of Cartellization and Effective Control of Rates -- in 1896 176 -- The Destruction of Regulation and Cartellization, 1897 to 1899 183 -- 6 The Effects of Regulation and Cartelization, 1887 to 1899 -- 79 -- 110 -- 193 -- CONTENTS ix -- Appendix to Chapter 11: Price Strategies to 205 -- Promote Cartel Stability, by Daniel Orr -- and Paul W. MacAvoy -- Statistical Appendices 221 -- Selected Bibliography 267 -- Index 273.