FEMA 453 / May 2006 Risk Management Series Safe Rooms and Shelters Protecting People Against Terrorist Attacks Appendix A - References American Concrete Institute. 1999. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary. ACI 318-02, ACI 318-99, and ACI 318R-99. Farmington Hills, MI. American Red Cross. 2002. Standards for Hurricane Evacuation Shelter Selection. ARC 4496. January. American Society of Civil Engineers, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE 7-98 Public Ballot Copy, American Society of Civil Engineers. Reston, VA. American Society for Testing and Materials, Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated Glass. ASTM 2248. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA. ANSI/AF&PA NDS-1997. 1997. National Design Specification for Wood Construction. August. Batts, M.E., Cordes, M.R., Russell, L.R., Shaver, J.R. and Simiu, E. 1980. Hurricane Wind Speeds in the United States. NBS Building Science Series 124. National Bureau of Standards (NBS), Washington, DC. pp. 41. Blewett, W.K., Reeves, D.W., Arca, V.J., Fatkin, D.P., and Cannon, B.D. May 1996. Sheltering in Place: An Evaluation for the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program, ERDEC-TR-336, U.S. Army Edgewood Research, Development and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Blewett, W.K. February 2002. Fail-Safe Application and Design of Air Conditioners for NBC Collective Protection Systems, ECBC-TR-223, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF). 2002. Incidents, Casualties and Property Damage. Blewett, W.K., and Arca, V.J. June 1999. Experiments in Sheltering in Place: How Filtering Affects Protection Against Sarin and Mustard Vapor, ECBC-TR-034, U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Carter, R. R. May 1998. Wind-Generated Missile Impact on Composite Wall Systems. MS Thesis. Department of Civil Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX. Clemson University Department of Civil Engineering. January 2000. Enhanced Protection from Severe Wind Storms. Clemson University, Clemson, SC. Coats, D. W., and Murray, R. C. August 1985. Natural Phenomena Hazards Modeling Project: Extreme Wind/Tornado Hazard Models for Department of Energy Sites. UCRL-53526. Rev. 1. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, University of California, Livermore, CA. “Design of Collective Protection Shelters to Resist Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Agents.” ETL-1110-3-498, February 24, 1999. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Durst, C.S. 1960. “Wind Speeds Over Short Periods of Time,” Meteorology Magazine, 89. pp.181-187. Engelmann, R.J. May 1990. Effectiveness of Sheltering in Buildings and Vehicles for Plutonium, DE90-016697, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 1980. Interim Guidelines for Building Occupant Protection From Tornadoes and Extreme Winds. TR-83A. September. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 1982. Tornado Protection: Selecting and Designing Safe Areas in Buildings. TR-83B. October. FEMA RR-7. 1986. Civil Defense Shelters A State of the Art Assessment. FEMA TR-87. Standards for Fallout Shelters. FEMA TR-29. Architect and Engineer Activities in Shelter Development. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 1988. Rapid Visual Screening of Building for Potential Seismic Hazards: A Handbook FEMA 154 Earthquake Hazards Reduction Series 41. July. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 1988. Handbook for the Seismic Evaluation of Buildings. FEMA 310. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 1997. NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings. FEMA 302A. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 1999a. Midwest Tornadoes of May 3, 1999: Observations, Recommendations, and Technical Guidance. FEMA 342. October. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 1999b. National Performance Criteria for Tornado Shelters. May. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2000. Design and Construction Guidance for Community Shelters. FEMA 361. July. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2003. Reference Manual to Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attacks Against Buildings. FEMA 426. December. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2004. Taking Shelter From the Storm: Building a Safe Room Inside Your House. FEMA 320. March. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2004. Using HAZUS-MH for Risk Assessment. FEMA 433. August. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2005. A How-To Guide to Mitigate Potential Terrorist Attacks Against Buildings. FEMA 452. January. Federal Emergency Management Agency. Designing for Earthquakes: A Manual for Architects. FEMA 454. Undated. Federal Emergency Management Agency and U.S. Fire Administration. Emergency Procedures for Employees with Disabilities in Office Occupancies. FEMA 154. Undated. Fujita, T.T. 1971. Proposed Characterization of Tornadoes and Hurricanes by Area and Intensity. SMRP No. 91. University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. HQ AFCESA/CES, Structural Evaluation of Existing Buildings for Seismic and Wind Loads. Engineering Technical Letter (ETL) 97-10. Kelly, D.L., J.T. Schaefer, R.P. McNulty, C.A. Doswell III, and R.F. Abbey, Jr. 1978. “An Augmented Tornado Climatology.” Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 106, pp. 1172-1183. Krayer, W.R. and Marshall, R.D. 1992. Gust Factors Applied to Hurricane Winds. Bulletin of the American Meteorology Society, Vol. 73, pp. 613-617. Masonry Standards Joint Committee. 1999. Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures and Specification for Masonry Structures. ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99 and ACI 530.1/ASCE 6-99/TMS 602-99. Mehta, K.C. 1970. “Windspeed Estimates: Engineering Analyses.” Proceedings of the Symposium on Tornadoes: Assessment of Knowledge and Implications for Man. 22-24 June 1970, Lubbock, TX. pp. 89-103. Mehta, K.C., and Carter, R.R. 1999. “Assessment of Tornado Wind Speed From Damage to Jefferson County, Alabama.” Wind Engineering into the 21st Century: Proceedings, 10th International Conference on Wind Engineering, A. Larsen, G.L. Larose, and F.M. Livesey, Eds. Copenhagen, Denmark. June 21-24. pp. 265-271. Mehta, K.C., Minor, J.E., and McDonald, J.R. 1976. “Wind Speed Analysis of April 3-4, 1974 Tornadoes.” Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, 102(ST9). pp. 1709-1724. Minor, J.E., McDonald, J.R., and Peterson, R.E. 1982. “Analysis of Near-Ground Windfields.” Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Severe Local Storms (San Antonio, Texas, 11-15 January 1982). American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA. National Concrete Masonry Association. 1972. Design of Concrete Masonry Warehouse Walls. TEK 37. Herndon, VA. National Fire Protection Association. 1999. Standard for Healthcare Facilities. NFPA 99. National Fire Protection Association. 2003. Building Construction and Safety Code Handbook. NFPA 5000. National Fire Protection Association. 2004. Disaster/Engineering Management and Business Continuity Programs. NFPA 1600. National Fire Protection Association. 2006. Life Safety Code. NFPA 101. NIST Technical Note 1426. U.S. Department of Commerce Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Washington, DC. July. O’Neil, S., and Pinelli, J.P. 1998. Recommendations for the Mitigation of Tornado Induced Damages on Masonry Structures. Report No. 1998-1. Wind & Hurricane Impact Research Laboratory, Florida Institute of Technology. December. Phan, L.T., and Simiu, E. 1998. The Fujita Tornado Intensity Scale: A Critique Based on Observations of the Jarrell Tornado of May 27, 1997. Pietras, B. K. 1997. “Analysis of Angular Wind Borne Debris Impact Loads.” Senior Independent Study Report. Department of Civil Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC. May. Powell, M.D. 1993. Wind Measurement and Archival Under the Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS). Bulletin of American Meteorological Society, Vol. 74, 615-623. Powell, M.D., Houston, S.H., and Reinhold, T.A. 1994. “Standardizing Wind Measurements for Documentation of Surface Wind Fields in Hurricane Andrew.” Proceedings of the Symposium: Hurricanes of 1992 (Miami, FL, December 1-3, 1993). ASCE, New York. pp. 52-69. Recommendations to Appendix E, “Planning Guidelines for Protective Actions and Responses for the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program,” Section E.4, 17 May 96. Rogers, G.O., Watson, A.P., Sorensen, J.H., Sharp, R.D., and Carnes, S.A. 1990. Evaluating Protective Actions for Chemical Agent Emergencies, ORNL-6615, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. April. Sciaudone, J.C. 1996. Analysis of Wind Borne Debris Impact Loads. MS Thesis. Department of Civil Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC. August. Steel Joist Institute. Steel Joist Institute 60-Year Manual 1928-1988. Texas Tech University Wind Engineering Research Center. 1998. Design of Residential Shelters From Extreme Winds. Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX. July. Twisdale, L.A., and Dunn, W.L. 1981. Tornado Missile Simulation and Design Methodology. EPRI NP-2005 (Volumes I and II). Technical Report. Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA. August. Twisdale, L.A. 1985. “Analysis of Random Impact Loading Con­ditions.” Proceedings of the Second Symposium on The Interaction of Non-Nuclear Munitions with Structures. Panama City Beach, FL. April 15-18. U.S. Department of Energy. 1994. Natural Phenomena Hazards Design and Evaluation Criteria for Department of Energy Facilities. DOE-STD-1020-94. Washington, DC. April. General Use Security Documents DoD Field Manual No. 3-19.30, Physical Security, 8 January 2001. Headquarters, Department of the Army, Washington, DC. UG-2031-SHR: Protection Against Terrorist Vehicle Bombs, May 1998. Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Security Engineering Division Port Hueneme, CA 93043. Department of the Air Force, Force Protection Battlelab Vehicle Bomb Mitigation Guide, 01 July 1999. Terrorist Bomb Threat Stand-Off Card. Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Washington, DC. 1995. Project Development and Design Security Documents DoD Army TM 5-853-1/AFMAN 88-56, Vol. 1, 5/94, Security Engineering Project Development. Department of the Army, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC 20314-1000. Army TM 5-853-2/Air Force AFMAN 32-1071, Vol. 2, Security Engineering Concept Design, 5/94. Department of the Army, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, ATM: CEYP- ET, Washington, DC 20314-1OOU. DoD Army TM 5-853-3/AFMAN 32-1071, Vol. 3, 5/94, Security Engineering Final Design. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC 20314-1OOU. Army TM 5-853-4, Security Engineering Electronic Security Systems, 5/94. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC 20314-1OOU. DoD Army TM 5-855-4/AFMAN 32-1071, Vol. 3, 11/86, Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning of Hardened Installations. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC 20314-1OOU. DoD UFC 4-010-01, Minimum Antiterrorism Standards. DoD UFC 4-023-03, Design of Buildings to Prevent Progressive Collapse. DC 20314-1OOU20314-1OOUB.7 Army Corps of Engineers Blast Analysis Manual, Part 1 - Level of Protection Assessment Guide, PDC-TR-91-6 dated 7/91. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha, NE. TDS 2063-SHR, Blast Shielding Walls, 9/98. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC 20314-1OOU. UG-2030-SHR: Security Glazing Applications, 5/98. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC 20314-1OOU. Threat, Vulnerability, and Risk Assessment Risk Assessment Method Property Analysis and Ranking Tool (RAM­PART) being developed by Sandia National Laboratories for GSA. (Currently no copy available) CNO Antiterrorism/Force Protection Division (N34) Integrated Vulnerability Assessment (IVA) Guide. Vulnerability Assessment Worksheet from U.S. Army Reserve. Headquarters, Department of the Army, Washington, DC. Port Integrated Vulnerability Assessment (PIVA) For Civilian and Other Non-US Military Ports (Rev-00). TDS 2062-SHR, Estimated Damage to Structures from Terrorist Bombs, 9/98. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Military Handbook, Design Guidelines for Security Fencing, Gates, Barriers, and Guard Facilities, MIL-HDBK-1013/10, 5/93. Department of Defense, Washington, DC. Corps of Engineers Guide Specifications for Construction of Progressive Collapse Design Guidance, 4/00. Department of Defense, Washington, DC. TDS-2079-SHR, Planning and Design Considerations for Incorporating Blast Mitigation in Mailrooms. Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center, Port Hueneme, CA. Corps of Engineers Guide Specifications for Construction of Fencing, 4/99. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Corps of Engineers Guide Specifications for Construction of Vehicle Barriers, 3/98. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Corps of Engineers Guide Specifications for Construction of Blast Resistant Doors, 11/97. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Corps of Engineers Guide Specifications for Construction of Fragment Retention Film for Glass, 7/92. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Wash­ington, DC. Corps of Engineers Guide Specifications for Construction of Security Vault Door, 12/97. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Corps of Engineers Guide Specifications for Construction of Forced Entry Resistant Components, 4/99. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Corps of Engineers Guide Specifications for Construction of Bullet-resistant Components, 4/00. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Corps of Engineers Guide Specifications for Construction of Electro­magnetic (Em) Shielding, 4/99. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Corps of Engineers Guide Specifications for Construction of Self-acting Blast Valves, 7/97. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Corps of Engineers Technical Letter No. 1110-3-494, Airblast Protec­tion Retrofit for Unreinforced Concrete Masonry Walls, 7/99. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Corps of Engineers Technical Letter No. 1110-3-495, Estimating Damage To Structures From Terrorist Bombs, Field Operations Guide, 7/99. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Corps of Engineers Technical Letter No. 1110-3-498, Design of Collective Protection Shelters to Resist Chemical, Biological, and Radiological (CBR) Agents, 2/99. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. Emergency Management and Protective Actions Preparing Makes Sense. Get Ready Now. http://www.ready.gov General guidance from DHS on steps to take to prepare for and respond to intentional or accidental releases of chemical, biological and radiological agents and a nuclear blast. Covers schools and daycare, neighborhoods and apartment buildings, and the workplace. Bioterrorism Preparedness and the Citizen. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.pamf.org/bioterror/links.html (chemical and radiological preparedness guidance) Current guidance on proper actions to take for chemical and radiological events. Facts About Shelter in Place – Chemical Emergencies. Centers for Disease Control. http://www.bt.cdc.gov/planning/shelteringfacts.pdf More detailed guidance on protective actions in event of chemical release. Websites on Sheltering in Place. http://www.scchealth.org/docs/doche/bt/interim.html Warning, Evacuation and In-Place Protection Handbook, Emergency Management Division, Michigan Division of Emergency Manage­ment, 1994. http://floridadisaster.org/bpr/ Warning systems, protective action decision-making, case studies involving chlorine, bromide, and sulfuric acid. Good source for protective actions and shelter considerations in a chemical inci­dent. Will Duct Tape and Plastic Really Work? Issues Related to Expedient Shelter-In- Place. John Sorensen and Barbara Vogt. August 2001. CSEPP, FEMA. Defines and discusses expedient sheltering and the effectiveness of select materials, including duct tape. Shelters by Building Occupancy Sheltering in the Workplace Sheltering in Place at Your Office – A general guide for preparing a shelter in place plan in the workplace. National Institute for Chemical Studies. http://www.nicsinfo.org Provides a sample shelter plan that lists procedures, responsible parties, and needed supplies, equipment and rules. Fact Sheet on Shelter-in-Place, American Red Cross. Provides the basics on shelter-in-place at home and the workplace. February 2003 Fire and Explosion Planning Matrix (OSHA, 2004). http://www.osha.gov/dep/fire-expmatrix/index.html Addresses workplace vulnerability to acts of terrorism and identifies of series of terrorism risk factors (see below) that may elevate the risk of that facility to terrorism acts. These factors may be considered in this project as criteria for higher level of in-place shelter. In its Worksite Risk Assessment List [http://www.llr.state.sc.us/workplace/sectone.pdf – 507kb PDF], an employer will be asked whether the worksite is characterized by any of the following ter­rorism risk factors: - uses, handles, stores or transports hazardous materials; - provides essential services (e.g., sewer treatment, electricity, fuels, telephone, etc.); - has a high volume of pedestrian traffic; - has limited means of egress, such as a high-rise complex or underground operations; - has a high volume of incoming materials (e.g., mail, imports/exports, raw materials); - is considered a high profile site, such as a water dam, military installation, or classified site; or - is part of the transportation system, such as shipyard, bus line, trucking, airline. Sheltering in Schools Fairfax County, VA school preparedness and emergency management – good overall document for school preparedness and shelter in place. http://www.fcps.edu/emergencyplan/faq.htm Comprehensive guidance on protective actions for public schools. Schools and Terrorism: A Supplement to the National Advisory Committee on Children and Terrorism, Recommendations to the Secretary (August 12, 2003) Examines the broader issues of integrating school vulnerability and safety issues into community preparedness. Primer to Design Safe School Projects in Case of Terrorist Attacks. 2003. FEMA. December. Provides comprehensive guidance to protect students, faculty, staff and their school buildings from terrorist attacks. Creating a Safe Haven, Dennis Young, http://asumag.com/ar/uni­versity_creating_safe_haven/ Guidance on incorporating safe haven principles into school design and construction. Sheltering in Place – Princeton University Guidance on protective actions for a campus setting. Shelters by Hazard – Natural Hurricanes Hurricane Shelters, American Red Cross. Provides basic criteria for shelter designation for hurricane shelters. http://www.ih2000.net/jasperem/Hurricane%20- %20Shelters.pdf Shelter Implementation Workshop. Florida Division of Emergency Management, June 2000. Proceedings on workshop that addresses problems, issues, and solutions for implementing statewide plan for hurricane shelters. Standards for Hurricane Evacuation Shelter Selection. American Red Cross (ARC 4496). January 2002 ARC 4496 is the national standard for hurricane evacuation shelter selection criteria. Provides detailed guidance and stan­dards for hurricane shelter selection. State of Florida Shelter Plan, Florida Division of Emergency Management, 2004. http://floridadisaster.org/bpr/Response/engineers/documents/2004SESP/Individual% 20Elements/2004-SESP-AppxB.pdf Public shelter design criteria, based on ARC 4496 and Florida design criteria. State requirements for education facilities. http://floridadisaster.org/bpr/Response/engineers/2004sesp.htm. The website of the Critical Infrastructure and Engineering Unit of the Florida Division of Emergency Management. Contains links to shelter surveys and plans. Tornadoes and High Winds Taking Shelter From the Storm: Building a Safe Room Inside Your House. FEMA 320. http://www.fema.gov/pdf/fima/fema320.pdf. FEMA 320 provides guidance on shelter design and construction of the following types of shelters: - shelter underneath a house - shelter in the basement of a new house - shelter in the interior of a new house - modification of an existing house to add a shelter in one of these areas FEMA Community Wind Shelters: Background and Research. 2002. Extreme Event Protection (Hurricanes and Tornadoes). http://www.builtsafe.com/steelclad.pdf Example of one Texas-based product on the market for extreme wind event protection. Earthquakes Federal Emergency Management Agency. 1988. Handbook for the Seismic Evaluation of Buildings. FEMA 310. January. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 1990. Seismic Considerations for Elementary and Secondary Schools. FEMA 149. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2003. Existing School Buildings: Incremental Seismic Retrofit Opportunities. FEMA 318. December. Shelters by Hazard – Manmade Hazards/Threats Harden Structures and Systems – Apocalypse House (2003). Focuses on shelter design for climatic, nuclear, biological, chemical and conventional weapons threats, and the guidelines established by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the U. S. Department of Energy Oak Ridge National Laboratory, as well as more rigorous standards set by the Technical Directives for Shelters by the Swiss Federal Department of Civil Defense. Building and Shelter Design: Security and Protection Issues Building Security Through Design: A Primer for Architects, Design Professionals and Their Clients. AIA. Protecting Occupants of High-Rise Buildings. Rae Archibald (Deputy Fire Commissioner for NYC), http://www.rand.org/publications/randreview/issues/rr.08.02/occupants.html Recommended actions for building owners of high-rise buildings. Guidance Publication for Emergency Operations Centers: Project Development and Capabilities Assessment, Florida Division of Emergency Management (2003) http://floridadisaster.org/bpr/Response/engineers/eoc/eocguide.pdf Provides guidance on a broad range of vulnerability assessment and vulnerability reduction measures for the FDEM EOC. Many of the recommendations for EOC survivability, sustainability, and interoperability can be applied to multi- hazard shelters. Security Engineering (Army TM 5-853/Air Force Manual 32-1071) Design and Analysis of Hardened Structures to Conventional Weapons Effects (TM 5-855-1) The Homeland Defense Office of the U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command (publications, products, and services): ANSI/ASME N510, Testing of Nuclear Air Treatment Systems, 1989. ASHRAE, Handbook of Fundamentals, 1997. ASHRAE 52.1, Gravimetric and Dust-Spot Procedures for Testing Air-Cleaning Devices Used in General Ventilation for Removing Particulate Matter, 1992. ASHRAE, Handbook Applications Environmental Control for Survival, 1982. ASHRAE Standard 62, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, 1989. ASHRAE Ventilation Standard 62-1981,1 ASME AG-1, Section FC, Code on Nuclear Air and Gas Treatment, 1996. ASME N509, Nuclear Power Plant Air-Cleaning Units and Components, 1989. ASME NQA-1, Quality Assurance Requirements for Nuclear Facility Applications, 1994. ASTM E779-03, Standard Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Fan Pressurization, 1987. EA-C-1704, Carbon-Activated, Impregnated, Copper-Silver-Zinc-Molybdenum- Triethylenediamine (ASZM-TEDA), U.S. Army Edgewood Research, Development and Engineering Center (ERDEC), Aber­deen Proving Grounds, MD. January 1992. ERDEC-TR-336, Expedient Sheltering In Place: An Evaluation for the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program, U.S. Army Edgewood Research, Development and Engineering Center (ERDEC), Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD. June 1996. FM 3-4, NBC Protection, 29 May 1992. IEEE Std-344, IEEE Recommended Practice for Seismic Qualification of Class 1E Equipment for Nuclear Power Generating Stations, 1987. MIL-PRF-32016(EA), Performance Specification Cell, Gas Phase, Adsorber, 26 November 1997. MIL-STD-282, Filter Units, Protective Clothing, Gas-Mask Components and Related Products: Performance-Test Method, 28 May 1956. MS MIL-F-51079D, Filter Medium, Fire-Resistant, High-Efficiency, 17 February 1988. NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, 1997. TM 5-810-1, Mechanical Design Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning, 15 June 1991. TM 5-855-1, Design and Analysis of Hardened Structures to Conventional Weapons Effects, August 1998. UL 586, High-Efficiency, Particulate, Air Filter Units, 1996. ER 1110-345-100, Design Policy for Military Construction.