123 FEBRUARY, 1914. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 1
RECENT PAPERS BEARINQ ON XETEOROLCIY.
C. FITZHUCIH TALMAN, Junior Professor in Charge of Library.
The subjoined titles have been selected from the con- tents of the eriodicals and serials recently rcctived in t.he
of papers and other communications befiring on nieteor- ology and cognate branches of science. I his is not a com-
lete indexof themeteorological contentsof all the journals from which i t has been conipiled. It shows only the articles that appear to the compiler likely to be of sarticu- lar interest in connection with the work of the &eather Bureau.
Aeronaut& London. v. 7 . M a d , 1914. Gulls and eddies. p. S2. American geographical society. Bulletin. New York. v. 46. Feb-
Condra, G[eorge] E[veret], & Loveland, G[eorge] A. The Iowa-
Ward, Robert DeC. A note on the classification of climates.
Snowfalls and street cleaning. p. 471. (Feb. ?ti.)
Tem rature measurements on a concrete building. p. 600-607.
Geographical journal. London. v . 43. February. 1914. Gregory, J. W. Is the earth drying up? p. 293416. [Bibliog-
International institute of agriculture. Bureau q f agricultural intdligence and plant diseases. aonthly bulletin. Rome. 5th year. February, 1914. Livingston, B. E., & Livingston, G. J. Temperature coeficienta
in plant geograph and climatology. p. 191. [Abstract from Botanical gazette.7 Nature. London. v.92. 1914. Antarctic problems. The problem of the antarctir Andes and t.he antarctic horst. p. 700-703. (Feb. 19.) [Includes discussion of meteorol ical problems.] Mallock, A. %eather forecasts in England, p. 911-712. (Feb. An unfavorable criticisni of weather forecasts in goneral.]
S Z A ], c. N. Daily synoptic charts of the northern hemisphere
Bemmelen, W. van. $emarkable upper-air records a t Batavia.
Braak, C ornelis]. The vertical temperature diatribution in the
Miller, Eric R. Evidence of a diurnally reversing convectional circulation of the atmosphere over the upper peninpula of
Michigan. p. 6'2-63.
Lee, Frederic S. %resh air. p. 313-339.
Library of t Yl e Weather Bureau. The titles sclected are
ruary, 1914.
Nebmka tornadoes of Easter Sunday 1911. p. 100-10i.
p. 105-116.
(Xr. 19.)
raphy, p. 305-313.1
Enginem'ng news. New York. v. 71. 1914.
and absolute unita. . 715-716. (Feb. 36.)
p. 5-6. (Mar. 5.)
atmosp 6 ere. p. 6-7. (Mar. 5.)
Phyeieal revmu. Laneaster, Pa. 2 scr. v. 3. Janimry, 1914.
Popular science month1 New I-mk. v . 84. April, 1914.
Royal meteorological society. Quarterly jownal. London. v . 40.
~anumy, 1914.- Dines, W[illiam] H[enry]. The daily temperature change a t great
Harries, Henry. Eddy winds of Gibraltar. p. 13-35. Mossman. Rlobertl C.. & Salter. Carle. Great rainstorm at Don-
heights. p. 1-11.
caeter oh S'eptembeil7, 1913. . p. 3343. Church, J. E., Jr. Recent studies of snow in the United States.
Brooks, Charles E. P. The meteorological conditions of an ice- sheet and their bearing on the desiccation of the globe. p. 53-70.
Bruce, Eric Stuart. Curious mirage of the sun seen a t Ostend,
September 1907. p. 73.
Abbot, C[harles] G[reeley]. The solar constant of radiation.
Edholm, C. L. How's the weather u there? p. 153. (Feb. 28.) [Popular account of sounding-bdoon observations made at Avalon, Calif.] Waterspouts. p. 193. (Mar. 7.) Economy in the Philippine weather bureau. p. 194. (Mar. 7.)
McAdie, Alexander. The storm of March lst, 1911, measured in
new units. p. 238. (Mar. 14.) S&nh& Amcsiaan supplement. New Ymk. v. 77. Februaty 28,1914. Optical marvels in the Antarctic. Light- illarm, coronas, auroras
and mirages that greet the southern expkrer. p. 132.
p. 43-52.
SeineC. New $mk. v. 39. Afarch, 1914.
Seisnhfic American. New York. v . 110. 1914. p. 335-368.
37488-1-
U. S . ofice of ezpmiment stations. h'xperimmt crtation record. Wmh-
Dumas, L. Rain and its measurement. p. 17. Kroll, G. E. Wind and the plant world. p. 30. [Abstract.] Acadhie de8 sciences. Compte8 rendw. Pank. tome 158. e mar8
Boutaric, A. Sur l'ftat thermique de l'atmosphhe. p. 662-655.
Cosmos. Paris. 63 annie. 1914. Les r€ sultats des niagaras paragrelea. p. 114. (29 jan.) [Failure of electric niagams in the Nantais region 3 Nodon, A. Deacn tion d'un barornetre et d'un therm6mhtre datant de deux sigcles. p. 131-132. La lutte contre la g d e . p. 226. (26. fltgfiibstfact of a d d m by Angot.] Radium. Paris. tome 2. Janvier 1914. Boutaric, A. Sur une relation entre l'absorption de l'atmosphhre et la proportion de IuniiPre polarisCe contenue dane la l u m i h diffusee ar le ciel. p. 15-26.
So&t6 mCtEoro6gipue de France. Annuaire. Paris. 62 annEe. Jan-
Glze, J . B. L'humidite du sol et 1% mBt4omlogie agricole. p. 12-
Goutereau, Ch[arles.] Sur les temphtures sup6rieurea ou in-
Deulsche physikalische Gesellachaft. Verhandlungen. Bmunschwcig.
Lutze, G. Zusammenhang der Storungen des atmospharischen Potentialgeidlles mit den luftelektrischen Empfangsstiirun en der drditlosen Telegraphie, nach Untersuchungen am Bofien und im Frc4Jallon. p. 1100-1106. Kohlhijrster, Werner. Measunmen der gkl%!ngenden Strahlung ini Freiballon in grosseren gohen. p..1111-1116. (Nr. 21.) Everling, E. Beobachtung und Theone der durch Reflexion erzeugten Livhtslulen. p. 1117-1119. Neesen, Ftriedrich]. Vemuche der Zentra stelle fur wksenschaft- 1ichtechnia:he I'ntermbhungen in Neu-Babelsberg uber die B li tzsch 11 t zvorrirhtungen fur Sprengstoff anlagen. p . 1173- 1150. (Nr. 22.)
ingtm. January, 1914.
1914.
vier 1914.
17.
Grieures B ccrtaines limites. p. 1%21.
Jnhrgaq 15. 1919.
iNr* 21-)
Himmel und Erde. Berlin. .. Johrgang 26. Februar 1914. Hellmann, G[ustav]. Uber kettenberglauben. p. 193-202. K. dkademie der IVissenschi!ften. Sikiingsberichte. Wkn. 122.
Kerner v. Yarilaun. Synthese der norphogenen Winterklimate Europas zur Tertiarzeit. p. 233-296. (Feb.) Dietzius, Robert. Die Variabilitiit der Steiggeschwindigkeit von Regjstrier- und Pilotballonen. p. 543405. (Marz. Schmidt, Wilhelm. Luftwogen im Gebirgstal; nach ariograph- enaufzeirhnungen von Innsbruck. p. 835-911. (Mei.) Emer, Felix M. Uber monatliche Witterungsanomalien auf der niirrllic.hen Erdhllfte im Winter. p. 1165-12-10. (Juni.)
3IeteoroIogische Zeitschrij't. Braunschueig. Band 31. Februar 1914. Yaurer, J., & Dorno, C. Uher den Verlnuf und die geographische Verbreitung der atmosphiirisch-optischen Storung 1912-1913.
Ham, J[ulius] v. Dr. G. 0. Simpson: Einige Ergebnisso der
9 meteomlogirchen Beobachtungen der zweiten antarktischen Expedition von Kapith R. F. Scott. p. 62-67. [Includes
, data from other expeditions.] Schmauss, A[u st]. Ein von der Substratosphlre aus erfolgender KSlteeinhruc$l p. 67-75. Koppen, W[ladimir], L Wedeme er, F. Beziehungen zwischen Temperatur. Luftdruck und dohe der Troposphare im euro- pli~r1it.n Flachlsnde. 75-87. Mazelle, Ed[uard]. West%o und Springflut in Triest. p. 87-89. Gold, E[mestj,. A4tmo~ph8risrhe Strahlung. p. 89-90. SUring, R[ein ard . Merkwiirdige Blitzwirkun . p. 90-91. Henry, Alfred J! Vertikale Temperaturgrafienten zwischen
Piitter, A[ugust . Die Ausniitzung der Sonnenstrahlung durch
Eckhardt, Wilh[elm.] Uber Grundla en und Theorien der Paliio- klimatolo ie. p. 1!3-196. (27. Fei.) Richter, Whelm. Uber Fro& und Schneefreie Zeiten im dent- schen Reiche. p. 19G-199. (27. Feb.)
Phydalische Zeikchrift. Leiotig. 15. Jahrganp. 15. Febntar. 1914. Simpson, G[eorge] C. h e r die Elektrizitat der Niederschliige. p. 313-215.
Weltall. Berlin. 14. Jahr ang. 1 . Janiiarhcft. 1914. Kohlh&ster, W. RaJoaktive Substanzen und durchdringende Strahlung in der Atmosphiire. p. 97-102; 118-122. (1. u. 2.
Band. 1913.
tr
p. 49-W?.
Mount Weather (Va.) und den Talstationen. p. 92-93.
Natururissei~schoften. Berlin. 2. Jahrgang . 1914.
die grunen Iz flanzen,. p. 169-175. (50 Feb.)
Jan.-H.)
124 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. FEBRUARY, 1914
Wetter. Berlin. 31. Jahganq. Februar1914. Lidermann, [Carl.] Die mittlere @lichen Temperaturachwank- ungen nach den Terminbeobachtungen an zehn Stationen des K6nigreiches Sachsen. p. 25-28.
Mtiller A. v. Klimavergleiche einiger meteorologisch intereaaan- ten drte yon Zentral-Europa. p. 38-32.
Wtz, J. Uber eine merkwurdlge Form von Hagelschlossen. p. 43-45. Der Februar in Ausspriichen der landlichen Bevolkerung. p. 4s.
Zn‘tecJm’t fur Balneobqie. .Berlin. 6. Jahrgang. 15. Febebnua 1914.
R . Aecademurda ncei. Atti. Roma. v . 23. 1914. Tosi, 4.. Dis ositivo herziano per osservazioni meteorologiche e
i
previsioni c-8 temporali. p. SMS. (1s gen. Monti, v[igilio]. Sulla distribuzione mensi e della frequenza relativa della neve nelle Alpi settentrionali. p. 151-154. (1 febbr.)
3 e 1 Imapn, y t a v .] Uber Wetteraberghuben. p. 631-637.
. ’ ,‘,I
i
NOTES FRO= THE WEATHER BUREAU LIBRARY.
By C. FITZHUQH TALYAN, Junior Professor in Charge of Library.
RETROSPECTIVE.
In glancing back over the lustrum that has elapsed since these notes were interrupted, one is impressed by the facts that (1) there has a peared no great new trend of
birth of aerology, as a coherent branch o science, which made the openmg decade of the present century forever memorable in the hstory of meteorology; and that (2)
the develppment of aerology has engrossed a major share of attention.’ The year 1909 was marked by the matured Humphreys-Gold explanation of what a few years ago was generally called the “isothermal layer,” but IS now almost universally known as the “stratos here.” The inappro-
of a soundmg balloon sent up from Batavia in December of last year. At the bottom of the stratos here, 10.2
erature (1) of -90.9O C. (-131.6OF.1, while above t,liat fevel the temperature steadily rose to - 57.1 O C. (-70.8’
F.) at the rnkximum altitude reached by the balloon, viz,
16.2 miles. This strong gradient, is inconsistent with the idea of “isothermaJity.” A task still in progress is the determination of the rela- tions between conditions aloft and weatelier c.hanges at t,he earth’s surface. In 1912 Dr. W. N. Shaw, director of the British Meteorolo,@cal Office, introduced the idea of a
“substratosphere. This he defines as “a layer of a b
mosphere just under the strat,os here, at the height, of
a parently often marks the height at which the velocity o 1 the wind is a masimum, and may be regarded as tslie layer of origin of t-he changes of pressure which are the dominant features of our weather maps.” While the con-
cluding words of. the foregoing definition involve a de- batable hypothesis, t,lie notion of a bransition-layer be- tween troposphere and stratosphere seems conpenien t. Some charactemtics of tlie substratosphere are discussed by Dr. A. Schniauss, director of tslie Bavarian meterolog- ical service, in the current! number of Beitrage zur Physik der freien Atmos hare.
tb the r e a h of s eculation. In 1911 Dr. Alfred Wegener
atmosphere such as, in view of the atomic we1 lit of this
en revails, would entitle it to be regarded as a distinct ’shefi” of the atmosphere. At greater heights he suggests
P
activity in meteorologica P research, coni arable to the
priateness of the former name is il P ustrated by t,lie record
miles above the earth, was found the amazing r y low tem-
about 9 kilometers in the region o P the British Isles, which
(Bd. 6, Heft 3.)
Yet higher “sp R eres” than tlie stratosphere still belong
suggested that t % e physical characteristics of a hydrogen
gas, may be presumed to overlie the stratum in w % icli nitro-
that the predominating constituent. of the atmosphere may be R hitherto unknown gas, lighter than hydrogen, and perhaps identical with the hypothetical “coronium” of the solar corona. This he calls “geocoronium,” and he sees in it, the o n of the most conspicuous line, hitherto unidentified, in T t e spectrum of the aurora. He computes that eocoroniuni constitutes 0.00058 per cent of the ab mosp a ere by volume at the earth’s surface, but 93 per cent at an altitude of 500 kilometers. Thus the four shells of the atmosphere according to We ener (2) are, in asceiid- ing order: Troposphere, s tratosp 5 ere, hydrogensphere, eocoroniumsphere. Dr. 0. Tetens (3), since the “auroral tne” is also found in the spectrum of the zodiacal light, prefers to call the hypothetical light gas of the u per atmos here “zodiacon.” These speculations have feen recor s ed here a t some length on account of their promi- nence in current literature, but it should be noted that the “auroral line,” althou h no lon er attributed to the heavy gas kr ton, is sti8 suscepti % le of various inter- pretations, a s is therefore an unsafe basis for hypoth- eses concerning tshe structure of the atmosphere. L. Vegard (4), who has redetermined the position of the line b observat,ions made at Boasekop, considers it an argon L e . Aerology has been annexed to the field of polar explora- tion with interesting results. Long series of up er-air were made by the recent ex editions o P Scott
soundinT and Filc ner 111 the Antarctic, and by 3 ost and Stolberg, at Godhavn, on the west coast of Greenland, in 1912-13.
The latter observers sent up 120 pilot balloons, for one of which they claim the hitherto unprecedented altitude of
39 kilometers (24.2 miles) above sea level.@) They were unable to find at any altitude evidence of a regular circumpolar whirl in the atmosphere. A timely summary of the immense body of international kite and balloon observations was prepared by Mr. E. Gold in 1912, and has recently been published as Geophysical Memoir No. 5 of the British Meteorological OBice. The application of aerology to the needs of the aeronaut has given birt,li to a new subbranch of science, “aero- nautical meteorology.” Its content is perhaps best rep- resented and delimited in a very practical little work bx Dr. Franz Linke, entitled “Aeronautische Meteorologie
(2 vols., Frankfurt a. M., 1911).
At the beginning of the year 1911 the world’s fist aeronautical weather bureau was organized in Germany. Observations of the air currents at vax~ous alhtudea axe made daily With pilot balloons at a score of stations scab
tered over that empire and telegraphed to the Linden- her Observatory, whence bulletins are issued to all parta
The measurement of solar radiation is still a capital problem, as it was five years ago. The most definite step in advance has been Abbot’s redetermination of the solar constant (1.922 standard calories per square centimeter per minute at mean solar distance, with fluctuations to the extent of about 10 per cent). Abbot (6) is now endertvor- ing to check these results b means of observations ob-
attention has recently been devoted to attempts tomeasure separately tohe kind or kinds of radiation having most influ- ence u on plant growth and other biological processes(7).
mechanics, a new personality has m e n , viz, Prof. V. Bjerknes, whose elaborate treatise on “D.ynamic Mete- orology and Hydrography” is in course of publication by the Carnegie Institution and who is also issuing a
of t f ie country for the guidance of aeronauts.
tahied at great altitudes wit i sounding balloons. Much
In t r t e field of dypamical meteorology, or atmospheric