Allen, P.M., and Narramore, R., Bedrock Controls on Stream Channel Enlargement with Urbanization, North Central Texas: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 21, no . 6, p. 1037-1048.

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Alley, W.M., 1981, Estimation of Impervious-Area Washoff Parameters Water Resources Research, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 1161-1166.

The exponential washoff equation, commonly used in models for rainfall runoff water quality in urban areas, is often modified by an availability factor to account for the effects of runoff intensity on pollutant washoff. This study showed that, overall, the inclusion of the availability fact or did not significantly improve results. However, techniques for determining the optimum values of coefficients used in these equations have been demonstrated. These procedures were applied to a 6 ha urban watershed in south Florida, where the optimized parameter values vary widely between different storms and between different constituents.

Alley, W.M., and Ellis, S.R., 1978, Trace elements in runoff from rainfall and snowmelt in the Denver, Colorado, metropolitan area, in Urban Storm Management International Symposium, Lexington, Ky., July 24-27, 1978, Proceedings: Lexington, University of Kentucky, p. 193-198.

Concentrations of antimony, cadmium, chromium, lithium, manganese, mercury, nickel, and selenium have been determined in selected samples of rainfall runofffrom several urban localities in the Denver metropolitan area . Multiple samples collected during periods of runoff from both rainfall and snowmelt were analyzed for arsenic, copper iron, lead, and zinc. Of these trace elements, iron, lead, and zinc were predominant in runoff from the rainfall and snowmelt, with concentrations of iron at times exceeding 10,000 micrograms per liter and with concentrations of lead and zinc at times exceeding 1,000 micrograms per liter. The concentrations of trace elements were highest during the initial parts of the periods of rainfall runoff and then decreased with time Trace-element concentrations in snowmelt runoff generally peaked during the middle of the day, corresponding with periods of maximum melting and runoff. Instantaneous loads of trace elements were largely a function of discharge for runoff from both rainfall and snowmelt. The trace elements were predominantly in the particulate phase, with the ratio of particulate to dissolved concentrations averaging 20. Between April 1 and October 31, 1976, estimated total loads of trace elements for a 606-acre residential site were: Arsenic, 0.8 pound; copper, 4.4 pounds; lead, 44 pounds; and zinc, 23 pounds.

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Alley, W.M., and Ellis, S.R., 1979, Rainfall-runoff modeling of flow and total nitrogen from two localities in the Denver, Colorado, metropolitan area in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency SWMM Users Group Meeting, November 1978, 41 p.

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Alley, W.M., Smith, P.E., 1981, Estimation of Accumulation Parameters for UrbanRunoff Quality Modeling Water Resources Research, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 1657-1664.

Watershed models use accumulation and washoff equations to simulate the quality of runoff from urban impervious areas. This paper explores methods of estimating accumulation parameters and analyzes the sensitivity of model output to changes in these parameter values. Parameters evaluated are the maximum amount of constituent on effective impervious areas (in kg);constant for constituent removal (per day); and coefficient (per mm). An equation is given which accounts for observations that the rate of pollutant accumulation is largest for a few days after a rainfall or street cleaning and eventually approaches zero because constituents are resuspended by wind or vehicular traffic. This curve is more general than the linear accumulation curves used in most models. An exponential equation for constituent washoff developed in a previous paper is presented. Results of applying these techniques and sensitivity analysis show that the shape and magnitude of the constituent accumulation curves should be better defined. The amount of residual material remaining on the streets after storms and cleaning must also be considered.

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Alley, W.M., and Smith, P.E., 1982, Multi-event urban runoff quality model: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-764, 169 p.

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Alley, W.M., and Veenhuis, J.E., 1979, Determination of basin characteristics for an urban distributed routing rainfall- runoff model, in Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) Users Group Meeting, Montreal, Canada, May 24-25, 1979, Proceedings: Washington, D.C., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Miscellaneous Reports Series EPA 600/79-026, 27 p.

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Alley, W.M., and Veenhuis, J.E., 1983. Effective Impervious Area in Urban Runoff Modeling, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering Vol. 109, No. 2, p 313- 319.

Methods of estimating impervious areas are described and some effective impervious area data is summarized. The ramifications of effective impervious area concepts in urban runoff modeling are analyzed. Results from many urban runoff models are sensitive to the value used for impervious area. Large differences in results can be obtained depending on whether total impervious area (TIA) or effective impervious area (EIA) calculations are used. TIA may be appropriate for black-box models but not for deterministic ones. Potential problems of using TIAin the more deterministic models include: runoff volumes and peak flows may belargely overestimated for ungaged watersheds; simulated changes in runoff, on a percentage basis, due to increasing intensity of land use may be smaller if TIAis used rather than EIA; and overestimates of the infiltration rates are likely if the model is calibrated using TIA and measured rainfall-runoff data. Impervious area data collected from 19 urban watersheds in the Denver metropolitan area suggest a large potential exists for developing relationships between EIA and TIA for an urban area, either through a regression equation between the two variables or through estimates of the ratio EIA-TIA as a function of land use.

Ames, K.C., and Prych, E.A., 1995, Background concentrations of metals in soils from selected regions in the State of Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4018,103 p.

Soil samples from 60 sites in the state of Washington were collected and analyzed to determine the magnitude and variability of background concentrations of metals in soils of the State. Samples were collected in areas that were relatively undisturbed by human activity from the most pre-dominant soils in 12 different regions that are representative of large areas of Washington State. Concentrations of metals were determined by five different laboratory methods. Concentrations of mercury and nickel determined by both the total and total-recoverable methods displayed the greatest variability, followed by chromium and copper determined by the total- recoverable method. Concentrations of other metals, such as aluminum and barium determined by the total method, varied less. Most metals concentrations were found to be more nearly log-normally than normally distributed. Total metals concentrations were not significantly different among the different regions. However, total-recoverable metals concentrations were not as similar among different regions. Cluster analysis revealed that sampling sites in three regions encompassing the Puget Sound could be regrouped to form two new regions and sites in three regions in south-central and southeastern Washington State could also be regrouped into two new regions. Concentrations for 7 of 11 total-recoverable metals correlated with total metals concentrations. Concentrations of six total metals also correlated positively with organic carbon. Total-recoverable metals concentrations did not correlate with either organic carbon or particle size. Concentrations of metals determined by the leaching methods did not correlate with total or total-recoverable metals concentrations, nor did they correlate with organic carbon or particle size.

Anderson, C.W., Distribution of Dissolved Pesticides and Other Water Quality Constituents in Small Streams, and their Relation to Land Use, in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, 1996.

Water-quality samples were collected at sites in 16 randomly selected agricultural and 4 urban subbasins as part of Phase III of the Willamette River Basin Water-Quality Study in Oregon dur-ing 1996. Ninety-five samples were collected and analyzed for suspended sediment, conventional constituents (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, nutrient, biochemical oxygen demand, and bacteria) and a suite of 86 dissolved pesticides. The data were collected to characterize the distribution of dissolved pesticide concentrations in small streams (drainage areas 2.6-13 square miles) throughout the basin, to document exceedances of water-quality standards and guidelines, and to identify the relative importance of several upstream land use categories (urban, agricultural, percent agricultural land, percent of land in grass seed crops, crop diversity) and seasonality in affecting these distributions.

Anderson, C.W., Rinella, F.A., and Rounds, S.A., 1996, Occurrence of selected trace elements and organic compounds and their relation to land use in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, 1992-94: U.S.Geological Survey Water- Resources Investigations Report 96-4234.

Between 1992 and 1994, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a study of trace elements and organic compounds in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, as part of the Willamette River Basin Water Quality Study. Low-level analyses were performed for trace elements, volatile organic compounds, organochlorine compounds, and pesticides. Overall, 94 water samples were collected from 40 sites, during predominantly high-flow conditions, representing urban, agricultural, mixed, and forested land uses. Although most observed concentrations were relatively low, some exceedances of water-quality criteria for acute and chronic toxicity and for the protection of human health were observed. Concentrations of chromium, copper, lead, and zinc in unfiltered water were well correlated with concentrations of suspended sediment. The highest trace-element concen-trations generally were found at urban sites that receive a large portion of their runoff from industrial areas, particularly at high suspended-sediment concentrations. In contrast, concentrations of trace elements in some urban streams draining primarily residential areas appeared to approach a maximum as sediment concentrations increased. Whether this difference was due to a difference in the nature of the suspended sediments or to different concentrations in the aqueous phases from the two site types was not addressed. Eight organochlorine compounds were detected at 14 sites. Lindane, dieldrin, and DDT or its metabolites were each detected in about 30 percent of the samples, predominantly in samples collected from agricultural and urban areas. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compounds were detected in samples from two urban sites. For samples in which DDT and its metabolites were examined for partitioning, the largest proportion of the mass of DDT and its metabolites was associated with suspended sediment. In contrast, dieldrin and lindane were almost completely (greater than 99 percent) associated with the dissolved phase. Sixty-one of the 94 pesticides analyzed in filtered water were documented to have been used in the basin in 1987; 43 of these were detected at least once during 1992-94. An additional five were detected that were not documented in the 1987 estimates. Although a comparison between the frequency of detected pesticides and 1987 estimates of pesticide usage.

Andrews, F.L., Schertz, T.L., Slade, R.M., Rawson, J., 1984, Effects of stormwater runoff on water quality on the Edwards aquifer near Austin, Texas. WRI 84-4124

Analyses of samples collected from Barton Springs at approximately weekly intervals and from Barton Creek and five wells in the Austin area during selected storm runoff periods generally show that recharge during storm runoff resulted in significant temporal and areal variations in the quality of ground water in the recharge zone of the Edwards aquifer. Recharge during storm runoff resulted in significant increases of bacterial densities in the ground water. Bacteriological data for Barton Springs and selected wells indicate that the ground water in the aquifer is susceptible to bacterial pollution, especially during storm runoff. Recharge during storm runoff resulted in significant decreases in the specific conductance and the concentration of total nitrate nitrogen in the ground water. Nitrate nitrogen was the most prevalent form of nitrogen in the ground water. Although the values of these and other properties or constituents in ground water varied temporally and areally, available data indicate that the values of most of the major and minor elements in ground water in the recharge zone of the Edwards aquifer were significantly less than the primary or secondary contaminant levels set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for public water systems.

Averett, R.C., and Schroder, L.J., 1994, A guide to the design of surface-water-quality studies: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 93-105, 39 p.

Data interpretation is difficult under the simplest of conditions and requires hydrologic studies that are carefully designed. Good research presupposes carefully collected data, as well as data that were obtained at times when the information content was highest. To accomplish the careful design of hydrologic studies and to obtain quality data, the U.S. Geological Survey works through small organizational units. The principles of a well-designed study are: 1) Use the scientific method, 2) define the problem and the approach, 3) state the objectives of the data collection, 4) determine what and how to sample, 5) decide where to sample, 6) begin report preparation early in the study, 7) do the work with little or no rework, and 8) complete the report on schedule.

Ayers, M.A., Brown, R.G., and Oberts,G.L., 1985, Runoff and chemical loading in small watersheds in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 85-4122, 35 p.

Flow, rainfall, and water-quality data were collected during 1980 for 15 to 30 rainfall and snowmelt events on 6 rural and 11 urban watersheds in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area. Event or daily flow and load models (for seven constituents) were developed and used with runoff and rainfall data for 1963-80 to compute 2-year frequency annual and seasonal flows and loads for each watershed. In models of storm-sewered watersheds, total storm rainfall proved to be the most significant factor controlling runoff and loads. Depending on the watershed type, antecedent soil-moisture indices and rainfall intensity also were important factors in estimating runoff. Annual runoff from storm-sewered watersheds averaged about 27 percent of annual precipitation, ranging from 13 to 57 percent. Runoff in urban main-stem streams ranged from 13 to 20 percent and was related to the percent of urbanization in the watershed. Annual runoff in rural watersheds ranged from 6 to 20 percent of annual precipitation. Runoff responses were highest in the snowmelt season for all watersheds and declined through the rest of the year. Rural watersheds showed a considerable decrease in runoff response during late summer and fall. Urban-watershed response from season to season was more consistent than rural watersheds because of the impervious area and storm sewers in urban watersheds.

Baldys, Stanley, III, Raines, T.H., Mansfield, B.L., and Sandlin, J.T., (in press), Hydrologic data for urban studies in the Dallas-Fort Worth area, Texas, 1992-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-482.

This report presents precipitation and water quality data from analyses of 210 samples collected at 30 storm-sewer outfall stations in the Dallas-fort Worth area, Texas, during February 1992-November 1994. The data were collected to fulfill requirements mandated by the U.S. Environmental protection agency to the cities of Arlington, Dallas, Fort Worth, Garland, Irving, Mesquite, and Plano and to the Dallas and fort Worth Districts of the Texas Department of Transportation to obtain a National Pollution Discharge elimination System permit. Data were collected at storm sewer outfall sttions in drainage basins classified as singular land use, either residential, commercial, industrial, or highway. Also included are quality assurance/quality-control data for samples collected in conjunction with the stormwater samples.

Baldys, Stanley, III, Raines, T.H., Mansfield, B.L., and Sandlin, J.T., (in review) 19XX, Urban stormwater quality, event-mean concentrations, and estimates of stormwater pollutant loads, Dallas-Fort Worth area, Texas, 1992-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report

The quality of urban stormwater runoff is characterized and loads for 12 selected properties and constituents are estimated to satisfy part of the requirements for National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permits for seven municipalities in the Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas, area. One hundred and eighty two samples were collected from 26 urban drainage basins characterized by one of three land uses: residential, industrial, or commercial. Laboratory analyses were conducted on each sample for 188 properties and constituents. Residential land-use basins had generally greater concentrations of bacteria, nutrients, chemical oxygen demand, total arsenic, and diazinon. Industrial land-use basins were characterized by greater concentrations of suspended and dis-solved solids and total recoverable chromium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc. The frequencies of volatile organic compound detections, specifically toluene, and base/neutral and acid extractable semivolatile organic compounds, specifically bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, were greater in samples from industrial land-use basins than residential or commercial land-use basins. Diazinon was detected in 92 percent of samples from residential land-use basins, 67 percent from commercial land-use basins, and 33 percent from industrial land-use basins. Event-mean concentrations (EMCs) of biochemical oxygen demand; chemical oxygen demand; suspended and dissolved solids; total nitrogen; total ammonia plus organic nitrogen; total and dissolved phosphorus; total recoverable copper, lead, and zinc; and diazinon were calculated for each land use. The EMCs of nitrogen, phosphorus, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and diazinon were greatest in samples from the residential land-use basins. The EMCs of suspended solids, dissolved solids, total copper, lead, and zinc were greatest in samples from the industrial land-use basins. The median values for biochemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, and the trace metals total copper, lead, and zinc determined from data collected during 1979-84. Loads were computed for the same 12 constituents by using two methods. Pollutant loads for each storm were calculated from measured, flow-weighted EMCs and runoff volume. Dissolved and suspended solids had the greatest mean loads (per unit area). Mean loads for trace metals were greatest from industrial land-use basins. Mean loads for diazinon were greatest from residential land-use basins. Mean nutrient loads from the three land uses were very dissimilar. Local regression equations were developed to estimate loads produced by individual storms. In every case, the local equations have a lower standard error of estimate than the regional regression equations developed for the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program. Mean annual loads were estimated by applying storm load equations for all runoff producing storms in an average year and summed to determine the annual load. Loads for suspended solids from commercial land-use basins were not significantly different than loads from the two other land uses. Loads for total ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved phosphorus, and total phosphorus did not differ significantly among the three land-use categories even though significant differences exist betweren median concentrations for the various land uses. Loads for the remaining constituents were found to be significantly different for the three land uses.

Bannerman, Roger T., et. al., 1983, Evaluation of Urban Nonpoint source Pollution Management in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, 3 Volumes, EPA Grant Number P005432-01-5.

The executive summary of a three-volume report pertaining to urban stormwater runoff is presented. The characteristics of urban stormwater are summarized, the impacts of urban storm water are described, sources of urban stormwater contaminants are listed, management alternatives for urban stormwater are outlined, and the feasibility and application of urban nonpoint source water pollution treatment measures are discussed.

Bannerman, Roger T., Legg, Andrew D., and Greb, Steven R., 1996, Quality of Wisconsin Stormwater, 1989-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 25 p.

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Barks, C.S., Verification and Adjustment of Regional Regression Models for Urban Storm-Runoff Quality Using Data Collected in Little Rock, Arkansas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4216.

Storm-runoff water-quality data were used to verify and, when appropriate, adjust regional regression models previously developed to estimate urban storm- runoff loads and mean concentrations in Little Rock, Arkansas. Data collected at 5 representative sites during 22 storms from June 1992 through January 1994 compose the Little Rock data base. Comparison of observed values (0) of storm-runoff loads and mean concentrations to the predicted values (Pu) from the regional regression models for nine constituents (chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, total nitrogen, total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved phosphorus, total recoverable copper, total recoverable lead, and total recoverable zinc) shows large prediction errors ranging from 63 to several thousand percent. Prediction errors for six of the regional regression models are less than 100 percent, and can be considered reasonable for water-quality models. Differences between 0 and Pu are due to variability in the Little Rock data base and error in the regional models. Where applicable, a model adjustment procedure (termed MAP-R-P) based upon regression with 0 against Pu was applied to improve predictive accuracy. For 11 of the 18 regional water- quality models, 0 and Pu are significantly correlated, that is much of the variation in 0 is explained by the regional models. Five of these 11 regional models consistently overestimate O; therefore, MAP-R-P can be used to provide a better estimate. For the remaining seven regional models, 0 and Pu are not significanfly correlated, thus neither the unadjusted regional models nor the MAP-R-P is appropriate. A simple estimator, such as the mean of the observed values may be used if the regression models are not appropriate. Standard error of estimate of the adjusted models ranges from 48 to 130 percent. Calibration results may be biased due to the limited data set sizes in the Little Rock data base. The relatively large values of standard error of estimate for some of the constituent models may be unacceptable for some applications. The user may need to collect additional local data for these constituents and repeat the model adjustment procedure analysis or calibrate an independent local regression model.

Bazemore, D.E., Hupp, C.R. and Diehl. T.H., 1991, Wetland Sedimentation and Vegetation Patterns Near Selected Highway Crossings in West Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4106, 46p

Wetland sedimentation and vegetation patterns at 11 highway crossings in West Tennessee were studied from 1987 to 1989. The purpose of the study was to investigate potential adverse effects of highway crossings on wetlands. Sedimentation rates, determined from root-burial depths, were highly variable. Average rates of fine-grained deposition ranged from 0.005 to 0.033 ft/yr for stations in locally ponded areas and from -0.002 to 0.039 ft/yr for stations in drained areas. Sedimentation rates upstream from highway crossings were not significantly different from downstream rates at 8 of the 11 study sites. Three study sites had significantly greater sedimentation rates downstream. Sand splays were observed downstream from bridges at most study sites. Vegetation patterns and tree growth appear most strongly related to hydroperiod. The influence of sedimentation on tree-growth is difficult to separate from the influence of hydroperiod because areas with high sedimentation rates typically have long hydroperiods. Estimated hydroperiod increased no more than 1% because of backwater from the highway crossings at the 11 study sites, while the average depth of flood-plain inundation increased by an average of 6%.

Beaven, T.R., and McPherson, B.F., 1978, Quality of the Water in Borrow Ponds Near a Major Highway Interchange, Dade County, Florida, October-November 1977: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-1029 15p.

Water, bottom sediment, and aquatic plants were sampled from ponds near a major south Florida highway interchange to document concentrations of selected constituents in an aquatic environment near heavy vehicular traffic. Generally concentrations of constituents were within the range expected in an uncontaminated environment in south Florida. However, concentrations did exceed south Florida background levels or Environmental Protection Agency criteria in a few cases. Two trace elements--chromium (20 micrograms per liter) in ponded surface water and lead (500 micrograms per gram) in bottom sediment--exceeded background levels. Concentrations of dieldrin (22 micrograms per kilogram) and polychlorinated biphenyls (53 micrograms per kilogram) also exceed background levels in bottom sediment. The concentration of phenol (23 micrograms per liter) in ground water exceeded Environmental Protection Agency quality criteria by 22 micrograms per liter, but was within the background range for south Florida. Ten metals were detected in the cattail or algal samples, but only iron, manganese, and zinc were in higher concentrations than those in the bottom sediment.

Bell, C.F., Belval, D.L., and Campbell, J.P., 1996, Trends in nutrients and suspended solids at the Fall Line of five tributaries to Chesapeake Bay in Virginia, July 1988 through June 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4191, 37p. .

Water-quality samples were collected at the Fall Line of five tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay in Virginia during a 6- to 7-year period. The water-quality data were used to estimate loads of nutrients and suspended solids from these tributaries to the non-tidal part of Chesapeake Bay Basin and to identify trends in water quality. Knowledge of trends in water quality is required to assess the effectiveness of nutrient manage- ment strategies in the five basins. Multivariate log-linear regression and the seasonal Kendall test were used to estimate flow-adjusted trends in constituent concentration and load. Results of multivariate log-linear regression indicated a greater number of statistically significant trends than the seasonal Kendall test; how-ever, when both methods indicated a significant trend, both agreed on the direction of the trend. Interpre- tation of the trend estimates for this report was based on results of the parametric regression method. No significant trends in total nitrogen concentration were detected at the James River monitoring station from July 1988 through June 1995, though total Kjeldahl nitrogen concen- tration decreased slightly in base-flow samples. Total phosphorus concentration decreased about 29 percent at this station during the sampling period. Most of the decrease can be attributed to reductions in point-source phosphorus loads in 1988 and 1989, especially the phosphate detergent ban of 1988. No significant trends in total suspended solids were observed at the James River monitoring station, and no trends in runoff- derived constituents were interpreted for this river. Significant decreases were detected in concentrations of total nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, dissolved nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen, and total suspended solids at the Rappahannock River monitoring station between July 1988 and June 1995. A similar downward trend in total phosphorus concentration was significant at the 90-percent confidence level, but not the 95-percent confidence level. These decreases can be attributed primarily to reductions in nonpoint nutrient and sediment loads, and may have been partially caused by implementation of best management practices on agricultural and silvicultural land. Flow-adjusted trends observed at the Appomattox, Pamunkey, and Mattaponi monitoring stations were more difficult to explain than those at the James and Rappahannock stations. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen and total phosphorus increased 16 and 23 percent, respectively, at the Appomattox River monitoring station from July 1989 through June 1995. Total phosphorus concentration increased about 46 percent at the Pamunkey River monitoring station between July 1989 and June 1995. At the Mattaponi River monitoring station, decreases in dissolved nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen were offset by increases in total Kjeldahl nitrogen, resulting in no net change in total nitrogen concentration from October 1989 through June 1995.

Belval, D.L., Bell, Clifton F., and Zynjuk, Linda D., (in press), Chesapeake Bay: monitoring river nutrient loads and trends: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 036-97, 6 p.

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Belval, D.L., and Campbell, J.P, 1996, Water-quality data and estimated loads of selected constituents in five tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay at the Fall Line, Virginia, July 1993 through June 1995: U.S. Geological Survey Open- File Report 96-220, 79 p.

Water-quality data were collected and loads of selected constituents were estimated as part of a U.S. Geological Survey study begun in 1988 in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. The study was designed to characterize concentrations of nutrients, suspended solids, and other selected constituents in Virginia tributaries to Chesapeake Bay by sampling during base-flow and stormflow conditions. A log-linear-regression model, using constituent-concentration data and daily mean discharge as input variables, was used to estimate monthly constituent loads for each river. This report presents the concentration data, regression results, and estimated monthly loads for the period July 1, 1993 through June 30, 1995. Data collected during the period July 1, 1988 through June 30, 1995 were used to create the regression equation. Water-quality data were collected at monitoring stations near the Fall Line of the James, Rappahannock, Appomattox, Pamunkey, and Mattaponi Rivers. Monthly loads were estimated for the following constituents: total nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, dissolved ammonia nitrogen, dissolved nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved orthophosphorus, total suspended solids, total organic carbon, and dissolved silica.

Belval, D.L., Campbell, J.P, Phillips, S.W., and Bell, C.F., 1995, Water- quality characteristics of five tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay at the Fall Line, Virginia, July 1988 through June 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water- Resources Investigations Report 95-4258, 71 p.

Development in the Chesapeake Bay region has adversely affected the water quality of the Bay. The general degradation in the Bay has resulted in the decline of commercial fishing industries and has reduced the area of aquatic vegetation that provides food and habitat for fish and shellfish. In order to assess the effectiveness of programs aimed at reducing the effects of excess nutrients and suspended solids on Chesapeake Bay, it is necessary to quantify the loads of these constituents into the Bay, and to evaluate the trends in water quality. This report presents the results of a study funded by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality-Chesapeake Bay and Coastal Programs and the U.S. Geological Survey, to monitor and estimate loads of selected nutrients and suspended solids discharged to Chesapeake Bay from five major tributaries in Virginia. The water-quality data and load estimates provided in this report also will be used to calibrate computer models of Chesapeake Bay. Water-quality constituents were monitored in the James and Rappahannock Rivers over a 5-year period, and in the Pamunkey, Appomattox, and Mattaponi Rivers over a 4-year period. Water-quality samples were collected from July 1, 1988 through June 30, 1993, for the James and Rappahannock Rivers; from July 1, 1989 through June 30, 1993, for the Pamunkey and Appomattox Rivers; and from September 1, 1989 through June 30, 1993, for the Mattaponi River. Water-quality samples were collected on a scheduled basis and during stormflow to cover a range in discharge conditions. Monitored water-quality constituents, for which loads were estimated include total suspended solids (residue, total at 105 Celsius), dissolved nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen, dissolved ammonia nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved orthophosphorus, total organic carbon, and dissolved silica. Organic nitrogen concentrations were calculated from measurements of ammonia and total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and organic nitrogen loads were estimated using these calculations. Other selected water-quality constituents were monitored for which loads were not calculated. Daily mean load estimates of each constituent were computed by use of a seven-parameter log-linear-regression model that uses variables of time, discharge, and seasonality. Concentration of total nitrogen ranged from less than 0.14 to 3.41 mg/L (milligrams per liter), with both extreme values occurring at the Rappahannock River. Concentration of total Kjeldahl nitrogen ranged from less than 0.1 mg/L in the James, Rappahannock, and Appomattox Rivers to 3.0 mg/L in the James River. Organic nitrogen was the predominant form of nitrogen at all stations except the Rappahannock River, where nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen was predominant, and organic nitrogen comprised the majority of the measured total Kjeldahl nitrogen at all stations, ranging from 0.01 mg/L in the Appomattox River to 2.86 mg/L in the James River. Concentration of dissolved ammonia nitrogen ranged from 0.01 mg/L in the Pamunkey River to 0.54 mg/L at the James River. Concentration of nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen ranged from 0.02 to 1.05 mg/L in the James River. Concentrations of total phosphorus ranged from less than 0.01 mg/L in the Rappahannock and the Mattaponi Rivers to 1.4 mg/L in the James River. Dissolved orthophosphorus ranged from less than 0.01 mg/L in all five rivers to 0.51 mg/L in the James River. Total suspended solids ranged from a concentration of less than 1 mg/L in all five rivers to 844 mg/L in the Rappahannock River. Total organic carbon ranged from 1.1 mg/L in the Appomattox River to 110 mg/L in the Rappahannock River. Dissolved silica ranged from 2.4 mg/L in the James River to 18 mg/L in the Appomattox River. The James and Rappahannock Rivers had high median concentrations and large ranges in concentrations for most constituents, probably because of a greater number of point and nonpoint sources of nutrients and suspended solids, and differences in land use when compared with the other basins. A significantly higher median concentration and greater range of dissolved orthophosphorus generally occurred at the James River than in all other rivers, which primarily is due to the greater number of point sources, such as municipal waste- water treatment plants. The Rappahannock River had significantly higher median concentrations and greater ranges of dissolved nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen than other rivers, probably derived from agricultural sources. Total organic carbon was highest in the Mattaponi and Pamunkey River Basins that contain expanses of wetlands. The Appomattox River had the highest concentration of dissolved silica. The median monthly load of total nitrogen ranged from 16,500 kg (kilogram) in the Mattaponi River to 371,000 kg in the James River. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen ranged from a median monthly load of 12,500 kg in the Mattaponi River to 205,500 kg, also in the James River. Organic nitrogen comprised the majority of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen load in all five rivers, ranging from a median monthly load of 11,251 kg in the Mattaponi River to 3,299,500 kg in the James River. The median monthly load of dissolved ammonia nitrogen was 1,130 kg in the Mattaponi River and was as much as 21,050 kg in the James River, whereas nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen ranged from a median monthly load of 4,065 kg in the Mattaponi River to 156,500 kg in the James River. The median monthly load of total phosphorus ranged from 1,670 kg in the Mattaponi River to 61,600 kg in the James River, whereas the median monthly load of dissolved orthophosphorus ranged from 350 kg in the Mattaponi River to 25,900 kg in the James River. Total suspended solids ranged from a median monthly load of 241,500 kg in the Mattaponi River to 20,050,000 kg in the James River. Total organic carbon ranged from a median monthly load of 167,000 kg in the Mattaponi River to 2,100,000 kg in the James River. The median monthly load of dissolved silica ranged from 209,500 kg in the Mattaponi River to 3,625,000 kg in the James River. In general, annual loads for complete years of data collection were greatest at the James River for all constituents, probably because of the much higher discharge, greater basin size, and higher rates of runoff. Yields, or computations of loads per square mile of basin area, were generally highest at the Rappahannock River for total suspended solids, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrite-plus-nitrate nitrogen, and total nitrogen. Dissolved orthophosphorus was the only constituent with a yield consistently greater at the James River. Yields of total phosphorus were highest for the James and Rappahannock River basins, whereas yields of dissolved ammonia nitrogen, total organic carbon, and dissolved silica were similar for all five river basins. Quality-assurance analyses that compare the results of the Virginia Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services and the U.S. Geological Survey Laboratory indicate that there are statistically significant differences between the laboratories for several constituents. Differences between laboratories were found to be caused by differences in analytical reporting limits, differences in analytical technique, or a slight bias at both laboratories. Quality-assurance data were used to address analytical technique problems, and to qualify final concentrations and loads.

Belval, D.L., Woodside, M.D., amd Campbell, J.P., 1994, Relation of stream quality to streamflow, and estimated loads of selected water-quality constituents in the James and Rappahannock Rivers near the Fall Line of Virginia, July 1988 through June 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4042, 85 p.

This report presents the results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality-- Division of Intergovernmental Coordination to monitor and estimate loads of selected nutrients and suspended solids discharged to Chesapeake Bay from two major tributaries in Virginia. From July 1988 through June 1990, monitoring consisted of collecting depth-integrated, cross-sectional samples from the James and Rappahannock Rivers during storm-flow conditions and at scheduled intervals. Water- quality constituents that were monitored included total suspended solids (residue, total at 105 degrees Celsius), dissolved nitrite plus nitrate, dissolved ammonia, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (ammonia plus organic), total nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved orthopohosphorus, total organic carbon, and dissolved silica. Daily mean load estimates of each constituent were computed by month, using a seven-parameter log-linear-regression model that uses variables of time, discharge, and seasonality. Water-quality data and constituent- load estimates are included in the report in tabular and graphic form. The data and load estimates provided in this report will be used to calibrate the computer modeling efforts of the Chesapeake Bay region, evaluate the water quality of the Bay and the major effects on the water quality, and assess the results of best- management practices in Virginia.

Binovi, R.D., and Slavich, F.E., 1988, Wastewater Characterization and Hazardous Waste Survey: Brooks AFB, TX, Reese AFB TX Air Force Occupational and Environmental Health Lab.

The scope of this survey included the characterization of the wastewater existing the main oil-water separator, entering and exiting the sewage treatment and storm sewer lake, in the industrial lake, and from 19 points in the sanitary andstorm sewer system of Reese Air Force Hospital, Texas. Hazardous waste management surveys were conducted at 28 locations generating or accumulating potentially hazardous waste. Priority pollutants were found in the sanitary and storm system, in the surface impoundments and in a septic system. Apparently all industrial discharges containing hazardous constituents have not been eliminated from the sanitary and stormwater systems. Priority pollutants found in the influent of the sewage treatment plant and in the sewage lake were not significant in nature or concentration. Pretreatment and removal of hazardous constituents from the wastewater will be required if the hazardous material cannot be prevented from entering the wastewater stream. The hazardous waste management program was deficient in several areas, such as insufficient hazardous waste management training, lack of baseline analytical data, inadequate segregetation of wastes prior to containerization, inadequate hazardous waste accumulation sites, and lack of documentation at the shop level concerning amounts and types of wastes generated. Recommendations included: (1) eliminating all hazardous constituents from entering the sanitary or storm water system; (2) routing shop drains to the sanitary sewer and upgrading the sewage treatment system; (3) installing positive controls in shop drains near operations involving hazardous waste to prevent any from entering the sewer; (4) implementing a waste management training program; (5) upgrading hazardous waste accumulation sites; and (6) increasing the amount of hazardous waste testing.

Blakely, S.R., Mustard, M. H., and Doerfer, J.T., 1983, Analysis of the August 14, 1980, Rainstorm and Storm Runoff to the South Platte River in the Southern Denver Metropolitan Area, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4138, 35 p.

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Blevins, D.W., 1984, Quality of stormwater runoff in the Blue River basin, Missouri and Kansas, July-October 1981 and April-July: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4226, 131 p.

Stormwater-runoff sampling was done at three mainstem stations on the Blue River, Missouri, and three stations on urban tributaries. Concentrations of lead, iron, manganese, zinc, and ammonia nitrogen consistently exceeded Missouri water-quality standards. Many constituents were significantly correlated with large concentrations of suspended sediment from the agricultural areas in the upstream part of the basin. However, mean concentrations of lead increased 200% and mean concentrations of zinc increased 100% in the urban reach of Blue River for some storms. Combined sewer overflows along Brush Creek, one of the urban tributaries, caused large concentrations of nutrients, suspended sediment, metals, and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand in the initial runoff. After extended dry periods, surface flushing caused concentrations of lead and zinc to be largest during initial runoff at all three urban tributaries. However, large flushes of most constituents were not detected at the mainstem stations. The large percentage of impervious surfaces and lined channels in urban areas caused increased volumes of runoff per unit of drainage area and limited the availability of sediment to streams. Consequently, concentrations of most constituents were small, but the loads per unit of drainage area were large when compared with those in Blue River. (USGS)

Bohman, L.R., 1984, Floodflow characteristics of Filbin Creek at proposed Interstate Highway 526, North Charleston, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey water Resources Investigations Report 84-4323, 24 p.

A study to determine the impact of two alternative construction plans for proposed interchange between the existing Interstate Highway 26 and Interstate Highway 526 in the Filbin Creek drainage basin near North Charleston, South Carolina was performed by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation. A computerized reservoir routing technique was used to route synthetic flood hydrographs through the basin system. Simulation results indicate that the new roadway will cause little or no change in water-surface elevations downstream of Interstate Highway 26. Upstream of Interstate Highway 26, approximately 0.5 foot of backwater will be created by either alternative during a 100-year flood as a result of the Interstate Highway 526 embankments and structures.

Bohman, Larry R., 1989, Determination of flood hydrographs for streams in South Carolina: Volume 1. Simulation of flood hydrographs for rural watersheds in South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4087, 53 p.

A method is given for simulating a typical (average) flood hydrograph corresponding to a peak discharge of specific recurrence interval for ungaged rural basins having drainage areas less than 500 sq mi in South Carolina. Dimensionless hydrographs were developed for three regions on the basis of 188 storm events at 49 stations that represent a wide range of drainage area sizes and basin conditions. The design peak discharge and a basin lagtime (which has been adjusted to produce correct hydrograph volume) are required to apply the technique. The standard errors of estimate for simulated hydrograph widths at 50 and 75%, respectively, of observed stormflow were +/-14.1 and +/-18.3% for basins in the Blue Ridge physiographic province, +/-29.2 and +/-36.2% for basins in the Piedmont province, and +/-17.8 and +/-22.8% for basins in the Coastal Plain provinces.

Bohman, L.R., 1992, Determination of flood hydrographs for streams in South Carolina: Volume 2. Estimation of peak-discharge frequency, runoff volumes, and flood hydrographs for urban watersheds: U.S. Geological Survey Water- Resources Investigations Report 92-4040, 79 P.

A method is given for simulating a typical (average) flood hydrograph corresponding to a peak discharge of specific recurrence interval for ungaged rural basins having drainage areas less than 500 sq mi in South Carolina. Dimensionless methods are given for estimating flood hydrographs corresponding to peak discharge of specific recurrence intervals and for estimating peak-discharge frequencies and runoff volumes for ungaged urban basins in South Carolina. Dimensionless hydrographs were developed for two regions on the basis of 139 storms at 30 stations in 14 cities that represent a range of drainage area sizes and basin conditions. A design peak discharge and basin lag time are required to apply the technique. The standard errors of estimate for hydrograph widths at 50 and 75% of observed stormflow were 27.0 and 29.8%, respectively, for basins in the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain physiographic provinces, and 19.8 and 24.5% for basins in the lower Coastal Plain province. Equations for estimating the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-, and 500-yr flood peak discharges were determined using data from 34 urban gaging stations in 15 cities in South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina. Estimates of drainage area, total impervious area, and rural discharge are required to use the equations. Standard errors of prediction ranged from +/-25.6 to +/-34.3%. Multiple regression equations also were developed for estimating basin lag time and runoff volume. The most significant explanatory variables in the lag time equations were channel length and slope, total impervious area, and the 2-year 2-hr rainfall amount. The explanatory variables required to use the runoff volume equations were drainage area, peak discharge, and basin lag time.

Bost, R.C., Bedient, P., and Rowe, P.G., 1980, Effect of Urbanization on Alternative Flood Control Strategies: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 16, no 4, p 710-716.

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Brabets, T.P., 1986, Quantiy and Quality of urban runoff from the Chester Creek basin Anchorage, Alaska: Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4312.

Urbanization has affected both the flow characteristics and water quality of streams in the Chester Creek basin, of Anchorage, Alaska. Peak flows are higher in the urban rather than rural parts of the basin, and the percent of effective impervious area has a significant effect on storm runoff volumes and peaks. Water quality in the Chester Creek basin varies according to season and flow conditions. During low or base-flow conditions, concentrations of most water quality constituents measured are within State of Alaska drinking water standards, except for fecal coliform bacteria. During periods of high flow due to snowmelt or rainfall, concentrations of trace metal lead usually exceed recommended maximum levels. The primary sources of trace metal lead and suspended sediments are commercial areas, while the primary source of nutrients and fecal coliform bacteria is residential areas. Streamflow and water quality data collected at five sites representing different land-use categories were used to calibrate and verify three U.S. Geological Survey computer-based models: the Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model-Version II (DR3M-II), the Multi-Event Urban Runoff Quality Model (DR3M-QUAL), and the Precipitation Runoff Modeling Systems (PRMS). The PRMS can be used to simulate the effects of increased urbanization on daily flows. The DR3M-II can be used to simulate storm effects on small basins of < 40 acres. The DR3M-QUAL can be used to estimate seasonal loads of suspended sediment from basins of < 40 acres.

Brabets, T.P., In Preperation, Runoff and Suspended Sediment Characteristics from Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska.

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Brabets, T.P., and Wittenberg, L.A., 1983, Surface-water qualilty in the Campbell Creek basin,Anchorage, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4096

Four streams in the Campbell Creek Basin were sampled during different flow conditions for an 18-month period. North Fork Campbell and South Fork Campbell Creeks drain areas virtually undisturbed by man 's activities. The other two streams, Little Campbell Creek and the main stem Campbell Creek, drain areas that have been urbanized. The water from South Fork Campbell and North Fork Campbell Creeks is of good quality and does not adversely affect the water quality of the main stem Campbell Creek. Little Campbell Creek, which has been affected by urbanization, impacts the water quality of Campbell Creek during lowland snowmelt periods when discharges from South Fork Campbell and North Fork Campbell Creeks are small. High concentrations of suspended sediment in Campbell Creek may be contributed by Little Campbell Creek. Fecal-coliform bacteria concentrations are highest at Little Campbell Creek and probably account for most of the high coliform concentrations at Campbell Creek.

Bradner, L.A., 1991, Water quality in the Upper Floridan aquifer in the vicinity of drainage wells: Orlando, Florida, U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 90-4175, 57 p.

The city of Orlando, Florida, and surrounding areas have used drainage wells to alleviate flooding and to control lake levels since 1904. About 310 drainage wells are currently injecting an average of approximately 23 million gal/day of surface water into the Upper Floridan aquifer, a zone of high transmissivity approximately 350 ft thick. A 3-yr study, from 1987 through 1989 , encompassed the downtown urban area of Orlando and included water quality analyses from wells influenced by inflow from one or more drainage wells. The data from the urban area were summarized and compared to water quality data from wells from two background areas. Samples of water from the Upper Floridan aquifer in the urban area had tritium values ranging from 3 to 9.4 tritium units, indicating recent (1953 or later) recharge. Calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride, and ammonia are present in substantially higher concentrations in groundwater in Orlando than in groundwater from the background areas. Differences in water chemistry between drainage-well inflow and groundwater immediately downgradient of a lake overflow drainage well are most evident in the data for pH, specific conductance, and concentrations of ammonia, calcium, and sulfate. Organic compounds were detected in samples from 8 of the 11 wells in the urban area. Fluorocarbons were detected in samples from two wells. One area contained a hydrocarbon plume that probably originated as effluent from a former manufactured-gas plant.

Bradner, L.A., 1996, Estimation of recharge through selected drainage wells and potential effects from well closure, Orange County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-316, 30 p.

Drainage wells have been used in Orange County,Florida, and surrounding areas to alleviate flooding and to control lake levels since 1904. Over 400 drainage wells have been drilled in the county, but many are now redundant because of surface drainage systems that have been installed within the last two or three decades. Most of the drainage wells emplace water into the Upper Floridan aquifer, a zone of high transmissivity within the Floridan aquifer system. In 1992, the Orange County Stormwater Management Department identified 23 wells that were considered noncritical or redundant for current drainage control. These wells were targeted for closure to eliminate maintenance and possible contamination problems. A 3-year study (1992 through 1994) encompassed several drainage basins in the county. Inflow to 18 of the 23 drainage wells on the noncritical list and the effects of closure of these noncritical wells on the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer were estimated. Three sites were chosen for intensive study and were used for further extrapolation to other noncritical sites. The total average annual recharge rate through the 18 selected wells was estimated to be 9 cubic feet per second, or about 6 million gallons per day. The highest rate of long-term recharge, 4.6 cubic feet per second, was to well H-35. Several wells on the noncritical list were already plugged or had blocked intakes. Yields, or the sum of surface-water outflows and drainage-well recharge, from the drainage basins ranged from 20 to 33 inches per year. In some of the basins, all the yield from the basin was recharge through a drainage well. In other basins, most of the yield was surface outflow through canals rather than to drainage wells. The removal of the recharge from closure of the wells was simulated by superposition in a three-dimensional ground-water flow model. As a second step in the model, water was also applied to two sites in western Orange County that could receive redirected surface water. One of the sites is CONSERV II, a distribution system used to apply reclaimed water to the surficial aquifer system through rapid infiltration basins and grove irrigation. The second site, Lake Sherwood, has an extremely high downward recharge rate estimated to be at least 54 inches per year. The results from the simulations showed a decline of 1 foot or less in the potentiometric surface of the Upper Floridan aquifer with removal of the recharge and a mound of about 1 foot in the vicinity of the two sites in western Orange County. The Lake Sherwood site seems to reduce the declines caused by closure of the wells to a greater degree than the CONSERV II site, partly because the Lake Sherwood site is closer to the drainage-well basins.

Breault, R.F., Weiskel, P.K., and McCobb, T.D., 1997, Channel morphology and streambed-sediment quality in the Muddy River, Boston and Brookline, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey, 5p.

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Breault, R.F., and Harris, S.L., 1997, Geographical Distribution and potential for adverse biological effects of selected trace elements and organic compounds in streambed sediment in the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins, 1992-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4169.

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Bridges, W.C., Analysis of Water-Level Fluctuations of the U.S. Highway 90 Retention Pond, Madison, Florida, USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4057, 1985. 19 p, 8 fig, 5 tab, 6 ref.

A closed basin stormwater retention pond, located 1 mile west of Madison, Florida, has a maximum storage capacity of 134.1 acre-feet at the overtopping altitude of 100.2 feet. The maximum observed altitude (July 1982 to March 1984) was 99.52 feet (126.7 acre-feet) on March 28, 1984. This report provides a technique for simulating net monthly change-in-altitude in response to rainfall and evaporation. A regression equation was developed which relates net monthly change in altitude (dependent variable) to rainfall and evaporation (independent variables). Rainfall frequency curves were developed using a log-Pearson Type III distribution of the annual, January through April, June through August, and July monthly rainfall totals for the years 1908-72, 1974, 1976-82. The altitude of the retention pond increased almost 7 feet during the 4-month period January through April 1983. The rainfall total was 35.1 inches, and the recurrence interval exceeded the 100-year January-April rainfall. (USGS)

Brooks, M.H., Schroder, L.J., and Malo, B.A., 1985, Interlaboratory comparability, bias, and precision for four laboratories measuring constituents in precipitation, November 1982-August 1983: U.S.Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report, 85-4313, 14 p.

Four laboratories involved in the routine analysis of wet-deposition samples participated in an interlaboratory comparison program managed by the U.S. Geological Survey. The four participants were: Illinois State Water Survey central analytical laboratory in Champaign, Illinois; USGS national water quality laboratories in Atlanta, Georgia, and Denver, Colorado; and inland Waters Directorate national water quality laboratory in Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Analyses of interlaboratory samples performed by the four laboratories from Oct. 1983-Dec. 1984 were compared.

Brooks, M.H., Schroder, and L.J.,Willoughby, T.C., 1987, Interlaboratory comparability, bias, and precision for four laboratories measuring analytes in wetdeposition, October 1983-December 1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4067, 15 p.

Four laboratories involved in the routine analysis of wet- deposition samples participated in an interlaboratory comparison program managed by the U.S. Geoplogical Survey. The four participants were: Illinois State Water Survey central analytical laboratory in Champaign, Illinois; USGS national water quality laboratories in Atlanta, Georgia, and Denver, Colorado; and inland Waters Directorate national water quality laboratory in Burlington, Ontario, Canada. Analyses of interlaboratory samples performed by the four laboratories from Oct. 1983- Dec. 1984 were compared. Loads were computed for the same 12 constituents by using two methods. Pollutant loads for each storm were calculated from measured, flow-weighted EMCs and runoff volume. Dissolved and suspended solids had the greatest mean loads (per unit area). Mean loads for trace metals were greatest from industrial land-use basins. Mean loads for diazinon were greatest from residential land-use basins. Mean nutrient loads from the three land uses were very dissimilar. Local regression equations were developed to estimate loads produced by individual storms. In every case, the local equations have a lower standard error of estimate than the regional regression equations developed for the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program. Mean annual loads were estimated by applying storm load equations for all runoff producing storms in an average year and summed to determine the annual load. Loads for suspended solids from commercial land-use basins were not significantly different than loads from the two other land uses. Loads for total ammonia plus organic nitrogen, dissolved phosphorus, and total phosphorus did not differ significantly among the three land-use categories even though significant differences exist betweren median concentrations for the various land uses. Loads for the remaining constituents were found to be significantly different for the three land uses.

Brown, C.J., and Scorca, M.P., 1995, Effects of road salting on stormwater and ground-water quality at the East Meadow Brook headwaters area, Nassau County, Long Island, New York [abs.]: Geology of Long Island and Metropolitan New York, Programs with Abstracts, SUNY Stonybrook, April 22, 1995, p. 8.

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Brown, C.J., Scorca, M.P., Stockar, G.G., Stumm, Frederick, and Ku, H.F.H., (inpress), Urbanization and recharge in the vicinity of East Meadow Brook, Nassau County, New York, Part 4--Water quality in the headwaters area, 1988-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4289.

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Brown, D.P., 1984, Impact of Development on Availability and Quality of Ground Water in Eastern Nassau County, Florida, and Southeastern Camden County, Georgia, USGS Water-Resources Investigation Report 83-4190, 113 p, 24 fig, 19 tab, 96 ref.

The primary sources of water in the area are from the surficial and Floridan aquifers. The surficial aquifer, consisting of thin permeable zones of sand, shell, and limestone, provides limited water supplies (10-50 gallons per minute). Its estimated transmissivity ranges from less than 100 to 10,000 feet squared per day. Its water is generally of acceptable quality for most uses, except near the coast. The Floridan aquifer consists of three zones of permeable limestone and dolomite separated by semiconfining beds of hard, massive dolomite and limestone, all of which are confined by leaky confining beds. The upper and middle zones, about 530-1,000 feet and 1,200-1,700 feet below land surface, respectively, have transmissivities ranging from 20,000-50,000 and 40,000-60,000 feet squared per day, respectively. The lower zone, about 2,000-2,100 feet below land surface contains very saline water. Water in the upper zone contains chloride concentrations generally ranging from 20-40 milligrams per liter. In Fernandina Beach, water from a few wells tapping this zone has relatively high chloride concentrations (190 milligrams per liter), probably due to upward migration of saline water from deeper zones through uncased or improperly-plugged well bores and not by lateral intrusion. (USGS)

Brown, R.G., 1985, Effects of wetlands on quality of runoff entering lakes in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources-Investigations Report 85-4170, 32 p.

Four wetlands were compared with respect to their effectiveness in decreasing suspended solids and nutrient concentrations in runoff to lakes immediately downstream from the wetlands. An artificial impoundment in one of the wetlands increased settling of suspended solids. A decrease of nutrients in this wetland was probably the result of high assimilation rates associated with a dense stand of cattails. Two of the other three wetlands consist of open water and land areas, both of which contain abundant vegetation. Drainage from land areas within the wetlands may have lowered the overall effectiveness of the wetlands in decreasing sediment and nutrient concentrations. The third wetland was a constructed wetland that was ineffective in decreasing sediment or nutrient concentrations because its storage capacity was too small to prevent frequent flushing of accumulated sediment. Sediment concentrations in discharge from this wetland were as much as 22 times greater than the already high sediment concentrations in the inflow. (Author 's abstract)

Bruce, B.W., 1995, Denver's urban ground-water quality: Nutrients, pesticides, and volatile organic compounds: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-106-95 2 p.

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Brunett, J.O., Barber, N.L., Burns, A.W., Fogelman, R.P., Gillies, D.C., Lidwin, R.A., and Mack, T.J., 1997, A quality-assurance plan for district ground water activities of the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 97-11, 42 p.

As the Nation's principal earth-science information agency, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is depended upon to collect data of the highest quality. This document provides the framework for collecting, analyzing and reporting ground-water data that are quality assured and quality controlled.

Bubeck, R.C., and Burton, R.S., 1989, Changes in chloride concentrations, mixing patterns,and stratification characteristics of Irondequoit Bay, Monroe County, New York, after decreased use of road-deicing salts, 1974-1984: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4223, 52 p.

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Burkham, D.E., 1985, An approach for appraising the accuracy of suspended-sediment data: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1333, 18 p.

Procedures are presented for appraising the accuracy of suspended-sediment data. Types of errors involved are sampling error, spatial error, temporal error, and sediment-discharge error. The standard error of estimate is used to represent errors. Suspended-sediment data for 17 U.S. Geological Survey gaging stations in Arizona, California, Nebraska, New Mexico, Pennsylvania, and Washington are used in applications of the procedures. For the study sites, the magnitudes of the different types of error apparently vary directly with percentage of sediment-water mixture that is sand; when the percentage sand is relatively high, magnitudes of the different types of error have a relatively wide range. For seven sites of the Sacramento River , Calif., and its tributaries, the standard sampling error apparently can range from 2.5 percent when percentage sand is relatively low to 20 percent when percentage sand is relatively high. For 16 sites in Arizona, California, Nebraska, New Mexico, and Pennsylvania, the coefficient of variation for concentrations of suspended sediment across streams apparently can range from 2.5 percent (low percentage sand) to 70 percent (high percentage sand). (USGS)

Butler, K S., 1987, Urban Growth Management and Groundwater Protection: Austin, Texas, in Planning for Groundwater Protection: NewYork, Academic Press, Inc. p 261-287.

The process of planning for the protection of groundwater used by the city of Austin, Texas is discussed. The effects that the ordinances for several watersheds and the associated aquifer will have on suburban land development and water quality protection for the Edwards Aquifer is discussed. The specific issues addressed in this discussion include the reasons for the Edwards Aquifer being so deserving of special protection in the face of urban expansion, how these development standards affect the planning of new subdivisions and site developments, and how groundwater quality protection standards operate in the broader context of growth management in this rapidly urbanizing region of central Texas.

Buxton, D.E., and P. Dunne, 1993, Water-quality data for the Millstone Riverat Weston, New Jersey, and the Shark River at Remsen Mill, New Jersey, March-September 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-444, 16 p.

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Buxton, D.E. and Stedfast, D.A., 1993, Estimating the vulnerability to pesticide contamination of drainage basins used for public supply in New Jersey: Proceedings of the Fourth National Conference on Pesticides, Virginia Water Resources Research Center, Richmond, Va., p. 184-199

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Chen, Abraham and Jelinek, Francis (in preparation), Estimation of quantity and quality of storm runoff from drainage basins , Omaha, Nebraska, 1992-93, U.S. Geological Survey Water-ResourcesInvestigations Report 97-xxx.

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Chiang, C.Y., and Bedient, P.B., PIBS Model for Surcharged PipeFlow: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, v. 112, no. 3, p 181-192.

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Childress, C.J.O., Chaney, T.H., Myers, D., Norris, J.M., and Hren, J., 1987, Water-quality data-collection activities in Colorado and Ohio: Phase II-- Evaluation of 1984 filed and laboratory quality-assurance Practices: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-33, 70 p.

Serious questions have been raised by Congress about the usefulness of water quality data for addressing issues of regional and national scope and, especially, for characterizing the current quality of the Nation 's streams and groundwater. In response, the U.S. Geological Survey conducted a pilot study in Colorado and Ohio to: (1) determine the characteristics of current (1984) water quality data collection activities of Federal, regional, State, and local agencies, and academic institutions; and (2) determine how well the data from these activities, collected for various purposes and using different procedures, can be used to improve the ability to answer major broad scope questions, such as: what are (or were) natural or near-natural water quality conditions; what are existing water quality conditions; and, how water quality has changed and how the changes relate to human activities. Colorado and Ohio were chosen for the pilot study largely because they represent regions with different types of water quality concerns and programs. The study has been divided into three phases, the objectives of which are: Phase I - Inventory water quality data collection programs, including costs, and identify those programs that met a set of broad criteria for producing data that are potentially appropriate for water quality assessments of regional and national scope. Phase II - Evaluate the quality assurance of field and laboratory procedures used in producing the data from programs that met the broad criteria of Phase I. Phase III - Compile the qualifying data and evaluate the adequacy of this data base for addressing selected water quality questions of regional and national scope. (Author 's abstract)

Chisholm, J.L., Downs, S.C., 1978, Stress and Recovery of Aquatic Organisms as Related to Highway Construction Along Turtle Creek, Boone County, West Virginia, U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2055, 40 p.

During and after construction of Appalachian Corridor G, a divided, four-lane highway in West Virginia, five benthic invertebrate samples were collected at each of four sites on Turtle Creek, and, for comparative purposes, three samples were collected at each of two sites on Lick Creek, an adjacent undisturbed stream. Diversity index, generic count, and total cout initially indicated severe depletion or destruction of the benthos of Turtle Creek, but, within 1 year after highway construction was completed, the benthic community of Turtle Creek was similar to that of Lick Creek. The greatest degradation occurred near the headwaters of Turtle Creek because of erratic movement of sediment resulting from high streamflow velocity. Diversity indices ranged from 0 to 3.41 near the headwaters in the original channel, but only from 0.94 to 2.42 farther downstream in a freshly cut channel. The final samples from Turtle Creek, which were similar to those taken from Lick Creek at the same time, had generic counts of 10 at the most upstream site and 16 near the mouth. A total of 147 organisms was found near the headwaters, whereas a total of 668 was found near the mouth of the stream. The total number of organisms collected at each site was proportional to the drainage area upstream from the site. As a result of tributary inflow from unaltered drainage areas and organism drift, rapid repopulation and stabilization of the benthic community occurred. Channel relocation, bank recontouring, and reseeding also accelerated the recovery of the benthic community.

Christensen, R.C., Stephens, D.W., Pyper, G.E., McCormack, H.F., and Weigel, J.F., 1984, Quality and Quantity of Runoff and Atmospheric Deposition in Urban Areas of Salt Lake County, Utah, 1980-81: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Investigations Report 84-4011, 223p.

Water of good quality from mountain streams is degraded as it moves through urban areas to the Jordan River in Salt Lake County, Utah. The impact of urban runoff and atmospheric deposition on the quality of water in those streams and in storm conduits and canals functioning as storm drains was evaluated using data collected during 1980-81. Atmospheric-wetfall loads for an average storm were as much as 10 pounds per acre for total solids, but the dissolved trace metals were generally present in insignificant quantities. Wetfall-deposition loads generally were greater than storm-runoff loads, indicating that a large quantity of the wetfall load remained as soil deposits. Acid rain fell in more than one-half of the storms sampled, most commonly in September and October. Dustfall concentrations reflected the composition of local soils, particularly with regard to iron, manganese, and chromium; but concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, and chloride were considerably enriched. Monthly loads of dryfall solids reached a maximum of 62 pounds per acre in the Little Cottonwood Creek urban basin, but were of the same magnitude as total storm loads for a heavy rainfall. Urban runoff represented about 38 percent of the discharge in three canals. The water in the canals was poorer in quality than the water in the mountain streams. The impact of the canal discharges to the streams is slight, however, owing to their relatively small amounts. ' Concentrations of sediment, suspended solids, suspended trace metals, phosphorus, and oxygen-demanding substances were much greater during storm runoff than under base-flow conditions. This report contains data for basin and storm characteristics and water-quality information for atmospheric deposition and urban runoff.

Christensen, R.C., Stephens, D.W., Pyper, G.E., McCormack, H.F., and Weigel, J.F., 1984, Quality and Quantity of Runoff and Atmospheric Deposition in Urban Areas of Salt Lake County, Utah, Data Report 1980: USGS Open File Report 81-1111.

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Christensen, R.C., Stephens, D.W., Pyper, G.E., McCormack, H.F., and Weigel, J.F., 1984, Quality and Quantity of Runoff and Atmospheric Deposition in Urban Areas of Salt Lake County, Utah, Data Report 1980-1982: USGS Open File Report 83-694.

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Church, P.E., Armstrong, D.S., Granato, G.E., Stone, V.J., Smith, K.P., and Provencher, P.L., 1996, Effectiveness of highway-drainage systems in preventing contamination of ground water by road salt, Route 25, southeastern Massachusetts--description of study area, data collection programs, and methodology, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-317, 72 pp.

Four test sites along a 7-mile section of Route 25 in southeastern Massachusetts, each representing a specific highway-drainage system, were instrumented to determine the effectiveness of the drainage systems in preventing contamination of ground water by road salt. One of the systems discharges highway runoff onsite through local drainpipes. The other systems use trunkline drainpipes through which runoff from highway surfaces, shoulders, and median strips is diverted and discharged into either a local stream or a coastal waterway. Route 25 was completed and opened to traffic in the summer of 1987. Road salt was first applied to the highway in the winter of 1987-88. The study area is on a thick outwash plain composed primarily of sand and gravel. Water-table depths range from 15 to 60 feet below land surface at the four test sites. Ground-water flow is in a general southerly direction, approximately perpendicular to the highway. Streamflow in the study area is controlled primarily by ground-water discharge. Background concentrations of dissolved chloride, sodium, and calcium-the primary constituents of road salt-are similar in ground water and surface water and range from 5 to 20, 5 to 10, and 1 to 5 milligrams per liter, respectively. Data-collection programs were developed for monitoring the application of road salt to the highway, the quantity of road-salt water entering the ground water, diverted through the highway-drainage systems, and entering a local stream. The Massachusetts Highway Department monitored road salt applied to the highway and reported these data to the U.S. Geological Survey. The U.S. Geological Survey designed and operated the ground-water, highway- drainage, and surface-water data-collection programs. A road-salt budget will be calculated for each test site so that the effectiveness of the different highway-drainage systems in preventing contamination of ground water by road salt can be determined.

Church, P.E., and P.J. Friesz, 1993a, Delineation of a Road-Salt Plume in Ground Water, and Traveltime Measurements for Estimating Hydraulic Conductivity by Use of Borehole-Induction Logs. In the Fifth International Symposium on Geophysics for Minerals, Geotechnical, and Environmental Applications. Tulsa,Oklahoma, October 24-28, 1993, The Minerals and Geotechnical Logging Society, Proceedings, pp. Y1-Y16.

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Church, P.E. and Friesz P.J., 1993b, Effectiveness of highway- drainage systems in preventing road-salt contamination of ground water--Preliminary findings. Transportation Research Record, 1420: 56-64.

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Church, P.E., Granato, G.E., Stone, V.J., and Smith, K.P. (1997?), Effectiveness of highway-drainage systems in preventing contamination of ground water by road salt, Route 25, southeastern Massachusetts--Final Report, U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-XXX. (In Review)

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Coles, J.F., 1996, Organochlorine compounds and trace elements in fish tissue and ancillary data for the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins Study Unit, 1992-94: U.S. Geological Survey OPen-File Report 96-358.

Concentrations of organochlorine compounds and trace elements were measured in fish tissue collected from the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins Study Area, 1992-1994. These data were collected to determine the occurrence and distribution of organochlorine compounds and trace elements in the study unit. Ancillary data included are land-use categories by percentage of the sampling-site basins and the size, gender, and age of the individual fish collected for this study. Concentrations of 28 organochlorine compounds in composited whole fish samples were measured at 32 sites, and concentrations of 22 trace elements in composited fish liver samples were measured at 14 sites of the 32 sites. Most frequently detected organochlorines were DDT related compounds at 31 sites, total PCBs at 28 sites, and chlordane related compounds at 25 sites. Concentrations of total PCBs in fish tissue were generally higher at large river sites than at the smaller tributary sites. Concentrations of chlordane-related compounds in fish tissue were higher at sites from more urbanized basins than sites from predominately agriculture and forested basins. Concentrations of the DDT related compounds were undifferentiated among sites comprising different land uses. Trace elements detected at 10 or more sites included arsenic, mercury, silver, strontium, and vanadium. Antimony, beryllium, and uranium were not detected at any site.

Corsi, S.R., Walker, J.F., Graczyk, D.J., Greb, S.R., Owens, D.W., and Rappold, K.F., 1994, Evaluation of nonpoint-source contamination, Wisconsin: Selected Streamwater-Quality Data, Land-Use and Best-Management Practices Inventory, and Quality Assurance and Quality Control, Water Year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-707, 57 p.

The report is divided into seven sections: (1) constituent loads in storm runoff, (2) dissolved oxygen, (3) total-recoverable and dissolved hardness, (4) pesticides, (5) land-use and best- management-practices inventory, (6) quality assurance and quality control, and (7) fecal coliform bacteria. In each section, data collected during the 1993 water year (October 1, 1992- September 30, 1993) are presented, and implications for future data-collection efforts are discussed, if appropriate. Four appendixes list the storm-load data collected during 1985-93 water years for rural and urban sites and the quality-assurance/quality- control plan for urban sites.

Coston, J.A., Fuller, C.C., and Davis, J.S., 1994, Pb and Zn adsorption by a natural Al- and Fe- bearing surface coating on an aquifier sand: U.S. Geological Survey Draft, 36 p.

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Cuffney, T.F., Methods For Collecting Benthic Invertebrate Samples As Part Of The National Water-Quality Assessment Program.

Benthic invertebrate communities are evaluated as part of the ecological survey component of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. These biological data are collected along with physical and chemical data to assess water-quality conditions and to develop an understanding of the factors that affect water-quality conditions locally, regionally, and nationally. The objectives of benthic invertebrate community characterizations are to (1) develop for each site a list of taxa within the associated stream reach and (2) determine the structure of benthic invertegrate communities within selected habitats of that reach. A nationally consistent approach is used to achieve these objectives. This approach provides guidance on site, reach, and habitat selection and methods and equipment for qualitative multihabitat sampling and semi-quantitative single habitat sampling. Appropriate quality-assurance and quality-control guidelines are used to maximize the ability to analyze data within and among study units.

Cunningham, B.A., and Huber, W.C., 1987, Economic and predictive reliability implications of stormwater design methodologies: Florida Water Resources Research Center, FL/WRRC/PUB-98, U.S. Geological Survey, USGS/G-1218-02, 146 p.

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Curtiss, D.A., Edwards,T.K., 1993, Preliminary evaluation of water-quality conditions of Johnson Creek, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4136.

In October 1988, the city of Portland, Bureau of Environmental Services and the US Geological Survey began a multi-step cooperative assessment of water quality characteristics of Johnson Creek at and near Portland, OR. Step 1 of this study was an assessment of historical data. Step 2 was a reconnaissance- level evaluation of water quality in Johnson Creek based on trace elements and organic compounds in bottom material. Plans for step 3 include synoptic sampling during storm runoff and low flow periods to appraise concentrations of trace elements and organic compounds. In the urban part of the Johnson Creek basin below river mile 10.25, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in bottom material in Johnson Creek were above background concentrations found in the Willamette River basin bottom material. Maximum concentrations of Cu, Cr, Pb, and Hg were 2-10 times larger in bottom material in Johnson Creek than was fund historically in the lower Willamette River. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and the most widespread organic compounds detected in Johnson Creek basin. Most of the organic compounds detected in bottom material occurred below river mile 10.25, but DDT and PCB also were detected above river mile 10.25. The largest concentration of DDT plus metabolite (81.4 ppm) was at the most upstream sampling site at river mile 17.4, in the predominantly agricultural land use area. Historically, large concentrations of nutrients and high fecal coliform bacteria counts have been observed in Johnson Creek. During 1970-75, for example, the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality reported nitrate concentrations (as N) as large as 9.4 mg/L at the mouth of Johnson Creek. Daytime dissolved oxygen concentrations in Johnson Creek were as low as 75% saturation.

Daly, M.H., and Lindsey, B.D., 1996, Occurrence and concentrations of volatile organic compounds in shallow ground water in the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania and Maryland:U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4141, 8 p.

This report presents the results of a regional assessment of volatile organic compounds (VOC's) in ground water from six sampling areas within the Lower Susquehanna River Basin. The sampling areas, selected to represent aquifers where ground water is used as a drinking water supply, include four areas underlain by limestone, one area underlain by crystalline bedrock, and one area underlain by interbedded sandstone and shale. The land use is rural in five areas and urban in one area. Samples were collected in 1993-95 from 118 wells ranging from 30 to 226 feet deep. Analyses for 60 VOC's at detection levels ranging from 0.05 to 0.2 mg/L (micrograms per liter) reveal the presence of 24 compounds. The compounds were present in water from 32 of the 118 wells. Methyl tert-butyl ether was the most commonly detected compound. Concentrations of methyl tert-butyl ether, found in 16 of the 118 wells, ranged from 0.11 to 51 mg/L. Chloroform was the second most commonly detected compound. The highest concentration detected in a water sample was 61 mg/L of chloroform. None of the detections in samples from wells used as drinking water supplies exceeded the Maximum Contaminant Levels or Lifetime Health Advisory Levels established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. However, the 51 mg/L of methyl tert-butyl ether, detected in water from a monitoring well, is in the 20 to 200 mg/L range proposed for a Lifetime Health Advisory Level. The occurrence of VOC's in limestone aquifers in the Great Valley near Harrisburg,Pa., is influenced by land use. VOC's occur more frequently in the urban area than in the agricultural area. Within the urban area, analyses of samples from wells, springs, and a spring-fed stream show contaminated ground water discharging from springs and flowing into the stream.

Davis, J.A., 1990, Surface complexion modeling in aqueous geochemistry, Reviews in mineralogy: U.S. Geological Survey, v. 23, p. 177-260.

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Delzer, G.C., Zogorski, J.S., Lopes, T.J., and Bosshart, R.L., 1996, Occurrence of the Gasoline Oxygenate MTBE and BTEX Compounds in Urban Stormwater in the United States, 1991-95: U.S. Geological Survey Water- Resources Investigation Report 96-4145, 6 p.

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is a gasoline oxygenate. Oxygenates such as MTBE, when added to gasoline, increase the gasoline's oxygen level and decrease vehicular carbon monoxide emissions and ozone levels in the atmosphere. MTBE disperses rapidly in water, was the second most frequently detected volatile organic compound (VOC) in a study of shallow urban ground water, and is less biodegradable than common gasoline compounds, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylene (BTEX). Urban stormwater is a possible source of MTBE found in shallow ground water. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) sampled stormwater in 16 cities and metropolitan areas that are required to obtain permits to discharge stormwater from their municipal storm- sewer system into surface water. Concentrations of 62 VOCs, including MTBE and BTEX compounds, were measured in 592 stormwater samples collected in these cities and metropolitan areas from 1991 through 1995. Concentration data for MTBE and BTEX compounds in stormwater were compiled and analyzed, and the findings are summarized in this report. This effort was part of an interagency assessment of the scientific basis and effectiveness of the Nation's oxygenated fuel program and was coordinated by the Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President. MTBE was the seventh most frequently detected VOC in urban stormwater, following toluene, total xylene, chloroform, total trimethylbenzene, tetrachloroethene, and naphthalene. MTBE was detected in 6.9 percent mg (41 of 592) of stormwater samples collected. When detected, concentrations of MTBE ranged from 0.2 to 8.7 micrograms per liter (ug/L), with a median of 1.5 ug/L. All detections of MTBE were less than the lower limit of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) draft lifetime health advisory (20 ug/L) for drinking water. Eighty- three percent of all detections of MTBE in stormwater were in samples collected during the October through March season of each year (1991- 95), which corresponds with the expected seasonal use of oxygenated gasoline in areas where carbon monoxide exceeds established air-quality standards. The median concentration of MTBE and benzene for all samples was statistically different and higher in samples collected during the October through March season than samples collected during the April through September season. Sixty-six percent of all MTBE detections occurred with BTEX compounds, and a proportionate increase in concentrations was found when these compounds occurred together. The proportionate increase could indicate a common source of MTBE and BTEX for those samples. Toluene and total xylene were the most frequently detected BTEX compounds and the most frequently detected VOCs in these investigations. Detected concentrations of toluene and total xylene ranged from 0.2 to 6.6 ug/L and 0.2 to 15 ug/L with median concentrations of 0.3 and 0.4 ug/L, respectively.

Demcheck, D.K., and others (1997, in review) Characterization of Urban Storm Runoff at Selected Sites in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, April 1993 Through June 1995. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-xxxx.

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Downs, S.C., and Appel, D.H., 1986, Progress report on the effects of highway construction on suspended-sediment discharge in the Coal River and Trace Fork, West Virginia, 1975-81: US Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4275, 20 p.

Construction of the four-lane Appalachian Corridon G highway disturbed about 2 sq mi in the Coal River and 0.35 sq mi of the 4.75 sq mi Trace Fork basin in southern West Virginia. Construction had a negligible effect on runoff and suspended-sediment load in the Coal River and its major tributaries, the Little Coal and Big Coal Rivers. Drainage areas of the mainstem sites in the Coal River basin ranged from 269 to 862 sq mi, and average annual suspended- sediment yields ranged from 535 to 614 tons/sq mi for the 1975-81 water years. Suspended-sediment load in the smaller Trace Fork basin (4.72 sq mi) was significantly affected by the highway construction. Based on data from undisturbed areas upstream from construction, the normal background load at Trace Fork downstream from construction during the period July 1980 to September 1981 was estimated to be 830 tons; the measured load was 2,385 tons. Runoff from the 0.35 sq mi area disturbed by highway construction transported approximately 1,550 tons of sediment. Suspended-sediment loads from the construction zone were also higher than normal background loads during storms.

Driver, N.E., 1988, National summary and regression models of storm-runoff loads and volumes in urban watersheds in the United States: Master of Science thesis, Colorado School of Mines, 117 p.

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Driver, N.E., 1989, Variables that affect urban storm-runoff quality and quantity, in Regional Characterization of Water Quality, Baltimore, Maryland, May 9-16, 1989, Proceedings: Third Scientific Assembly of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, p. 231-238.

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Driver, N.E., 1990, Summary of nationwide analyses of storm-runoff quality and quantity in urban watersheds, Proceedings: Fifth International Conference on Urban Storm Drainage, July 23-27, 1990, May Theater, Suita, Osaka, Japan, 6 p.

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Driver, N.E., Mustard, M.H., Rhinesmith, R.B., and Middelburg, R.F., 1985, U.S. Geological Survey urban-stormwater data base for 22 metropolitan areas throughout the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 85-337, 219 p.

The U.S. Geological Survey has been collecting urban rainfall, runoff, and water-quality data nationally for several decades. These data have been stored in many data bases and locations. A collective urban-stormwater data base has now been assembled on magnetic tape and contains data from the U.S. Geological Survey's urban-stormwater program, that includes data from the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program. Stations having simultaneous rainfall, runoff, and water-quality data were selected for the data base. Rigorous quality-assurance procedures were followed to ensure that the data were of good quality. The resultant data base contains information for 723 storms from 99 stations in 22 metropolitan areas throughout the United States. Data for five or more storms are available for about two-thirds of the stations. This data base is available to the public in standardized format on magnetic tape. This publication explains the content and format of the tape.

Driver, N.E., and Tasker, G.D., 1990, Techniques for estimation of storm- runoff loads, volumes and selected constituent concentrations in urban watersheds in the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2363, 44 p.

Urban planners and managers need information on the quantity of precipitation and the quality and quantity of runoff in their cities and towns if they are to adequately plan for the effects of storm runoff from urban areas. As a result of this need, four sets of linear regression models were developed for estimating storm-runoff constituent loads, storm-runoff volumes, storm-runoff mean concentrations of constituents, and mean seasonal or mean annual constituent loads from physical, land use and climatic characteristics of urban watersheds in the United States. Three statistically different regions that were identified on the basis of mean annual rainfall were used to improve linear regression models where adequate data were available. Multiple regression analyses, including ordinary least squares and generalized least squares, were used to determine the optimum linear regression models. The most significant explanatory variables in all linear regression models were total storm rainfall and total contributing drainage area. Impervious area, land-use, and mean annual climatic characteristics also were significant explanatory variables in some linear regression models. Models for estimating loads of dissolved solids, total nitrogen, and total ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen generally were the most accurate, whereas models for suspended solids were the least accurate. The most accurate models were those for application in the more arid Western United States, and the least accurate were those for areas that had large mean annual rainfall.

Driver, N.E., and Troutman, B.M., 1989, Regression models for estimating urban storm-runoff quality and quantity in the United States: Journal of Hydrology 109 (1989) p. 221-236.

Urban planners and managers need information about the local quantity of precipitation and the quality and quantity of storm runoff if they are to plan adequately for the effects of storm runoff from urban areas. As a result of this need, linear regression models were developed for the estimation of storm-runoff loads and volumes from physical, land-use, and climatic characteristics of urban watersheds throughout the United States. Three statistically different regions were delineated, based on mean annual rainfall, to improve linear regression models. One use of these models is to estimate storm-runoff loads and volumes at gaged and ungaged urban watersheds. The most significant explanatory variables in all linear regression models were total storm rainfall and total contributing drainage area. Impervious area, land-use, and mean annual climatic characteristics were also significant explanatory variables in some linear regression models. Models for dissolved solids, total nitrogen, and total ammonia plus organic nitrogen were the most accurate models for most areas, whereas models for suspended solids were the least accurate. The most accurate models were those for the more arid western United States, and the least accurate models were those for areas that had large quantities of mean annual rainfall. (Author 's abstract)

Dudley R.W., Olson, S.A., and Handley, M., 1997, A preliminary study of runoff of selected contaminants from rural Maine highways: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4041, 22 p.

The loads of phosphorus and total sediment in runoff from three rural highways in west-central Maine were estimated for the period September 1992 through August 1993. The estimates were made on the basis of water-quality and other hydrologic data collected at two paved highways (Routes 2 and 27) and at an unpaved roadway (Kimball Pond Road in New Sharon). The estimated loads of total sediment exported from the three study sites ranged from 36,500 to 148,000 lbs/acre (pounds per acre). Estimated total phosphorus loads ranged from 8 to 33 lbs/acre, and estimated loads of biologically-available phosphorus sites ranged from 0.9 to 2 lbs/acre. Biologically-available phosphorus loads are highest for the unpaved study site, although this site yielded the lowest total sediment load. Analysis of sediment samples indicate a higher percentage of the biologically-available phosphorus in the smallest size fraction is present at the unpaved site than at the paved site on Route 27 or at the Maine Department of Transportation sanding piles at Mercer. This suggests a large portion of the biologically-available phosphorusin road sediment at the unpaved study site has greater potential for transport in runoff than at the paved study sites.

Ebbert J.C., Poole, J.E., and Payne, K.L., 1985, Data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey during a study of urban runoff in Bellevue, Washington, 1979-82: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 84-064 256 p.

From October 1979 through January 1982 the U.S. Geological Survey conducted an urban-runoff study in Bellevue, Washington. The study, done in cooperation with the City of Bellevue, was part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 's National Urban Runoff program. The objectives of the study were to (1) establish a consistent and accessible data base for typical urban watersheds; (2) determine the magnitude and frequency of storm-runoff loads of water-quality constituents from three catchments in the city; (3) develop methods for estimating storm and annual loads of water-quality constituents from unsampled catchments in the study area; and (4) test the effectiveness of storm-water-quality management alternatives, such as street sweeping and detention storage, for the attenuation of constituent loads carried in storm runoff. This report presents data collected during the study period. Data include rainfall and runoff amounts, physical characteristics of the catchments, the chemical quality of storm runoff and in wet- and dry-atmospheric deposition, constituent loads in storm runoff and in wet- and dry-atmospheric deposition, and storm characteristics data, such as rainfall and runoff volumes.

Ebbert, J.C., and Wagner, R.J., 1987, Contributions of Rainfall to Constituent Loads in Storm Runoff from Urban Catchments: Water Resources Bulletin, v. 23, no. 5, p. 867-871.

Rainfall is a significant source of some constituents, particularly nitrogen species, in storm runoff from urban catchments. Median contributions of rainfall to storm runoff loads of 12 constituents from 31 urban catchments, representing eight geographic locations within the United States, ranged from 2% for suspended solids to 74% for total nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen. The median contribution of total nitrogen in rainfall to runoff loads was 41%. Median contributions of total-recoverable lead in rainfall to runoff loads varied by as much as an order of magnitude between catchments in the same geographic location. This indicates that average estimates of rainfall contributions to constituent loading in storm runoff may not be suitable in studies requiring accurate constituent mass-balance computations.

Eckhardt, D.A.V., 1976, Sediment Discharge from an Area of Highway Construction, Applemans Run Basin, Columbia County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 76-111. 25 p.

The effects of highway construction on stream sediment loads were studied in Applemans Run basin, Columbia County, Pa., from October 1971 to May 1974. During the investigations, about 5,200 tons of suspended-sediment were discharged from the basin. Of this amount, about 2,700 tons, or about half the total sediment discharge, as derived from the highway construction area. Annual suspended-sediment yields from 17.5 acres under construction ranged from 40,000 to 66,000 tons/sq mi in the 1972 and 1973 water years, respectively. In the 1972 and 1973 er years of active construction, 83 percent of the sediment transported from the construction site was eroded each year in storms from January to June. Seasonal trends in sediment discharge for 1972 show that 69 percent of that year 's suspended-load was transported in April, May, and June, whereas less than 1 percent was transported in July, August, and September.

Eddins, W.H., and Crawford, J.K., 1984, Reconnaissance of water-quality characteristics of streams in the City of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4308, 105 p.

In 1979-81, water samples were collected from 119 sites on streams throughout the City of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, and were analyzed for specific conductance, dissolved chloride, hardness, pH, total alkalinity, total phosphorus, trace elements, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, silver, and zinc and biological measures including dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, fecal coliform bacteria, and fecal streptococcus bacteria. Sampling was conducted during both low flow (base flow) and high flow. Several water-quality measures including pH, total arsenic, total cadmium, total chromium, total copper, total iron, total lead, total manganese, total mercury, total silver, total zinc, dissolved oxygen, and fecal coliform bacteria at times exceeded North Carolina water-quality standards in various streams. Runoff from non-point sources appears to contribute more to the deterioration of streams in Charlotte and Mecklenburg County than point-source effluents. Urban and industrial areas contribute various trace elements. Residential and rural areas and municipal waste-water treatment plants contribute high amounts of phosphorus.

Edwards, T.K., 1992, Water-quality and flow data for the Johnson Creek Basin, Oregon, April 1988 to January 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-73.

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Edwards, T.K., 1994, Assessment of surface-water quality and water-quality alternatives, Johnson Creek Basin, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Water- Resources Investigations Report 93-4090.

Johnson Creek flows through a basin of approximately 51 square miles with mixed land uses over a reach of approximately 24 river miles from southeast of Gresham, Oregon, to its confluence with the Willamette River in Milwaukie, Oregon. Land uses within the basin include forested and agricultural lands, suburban residential, urban, and light industrial. Surface runoff and ground-water flow from the basin's areas of various land-use contain concentrations of some nutrients, trace elements, and organic compounds at levels exceeding U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) criteria. Concentrations of dissolved cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, and silver, total recoverable chlordane, dieldrin, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) plus metabolites indicate that sources of at least one or more of these constituents exist in virtually every reach of Johnson Creek. Crystal Springs Creek is a major source of nutrients in lower Johnson Creek. Concentrations of dissolved nitrate and orthophosphorus in Johnson Creek are elevated at low flow, and are reduced by dilution when urban runoff flows into the creek during storms. Total-phosphorus concentrations exceed USEPA criteria at several sites in Johnson Creek during low flow, and at all sites during periods of storm runoff. The low-flow concentration of dissolved silver exceeded the USEPA Fresh Water Chronic Toxicity (FWCT) criterion only in Crystal Springs Creek. Concentrations of dissolved cadmium, copper, lead, and mercury exceeded FWCT criteria at selected sites in Johnson creek basin during storm runoff.

Edwards, T.K., and D.A. Curtiss. 1993. Preliminary evaluation of water- quality conditions of Johnson Creek, Oregon, U.S. Geological Survey Water- Resources Investigations Report 92-4136.

In October 1988, the city of Portland, Bureau of Environmental Services and the US Geological Survey began a multi-step cooperative assessment of water quality characteristics of Johnson Creek at and near Portland, OR. Step 1 of this study was an assessment of historical data. Step 2 was a reconnaissance-level evaluation of water quality in Johnson Creek based on trace elements and organic compounds in bottom material. Plans for step 3 include synoptic sampling during storm runoff and low flow periods to appraise concentrations of trace elements and organic compounds. In the urban part of the Johnson Creek basin below river mile 10.25, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations in bottom material in Johnson Creek were above background concentrations found in the Willamette River basin bottom material. Maximum concentrations of Cu, Cr, Pb, and Hg were 2-10 times larger in bottom material in Johnson Creek than was fund historically in the lower Willamette River. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and the most widespread organic compounds detected in Johnson Creek basin. Most of the organic compounds detected in bottom material occurred below river mile 10.25, but DDT and PCB also were detected above river mile 10.25. The largest concentration of DDT plus metabolite (81.4 ppm) was at the most upstream sampling site at river mile 17.4, in the predominantly agricultural land use area. Historically, large concentrations of nutrients and high fecal coliform bacteria counts have been observed in Johnson Creek. During 1970-75, for example, the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality reported nitrate concentrations (as N) as large as 9.4 mg/L at the mouth of Johnson Creek. Daytime dissolved oxygen concentrations in Johnson Creek were as low as 75% saturation.

Elder, J.F., 1988, Metal biogeochemistry in surface-water systems-- A review of principles and concepts: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1013, 43 p.

Metals are ubiquitous in natural surface-water systems, both as dissolved constituents and as particulate constituents. Although concentrations of many metals are generally very low (hence the common term "trace metals"), their effects on the water-quality and the biota of surface-water systems are likely to be substantial. Biogeochemical partitioning of metals results in a diversity of forms, including hydrated or "free" ions, colloids, precipitates, adsorbed phases, and various coordination complexes with dissolved organic and inorganic ligands. Much research has been dedicated to answering questions about the complexities of metal behavior and effects in aquatic systems. Voluminous literature on the subject has been produced. This paper synthesizes the findings of aquatic systems. Voluminous literature on the subject has been produced. This paper synthesizes the findings of aquatic metal studies and describes some general concepts that emerge from such a synthesis. Emphasis is on sources, occurrence, partitioning, transport, and biological interactions of metals in freshwater systems of North America. Biological interactions, in this case, refer to bioavailability, effects of metals on ecological characteristics and functions of aquatic systems, and roles of biota in controlling metal partitioning. This discussion is devoted primarily to the elements aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, nickel, and zinc and secondarily to cobalt, molybdenum, selenium, silver, and vanadium. Sources of these elements are both natural and anthropogenic. Significant anthropogenic sources are atmospheric deposition, discharges of municipal and industrial wastes, mine drainage, and urban and agricultural runoff. Biogeochemical partitoining of metals is controlled by various characteristics of the water and sediments in which the metals are found. Among the most important controlling factors are pH, oxidation-reduction potential, hydrologic features, sediment grain size, and the existence and nature of clay minerals, organic matter, and hydrous oxides of manganese and iron. Portioning is also controlled by biological processes that provide mechanisms for detoxification of metals and for enhanced uptake of nutritive metals. Partitioning is important largely because availability to biota is highly variable among different phases. Hence accumulation in biological tissues and toxicity of an element are dependent not only on total concentration of the element but also on the factors that control partitioning.

Ellis, S.R. 1978, Hydrologic data for urban storm runoff from three localities in the Denver metropolitan area, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-410, 135 p.

Urban storm-runoff data, collected from 1975 to 1977, on three catchment areas in the Denver, Colo., metropolitan area are presented. The catchment are predominantly a single-family residential catchment area in Littleton, a multifamily residential and commercial catchment area in Lakewood, and a high-density residential and commercial catchment area in Denver. Precipitation, rainfall-runoff, snowmelt-runoff, water-quality (common constituents, nutrients, biochemical oxygen demand, coliform bacteria, and solids, trace elements, and pesticides), and catchment-area data are necessary to use the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 's Storm Water Management Model II. The urban storm-runoff data may be used by planning, water-management, and environmental-protection agencies to assess the impact of urban storm runoff on the hydrologic system.

Ellis, S.R., and Alley, W.M., 1979, Quantity and quality of urban runoff from three localities in the Denver metropolitan area, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 79-64, 60 p.

Considerable variation in constituent concentrations was shown in urban runoff data for 1975-77 from three metropolitan Denver drainage basins. Constituent concentrations, greatest during initial rainfall runoff, generally peaked midday of snowmelt runoff, corresponding with maximum melting and runoff. Instantaneous loads of constituents were largely a function of discharge. Days since last street sweeping or antecedent precipitation had no apparent effect; snowmelt-runoff loads apparently increased with number of days snow had been on the ground. Urban storm runoff may significantly contribute total ammonia nitrogen, total nonfiltrable residue, total copper, total iron, total lead, and total zinc; and snowmelt runoff may significantly contribute sodium and chloride, to local receiving waters. Data from two basins were used for calibration and verification of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 's Storm Water Management Model II for rainfall-runoff modeling of flow and total nitrogen. The model assumption that land-surface loads of total nitrogen are directly proportional to number of days prior to storm during which accumulated rainfall was less than 1.0 inch was not substantiated.

Ellis, S.R., Doerfer, J.T., Mustard, M.H., Blakely, S.R., and Gibbs, J.W., 1984, Analysis of Urban Storm-Runoff Data and the Effects on the South Platte River, Denver Metropolitan Area, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey, Water- Resources Investigations Report 84-4159, 66 p.

Denver was selected for inclusion in the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program, sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Geological Survey. This report, prepared in cooperation with the Denver Regional council of governments, contains a synopsis of previous urban runoff studies in the Denver metropolitan area. The report includes a description of the monitored basins, a summary of storm runoff-to-rainfall ratios and estimates of impervious retention, and constituent loads and concentrations from seven small basins. The data from six small and five tributary basins to the South Platte River are analyzed using regression analysis, resulting in two sets of regression equations to predict storm runoff volume and selected constituent loads. The regression equations may be used to estimate storm-runoff volume and constituent loads from unmonitored basins from 15 to 16,000 acres with effective impervious areas of 15 to 90 percent. The effects of urban runoff on the South Platte River in the Denver area are described in three ways. The three methods indicated that storm runoff was a significant contributor of total suspended solids, total organic carbon, total lead, and total zinc to the South Platte River.

Ellis, S.R., Lindner, J.B., and Patterson, D.A., 1983, Effects of increased urbanization on the storm runoff from a small urban basin in metropolitan Denver, Colorado, in Tenth International Symposium on Urban Hydrology, Hydraulics and Sediment Control, Lexington, Ky., July 25-28, 1983, Proceedings: Lexington, University of Kentucky, p. 79-86.

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Ellis, S.R., and Mustard, M.H., 1985, A Summary of Urban Runoff Studies in the Denver Metropolitan Area, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey, Water- Resources Investigations Report 84-4072, 31 p.

The Denver metropolitan area has been the subject of urban-runoff studies for several years. The first studies, started in about 1968, usually were concerned only with the quantity of urban runoff. In 1974, studies were begun that included both quantity and quality of urban runoff. In 1979, Denver was selected as one of the cities to be included in the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program. The Denver study was called the Denver Regional Urban Runoff Program and was a cooperative study between the Denver Regional Council of Governments and the U.S. Geological Survey. This report presents the major conclusions of the pre-Denver Regional Urban Runoff Program studies and a summary of the various elements of the Denver Regional Urban Runoff Program. The report summarizes and references urban-runoff studies in the Denver metropolitan area and is a reference guide for planners and other persons interested in urban runoff.

Erdmann, D.E., Long, H.K., and Farrar, J., 1989, Report of the U.S. Geological Survey's analitical evaluation program--standard reference water samples T105 (trace constituents), M108 (major constituents), N21 (nutrients), HG4 (mercury) and sediment sample SED4 (bed material): U.S. Geological Survey Administrative Reports, 120 p.

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Erdmann, D.E., Long, H.K., and Farrar, J., 1989, Report of the U.S.Geological Survey's analitical evaluation program--standard reference water samples T107 (trace constituents), M-110 (major constituents), N-22 (nutrients), N-23 (nutrients), P-13 (precipitation-snowmelt), and Hg-5 (mercury): U.S.Geological Survey Administrative Reports, 98 p.

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Erdmann, D.E., Long, H.K., and Farrar, J., 1990, Report of the U.S. Geological Survey's analitical evaluation program--standard reference water samples T111 (trace constituents), M-114 (major constituents), N-26 (nutrients), N-27 (nutrients), P-15 (precipitation-snowmelt), Hg-7 (mercury), and Hg-8 (mercury): U.S.Geological Survey Administrative Reports, 104 p

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Erdmann, D.E., Long, H.K., and Farrar, J., 1990, Report of the U.S.Geological Survey's analitical evaluation program--standard reference water samples T-109 (trace constituents),M-112 (major constituents), N-24 (nutrients), N-25 (nutrients), P-14 (precipitation-snowmelt), and Hg-6 (mercury): U.S.Geological Survey Administrative Reports, 101 p.

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Erdmann, D.E., and Thomas, J.D., 1985, Quality assurance of U.S. Geological Survey water-quality field measurements, in Taylor, J.K., and Stanley, T.W., (eds.), Quality Assurance Environmental Measurements, ASTM STP 867, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, p. 110-115

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Evaldi, R.D., Burns, R.J., and Moore, B.L., 1993, Water quality of selected streams in Jefferson County, KY, 1988-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4150, 177 p.

Water was sampled from 26 streams in Jefferson County, Kentucky, February 1988-March 1991. Approximately 20% of the fecal coliform bacteria densities exceeded 1,000 colonies/100 milliliters, and approximately 50% exceeded 200 colonies/100 milliliters. Fecal coliforms densities were greatest in streams draining the most urbanized areas of the county. Dissolved-oxygen concentrations were occasionally less than the Kentucky criterion for protection of aquatic habitat of 4.0 mg/L as 14 stream sites. Chromium, copper, and iron concentrations exceeded the Kentucky criterion for protection of warmwater aquatic habitat at almost every stream site. Total-nitrate concentration exceeded Federal drinking water standards in more than 10% of the water samples in some basins. The largest concentrations of total 2,4-D were measured in streams that drain predominantly residential and industrial areas. Predominantly downward trends were indicated for pH, specific conductance, and concentrations of dissolved solids, suspended and volatile solids, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and organic nitrogen. Predominantly upward trends were indicated for water temperature, alkalinity, and concentrations of fecal-coliform bacteria, and fecal-streptococci bacteria.

Evaldi, R.D., and Moore, B.L., 1992, Stormwater data for Jefferson County, KY, 1991-92: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-638, 82p.

Results are presented of water quality analyses and estimates of constituent loads made by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Louisville and Metropolitan Sewer District, to describe stormwater quality in Jefferson County, KY. Stormwater-constituent concentrations were determined for six basins in the urbanized parts of Jefferson County. Each basin has a predominant land use; two basins contain primarily commercial land, two basins contain primarily residential land, and the other two basins contain primarily industrial land. Load estimates were made for these 6 basins and for a network of 25 stream basins in the county. Samples were analyzed in the field for temperature, pH, specific conductance, and dissolved oxygen concentration. Fecal-indicator bacteria densities > 20,000 colonies/100 ml of water were measured in stormwater from all basins except the one containing heavy industry. Iron concentrations in excess of 1,000 microg/L, the Kentucky chronic criterion for protection of warmwater aquatic habitat, were detected in at least one sample from each basin. The maximum event mean concentrations for chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, 407 and 610 mg/L, respectively, were from commercial basins. The total storm loads ranged over at least one order of magnitude; for example, loads of dissolved-solids ranged from <2 to 7,010 pounds, and loads of chemical oxygen demand ranged from about 50 to 700 pounds.

Evaldi, R.D., and Moore, B.L., 1994, Techniques for estimating the quantity and quality of storm runoff from urban watersheds of Jefferson County, KY: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4023, 70 p.

Linear regression models are presented for estimating storm-runoff volumes, and mean con- centrations and loads of selected constituents in storm runoff from urban watersheds of Jefferson County, Kentucky. Constituents modeled include dissolved oxygen, biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, total and suspended solids, volatile residue, nitrogen, phosphorus and phosphate, calcium, magnesium, barium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc. Model estimations are a function of drainage area, percentage of impervious area, climatological data, and land uses. Estimation models are based on runoff volumes, and concen- trations and loads of constituents in runoff measured at 6 stormwater outfalls and 25 streams in Jefferson County.

Evaldi, R.D., and Moore, B.L., 1994, Yields of selected constituents in base flow and stormflow in urban watersheds of Jefferson, County, KY: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4065,70 p.

Mean annual base-flow and stormflow yields of selected water-quality constituents from urban watersheds of Jefferson County, Kentucky, were estimated for 1988-92 to help describe the pro portions of constituent transport from point and nonpoint sources. Yield estimates were based on streamflow and water-quality data collected from a network of 25 stream sites in the county. Water- quality data for which estimates of base-flow and stormflow yields were computed include dissolved oxygen and oxygen demand, dissolved solids, suspended and volatile solids, nutrients, metals, and synthetic organic compounds. Transport of most constituents occurred primarily during stormflow. Chemical oxygen demand was related to the amount of industrial land use in each watershed, nitrite and phosphorus yields were inversely proportional to the amount of nonurban and commercial land use in each watershed, and zinc yields were inversely related to the degree of nonurban land use in each watershed.

Farrar, J.W., Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's Evaluation Program For Standard Reference Samples Distributed in April,1996.

This report presents the results of the U.S. Geological Surveys analytical evaluation program for 7 standard reference samples--T-139 (trace constituents), T-141 (trace constituents), M-138 (major constituents), N-49 (nutrient constituents), N-50 (nutrient constituents), P-26 (low ionic strength constituents), and Hg-22 (mercury)--that were distributed in April 1996 to 150 laboratories registered in the U.S. Geological Survey sponsored interlaboratory testing program. Analytical data that were received from 132 of the laboratories were evaluated with respect to overall laboratory performance and relative laboratory performance for each analyte in the seven reference samples. Results of these evaluations are presented in tabular form. Also presented are tables and graphs summarizing the analytical data provided by each laboratory for each analyte in the seven standard reference samples. The most probable value for each analyte was determined using nonparametric statistics.

Farrar, J.W., Report of the U.S. Geological Surveys Evaluation Program for Standard Reference Samples Distributed in September, 1996.

This report presents the results of the U.S. Geological Surveys analytical evaluation program for 7 standard reference samples -- T-143 (trace constituents), T-145 (tracer constituents), M-140 (major constituents), N-51 (nutrient constituents), N-52 (nutrient constituents), P-27 (low ionic strength constituents), and Hg-23 (mercury) -- that were distributed in September 1996 to 167 laboratories registered in the U.S. Geological Survey sponsored interlaboratory testing program. Analytical data that were received from 140 of the laboratories were evaluated with respect to: overall laboratory performance and relative laboratory performance for each analyte in the seven reference samples. Results of these evaluations are presented in tabular form. Also present are tables and graphs summarizing the analytical data provided by each laboratory for each analyte in the seven standard reference samples. The most probable value for each analyte was determined using nonparametric statistics.

Farrar, J.W., Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's Evaluation Program for Standard Reference Samples Distributed in October, 1995.

This report presents the results of the U.S. Geological Surveys analytical evaluation program for 6 standard reference samples --T-137 (trace constituents), M-136 (major constituents), N-47 (nutri-ent constituents). N-48 (nutrient constituents), P-25 (low ionic strength constituents), and Hg-21 (mercury)-- that were distributed in October 1995 to 149 laboratories registered in the U.S. Geological Survey sponsored interlaboratory testing program. Analytical data that were received from 136 of the laboratories were evaluated with respect to: overall laboratory performance and relative laboratory performance for each analyte in the six reference samples. Results of these evalu-tions are presented in tabular form. Also presented are tables and graphs summarizing the analytical data provided by each laboratory for each analyte in the six standard reference samples. The most probable value for each analyte was determined using nonparametric statistics.

Fenelon, J.M., and Moore, R.C., 1996, Occurrence of volatile organic compounds in ground water in the White River basin, Indiana, 1994-95, U.S.Geological Survey Fact Sheet 138-96, 4 p.

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Fernandez, Mario, Jr., and Hutchinson, C.B., Hydrology and chemical quality of water and bottom sediments at three stormwater detention ponds, Pinellas County, Florida:U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 92-4139, 31 p.

An investigation of three detention ponds in Pinellas County, Florida indicated little potential for chemical contamination of surficial-aquifer ground water; however, concentrations of contami- nants in some sediments are sufficient to indicate possible hazardous levels of bioconcentration in benthic organisms. The general direction of ground- water movement at three pond sites indicates that the ponds are ground-water discharge points. Shallow ground water tends to move laterally toward these ponds, which have surface outflow, instead of from the ponds into the aquifer. Surface-water and pond-sediment samples from a 1-year-old pond were collected and analyzed for inorganic constituents and organic compounds. The concentrations were either near or below analytical detection limits. Surface-water and pond-sediment samples from the other two ponds, 20- and 30-years old, respectively, also were analyzed for inorganic constituents and organic compounds. The water quality of these older ponds was not significantly different from that of the 1-year-old pond. However, bottom sediments in the 20- and 30-year-old ponds contained 16 and 23 organic compounds, respectively. None of the organic compounds were in sufficient concentrations to cause concern about their chronic effects on aquatic life. Concentrations of dichlordiphenyl-trichlorethane, dieldrin, and heptachlor were above the hazardous level with respect to bioconcentration in the food chain.

Feth, J.H., 1981, Chloride in natural continental water - A review: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2176, 30 p.

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Fishel, D.K., Brown, M.J., Kostelnik, K.M., and Howse, M.A., 1992, Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River Headwaters, Pennsylvania-Description and water quality of the Little Conestoga Creek Headwaters prior to the implementation of nutrient management: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4131, 68 p.

The headwaters of the Conestoga River are being studied to determine the effects of agricultural Best-Management Practices on surface-water and groundwater quality. As part of the study, a 5.82 sq mi watershed of the Little Conestoga Creek headwaters was monitored during 1984-86, prior to implementation of Best-Management Practices. This report describes the land use and hydrology of this study area and characterizes its surface water and groundwater quality during the pre-Best Management Practice phase. During base-flow conditions, median concentrations of dissolved-nitrite plus nitrate increased from 2.7 to 8.1 mg/L as the stream flowed through the intensively farmed carbonate-rock floored valley. Median concentrations of total phosphorus increased from 0.

Fishel, D.K., Langland, M.J., and Truhlar, M.V., 1991, Hydrology and the hypothetical effects of reducing nutrient applications on water quality in the Bald Eagle Creek headwaters, southeastern Pennsylvania prior to implementation of agricultural best- management practices: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4006, 59 p.

The 0.43 sq mi Eagle Creek agricultural watershed in York, Pennsylvania is underlain by albite-chlorite and oligoclase-mica schist in the Lower Susquehanna River basin. The water quality of the Bald Eagle Creek was studied from October 1985 through September 1987 prior to the implementation of Best-Management Practices to reduce nutrient and sediment discharge. About 88% of the watershed is cropland and pasture, and nearly 33% of the cropland is used for corn. The animal population is entirely dairy cattle. About 85,640 pounds of nitrogen (460 pounds/acre) and 21,800 pounds of phosphorus (177 pounds/acre) were applied to fields; 52% of the nitrogen and 69% of the phosphorus was from commercial fertilizer. Prior to fertilization, nitrate nitrogen in the soil ranged between 36 to 136 pounds/acre and phosphorus ranged between 0.89 to 5.7 pounds/acre in the top 4 ft. Precipitation was about 18% below normal and streamflow about 35% below normal during the 2 years. Eighty-four percent of the 20.44 in of runoff was base flow. Median concentrations of total nitrogen and dissolved nitrate plus nitrite in base flow were 4.9 and 4.2 mg/L as nitrogen, respectively. Concentrations of dissolved nitrate in base flow increased following wet periods after crops were harvested and manure was applied. During the growing season concentrations decreased similarly to those observed in carbonate areas as nutrient utilization and evapotranspiration by corn increased. About 4 ,550 pounds of suspended sediment, 5,250 pounds of nitrogen, and 66.6 pounds of phosphorus were discharged in base flow during the 2-yr. period. About 232,000 pounds of suspended sediment were measured in 26 storms that represented 51% of the stormflow. About 651 pounds of nitrogen, and 74 pounds of phosphorus were measured in 16 storms that represented 28% of the stormflow. It is estimated that concentrations of total nitrogen and phosphorus in base flow need to be reduced by 12 and 48%, respectively, to detect changes during the nutrient-management phase. Likewise, loads of total nitrogen and phosphorus in base flow need to be reduced by 62% and 57%.

Fisher, G.T., and Katz, B.G., 1982, Guidelines for instrumenting and operating a surface runoff study - the Baltimore experience: American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Paper NAR82-209, 29p.

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Fisher, G.T. and Katz, B.G., 1984, Analysis of urban storm-water runoff characteristics of four basins in the Baltimore metropolitan area,Maryland: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources InvestigationsReport 84-4099, 51 p.

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Fisher, G.T., and Katz, B.G., 1988, Urban storm-water runoff -- selected background information and techniques for problem assessment, with a Baltimore, Maryland, case study: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2347, 30 p.

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Focazio, M.J. and Cooper, R.E., 1995, Selected characteristics of stormflow and base flow affected by land use and cover in the Chickahominy River basin, Virginia, 1989-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4225, 37 p.

The Chickahominy River is the principal source of raw-water supply managed by the Department of Public Utilities, City of Newport News. Selected characteristics of stormflow and base flow, and major land use and cover factors that affect the distribution, movement, and quality of water of the nontidal Chickahominy River were monitored at three continuous-record stations and two partial-record stations. The stations are located in areas that drain urban, residential, and rural land uses.

Fontaine, R.A., 1983, Uncertainties in records of annual mean discharge in Maine: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4025, 108 p.

This report documents the results of rating analyses of flow during periods of ice-cover at 33 stations on selected rivers in Maine. Results were obtained through linear multiple regression. It also presents functions relating uncertainties in records to the number of discharge measurements made at these and 21 other stations. The application is unusual in that it includes analysis of the uncertainty of discharge as affected by backwater from ice. Total uncertainty consists of errors incurred during measurement and during data processing. An average of 46.8 percent of the total variance for the 21 stations not affected by backwater was due to measurement variance, and 53.2 percent was due to process variance. Data from the remaining 33 stations were divided into summer (open-water) periods and the winter (backwater) periods. An average of 49.3 percent of the total variance for the summer-period stations was due to measurements variance; 50.7 percent was due to process variance. An average of 25.2 percent of the total variance for the winter-period stations was due to measurement variance; 74.8 percent was due to process variance. Results of the seasonal division of average variance suggest that the process and measurement variances are essentially equal during open-water periods and that process variance is considerably greater than the measurement variance during backwater periods. The errors in winter discharge records significantly increased average uncertainty in the records of annual mean discharge. (USGS)

Fossum, K.D., 1995, Methods for adjusting regional-regression equations in Maricopa County, Arizona, in Loethen, M.L., ed. Water Management in Urban Areas: American Water Resources Association Symposium Proceedings, Houston, Texas, November 5-10, 1995, p. 11-18.

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Fossum, K.D., and Davis, R.G., 1996, Physical, chemical, biological, and toxicity data from the study of urban stormwater and ephemeral streams, Maricopa County, Arizona, water years 1992-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-394, 71 p.

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Fowler K.K, and Wilson J.T., 1995, Characteristics, Transport, and Yield of Sediment in Juday Creek, St. Joseph County, Indiana, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4135.

Juday Creek is a tributary of the St. Joseph River in St. Joseph County, north-central Indiana. The creek has been identified as one of the few streams in the State that can support a naturally reproducing brown trout population. A recent study of benthic invertebrates shows a decline in the production rate of insect species and suggests that this decline may be caused by increased sedimen- tation. This report presents the results of a study of the sediment conditions in Juday Creek from April 1993 through June 1994. Measurements of streamflow, suspended sediment, and bedload were made at six sampling sites during three storms and a period of low flow. A total of 11 samples were collected during storms, and 1 sample was collected during low flow at each site. Bed-material samples were collected at the six sites. Sediment cores were collected from the delta of an instream pond and at a sediment trap near the mouth of the stream. Scour and fill at the six sites were monitored by means of scour chains and surveyed cross sections. The instream pond was surveyed twice, and the volume weight of the sediment was determined to estimate the yield of sediment for the upper reach of Juday Creek. Particle-size distributions indicate that the bed material is predominantly sand and gravel and that very little of the bed material is silt or finer (less than 0.062 millimeter). Analysis of sediment cores showed that most of the sediment deposited in the sediment trap and instream pond was sand. Sediment sampling during a period of low flow detected only minimal concentrations of suspended sediment; the maximum concentration was 6 milligrams per liter, equivalent to a daily load of 0.32 ton. Bedload ranged from 5.2 to 76.7 grams per cross- channel sampling, equivalent to 0.11 to 1.70 tons per day. Sediment sampling during the storms indicates that bedload discharge is the primary mode of sediment transport. Suspended-sediment concentration ranged from 4 to 67 milligrams per liter; the median was 17 milligrams per liter. Bedload ranged from 3.4 to 862 grams per cross- channel sampling; the median was 109 grams. Only 15 percent of the samples were less than 50 grams. Scour chains and surveyed cross sections documented some scour and fill at most of the sites. Scour and fill tended to balance out; after a 1-year period, the net change in the streambed altitude was minimal. Some infilling was the net result at most of the sites. Surveys of the instream pond determined that the volume of sediment delivered to the pond from April 1993 to April 1994 was approximately 26,500 cubic feet. The average volume weight of the sediment was determined to be 102 pounds per cubic foot. The sediment yield for the upper reach of Juday Creek from April 1993 to April 1994 was estimated to be 48 tons per square mile.

Friedman, L.C., Quality Assurance Practices for the Chemical and Biological Analyses of Water and Fluvial Sediments.

This chapter contains practices used by the U.S. Geological Survey to assure the quality of analyt-ical data for water, fluvial sediment, and aquatic organisms. These practices are directed primarily toward personnel making water-quality measurements. Some detail specific quality control techniques, others document quality assurance procedures being used by the Central Laboratories System of the U.S. Geological Survey, and still others describe various statistical techniques and give examples of the use in evaluating and assuring the quality of analytical data. The practices are arranged into eight sections: Analytical Methods Development Procedures Standard Quantitative Analysis Techniques Instrumental Techniques Reference Material Laboratory Quality Control Quality Assurance Monitoring Documentation, Summary, and Evaluation of Data Materials Evaluation Each section is preceded by a brief description of the material covered. Similarly within each section, each practice is preceded by a description of its application or scope.

Friedman, L.C., Evaluation of Methods used from 1965 Through 1982 to Determine Inorganic Constituents in Water Samples.

Since 1962, the U.S. Geological Survey has prepared and distributed Standard Reference Water Samples (SRWS) to participating laboratories in order to alert them to possible analytical deficiencies. This report marks the first time that a concentrated effort has been made to examine and compare the SRWS data for each constituent by the analytical method that was used to obtain the data. Unlike laboratories that participate in interlaboratory studies that are designed to determine the precision and accuracy of a particular analytical method, laboratories that participate in the SRWS program are allowed to select the method used to analyze a reference sample and are requested to report the method used. Data for a particular method could not be compared with a "true" value because the data were obtained from analyses of reference samples that were prepared using natural waters; however, where possible a comparison was made betweren the mean concentration obtained by the various analytical methods that were used to determine each constituent. Where enough information is available, models for predicting the precisions of the methods have been developed, and the precisions have been compared. In addition to the data presented in the reports, this evaluation provides a good indication of methods that were used routinely to analyze water samples during the 18 years of study.

Frimpter, M.H., Donohue, J.J., IV, and Rapacz, 1990a, A mass-balance nitrate model for predicting the effects of land use on the ground-water quality in municipal wellhead protection areas: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 88-493.

A mass-balance accounting model can be used to guide the management of septic systems and fertilizers to control the degradation of groundwater quality in zones of an aquifer that contributes water to public supply wells. The nitrate nitrogen concentration of the mixture in the well can be predicted for steady-state conditions by calculating the concentration that results from the total weight of nitrogen and total volume of water entering the zone of contribution to the well. These calculations will allow water-quality managers to predict the nitrate concentrations that would be produced by different types and levels of development, and to plan development accordingly. Computations for different development schemes provide a technical basis for planners and managers to compare water quality effects and to select alternatives that limit nitrate concentration in wells. Appendix A contains tables of nitrate loads and water volumes from common sources for use with the accounting model. Appendix B describes the preparation of a spreadsheet for the nitrate loading calculations with a software package generally available for desktop computers.

Frimpter, M.H., Donohue, J.J., IV, and Rapacz, 1990a, A mass-balance nitrate model for predicting the effects of land use on the ground-water quality in municipal wellhead protection areas: Journal of the New England Water Works, V. 104, no 4, p. 219-232.

The mass balance equation offers a comprehensive approach to limiting nitrate concentrations from all sources in the zones that contribute water to public-supply wells. Nitrogen from all sources is assumed to be oxidized to nitrate before entering public-supply wells. The nitrate concentration of the mixture in the well can be predicted for steady-state conditions by calculating the concentration that results from the total weight of nitrogen and total volume of water entering the zone of contribution to the well. These calculations will allow water quality managers to predict the nitrate concentrations that would be produced by different types and levels of development and to plan development accordingly. Computations for different development schemes provide a technical basis for planners and managers to compare water-quality effects and to select alternatives that limit nitrate concentration in wells.

Methods of estimating annual mean and annual maximum chloride concentrations and sodium concentrations in streams were developed using multiple and simple linear regression techniques and data collected during the 1972-77 water years. Independent variables are easily obtainable parameters such as total salt application within a basin, annual precipitation, and drainage basin characteristics. Methods for obtaining gross estimates of chloride loads and sodium loads from salt-application data and estimates of nonhighway-related chloride and sodium were suggested. A chloride budget was calculated for a small drainage basin containing a section of interstate highway. The chloride budget was described in terms of the percentages in direct runoff to the stream, in ground-water discharges to the stream, in storage in the ground, and in the amount unaccounted for. Attempts were made to relate chloride concentrations in ground water adjacent to highways to quantities of salt applied to the highways on an annual basis, annual precipitation, depth of the wells below land surface, depth of wells below the water table, and distance of well from edge of pavement. Little correlation was observed between annual salt-application values and annual mean chloride concentrations in ground water near highways. The irregular distribution of highway runoff, due to topographic differences between sites, and variations in salting and runoff during individual storm events seem to affect correlation between quantities of salt applied and chloride concentrations in ground water near highways.

Frost, L.R., Pollock, S.J., and Wakelee, R.F., 1981, Hyrdologic Effects of Highway-deicing Chemicals in Massachusetts-Executive Summary: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-210, 10p.

Methods of estimating annual mean and annual maximum chloride concentrations in streams were developed through multiple and simple linear regression techniques using data collected during the 1972-77 water years. Independent variables are easily obtainable parameters, such as total salt application within a basin, annual precipitation, and drainage basin characteristics. Methods for obtaining gross estimates of chloride loads and sodium loads from salt-application data and estimates of nonhighway-related chloride and sodium were suggested. A chloride budget was calculated for a small basin draining a section of interstate highway. The chloride budget was described in terms of the percentages in direct runoff to the stream, in ground-water discharges to the stream, in storage in the ground, and the amount unaccounted for. Attempts were made to relate chloride concentrations in ground water adjacent to highways to quantities of salt applied to the highways on an annual basis, annual precipitation, depth of the wells below land surface, depth of the well below water table, and the distance of the well from the edge of the pavement. Little correlation was observed between annual salt-application values and annual mean chloride concentrations in ground water near highways. The irregular distribution of highway runoff, due to topographic differences between sites, and variations in runoff resulting from individual storms seem to be the causes of the lack of significant correlation between annual quantities of salt applied and chloride concentrations in ground water near highways.

Fusillo, T.V., 1981, Impact on suburban residential development on water resources in the area of Winslow Township, Camden County, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 81-27, 38 p.

Changes in land use as a result of large-scale residential development can have significant impact on water resources. Data on the quality and quantity of surface water and ground water in the vicinity of the Winslow Crossing residential development, in Winslow Township, New Jersey, were collected from 1972 to 1979. Pumpage for water supply from the Cohansey Sand averaged 0.48 million gallons per day during 1978 and had little effect on water levels in the aquifer. Water quality was variable in the observation wells sampled. High levels of dissolved solids, nitrate-nitrogen, and phosphorus were found in the shallow ground water surrounding the effluent infiltration ponds of a wastewater treatment plant. A treatment process change in 1974 reduced nitrate-nitrogen levels. The development of 14 percent of a 1.64-square-mile drainage area resulted in an increase in the peak discharge of a 60-minute unit hydrograph from approximately 150 cubic feet per second to 270 cubic feet per second. Installation of a stormwater retention basin reduced this peak discharge to 220 cubic feet per second. Streams draining two highly developed drainage areas had significantly higher levels of calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, and pH than streams draining less developed areas. Winslow Crossing 's development had only a slight effect on Great Egg Harbor River in comparison with sources of contamination upstream from the study area.

Gain, W.S., 1996, The effects of flow-path modification on water quality constituent retention in an urban stormwater detention pond and wetland system, Orlando, Florida:U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 95-4297, 44 p.

Changes in constituent retention in a wet stormwater-detention pond and wetland system in Orlando, Florida, were evaluated following the 1988 installation of a flow barrier which approximately doubled the flow path and increased detention time in the pond. The pond and wetland were arranged in series so that stormwater first enters the pond and overflows into the wetland before spilling over to the regional stream system. Several principal factors that contribute to constituent retention were examined, including changes in pond-water quality between storms, stormwater quality, and pond-water flushing during storms. A simple, analytical pond-water mixing model was used as the basis for interpreting changes in retention efficiencies caused by pond modification. Retention efficiencies were calculated by a modified event-mean concentration efficiency method using a minimum variance unbiased estimator approach. The results of this study generally support the hypothesis that changes in the geometry of stormwater treatment systems can significantly affect the constituent retention efficiency of the pond and wetland system. However, the results also indicate that these changes in efficiency are caused not only by changes in residence time, but also by changes in stormwater mixing and pond water flushing during storms. Additionally, the use of average efficiencies as indications of treatment effectiveness may fail to account for biases associated with sample distribution and independent physical properties of the system, such as the range and concentrations of constituents in stormwater inflows and stormwater volume. Changes in retention efficiencies varied among chemical constituents and were significantly different in the pond and wetland. Retention efficiency was related to inflow concentration for most constituents. Increased flushing of the pond after modification caused decreases in retention efficiencies for constituents that concentrate in the pond between storms (dissolved solids) and increases in retention efficiency for constituents that settle out of pond and wetland storage between storms. The greatest increase in retention efficiencies in the detention pond was observed for total lead, which increased from 19 percent before modification to 73 percent after modification. However, retention efficiencies for nutrients for nutrients and suspended constituents decreased in the wetland after modification. This was probably because of the flushing of accumulated sediments as a result of a change in flow path through the wetland. As a result, the overall effect of modification on the system (pond and wetland retention efficiencies combined) was a reduction in retention efficiency for all but two constituents (total zinc and total ammonia nitrogen).

Garcia, K.T., 1988, Effects of erosion-control structures on sediment and nutrient transport, Edgewood Creek drainage, Lake Tahoe Basin, Nevada 1981-83: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4072. 65 p.

Three sites in the Edgewood Creek basin with a combined drainage area of about 1.2 sq mi were selected to assess the effect of erosion-control structures along Nevada State Highway 207, on sediment and nutrient transport. The flow at site one is thought to have been largely unaffected by urban development, and was completely unaffected by erosion control structures. The flow at site two was from a basin affected by urban development and erosion control structures. Site three was downstream from the confluence of streams measured at sites one and two. Most data on streamflow and water quality were collected between June 1981 and May 1983 to assess the hydrologic characteristics of the three sites. As a result of the erosion control structures, mean annual concentrations of total sediment were reduced from about 24,000 to about 410 mg/l at site two and from about 1,900 to about 190 ml/l at site three. Sediment loads were reduced from about 240 to about 10 tons/year at site two and from about 550 to about 110 tons/year at site three. At site one, in contrast, mean concentrations and loads remained low throughout the study period. At site two, sediment particle size changed from predominately coarse prior to construction, to predominately fine thereafter; at site three, it changed from about half coarse sediments to predominately fine. Mean concentration and loads of total iron also were significantly reduced after construction at sites two and three, whereas mean concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus species did not change appreciably.

Garcia, A., and James, W.P.,.Urban Runoff Simulation Model:Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, v. 114, no. 4, p399-413.

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Garcia, Rene, 1992, Quality of Storm-Water Runoff in Three Watersheds in Elizabethtown, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4078, 27 p.

The quality of storm-water runoff and its potential effects on the quality of groundwater were investigated at three small watersheds in the mature karst terrane of Elizabethtown, Ky. The watersheds are tributaries to Valley Creek, a losing stream. Previous dye-trace studies have determined that specific sinkholes, Valley Creek, and municipal supply wells and springs are hydraulically connected. The study results indicate that storm-water runoff from the three watersheds is a potential source of contamination of the receiving streams and groundwater by fecal-coliform bacteria and herbicides. Densities of fecal-coliform bacteria ranged from more than 500 to more than 60,000 colonies/100 ml of water sample. Herbicides, such as Dicamba and Prometon, were reported in runoff samples from one or more watersheds. Concentrations of herbicides ranged from less than 0.1 to 7.2 microg/L and were largest in runoff from a suburban watershed. Tetrachloroethylene was detected in a first-flush sample from a watershed with mixed land uses. The transport of metals from roadside deposition by vehicular traffic does not appear to be significant in runoff from the watersheds investigated. The range of concentrations of selected major ions, nutrients, metals, volatile organic compounds, and herbicides were, in general, comparable to the ranges reported for water samples from springs and wells previously collected in the study area.

Garrett, R.G., and Bales, J.D., 1995, Water-quality characteristics of streams in the Treyburn development of Falls Lake watershed, North Carolina, 1988-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4094, 79 p.

Treyburn is a 5,400-acre planned, mixed-use community located in the Falls Lake watershed in the upper Neuse River Basin of North Carolina. From February 1988 through 1993, hydrologic-data were collected at 17 study sites in or near the Treyburn development to compare the effects of varying types of land-use development on the water-quality of streams flowing in or near the development. The collected hydrologic data included measurements of streamflow and concentrations of major dissolved constituents, nutrients, minor elements, and organic compounds. Streamflow in the study basin was approximately 40 percent lower in 1992 and 40 percent higher in 1993 than the long-term annual mean of the long-term discharge records at Flat River in Bahama. Calcium and bicarbonate were the predominant cation and anion at all study sites except one. Mean total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations at sites in the Treyburn development ranged from 0.5 to 0.8 and 0.03 to 0.10 mg/L, respectively. Total aluminum, iron, and manganese were the metals most frequently detected in the 200 organic compunds analyzed. Dichloro- difluoromethane and methylene chloride were detected most often.

Gay, F.B., 1981, Hydrologic data of the Lake Cochituate drainage basin, Framingham-Natick, Massachusetts, 1977-79: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-342, 61 p.

This report presents, in tabular form, hydrologic data on the 17.7-square-mile drainage basin above the outlet of Lake Cochituate including parts of Ashland, Framingham, Natick, Sherborn, and Wayland, Massachusetts. These data were collected from July 1977 to July 1979 by the U.S. Geological Survey during a study to describe the inflow and outflow of nutrients in Lake Cochituate. Information in this report includes daily mean discharges and nutrient concentrations for Beaverdam, Course, Pegan, and Snake Brooks (principal streams discharging to Lake Cochituate), and the outlet of Lake Cochituate. It includes instantaneous discharges and nutrient concentrations at 17 storm sewers discharging directly into Lake Cochituate during three rainstorms as well as nutrient concentrations of the wet-atmospheric deposition. It also includes monthly water-level measurements and nutrient concentrations of water from 29 observation wells around Lake Cochituate, selected information on 87 wells and borings, and particle-size distribution of 30 lithologic samples. Many chemical analyses of other constituents associated with the nutrients are also tabulated in this release.

Gay, F.B., 1985, Estimated water and nutrient inflows and outflows, Lake Cochituate, eastern Massachusetts, 1977-79: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 84-4315, 59 p.

Streamflow was the major source of water and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) to Lake Cochituate, followed by ground water, and then precipitation during April 1978 through March 1979. Compared to all sources during that period, streams contributed 7,217 million gallons (a little over 82 percent) of water, 63 ,000 pounds (between 50 and 60 percent) of nitrogen, and 3,000 pounds (94 percent) of phosphorus. A little over 60 percent of all the water that entered Lake Cochituate flowed from Fisk Pond. This single source transported about 38,000 pounds of nitrogen and 2,000 pounds of phosphorus. Ground-water inflow to Lake Cochituate occurs along its shoreline except at the north end of Lake Cochituate 's North Pond where natural seepage from the lake is occurring and at locations on the lake 's Middle and South Ponds where municipal wells induce infiltration of lake water amounting to 1,228 million gallons for that period. Discharge of ground water to the lake was estimated to range from 462 to 816 million gallons and transported from 31,000 to 55,000 pounds of nitrogen and from 46 to 82 pounds of phosphorus. Bulk precipitation was estimated to contribute about the same volume of water to the lake as ground water but double its phosphorus load. However, the load of nitrogen, 8000 pounds, from bulk precipitation was the smallest of any source.

Gay, F.B. and Melching, C.S., 1994. Relation of precipitation quality to storm type, and constituent loads in Massachusetts, 1983-85. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resource Investigations Report 94-4224, 82 pp.

Precipitation samples were collected for 83 storms at a rural inland site in Princeton, Mass., and 73 storms at a rural coastal site in Truro, Mass., to examine the quality of precipitation from storms and relate quality to three storm types (oceanic cyclone, continental cyclone, and cold front). At the inland site, Princeton, ranked-means of precipitation depth, storm duration, specific conductance, and concentrations and loads of hydrogen, sulfate, aluminum, bromide, and copper ions were affected by storm type. At the coastal site, Truro, ranked means of precipitation depth, storm duration, and concentrations and loads of calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and sodium ions were affected by storm type. Precipitation chemistry at the coastal site was 85 percent oceanic in orgin, whereas precipitation 72 kilometers inland was 60 percent hydrogen, nitrate, and sulfate ions, reflecting fossil-fuel combustion. Concentrations and loads for specific conductance and 9 chemical constituents on an annual and seasonal basis were determined from National Atmospheric Deposition Program data for spring 1983 through winter 1985 at Quabbin (rural, inland), Waltham (suburban, inland) and Truro (rural, coastal), Massachusetts. Concentrations of magnesium, potassium, sodium, and chloride concentrations were highest at the coast and much lower inland, with very little difference between Waltham and Quabbin. Loads of ammonium, nitrate, sulfate, and hydrogen are highest at Quabbin and are about equal at Waltham and Truro. About twice as much nitrate and hydrogen and about 35 percent more sulfate is deposited at Quabbin than at Waltham or Truro; this pattern indicates that the interior of Massachusetts receives more acidic precipitation than do the eastern or the coastal areas of Massachusetts.

German, E.R., 1984, Water Quality of Lakes Faith, Hope, Charity, and Lucien, 1971-79, in an Area of Residential Development and HighwayConstruction at Maitland, Florida U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 82-51, 71p.

Lakes Faith, Hope, and Charity were sampled from April 1971 to June 1979 to monitor water quality before, during, and after construction of Maitland Boulevard and the Interstate Highway 4 interchange. Lake Lucien was added to the study in April 1975. Chemical quality of the lakes varies little in comparison with surface runoff, bulk precipitation, and the water in the surficial aquifer. Surface runoff supplied about 19 percent of the direct inflow to the lakes and contributed a total of about 2,000 pounds, per acre of lake surface, of dissolved solids from April 1971 to June 1979, while bulk precipitation contributed about 1,170 pounds per acre. Water quality in the lakes changed during the study, generally for the better. However, an infestation of elodea (Hydrilla verticillata), whose growth is not associated with water quality, developed in Lake Hope near the end of the study and has interfered with recreational use of the lake.

German, E.R., Analysis of Nonpoint Source Ground-Water Contamination on Rela-tion To Lane Use: Assessment Of Non-point Source Contamination of Central Florida

Ground-water quality in central Florida is affected by land-use practices, such as the urbanization of karstic terrain with accompanying stormwater disposal through drainage wells, citrus cultivation with accompanying application of large quantities of fertilizers and pesticides, and mining and processing of phosphate ores into fertilizers. Stormwater entering drainage wells in urban areas can directly affect the Upper Floridian aquifer, the upper part of the Floridian aquifer system, which is used as a source of potable water throughout the area. Leachate from fertilizers and pesticides, and activities associated with phosphate mining are most likely to affect the surficial aquifer system. Although water from the surficial aquifer system is not used extensively as a source of public water supply, it does ultimately recharge the Floridian aquifer system. Ground-water quality in three developed areas with different land uses was compared to ground-water quality in an undeveloped control area. Statistical tests were used to determine if differences in ground-water quality among the areas were significant. A probability level of 5 percent was used to indicate significant differences. The primary study areas were an undeveloped area referred to as the control area, an urban area, a citrus production area, and a phosphatemining area. The control area is an undeveloped part of the Oscala National Forest, where only low-density recreational activities and periodic logging occur. The urban area is in Orlando, where hundreds of drainage wells convey stormwater to the Upper Floridian aquifer. The citrus area is near Windermere, west of Orlando, where citrus has been cultivated for at least 25 years. The mining area is near Bartow, Fla., in an area that supplies as much as one-fifth of the phosphate used in manufacturing fertilizer worldwide. In addition to the primary study areas, two other areas were studied to test transferability of the findings from the primary urban and citrus study areas. There were a citrus area near Lake Wales and an urban area in Ocala. Concentrations of most of the major constituents, nitrogen species, phosphorus, and organic compounds in water from the Upper floridian aquifer underlying the urban area were significantly greater than concentrations in water from this aquifer in the control area, possibly as the result of drainage-well inflow. Trace elements and volatile organics were detected in ground-water in the control area as frequently as in ground-water in the urban area. Most major constituents and nitrogen species were present in greater concentrations in water from the surficial aquifer system underlying aquifer system in the control area. Nitrate-nitrogen concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary maximum contaminant level for drinking water (10 milligrams per liter) in water from more than half the 33 wells sampled in the citrus area. The pesticide bromacil was detected in water from more than half of the 19 wells in the citrus area sampled for pesticide analysis. Concentrations of bromacil exceeded 20 micrograms per liter in water from some wells in the citrus area. Study results indicate that the most mineralized ground-water is in the mining area. Concentrations of all major constituents, nitrogen species, and phosphorus were significantly greater in water from the surficial aquifer system underlying the mining area than in ground-water from the control area. The numbers and concentrations of organic compounds detected in ground-water also were greater in the mining area than in the control area and was the only trace element that was detected significantly more frequently in any developed area than in the control area. Ground-water quality was determined in a second urban area (the Ocala area) to test the transfer-ability of the study results to other urban areas. Ground-water quality in the Upper Floridian aquifer beneath the Ocala area differed from that in the undeveloped area as did ground-water quality in the Orlando urban area. In both of these urban areas, stormwater is disposed of in drainage wells or sinkholes. However, the specific effects of stormwater on ground-water quality may not be consistent from one urban area to another. Ground-water quality also was determined in a second citrus area to test the transferability of study results to other citrus areas. A comparison of the water-quality data for the two areas indicated that citrus cultivation had affected the quality of water in the surficial aquifer system in both areas. Nitrate concentrations in water from the surficial aquifer system in both citrus areas generally exceeded the maximum-contaminant level for drinking water. Also, bromacil was detected in concentrations exceeding 20 micrograms per liter in ground-water samples from several wells in each of the two citrus areas.

Gibbs, J.W., 1981, Hydrologic data for urban storm runoff from nine sites in the Denver metropolitan area, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-682, 142 p.

Urban storm-runoff data were collected April through September 1980, from nine urbanrunoff sites in the Denver metropolitan area, and are presented in this report. The sites consist of two single-family residential areas, two multi-family residential areas, one commercial area (shopping center), one mixed commercial and multi-family residential area, one native area (open space), and two detention ponds. Precipitation, rainfall-runoff, water-quality (common constituents, nutrients, coliform bacteria, solids, and trace elements) and basin-area data are necessary to use the U.S. Geological Survey 's Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model, Version II. The urban storm-runoff data may be used to characterize runoff pollution loading for various land-use types in Denver and other semi-arid regions.

Gibbs, J.W., and Doerfer, J.T., 1982, Hydrologic data for urban storm runoff in the Denver metropolitan area, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-872, 552 p.

Urban storm-runoff data collected from April through September 1981 from nine Denver Nationwide Urban Runoff Program sites, urban storm-runoff data collected from April 1980 through September 1981 from ten South Platte River Study sites, and rainfall-runoff simulation data from two sites for June 1980 and May 1981 are presented in this report. The Denver Nationwide Urban Runoff Program sites were two single-family residential areas, two multifamily residential areas, one commercial area (shopping center), one mixed commercial and multifamily residential area, one natural area (open space), and two detention ponds. The South Platte River Study sites were six tributaries of the South Platte River and four instream sites on the South Platte River. The tributary sites were Bear Creek at mouth, at Sheridan; Harvard Gulch at Harvard Park, at Denver; Sanderson Gulch at mouth, at Denver; Weir Gulch at mouth, at Denver; Lakewood Gulch at mouth, at Denver; and Cherry Creek at Denver. The instream sites were South Platte River at Littleton; South Platte River at Florida Avenue, at Denver; South Platte River at Denver; and South Platte River at 50th Avenue, at Denver. The rainfall-runoff simulation sites were North Avenue at Denver Federal Center, at Lakewood and Rooney Gulch at Rooney Ranch, near Morrison. Precipitation, rainfall-runoff, water-quality data, and basin characteristics were collected at the urban storm-runoff sites. The urban storm-runoff data may be used to characterize runoff loading for various land-use types in Denver and other semiarid regions. (USGS)

Gilliom, R.J., Design of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: Occurrence and Distribution of Water-Quality Conditions.

The National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the U.S. Geological Survey is designed to assess the status of and trends in the quality of the Nation's ground- and surface-water resources and to link the status and trends with an understanding of the natural and human factors that affect the quality of water. The study design balances the unique assessment requirements of individual hydrologic systems with a nationally consistent design structure that incorporates a multiscale, interdisciplinary approach. The building blocks of the program are Study-Unit Investigations in 60 major hydrologic basins (Study Units) of the Nation. The Occurrence and Distribution Assessment is the largest and most important component of the first intensive study phase in each Study Unit. The goal of the Occurrence and Distribution Assessment is to characterize, in a nationally consistent manner, the broad-scale geographic and seasonal distributions of water-quality conditions in relation to major contaminant sources and background conditions. The national study design for surface water focuses on water-quality conditions in streams, using the following interrelated components: * Water-Column Studies assess physical and chemical characteristics, which include suspended sediment, major ions and metals, nutrients, organic carbon, and dissolved pesticides, and their relation to hydrologic conditions, sources, and transport. * Bed-Sediment and Tissue Studies assess trace elements and hydrophobic organic contaminants. * Ecological Studies evaluate the relations among physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of streams. Sampling designs for all three components rely on coordinated sampling of varying intensity and scope at Integrator Sites, which are chosen to represent water-quality conditions of streams with large basins that are often affected by complex combinations of land-use settings, and at Indicator Sites, which are chosen to represent water-quality conditions of streams associated with specific individual Environmental Settings. The national study design for ground-water focuses on water-quality conditions in major aquifers, with emphasis on recently recharged ground-water associated with present and recent human activities, by using the following components: * Study-Unit Surveys assess the water-quality of the major aquifer systems of each Study Unit by sampling primarily existing wells. * Land-Use Studies use observation wells and selected existing wells to assess the quality of recently recharged shallow ground-water associated with regionally extensive combinations of land use and hydrogeologic conditions. * Flowpath Studies use transects and groups of clustered, multilevel observation wells to examine specific relations among land-use practices, ground-water flow, and contaminant occurrence and transport and interactions betweren ground and surface water. In selected locations, ground-water studies are codesigned with streamwater-quality studies to investigate interactions betweren ground and surface waters. Overall, the broad range of coordi-nated spatial and temporal strategies employed for surface-water and ground-water assessments is designed to describe the most important aspects of water-quality in a consistent manner for the wide range of hydrologic environments of the Nation.

Glancy, P.A., 1988, Streamflow, sediment transport, and nutrient transport at Incline Village, Lake Tahoe, Nevada: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2313, 53 p.

Five principal creeks, First Creek, Second Creek, Wood Creek, Third Creek, and Incline Creek, having a cumulative drainage of 17.8 sq mi, furnished a yearly average of about 15,000 acre-ft of runoff, mainly snowmelt, to Lake Tahoe during the 1970-73 water years. Annual runoff from the individual streams ranged from 460 to 7,070 acre-ft, and discharges ranged from 0.2 to 110 cu ft/sec. During the 4 years, the five streams delivered to Lake Tahoe 31,000 tons of sediment, which averaged about 75% percent gravel and sand, 15% silt, and 10% clay. Annual cumulative sediment load for the five creeks ranged from 1,500 to 11,000 tons; individual streams furnished 20 to 5,200 tons annually. Measured sediment transport at the stream mouths ranged from 1 to 13,200 mg/L and from 0.001 to 1,420 tons/day; sediment concentrations up to 63,200 mg/L were measured at upstream tributary sites. Estimated annual sediment yields of principal drainage basins ranged from 3 to 930 tons/sq mi from undeveloped areas and from 26 to 5,000 tons/sq mi from developed areas; yields for developed areas appeared to average about 10 times those of undeveloped areas, and roadways apparently were the major source. Erosion disequilibrium caused by pre-study flash floods on two of the creeks continues to manifest itself through high natural sediment yields. The Second Creek flood of 1967 yielded about 75,000 tons of sediment in one afternoon. Fluvial nutrient transport seems quantitatively related to magnitudes of sediment and water transport. Movement rates of organic nitrogen and particulate phosphorus were greater than rates of other nutrient species moving to the lake.

Glancy, P.A., A reconnaissance of sediment transport, streamflow, chemical quality, Glenbrook Creek, Lake Tahoe basin, Nevada.

Glenbrook Creek drains 4.1 square miles and is a tributary to the east edge of Lake Tahoe. Run-off, sediment transport, and nutrient chemistry of the creek were studied during water years 1972-74. Runoff patterns and characteristics varied from year to year. Runoff to the lake ranged from 860 to 1,220 acre-feet annually. Water discharge at the creek mouth ranged from 9.09 to 10 cubic feet per second. Peak flows occurred during spring snowmelt and lowest flows occurred during the summer. Annual sediment transport of Glenbrook Creek to Lake Tahoe ranged from 14 to 37 tons. Annual sediment yields ranged from 3.4 to 9.0 tons per square mile of drainage. Measured load extremes ranged from 0.002 to 8.5 tons per day and measured sediment concentrations ranged from 2 to 502 milligrams per liter. Composition of sediment delivered to the lake during the study period was about 30 percent sand, 34 percent slit, and 36 percent clay. About 60 to 65 percent of the annual sediment movement occurred during snowmelt runoff and 35 to 40 percent during periods of low flow. The most significant sediment movement documented from a particular source was that from highway gutters never Spooner Junction. However, the small annual sediment load to the lake indicate this source had only a minor effect on sediment movement to Lake Tahoe during the study period. Other highway roadcuts and some fills have noticeable erosion activity and potential, but available field evidence and data suggested that very little sediment from those sources was reaching the creek or lake. Sediment contributions of Glenbrook Creek to Lake Tahoe were minimal compared with those of incline village streams along the north shore of the lake during the same general study period. A small amount of data indicate that nutrient movement generally increased as sediment loads and runoff rates increased. The movement of some nutrients (particularly total organic carbon and particulate phosphorous) correlated better with sediment transport than others. The natural concentration of dissolved solids in Glenbrook Creek is several times higher than other major tributaries to Lake Tahoe. The streamflow is a calcium bicarbonate or calcium sulfate bicarbonate type. Occasional above-normal chloride concentrations in snowmelt runoff of one tributary are believed to result from salt application to U.S. Highway 50 for deicing. This tributary generally contributes only a minor amount of runoff to Glenbrook Creek, and the above-normal chloride concentrations are greatly diluted before reaching the lake.

Glysson, G.D., 1987, Sediment-transport curves: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 87-218, 47 p.

The process of developing a sediment transport curve is discussed with respect to the choice of dependent and independent variables, procedures for developing a transport curve, and the effects that seasons, major sediment transporting events, and timing of peaks can have on the shape of sediment transport curves. Examples of the visual fit, linear regression, and group average methods are given. Problems associated with computer generated transport curves and potential errors are observed between rainfall and runoff. In dry weather flow, specific conductance values in the creek ranged from 500-3,930 micromhos per centimeter and in the unnamed southern tributary ranged from 430-2,500. Specific conductances tended to be greater in winter and less in the summer. Storm runoff decreased specific conductance, except during snowmelt runoff when streets were sanded with up to 7 percent salt. Lead, manganese, cadmium, chromium and copper concentrations exceeded Colorado water-quality standards. During storm runoff, major ion concentrations usually decreased with increased flow; conversely loads increased with increased flow, and there was evidence of first-flush of loads in runoff from longer storms. Loads directly proportional to runoff volume per acre per inch of runoff were about equal for upstream and downstream subbasins,but unit loads from the upstream subbasins were two to four times greater due to greater unit runoff of rainfall.

Goodman, D.D., 1980, Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Transfer Function Parameters when Input as well as Output Observations are Subject to Error: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 81-548, 32 p.

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Gordon, J.D., External Quality-Assurance Results for the National Atmospheric Deposi-tion Program/National Trends Network during 1994

Four distinct quality-assurance (QA) programs were used by the U.S. Geological Survey to provide external QA for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network (NADP/NTN). To assess the pH and specific-conductance determinations made by NADP/NTN site operators, an intersite-comparison program was used. The analytical bias introduced during routine handling, processing, and shipping of wet-deposition samples and precision of analyte values were estimated using a blind-audit program. An interlaboratory-comparison program was used to evaluate differences betweren analytical results and to estimate the analytical precision of five laboratories that routinely analyzed wet deposition in 1994. The precision of the overall precipitation collection and analysis system was estimated by a collocated-sampler program. Results of two intersite-comparison studies completed in 1994 indicated 85 and 88 percent of the onsite pH determinations met the NADP/NTN accuracy goals, whereas 95 and 96 percent of the specific-conductance determinations were within the established limits. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test of data collected as part of the blind-audit program indicated that routine sample handling, processing and shipping introduced positive bias (a=0.05) for calcium and sulfate. Statically significant negative bias (a=0.05) was introduced for ammonium, sodium, chloride, and hydrogen ion. The median paired differences betweren the bucket and bottle portions ranged from -0.02 milligram per liter for ammonium to +0.004 milligram per liter for calcium. For hydrogen ion, the median paired difference betweren the bucket and bottle portions was 1.00 microequivalent per liter. Surface chemistry effects due to different amounts of precipitation contacting the sample collection and shipping container surfaces were studied in the blind audit program using 3 different sample volumes. The results of a hypothesis test of the relation betweren hydrogen ion differences and sample volume were not statistically significant in 1994, supporting the premise that the chemical reactions betweren the 13-L bucket shipping container and the sample that resulted in an increasing loss of hydrogen ion with increasing volume in every year of the study prior to 1994 have been eliminated by the new 1/L bottle sample shipping protocol. Among the five laboratories participating in the interlaboratory-comparison program, a Friedman test indicated significant bias (a=0.01) in analyte concentrations for calcium, magnesium, sodium, ammonium, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, hydrogen ion, and specific conductance. Interlaboratory bias was indicated for most laboratories in tests of certified analyte concentrations from standard reference material samples and from ultra-pure deionized-water samples. Precision estimates for the cations at the 50th percentile exhibited less variability than precision estimates at the 50th percentile for the anions, pH, and specific conductance. Results from the collocated-sampler program indicated the median relative error for cation concentration exceeded 7 percent at most sites, whereas the median relative error for sulfate and nitrate concentration and sample volume was less than 7 percent at all sites. The median relative error for hydrogen-ion concentration and deposition ranged from 4.6 to 13.0 percent at the four sites and, as indicated in previous years of the study, was inversely proportional to the acidity of the precipitation at a given site. Overall, collocated-sampling error typically was five times that of libratory error estimates for most analytes.

Grady,S.J., Volatile Organic Compounds in Ground-Water in the Connecticut, Hou-satonic, and Thames River Basins, 1993-1995.

Twenty-five volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in water samples from 46 percent of wells in the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins NAWQA study area collected from July 1993 through September 1995. VOCs were detected in shallow monitoring wells (48 percent) screened in surficial aquifers and deeper, domestic- and institutional-supply wells (37 percent) completed in fractured bedrock. The gasoline additive MTBE was the most commonly detected VOC, followed by chloroform (25 and 23 percent of wells, respectively). VOC detections in ground-water are related to urban land use, and the frequency of VOC detections and the total concentration of VOCs in ground-water increased with increasing population density. Concentrations of five VOCs exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Maximum Contaminant Levels or Lifetime Health Advisories, but most (64 percent) VOC detections were at low concentrations (less than 1.0 microgram per liter) and may originate from nonpoint sources.

Granato, G.E., 1996, Deicing chemicals as a source of constituents in highway runoff. Transportation Research Record 1533, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington D.C., pp. 50-58.

The dissolved major and trace constituents of deicing chemicals as a source of constituents in highway runoff must be quantified for interpretive studies of highway runoff and its effects on surface and ground water. Dissolved constituents of the deicing chemicals--sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and premix (a mixture of sodium and calcium chloride)--were determined by analysis of saltsolutions created in the laboratory, and are presented as mass ratios to chloride. Deicing chemical samples studied are about 98 and 97 percent pure sodium chloride and calcium chloride, respectively; however, each has a distinct major and trace ion constituent signature. The greatest impurity in sodium chloride road-salt samples was sulfate followed by calcium, potassium, bromide, vanadium, magnesium, and fluoride, and other constituents with a ratio to chloride of less than 0.0001 by mass. The greatest impurity in the calcium chloride road-salt samples was sodium followed by potassium, sulfate, bromide, silica, fluoride, strontium, and magnesium, and other constituents with a ratio to chloride of less than 0.0001 by mass. Major constituents of deicing chemicals in highway runoff may account for a substantial source of annual chemical loads. Comparison of estimated annual loads and first flush concentrations of deicing chemical constituents in highway runoff with those reported in the literature indicate that although deicing chemicals are not a primary source of trace constituents, they are not a trivial source either. Therefore, deicing chemicals should be considered as a source of many major and trace constituents in highway and urbanrunoff.

Granato G.E., Church, P.E., Stone V.J., 1995 Mobilization of Major and Trace Constituents of Highway Runoff in Groundwater Potentially Caused by Deicing- Chemical Migration, Transportation Research Record 1483, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington D.C., pp. 92-104.

Mobilization of major and trace constituents of highway runoff in groundwater potentially caused by deicing-chemical migration is indicated by analyses of groundwater samples collected at test sites adjacent to Route 25 in southeastern Massachusetts during February and August 1991 and March, August, and November 1993. Analyses indicate that concentrations of major and trace chemical constituents of highway runoff in groundwater are substantially higher downgradient than upgradient from the highway. Highway runoff containing road salt and calcium-magnesium acetate seems to have the greatest effect on groundwater quality at one test site where highway runoff discharges locally to the land surface. This site has an open-drainage system typical of many highways. Analyses from these five sampling rounds are indicative but not conclusive because additional spatial and temporal data are needed. However, this information, when combined with 4 years of monthly groundwater-level measurements and water-quality analysis of groundwater and highway-runoff samples, show that potential mobilization processes include winter recharge, effects related to ion exchange, and acidification and mineral weathering caused by deicing-chemical migration. These processes are hypothesized because 75 percent of annual recharge occurred during the winter months, sodium was exchanged for calcium in infiltrating water, and pH decreased significantly in downgradient groundwater.

None of the measured concentrations of the major and trace constituents in groundwater exceed National primary drinking-water standards. However, secondary standards were exceeded for chloride and manganese, and recommendations for surface-water criteria were exceeded for chloride, cadmium, and copper.

Granato, G.E., and Smith, K.P., (1998?) Theoretical and empirical relations between constituent concentrations and specific conductance for estimation of road-salt concentrations and loads from continuous highway-runoff monitoring records, (in preparation)

Concentrations of the road-salt constituents calcium, sodium, and chloride in highway runoff were estimated from theoretical and empirical relations between concentrations of ions and specific conductance. These relations were examined using, analysis of 233 highway-runoff samples collected from August 1988 through March 1995 at four highway-drainage monitoring stations along State Route 25 in southeastern Massachusetts. Discrete or composite samples may not adequately represent in-storm water-quality fluctuations because continuous records of highway runoff indicate that stage, specific conductance, pH, and temperature fluctuate substantially throughout each storm. These continuous records of water-quality properties can be used to maximize the information obtained about the system being studied and can provide the context needed to interpret analyses of water samples.

Theoretically, the specific conductance of a water sample is the sum of the individual conductance attributed to each ionic species in solution (the product of the concentrations of each ion in milliequivalents per liter times the equivalent ionic conductance at infinite dilution), thereby establishing the principle of superposition. Superposition provides an estimate of measured specific conductance that is within measurement error over the conductance range of many natural waters (with errors of less than plus or minus 5 percent below 1,000 uS/cm and plus or minus 10 percent below 4,000 uS/cm) if all major ionic constituents are accounted for.

However, concentration effects --systematic error at high and low concentrations--were apparent in the highway-runoff records used for analysis. A semiempirical equation--referred to as adjusted superposition--was used to adjust for concentration effects and relate measured specific conductance to that calculated using superposition. Adjusted superposition was developed for the Route 25 study to define nonsalt contributions in dilute waters and to define the attenuation of the contribution to conductance by each constituent as ionic strength increased. Adjusted superposition generally reduced predictive error to within measurement error throughout the range of conductance from 37 to 51,500 uS/cm in the highway runoff samples. The effects of temperature, pH, and organic constituent concentrations on the relation between concentrations of dissolved constituents and measured specific conductance were examined but were not important for interpretation of the Route 25 data set. Adjusted superposition, and standard regression techniques had similar predictive abilities, but adjusted superposition can be derived from published materials, whereas use of regression requires many water-quality analyses and may be affected by analytic error.

Granato, G.E., Kelley,V.J., Smith, K.P., and Church, P.E.,(1997?) Effectiveness of highway-drainage systems in preventing contamination of ground water by road salt, Route 25, southeastern Massachusetts-- A CD-ROM data Report, (In review) U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-xxx, 17,898 p.

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Gray, J.R., and deVries, M.P, 1984, A system for measuring surface runoff and collecting sediment samples from small areas, in Meyer, E.L., (ed.), Selected papers in the hydrologic sciences: U.S. Geological Survey WSP 2262, p. 7-11

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Guay, J.R., 1991, Simulation of urban runoff and river water quality in the San Joaquin River near Fresno, California: American Water Resources Association symposium on urban hydrology, Denver, Colorado, November 4-8, 1990, Proceedings, p. 177-181.

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Guay, J.R., 1993, Simulation of changes in storm-runoff characteristics, Perris Valley, California, in Kuo, C.Y., ed., Engineering hydrology-- Proceedings of the symposium, San Francisco, July 25-30, 1993: New York, American Society of Civil Engineers, p. 983-988.

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Guay, J.R., 1996, Effects of increased urbanization from 1970's to 1990's on storm-runoff characteristics in Perris Valley, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4273, 60 p.

Urban areas in Perris Valley, California, have more than tripled during the last 20 years. To quantify the effects of increased urbanization on storm runoff volumes and peak discharges, rainfall-runoff models of the basin were developed to simulate runoff for 1970-75 and 1990-93 conditions. Hourly rainfall data for 1949-93 were used with the rainfall-runoff models to simulate a long-term record of storm runoff. The hydrologic effects of increased urbanization from 1970-75 to 1990-93 were analyzed by comparing the simulated annual peak discharges and volumes, and storm runoff peaks, frequency of annual peak discharges and runoff volumes, and duration of storm peak discharges for each study period. A Log-Pearson Type-III frequency analysis was calculated using the simulated annual peaks to estimate the 2-, 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, and 100-year recurrence intervals. The estimated 2-year discharge at the outlet of the basin was 646 cubic feet per second for the 1970-75 conditions and 1,328 cubic feet per second for the 1990-93 conditions. The 100-year discharge at the outlet of the basin was about 14,000 cubic feet per second for the 1970-75 and 1990-93 conditions. The station duration analysis used 925 model-simulated storm peaks from each basin to estimate the percent chance a peak discharge is exceeded. At the outlet of the basin, the chances of exceeding 100 cubic feet per second were about 33 percent under 1970-75 conditions and about 59 percent under 1990-93 conditions. The chance of exceeding 2,500 cubic feet per second at the outlet of the basin was less than 1 percent higher under the 1990-93 conditions than under the 1970-75 conditions. The increase in urbanization from the early 1970's to the early 1990's more than doubled the peak discharges with a 2-year return period. However, peak discharges with return periods greater than 50 years were not significantly affected by the change in urbanization.

Guay, J.R., and Smith, P.E., 1988, Simulation of quantity and quality of storm runoff for urban catchments in Fresno, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4125, 76 p.

Rainfall-runoff models were developed for a multiple-dwelling residential catchment (2 applications), a single-dwelling residential catchment, and a commercial catchment in Fresno, California, using the U.S. Geological Survey Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model (DR3M-II). A runoff-quality model also was developed at the commercial catchment using the Survey 's Multiple-Event Urban Runoff Quality model (DR3M-qual). The purpose of this study was: (1) to demonstrate the capabilites of the two models for use in designing storm drains, estimating the frequency of storm runoff loads, and evaluating the effectiveness of street sweeping on an urban drainage catchment; and (2) to determine the simulation accuracies of these models. Simulation errors of the two models were summarized as the median absolute deviation in percent (mad) between measured and simulated values. Calibration and verification mad errors for runoff volumes and peak discharges ranged from 14 to 20%. The estimated annual storm-runoff loads, in pounds/acre of effective impervious area, that could occur once every hundred years at the commercial catchment was 95 for dissolved solids, 1.6 for the dissolved nitrite plus nitrate, 0.31 for total recoverable lead, and 120 for suspended sediment. Calibration and verification mad errors for the above constituents ranged from 11 to 54%.

Guimaraes, Wladmir B., 1989, Flood of September 7-9, 1987, in Lexington and Richland Counties in the vicinity of Saint Andrews Road and Irma, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4077, 37 p.

Localized heavy rainfall on September 7, 1987, in Lexington and Richland Counties, South Carolina, caused severe flooding in the basins of Kinley Creek, Rawls Creek, and Stoop Creek, in the vicinity of Saint Andrews Road and the town of Irmo, South Carolina. The flooding damaged homes, furnishings, and landscaping. Rainfall, peak discharges, high-water elevations, and frequency relations of rainfall and discharge are tabulated and plotted for selected streams. The rain was most intense in the area along Rawls Creek, R-2 (tributary to Rawls Creek), Koon Branch (tributary to Rawls Creek), and the upper part of Kinley Creek. A rainfall of about 5.5 inches in 3 hours, which has a recurrence interval in excess of 100 years, was reported by local residents along these streams. High-water marks are presented in this report for Stoop Creek, Kinley Creek, K-1 (tributary to Kinley Creek), K-2 (tributary to Kinley Creek), unnamed tributary to Kinley Creek, Lowery Creek (tributary to Kinley Creek), Rawls Creek, R-2 (tributary to Rawls Creek), and Koon Branch (tributary to Rawls Creek). Peak discharges at the most downstream sites on Rawls Creek and Koon Branch had recurrence intervals of 75 years and 60 years, respectively. Peak discharges on Kinley Creek varied from 20 to 25 years north of K-1 basin to less than 10 years at K-1. The Stoop Creek basin had a recurrence interval of 10 years.

Guimaraes, W.B., 1995, Water quality in the Withers Swash Basin, with emphasis on enteric bacteria, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, 1991-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4125, 102 p.

Water samples were collected in 1991-93 from Withers Swash and its two tributaries (the Mainstem and KOA Branches) in Myrtle Beach, S.C., and analyzed for physical properties, organic and inorganic constituents, and fecal coliform and streptococcus bacteria. Samples were collected during wet- and dry-weather conditions to assess the water quality of the streams before and after storm runoff. Water samples were analyzed for over 200 separate physical, chemical, and biological constituents. Concentrations of 11 constituents violated State criteria for shellfish harvesting waters, and State Human Health Criteria. The 11 constituents included concentrations of dissolved oxygen, arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, chlordane, dieldrin, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, trichloroethylene, and fecal coliform bacteria. Water samples were examined for the presence of enteric bacteria (fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus) at 46 sites throughout the Withers Swash Basin and 5 sites on the beach and in the Atlantic Ocean. Water samples were collected just upstream from all confluences in order to determine sources of bacterial contamination. Temporally and spatially high concentrations of enteric bacteria were detected throughout the Withers Swash Basin; however, these sporadic bacteria concentrations made it difficult to determine a single source of the contamination. These enteric bacteria concentrations are probably derived from a number of sources in the basin including septic tanks, garbage containers, and the feces of waterfowl and domestic animals.

Guimaraes, W.B., and Bohman, L.R., 1992, Techniques for estimating magnitude and frequency of floods in South Carolina, 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4157, 173 p.

Methods are provided for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods on ungaged, unregulated rural streams with drainage areas greater than 0.6, 4.4, 0.1, and 0.6 sq mi for the lower Coastal Plain, upper Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Blue Ridge physiographic regions of South Carolina, respectively. Data from 174 gaging stations in or near South Carolina with 10 or more years of record through September 30, 1988, and 4 stations with synthesized streamflow records were used in the analyses. The frequency of peak discharges at these stations was computed by fitting the logarithms of the annual peak discharges at each station to a Pearson type III distribution or by a graphical method. Frequencies of peak discharges were regionalized by using the generalized least squares regression techniques to define the relation of magnitude and frequency of flood discharges to various basin characteristics. The analyses indicated that the contributing drainage area is the only significant characteristic necessary to determine peak discharge at selected recurrence intervals. Flood-frequency equations and graphs are presented for four physiographic regions: (1) lower Coastal Plain; (2) upper Coastal Plain; (3) Piedmont; and (4) Blue Ridge. A table of peak discharges for selected recurrence intervals for all gaging stations in South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina used in the regionalization analysis also is presented. Methods for estimating flood frequency at gaging stations on streams whose drainage basins span more than one physiographic province also are presented. A supplemental data section presents descriptions of gaging stations, Pearson type III and graphical frequency statistics, information on stage-discharge relations, and annual peak discharges.

Gurtz,M.E., and Muir T. A. Report of the Interagency Biological Methods Workshop, USGS Open-File Report 94-490, 1995, 85 p, 7 fig, 3 appendices

The Interagency Biological Methods Workshop was hosted by the U.S. Geological Survey in Reston, Virginia, during June 22-23, 1993. The purposes of the workshop were to (1) promote better communication among Federal agencies that are using or developing biological methods in water-quality assessment programs for streams and rivers, and (2) facilitate sharing of data and interagency collaboration. The workshop was attended by 45 biologists representing numerous Federal agencies and programs, and a few regional and State programs that were selected to provide additional perspec- tives. The focus of the workshop was community assessment methods for fish, invertebrates, and algae; physical habitat characterization; and chemical analyses of biological tissues. Charts comparing program objectives, design features, and sampling methods were compiled from materials that were provided by participating agencies prior to the workshop and used as the basis for small workgroup discussions. Participants noted that differences in methods among programs were often necessitated by differences in program objectives. However, participants agreed that where programs have identified similar data needs, the use of common methods is beneficial. Opportunities discussed for improving data compatibility and information sharing included (1) modifying existing methods, (2) adding parameters, (3) improving access to data through shared data bases (potentially with common data-base structures), and (4) future collaborative efforts that range from research on selected protocol questions to followup meetings and continued discussions. Go Back to USGS REPORTS

Guy, H.P., 1968, Quality control of adjustment coefficients used in sediment studies: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 600-B, p. B165-B168.

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Hainly, R.A., 1980, The Effects of Highway Construction on Sediment Discharge into Blockhouse Creek and Steam Valley Run, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 80-68, 50p.

From October 1972 through September 1977, the effects of highway construction in the 38 square mile Blockhouse Creek basin were studied. Water discharge, suspended-sediment discharge, and stream-temperature data were collected at four stations in the basin. The 5-year period included 1 year before construction, 2 years during construction, and 2 years after construction. The effects of stream relocation and sediment-control methods used in the highway construction were also investigated. During the period of data collection, about 35,500 tons of suspended sediment was transported by Blockhouse Creek and Steam Valley Run. The data indicate that 9,100 tons was introduced to the stream from construction areas. The normal sediment yield for the two basins was determined to be 80 tons per square mile per year. Most of the sediment was transported by the streams during high flows and probably passed through Blockhouse Creek, as little deposition was observed below the construction area. Stream temperature seemed to be relatively unaffected by the stream relocations and diversions. Stream relocation and diversion methods were successful in limiting the amount of sediment discharged by the new channels. Physical sediment-control methods limited sediment discharge during baseflow periods and small storms. Coarse sediments especially were controlled by these methods. The most effective method of sediment control was limiting the amount of time that the construction-area soils were exposed.

Hall, D.C., and Duncan, A.C., 1982, Characterization of urban runoff from Grange Hall Creek at Northglenn, Adams County, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 81-28, 50 p.

Quality and quantity of urban runoff in upper Grange Hall Creek basin was studied during 1978-79. For selected storms a median of 54.5 percent of rainfall resulted in runoff in the urbanized upper subbasin and 24 percent in the entire basin; runoff volumes increased almost linearly with rainfall. Peak flows from thunderstorms also increased with rainfall but responses were two-phase linear. No simple relationships were observed betweren rainfall and runoff. In dry-weather flow, specific-conductance values in the creek ranged from 500 to 3,930 micromhos per centimeter and in the unnamed southern tributary ranged from 430 to 2,500. Specific conductances tended to be grater in winter and less in summer. Storm runoff decreased specific conductance, except during snowmelt runoff when streets were sanded with up to 7-percent salt. Lead, manganese, cadmium, chromium, and copper concentrations exceeded Colorado water-quality standards. During storm runoff major ion concentrations usually decreased with increased flow; conversely, loads in run-off from longer storms. Loads directly proportional to runoff volume per acre per inch of runoff were about equal for upstream and downstream subbasins, but unit loads from the upstream sub-basin were two to four times greater due to greater unit runoff of rainfall. Increased urbanization will increase storm runoff as a consequence of increasing impermeable area. Constituent loads will be expected to increase in dry-weather flow due to a combination of factors, such as increased input and decreased removal.

Hampson, P.S., 1986, Effects of detention on water quality of two stormwater detention ponds receiving highway surface runoff in Jacksonville, Florida:U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 86-4151, 69 p.

Water and sediment samples were analyzed for major chemical constituents, nutrients, and heavy metals following ten storm events at two stormwater detention ponds that receive highway surface runoff in the Jacksonville, Florida, metropolitan area. The purpose of the sampling program was to detect changes in constituent concentration with time of detention within the pond system. Statistical inference of a relation with total rainfall was found in the initial concentrations of 11 constituents and with antecedent dry period for the initial concentrations of 3 constituents. Based on graphical examination and factor analysis, constituent behavior with time could be grouped into five relatively independent processes for one of the ponds. The processes were (1) interaction with shallow groundwater systems, (2) solubilization of bottom materials, (3) nutrient uptake, (4) seasonal changes in precipitation, and (5) sedimentation. Most of the observed water-quality changes in the ponds were virtually complete within 3 days following the storm event.

Hardee, J., Miller, R.A., Mattraw, H.C. Jr, 1978, Stormwater-Runoff Data for a Highway Area, Broward County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 78-612, 166 p.

Rainfall, stormwater runoff, and water-quality data are summarized for a highway area near Pompano Beach, Florida. Loads for 21 water-quality constituents were computed for the runoff from 45 storm events between April 1975 and July 1977. The size of the basin is 58.3 acres and 36 percent impervious. Stormwater runoff from urban watersheds represent an unqualified but possibly major source of contaminants to the numerous canals in south Florida. The quantification of the contaminate load from different land-use areas will assist governmental agencies involved with pollution control in evaluating alternative drainage system designs.

Hardee, Jack, Miller, R. A., and Mattraw, H.C. Jr., 1979, Stormwater-runoff data for a multifamily residential area, Dade County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 79-1295, 68 p.

Rainfall, stormwater discharge, and water-quality data for a multifamily residential area in Dade County, Florida, are summarized. Loads for 19 water-quality constituents were computed for runoff from 16 storms from May 1977 through June 1978. The 14.7 acre basin contains apartment buildings with adjacent parking lots. The total surface area consists of 70.7 percent impervious material.

Harned, D.A., 1988, Effects of highway runoff on streamflow and water quality in the Sevenmile Creek Basin, a rural area in the Piedmont Province of North Carolina, July 1981 to July 1982: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2329, 33 p.

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Harris, S.L., 1997, Inorganic and organic constituents and grain-size distribution in streambed sediment and ancillary data for the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames river basins study unit, 1992-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-397, 39 p.

Concentrations of organic and inorganic constituents and grain size distributions were analyzed for streambed sediment samples collected at 43 sites in connecticut, Housatonic and Thames River Basin study unit during 1992-94. This data was collected to define the occurance and distribution of major and trace elements and hydrophobic organic chemicals in the study unit. Of the 45 elements analyzed in these samples, 41 of them were detected at one or more of the sites, with 11 of the U.S. Environmental Protection agency priority pollutants detected at nearly all sites. The most frequently detected chlorinated organic compounds included DDT, chlordane, and PCB. the most frequently detected semivolatile compounds were the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons chrysene, fluoranthene, and pyrene.

Harrison, H.E., Anderson, C.W., Rinella, F.A., Gasser, T.M., and Pogue Jr., J.R., 1995, Analytical data from Phases I and II of the WillametteRiver Basin Water Quality Study, Oregon, 1992-94: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-373.

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Haster, T.W., and James, W.P., 1994, Predicting sediment yield instorm-water runoff from urban areas: American Society of Civil Engineers Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, v. 120, no. 5, p.630-650.

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Helm, R.E., 1978, Sediment Discharge from Highway Construction Near Port Carbon, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 78-35, 27 p.

The effects of highway construction on suspended-sediment loads were studied in the upper reaches of the Schuylkill River basin, Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania, from April 1975 to March 1977. From March 1975 to October 1976, 4.3 miles of State Route 209 was relocated through the upper reaches of the basin, a mountainous watershed with a drainage area of 27.1 square miles. About 16,000 tons of suspended-sediment was discharged from the basin during the construction. The highway construction produced about 8,000 tons or 50 percent of the total sediment discharge. Steep slopes, the availability of fine coal wastes, coal-washing operations, and other land uses in the basin were responsible for most of the remaining sediment discharge. Seventy percent of the total suspended-sediment discharge occurred during eight storms.

Helsel, D.R., 1984, Contributions of Suspended Sediment from Highway Construction and Other Land Uses to the Olentangy River, Columbus, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4336, 31 p.

Highway construction within the Olentangy River flood plain in Columbus, Ohio, was projected to be a large source of suspended sediment to the river system. A monitoring program was begun by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1978 to quantify the impacts of the construction process. Sediment information was collected daily at six gaging stations located above, below, and within the construction area. Yields of suspended sediment ranged from 9,580 to 15,700 tons per square mile per year. Surrounding suburban terrain yielded 428 to 754 tons per square mile per year. However, the size of the construction project was small in comparison to the surrounding suburbs contributing sediment. No more than 4 percent of the yearly downstream suspended sediment loads were produced by the construction during the monitoring period.

Hill, B.R., 1996, Streamflow and suspended-sediment loads before and during highway construction, North Halawa, Haiku, and Kamooalii drainage basins, Oahu, Hawaii, 1983-91: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4259, 34 p.

Concern over potential effects from construction of the H-3 highway on Oahu, Hawaii, prompted a long-term study of streamflow and suspended- sediment transport at a network of five stream- gaging stations along the highway route. This report presents results for 1983-91, which included pre-construction and construction periods at all stream-gaging stations. Annual rainfall, streamflow, and suspended-sediment loads were generally higher during construction than before construction. Data collected before and during construction were compared using analysis of covariance to determine whether streamflow and suspended-sediment loads changed significantly during construction after accounting for effects of increased rainfall. Streamflow at stream-gaging stations was compared with streamflow at an index stream- gaging station unaffected by construction. Streamflow data were divided into low- and high-flow classes, and the two flow classes were analyzed separately. Low flows increased 117 percent during construction at one station. This increase probably was related to the removal of vegetation for highway construction. Low flows decreased 28 percent at another station, probably as a result of increased ground-water withdrawals and highway construction activities. No significant changes in low flows were detected at the other stations, and no significant changes in high flows were detected at any stations. Suspended-sediment loads increased significantly during construction at three stations. Highway construction contributed between 56 and 76 percent of the suspended-sediment loads measured at these stations during construction. Loads did not change significantly at a station downstream of a reservoir, and loads decreased at a station downstream of a drainage basin that was heavily used for agriculture before construction. Suspended-sediment concentrations were used to assess compliance with applicable State water- quality standards. State water-quality standards for suspended sediment frequently were exceeded during construction. Standards occasionally were exceeded before construction.

Hill, B.R., DeCarlo, E.H., Fuller, C.C., and Wong, M.F., in press, Sediment sources during highway construction in the North Halawa Valley, Oahu, Hawaii, 1991-92: Earth Surface Processes and Landforms.

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Hill, B.R., Fuller, C.C., and DeCarlo, E.H., in press, Fluvial transport of atmospherically deposited quartz and 137Cs, North Halawa Valley, Oahu, Hawaii: Geomorphology.

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Hill, B.R., Wong, M.F., and Fuller, C.C., 1992, Sediment delivery from debris flows on Oahu. American Geophysical Union 1992 Fall Meeting, p.213 (abstract)

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Hoos, A.B., 1988, Water quality of runoff to the Clarksville Memorial Hospital drainage well and of Mobley Spring, Clarksville, Tennessee, February-March 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 88-310, 26p.

A drainage well and a spring in Clarksville, Tennessee, have been instrumented to collect storm related data in order to define the types and concentrations of water quality characteristics in stormwater runoff and in the receiving groundwater basin. Water quality samples of storm runoff at the drainage well at Clarksville Memorial Hospital and of nearby Mobley Spring were collected during four storms and during normal flow conditions during February and March 1988. Samples were analyzed for major inorganic water quality constituents, selected trace metals, and organics. Several samples from the drainage well and the spring had trace-metals concentrations that exceeded maximum contaminant levels for State drinking-water standards. Organic compounds including phenols, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, and other base-neutral extractable organic substance are present in samples from both the drainage well and spring.

Hoos, A.B., 1990, Effects of stormwater runoff on local ground-water quality, Clarksville, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4044, 57p.

Water-quality data were collected at a drainage-well site and at a spring site in Clarksville, Tennessee, to define the effects of storm-water runoff on the quality of groundwater in the area. A dye-trace test verified the direct hydraulic connection between the drainage well and Mobley Spring. Samples of storm runoff and spring flow were collected at these sites for nine storms during the period February to October 1988. Water samples also were collected from two other springs and two observation wells in the area during dry-weather conditions to assess the general quality of groundwater in an urban karst terrane. Concentrations and loads for most major constituents were much smaller in storm-water runoff at the drainage well than in the discharge of Mobley Spring, indicating that much of the constituent load discharge from the spring comes from sources other than the drainage well. However, for some of the minor constituents associated with roadway runoff (arsenic, copper, lead, organic carbon, and oil; and grease), the drainage well contributed relatively large percentages (22% to 75%) of the loads of these constituents discharged at the spring. For the period February to October 1988, estimated loads of lead and organic carbon entering the drainage well totaled 0.45 and 660 pounds, respectively.

Hoos, A.B., 1990, Stream Water Quality: Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2400, p. 499-506.

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Hoos, A.B., and Patel, A.R., 1996, Adjustment of Regional Regression Models of Urban-Runoff Quality Using Data for Chattanooga Knoxville, and Nashville, Tennessee: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4140, 12 p.

Model-adjustment procedures were applied to the combined data bases of storm-runoff quality for Chattanooga, Knoxville, and Nashville, Tennessee, to improve predictive accuracy for storm-runoff quality for urban watersheds in these three cities and throughout Middle and East Tennessee. Data for 45 storms at 15 different sites (five sites in each city) constitute the data base. Comparison of observed values of storm-runoff load and event-mean concentration to the predicted values from the regional regression models for 10 constituents shows prediction errors, as large as 806,000 percent. Model-adjustment procedures, which combine the regional model predictions with local data, are applied to improve predictive accuracy. Standard error of estimate after model adjustment ranges from 67 to 322 percent. Calibration results may be biased due to sampling error in the Tennessee data base. The relatively large values of standard error of estimate for some of the constituent models, although representing significant reduction (at least 50 percent) in prediction error compared to estimation with unadjusted regional models, may be unacceptable for some applications. The user may wish to collect additional local data for these constituents and repeat the analysis, or calibrate an independent local regression model.

Hoos, A.B., and Sisolak, J.K., 1993, Procedures for Adjusting Regional Regression Models of Urban-Runoff Quality Using Local Data: U.S.Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-39, 29 p.

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Horowitz, A.J., 1985, A Primer on Trace Metal-Sediment Chemistry: U.S.Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2277, 67 p.

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Horowitz, A.J., U.S. Geological Survey Protocol for the Collection and Processing of Surface-Water Samples for the Subsequent Determination of Inorganic Constituents in Filtered Water.

Since 1987, the U.S. Geological Survey has sponsored numerous studies to evaluate its programmatic sampling, processing, and analytical equipment and procedures used for determining trace-element concentrations in surface-water. The major findings of these evaluations was that, in many cases, the sampling and processing procedures used have resulted in trace-element concen-trations which, for a number of constituents, appear to be biased by systematic and (or) erratic contamination. A new set of guidelines and procedures was developed that would permit the production of contaminant-free (at specific reporting limits) trace-element data from filtered surface-water samples. These guidelines and procedures have been incorporated into a new trace-element protocol. Concurrently, these procedures also were evaluated for their utility in collecting and processing water samples for the subsequent determination of other inorganic constituents (for example, nutrients and major ions) to determine if a single method for all inorganic constituents could be developed. Such a protocol was developed and is presented in this report. The new protocol represents a significant change in U.S. Geological Survey guidelines for the collection and processing of water samples for subsequent chemical analysis. It is intended to lead to the production of filtered inorganic-constituent data that are both defensible and inter-recommended, quality-control requirements.

House, Leo B., Waschbusch, Robert J., and Hughes, Peter E., 1993, Water Quality of an Urban Wet Detention Pond in Madison, Wisconsin, 1987-88:U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report, 57 p.

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Howie, Barbara, and Waller, Bradley G., 1986, Chemical effects of highway runoff on the surficial aquifer, Broward County, Florida:U.S.Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 86-4200, 41 p.

In many areas of Broward County, swales are commonly designed to accept stormwater runoff from highways. Two sites adjacent to heavily traveled highways were studied to determine if stormwater percolating through unsaturated sand underlying the swales may affect the quality of water in the Biscayne aquifer. Concentrations of selected chemicals common in highway runoff were measured in swale stormwater, in the unsaturated-zone percolate, and in the surficial aquifer during 12 storms, May through November 1983. Analyses of the unsaturated lithologic material at the two sites and one control site were also made to indicate the extent of vertical attenuation of selected chemical constituents. Results of trace metal nutrient analyses indicated that there is no obvious water-quality effect on the surficial aquifer caused by highway runoff. In general, the data collected for dissolved trace metals indicated slight concentrations in stormwater samples with subsurface water samples usually indicating decreases in concentration below about 0.5 to 1 ft of unsaturated material. For most trace metals, the apparent decreases with depth were statistically significant based on nonparametric analysis of variance. Concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus, however, were somewhat homogeneous and were not inferred to be significantly different with depth. Water hardness as calcium carbonate at both sites indicated a significant difference with depth because of calcium carbonate solution, but the effect of percolate hardness on the shallow groundwater was negligible because of regional mixing. The analyses of lithologic material at the two test sites indicated significant near-surface accumulation of some trace elements. For example, in the first foot below land surface, concentrations of iron, lead, and zinc were detected in the 1 to 7 mg/kg range, with concentrations decreasing sharply at lower depths. This near-surface accumulation was not indicated in the lithologic material at the control site.

Hren, J., Chaney, T.H., Norris, J.M., and Childress, C.J.O., 1987, Water-quality data-collection activities in Colorado and Ohio: Phase I--Inventory and evaluation of 1984 programs and costs: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2295-A, 71 p.

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Hudson, J.D., 1980, A Compilation of Hydrologic Data Before and During Highway Construction in Parts of Tijeras Canyon, New Mexico, 1972-1978, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File report 80-332, March 1980. 80 p, 5 Fig, 8 Tab.

Tijeras Canyon extends about 15 miles eastward from the eastern edge of Albuquerque, NM. The canyon is the site of a new part of Interstate Highway 40. The purpose of this report is to present surface- and ground-water data collected prior to and during highway construction. Well and spring data from near the construction site are tabulated, and spring inflow in Tijeras Creek is shown. Water levels in selected wells are shown in hydrographs based on monthly measurements and continuous water level measurements. This report includes all of the data in a similar previous report (U.S. Geological Survey Open-file report 78-238), plus approximately one additional year of data. (USGS)

Hunt, R.J., Krabbenhoft, D.P., and Anderson, M.P., 1996, Groundwater inflow measurements in wetland systems: Water Resources Research 32(3), p. 495-507.

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Hurley, N.M., Jr., 1988, Flood of August 18, Newberry, Souty Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4148.

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Ingersoll, T.L., Parker, J.T.C., and Fossum, K.D., 1995, Chemistry and toxicity of urban sediments, Maricopa County, Arizona--Data and summary statistics: UGeological Survey Open-File Report 95-752, 27 p.

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Irwin, G.A., and Kirkland, R.T., 1980, Chemical and physical characteristicsof precipitation at selected sites in Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 80-81, 70 p.

Infrequent sampling of precipitation in Florida has been conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey since 1965. A summary of the historical data from 24 sites throughout Florida indicate that the principal ionic composition of atmospheric precipitation samples is calcium-sodium and bicarbonate-chloride with an average specific conductance of 32 micromhos per centimeter at 25 C. Historically, much of the sampling focused on primary nutrients and selected trace elements. Historical data indicate that nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations averaged 1.1 and 0.1 milligrams per liter, respectively. The limited trace metal data indicate that motor-vehicle activity may have a significant impact on local precipitation quality. Lead, for example, was measured in concentrations of as much as 2,400 micrograms per liter in samples collected in a highly populated, commerical area in south Florida. Statistical testing indicated that most major inorganic constituents, primary nutrients, and trace metals were significantly differnet among the sampling sites. The pH data indicated a range of about 5.0 to 7.0, but only limited pH data were collected and analyzed at the historical sites in such a timely manner as to represent pH conditions of the atmospheric precipitation during actie rainfall. A critical review of the historical data suggested that while they may reflect local atmospheric quality conditions they likely do not define baseline conditions from a regional perspective. The application of these data were generally limited regarding regional extrapolation due to lack of standardization of sampling techniques, variable methods of sample preservation, nonuniform sampling intervals, variable sample sizes, and different periods of record.

Irwin, G.A., Losey, G.T., 1978, Water-Quality Assessment of Runoff from a Rural Highway Bridge Near Tallahassee, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 79-1, 27 p.

Runoff from a rural highway bridge on U.S. 27 near Tallahassee, Florida, was found to have an insignificant water-quality loading impact on the Ochlockonee River. Potential annual-runoff loads on the bridge surface for virtually all constituents studied were less than one percent of those transported by the river at the study site. The loading rates for some parameters were significantly related to traffic counts, but the regression equations were limited to traffic ranges between 3,800 to 4,200 vehicles per day in 1977-78. Precipitation samples indicated that a significant percentage of the constituent loading to the bridge surface is from atmospheric deposition.

Ivanenko, T., and D.E. Buxton, 1990, Agricultural pesticides in six drainage basins used for public water supply in New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4101, 56 p.

A reconnaissance study of six drainage basins in New Jersey was conducted to evaluate the presence of pesticides from agricultural runoff in surface water. In the first phase of the study, surface-water public-supply drainage basins throughout New Jersey that could be affected by pesticide applications were identified by use of a Geographic Information System. Six basins--Lower Mine Hill Reservoir, South Branch of the Raritan River, Main Branch of the Raritan River, Millstone River, Manasquan River, and Matchaponix Brook--were selected as those most likely to be affected by pesticides on the basis of calculated pesticide-application rates and percentage of agricultural land. The second phase of the project was a short-term water-quality reconnaissance of the six drainage basins to determine whether pesticides were present in the surface waters. Twenty-eight surface-water samples (22 water-quality samples, 3 sequentially collected samples, and 3 trip blanks), and 6 samples from water-treatment facilities were collected. Excluding trip blanks, samples from water-treatment facilities, and sequentially collected samples, the pesticides detected in the samples and the percentage of samples in which they were detected, were as follows: atrazine and metolachlor, 86 percent; alachlor, 55 percent; simazine, 45 percent; diazinon, 27 percent; cyanazine and carbaryl, 23 percent; linuron and isophenfos, 9 percent; and chlorpyrifos, 5 percent.Diazinon, detected in one stormflow sample collected from Matchaponix Brook on August 6, 1990, was the only compound to exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended Lifetime Health Advisory Limit. Correlation between ranked metolachlor concentrations and ranked flow rates was high, and 25 percent of the variance in metolachlor concentrations can be attributed to variations in flow rate. Pesticide residues were detected in samples of pretreated and treated water from water-treatment facilities. Concentrations of all pesticides detected in the treated water were lessthan the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended Lifetime Health Advisory Limits.

James, I., I.C., 1984, Effects of Highway Deicing Chemicals on Water Quality: Draft for Inclusion in the U.S. Geological Survey 1985 National Water Summary Report, 17 p.

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Janzer, V.J., 1985, Results of the U.S. Geological Survey's Second International Interlaboratory Analytical Comparison Study--Standard Reference Water Samples M-86 (Major Constituents), T-87 (Trace Constituents), and P-5 (Precipitation Snowmelt): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4049, 85 p.

The U.S. Geological Survey began an interlaboratory testing program of standard-reference water samples in 1962. Program objectives have been to provide a means for participating anaytical laboratories to: (1) Identify analytical problems, (2) ascertain the accuracy and precision of common water analyses and analytical methods, and (3) obtain reference samples for continuing quality-assurance testing. Participation in this continuing quality-assurance program is mandatory for all domestic laboratories providing water-analysis data for Survey use and storage in the WATSTORE data-storage system, if appropriate standard-reference water samples are available. The program was expanded in October 1982 to include laboratories in other countries. This report presents analytical data submitted by the 53 laboratories in other countries that analyzed the standard-reference water samples distributed in October 1983. Statistical evaluation of the data and performance ratings achieved by the laboratories foreach determination are given in nine tables. Comparisons of the most probable values for the constituents determined by both other countries and domestic laboratories also are presented. (USGS)

Jones, A.L.,and Sroka B.N., 1997, Effects of highway deicing chemicals on shallow, unconsolidated aquifers in Ohio, interim report 1988-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4027.

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Juneja, N., and Veltman, J., 1980, Natural Drainage in the Woodlands,in Stormwater management Alternatives, Newark, University of Delaware, Water Resources Center, p. 143-157.

An attempt was made to develop a more satisfactory suburban living environment, other than the one afforded by most of the prevailing developments in the Houston, Texas region. Assembly of significant acreage initiated planning and design for a 20 ,000 acre tract, which ultimately resulted in the Woodlands, a HUD Title VII new community, located 35 miles north of Houston. A strategy was developed to permit adequate dryness to accommodate the needs of projected human population in the Woodlands in close juxtaposition with the saturated conditions required for survival of the local woodlands. In the end, withholding of runoff by the Woodlands natural drainage and minimization of disturbed areas were extremely valuable in improving stormwater quality. Porous pavings also proved beneficial.

Kantrowitz, I.H., and Woodham, W.M., 1995, Efficiency of a stormwater detention pond in reducing loads of chemical and physical constituents in urban streamflow, Pinellas County, Florida:U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 94-4217, 18 p.

A multipurpose wet stormwater detention pond in Pinellas Park, Florida was studied to determine its effectiveness in reducing the load of selected water-quality constituents commonly found in urban streamflow. Water-quality samples, and data on streamflow and precipitation were collected at the outflow and principal inflow of detention area 3 on Saint Joe Creek. To compare the constituent loads entering and leaving the detention pond, flows and water quality were monitored simultaneously at the inflow and outflow sites for six storms, and were monitored intermittently during periods of base flow. Lodas od 19 selected chemical and physical constituents were determined. Because all the stormwater entering the detention pond was not measured at the inflow site, computed stormwater inflow loads were adjusted to account for loads from the unmonitored areas. The ratio of storm- water volume measured at the outflow site to stormwater volume measured at the inflow site was used to adjust inflow loads for individual storms. Pond efficiencies for selected water- quality constituents for each of the storms were estimated by dividing the difference in outflow and adjusted inflow loads by the adjusted inflow load. Stormwater loads of the major ions (chloride, calcium and bicarbonate) and dissolved solids at the outflow site exceeded loads at the inflow site, partly as a result of mixing with base flow stored within the pond. However, the detention pond was effective in reducing the stormwater load of such urban-runoff contaminants as metals, nutrients, suspended solids, and biochemical and chemical oxygen demand. Estimated median pond efficiencies for reducing constituent loads ranged from 25 to more than 60 percent for metals, 2 to 52 percent for nutrients, 2 to 52 percent for nutrients, 7 to 11 percent for two measurements of suspended solids, and 16 to 49 percent for the oxygen- consuming substances. The reductions of constituent loads in stormwater are probably a result of dilution with pond water (particularly for smaller storms), adsorption, chemical precipitation, settling, biologic uptake, and oxidation. The establishment of aquatic vegetation midway through the study appears to have increased the efficiency of the pond in reducing loads of urban-runoff contaminants in stormwater. The efficiency of the detention pond in reducing base-flow loads was estimated by comparing base-flow loads at the out- flow site prior to and after construction of the pond. Loads of major ions and dissolved solids in base flow were reduced at median efficiencies ranging from 17 to 35 percent. Urban-runoff con- taminants in base flow were generally reduced a higher efficiencies. Median efficiencies ranged from 38 to 82 percent for metals, 19 to 83 percent for nutrients, 34 to 45 percent for suspended solids, and 43 to 65 for the oxygen-consuming substances. The reductions in loads in base flow are probably a result of adsorption, chemical precipitation, biologic uptake, and settling within the pond. These processes were more effective in reducing base-flow loads after the establishment of aquatic vegetation in the pond.

Kappel, W.M., Yager, R.M., and Zarriello, P.J., 1986, Quantity and quality of urban storm runoff in the Irondequoit Creek basin near Rochester, N.Y., part 2,Quality of storm runoff and atmospheric deposition, rainfall-runoff- quality modeling, and potential of wetlands for sediment and nutrient retention: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4113, 93 p.

Water quality data collected at 17 sites in urbanized and rural parts of the 438 sq km Irondequoit Creek basin from July 1980 through August 1981 were used to compute annual loads of eight selected constituents. Of the total annual loads of these constituents, 50 to 70% was transported to Irondequoit Bay during a 3.5-month period from late January to early May. Of six mixed-land-use subbasins, the two most highly urbanized had the highest loads of all constituents. Of the four sites representing single land uses, the high density residential site and the housing construction site had the highest loads of all constituents except cadmium. A rainfall-runoff model was used to predict quantity and quality of storm runoff leaving one commercial site, two residential sites, and a large mixed-land-use subbasin. Predicted volume and peak discharges were within 10 to 30% of the measured values; predicted runoff loads of most constituents were within 40 to 60% of measured values. Stormflow modification in the Irondequoit Creek wetlands by two hypothetical control structures was simulated. Results indicate that outflow from the upper wetland could be decreased and stormflows dispersed to a greater part of the upper wetland to increase retention of suspended solids and associated chemical constituents.

Kappel, W.M., Zarriello, P.J., and Yager, R.M., 1983, Results of the National Urban Runoff Program (NURP) study of the Irondequoit Creek basin near Rochester,N.Y.: EOS, Trans. American Geophysical Union, v. 64, no. 18, p. 223.

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Katz, B.G., and Fisher, G.T., 1982, Analysis and characterization ofurban storm-water runoff from selected basins in the Baltimore,Maryland, metropolitan area - project plan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-1200, 53 p.

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Katz, B.K. and Fisher, G.T., 1983, A comparison of selected methods for measuring flow rate in a circular storm sewer: InternationalSymposium on Urban Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Sediment Control,Lexington, Kentucky, 1983, Proceedings, p. 359-369.

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Kilpatrick, F.A., 1992, Simulation of Soluble Waste Transport and Buildup inSurface Waters Using Tracers: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-457, 68 p.

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Kilpatrick, F.A., Determination of Stream Reaeration Coefficients by Use of Tracers.

Stream reaeraton is the physical absorption of oxygen from the atmosphere by a flowing stream. This is the primary process by which a stream replenishes the oxygen consumed in the biodegradation of organic wastes. Prior to 1965, reaeration rate coefficients could be estimated only by indirect methods. In 1965, a direct method of measuring stream reaeration coefficients was developed whereby a radioactive tracer gas was injected into a stream the principles being that the tracer gas would be desorbed from the stream inversely to how oxygen would be absorbed. The technique has since been modified by substituting hydrocarbon gases for the radioacive tracer gas. This manual describes the slug-injection and constant-rate-injection methods of measuring gas tracer desorption. Emphasis is on the use of rhodamine WT dye as a relatively conservative tracer and propane as the nonconservative gas tracer, on planning field tests, on methods of injection, sampling, and analysis, and on techniques for computing desorption and reaeration coefficients.

Kilpatrick, F.A., Kaehrle, W.R., Hardee, Jack, Cordes, E.H., and Landers, M.N., 1985, Development and testing of highway storm-sewer flow measurement and recording system: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4111, 98 p.

A comprehensive study and development of measuring instruments and techniques for measuring all components of flow in a storm-sewer drainage system was undertaken by the U.S. Geological Survey under the sponsorship of the Federal Highway Administration. The study involved laboratory and field calibration and testing of measuring flumes, pipe insert meters, weirs, electromagnetic velocity meters as well as the development and calibration of pneumatic-bubbler pressure transducer head measuring systems. Tracer-dilution and acoustic flow meter measurements were used in field verification tests. A single micrologger was used to record data from all the above instruments as well as from a tipping-bucket rain gage and also to activate on command the electromagnetic velocity meter and tracer-dilution systems.

Kilpatrick, F.A., and Schneider, V.R., 1983, Use of flumes in Measuring discharge, in Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations of the U.S. Geological Survey, Applications of Hydraulics, Book 3, Chapter A14, 46 p.

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Kilroy, K.C., Lawrence, S.J., Lico, M.S., Bevans, H.E., and Watkins, S.A.,inreview, Water-quality assessment of the Las Vegas Valley area and the Carson and Truckee River Basins, Nevada and California-- Analysis of available data on nutrients, pesticides, and suspended sediment, October 1969-April 1990: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report.

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Kilroy, K.C., and Watkins, S.A., in review, Pesticides in surface water, bottom sediment, crayfish, and shallow ground water in Las Vegas Valley area, Carson River Basin, and Truckee River Basin, Nevada and California: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet, 6 p.

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Kimmel, B.L., 1981, The Ecological Role(s) of Aquatic Micro-Organisms in Lakes and Reservoirs, in Greeson, P.E. (ed), Microbiology of the Aquatic Environment: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 848-E, p. E3-E12.

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Kjelstrom, L.C., 1995, Data for and adjusted regional regression models of volume and quality of urban storm-water runoff in Boise and Garden City, Idaho, 1993-94: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4228, 36p.

Concentrations of selected chemical constituents in storm runoff were determined from samples collected at four storm-sewer outfalls in Boise from October 1993 through June 1994 and one outfall in Garden City from September through October 1994. Strom- runoff volume and mean concentrations of constituents were used to estimate storm-runoff loads. Previously developed U.S. Geological Survey regional regression models of runoff and 11 chemical constituents were evaluated to assess their suitability for use in Boise and Garden City. Data collected in the study area were used to develop adjusted regional models of storm-runoff volumes and mean concentrations and loads of the 11 chemical constituents. Mean annual runoff volume and loads at the five out-falls were estimated from 904 storms during 1976 through 1993. Two methods were used to compute individual storm loads. The first method used adjusted regional models for mean concentra- tion and runoff volume. For large storms, the first method seemed to produce excessively high loads for some constituents; the second method provided more reliable results for large storms for suspended solids.

Knapp, G.L., and Glasby, J.P., 1972, Urban Hydrology - A Selected Bibliography with Abstracts: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations 3-72, 211 p.

This bibliography of 650 references on urban hydrology is intended for scientific and water-management needs. It was stimulated by increasing interest in the problems of runoff water quality caused by increasing urbanization. The bibliography brings together abstracts with citations that pertain to the rain fall-runoff process, urban groundwater problems, urban water pollution sources, urban climatis changes and urban runoff modelling. Emphasis is given to technical advances of the last ten years as well as to the needs for new research. Arranged alphabetically by author and has a separate geographic and subject index. Each abstract is followed by several added key words to relate it to other references.

Knott, J.M., Glysson, G.D., Malo, B.A., and Schroder L.J., 1993, Quality Assurance Plan for the Collection and Processing of Sediment Data by the U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, USGS Open-File Report 92-499, 18 p, 1 fig, 2 tab, 13 ref.

The U.S. Geological Survey sediment data quality assurance plan identifies and explains required quality assurance and suggested quality control practices. The approach is to subdivide the process for obtaining sediment data into 3 parts: (1) field, (2) office, and (3) laboratory operations. The report also summarizes recommended goals for each subcategory. The quality assurance and quality control practices are described by stating the minimum acceptable activities that a district should conduct. For example, the plan describes field calibration of thermometers and standards used to calibrate a thermometer. The plan also proposes corrective actions if the quality control procedures identify a problem. The plan describes the formal reports prepared by a district that describe the completeness of sediment data and presents an evaluation of data obtained by the quality assurance program. Also described in the plan are the external (non-district) reviews that are needed to examine district sediment operations for conformity with district quality assurance plans and national quality assurance programs.

Koerkle, E.H., Fishel, D.K., and Brown, M.J., 1996, Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania-effects of nutrient management on water quality in the Little Conestoga Creek headwaters, 1983- 89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4046, 49 p.

Water quality in the headwaters of the Little Conestoga Creek, Lancaster County, Pa., was investigated from April 1986 through September 1989 to determine possible effects of agricultural nutrient management on water quality. Nutrient management, an agricultural Best-Management Practice, was promoted in the 5.8-square-mile watershed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Rural Clean Water Program. Nonpoint-source- agricultural contamination was evident in surface water and ground water in the watershed; the greatest contamination was in areas underlain by carbonate rock and with intensive row-crop and animal production. Initial implementation of nutrient management covered about 30 percent of applicable land and was concentrated in the Nutrient-Management Subbasin. By 1989, nutrient management covered about 45 percent of the entire Small Watershed, about 85 percent of the Nutrient- Management Subbasin, and less than 10 percent of the Nonnutrient-Management Subbasin. The number of farms implementing nutrient management increased from 14 in 1986 to 25 by 1989. Nutrient applications to cropland in the Nutrient- Management Subbasin decreased by an average of 35 percent after implementation. Comparison of base- flow surface-water quality from before and after implementation suggests that nutrient management was effective in slowing or reversing increases in concentrations of dissolved nitrate plus nitrite in the Nutrient-Management Subbasin. Although not statistically significant, the Mann-Whitney step-trend coefficient for the Nutrient-Management Subbasin was 0.8 milligram per liter, whereas trend coefficients for the Nonnutrient-Management Subbasin and the Small Watershed were 0.4 and 1.4 milligrams per liter, respectively, for the period of study. Analysis of covariance comparison of concurrent concentrations from the two sub- basins showed a significant decrease in concen- trations from the Nutrient-Management Subbasin compared to the Nonnutrient-Management Subbasin. The small, positive effect of nutrient management on base-flow water quality should be interpreted with caution. Lack of statistical significance for most tests, short-term variation in climate and agricultural activities, unknown ground-water flow rates, and insufficient agricultural-activity data for farms outside of the Nutrient-Management Subbasin were potential problems. A regression model relating nutrient applications to concen- trations of dissolved nitrate plus nitrite showed no significant explanatory relation.

Koerkle, E.H., Hall, D.W., Risser, D.W., Lietman, P.L., and Chichester, D.C., 1996, Evaluation of agricultural best- management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania-hydrology of a small carbonate-rock site near Ephrata, Pennsylvania, prior to implementation of nutrient management: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4173, 88 p.

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, investigated the effects of agricultural best-management practices on water quality in the Conestoga River headwaters watershed. This report describes environmental factors and the surface-water and ground-water quality of one 47.5-acre field site, Field-Site 2, from October 1984 through September 1986, prior to implementation of nutrient management. The site is partially terraced agricultural cropland underlain by carbonate rock. Twenty-seven acres are terraced, pipe-drained, and are under no-till cultivation. The remaining acreage is under minimum-till cultivation. Corn is the primary crop. The average annual rate of fertilization at the site was 480 pounds per acre of nitrogen and 110 pounds per acre of phosphorus. An unconfined limestone and dolomitic aquifer underlies the site. Depth to bedrock ranges from 5 to 30 feet below land surface. Estimated specific yields range from 0.05 to 0.10, specific capacities of wells range from less than 1 to about 20 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown, and estimates of transmissivities range from 10 to 10,000 square feet per day. Average ground-water recharge was estimated to be about 23 inches per year. The specific capacity and transmissivity data indicate that two aquifer regimes are present at the site. Wells drilled into dolomites in the eastern part of the site have larger specific capacities (averaging 20 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown) relative to specific capacities (averaging less than 1 gallon per minute per foot of drawdown) of wells drilled into limestones in the western part of the site. Median concen- trations of soil-soluble nitrate and soluble phosphorus in the top 4 feet of silt- or silty-clay-loam soil ranged from 177 to 329 and 8.5 to 35 pounds per acre, respectively. Measured runoff from the pipe-drained terraces ranged from 10 to 48,000 cubic feet and was 1.7 and 0.8 percent, respectively, of the 1985 and 1986 annual precipitation. An estimated 90,700 cubic feet of surface runoff carried 87 pounds of total nitrogen and 37 pounds of total phosphorus, or less than 0.65 percent of the amount of either nutrient applied during the study period. Rainfall on the snow-covered, frozen ground produced more than half of the runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus loads measured in pipe-drained runoff. Graphical and regression analyses of surface runoff suggest that (1) mean-storm concentrations of total nitrogen species and total phosphorus decreased with increasing time between a runoff event and the last previous nutrient application, and (2) mean total-phosphorus concentrations approached a baseline value (estimated at 2 to 5 milligrams per liter for total-phosphorus concentrations) after several months without nutrient applications. Dissolved nitrate concentrations in ground water in wells unaffected by an on-site ammonia spill ranged from 7.4 to 100 milligrams per liter. Average annual additions and removals of nitrogen were estimated. Nitrogen was added to the site by applications of manure and commercial fertilizer nitrogen, as well as by precipitation and ground water entering across the western site boundary. These sources of nitrogen accounted for 95, 3, 1, and 1 percent, respectively, of estimated additions. Nitrogen was removed from the site in harvested crops, by ground-water discharge, by volatilization, and in surface runoff, which accounted for 42, 28, 29, and less than 1 percent, respectively, of estimated removals.

Koltun, G.F., Gray,J.R., and McElhone, T.J., 1994, User's Manual for SEDCALC, a Computer Program for Computation of Suspended-Sediment Discharge: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 94-459, 46 p.

 Under Construction

Ku, H.F.H., and Simmons, D.L., 1986, Effect of urban stormwater runoff on ground water beneath recharge basins on Long Island, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4088, 67 p., 10 figs.

Urban stormwater runoff was monitored during 1980-82 to investigate the source, type, quantity, and fate of contaminants routed to the more than 3,000 recharge basins on Long Island and to determine whether this runoff might be a significant source of contamination to the groundwater reservoir. Forty-six storms were monitored at five recharge basins in representative land use areas (strip commercial, shopping-mall parking lot, major highway, low-density residential, and medium-density residential). Runoff:precipitation ratios indicate that all storm runoff is derived from precipitation on impervious surfaces in the drainage area, except during storms of high intensity or long duration, when additional runoff can be derived from precipitation on permeable surfaces. Lead was present in highway runoff in concentrations up to 3300 micrograms/L, and chloride was found in parking lot runoff concentrations up to 1,100 mg/L during winter, when salt is used for deicing. In the five composite stormwater samples and nine groundwater grab samples that were analyzed for 113 EPA-designated ' priority pollutants, ' four constituents were detected in concentrations exceeding New York State guidelines of 50 micrograms/L for an individual organic compound in drinking water: p-chloro-m-cresol (79 micrograms/L); 2 ,4-dimethylphenol (96 micrograms/L); 4-nitrophenol (58 micrograms/L); and methylene chloride (230 micrograms/L in either groundwater or stormwater at the highway basin). One stormwater sample and two groundwater samples exceeded New York State guidelines for total organic compounds in drinking water (100 micrograms/L). The presence of these constituents is attributed to contamination from point sources rather than to the quality of runoff from urban areas. The median number of indicator bacteria in stormwater ranged from 0.1 to 10 billion MPN/100 ml. Fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci increased by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude during the warm season. The use of recharge basins to dispose of storm runoff does not appear to have significant adverse effects on groundwater quality in terms of the chemical and microbiological stormwater constituents studied.

Langland, M.J., and Fishel, D.K., 1996, Effects of agricultural best- management practices on the Brush Run headwaters, Adams County, Pennsylvania, prior to and during nutrient management: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4195, 80 p.

The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Susquehanna River Basin Commission and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources, investigated the effects of agricultural best-management practices on surface-water quality as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Chesapeake Bay Program. This report characterizes a 0.63-square- mile agricultural watershed underlain by shale, mudstone, and red arkosic sandstone in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin. The water quality of the Brush Run Creek site was studied from October 1985 through September 1991, prior to and during the implementation of nutrient management designed to reduce sediment and nutrient discharges into Conewago Creek, a tributary to the Chesapeake Bay. The original study area was 0.38 square mile and included an area immediately upstream from a manure lagoon. The study area was increased to 0.63 square mile in the fall of 1987 after an extensive tile-drain network was discovered upstream and downstream from the established streamflow gage, and the farm owner made plans to spray irrigate manure to the downstream fields. Land use for about 64 percent of the 0.63 square mile watershed is cropland, 14 percent is pasture, 7 percent is forest, and the remaining 15 percent is yards, buildings, water, or gardens. About 73 percent of the cropland was used to produce corn during the study. The average annual animal population consisted of 57,000 chickens, 1,530 hogs, and 15 sheep during the study. About 59,340 pounds of nitrogen and 13,710 pounds of phosphorus were applied as manure and commercial fertilizer to fields within the subbasin during the 3-year period prior to implementation of nutrient management. During nutrient management, about 14 percent less nitrogen and 57 percent less phosphorus were applied as commercial and manure fertilizer. Precipitation totaled 209 inches, or 13 percent less than the long-term normal, during the 6-year study. Concentrations of total ammonia in precipitation were as high as 2.7 mg/L (milligrams per liter); in dry deposition the concentrations were as high as 5.4 mg/L, probably because of the ammonia that had volatilized from the manure-storage lagoon. Nitrate nitrogen in the upper 4 feet of the soil ranged from 17 to 452 pounds per acre and soluble phosphorus content ranged from 0.29 to 65 pounds per acre. The maximum concentration of total nitrogen was 2,400 mg/L on September 10, 1986, in discharge from the tile drain near the streamflow gage. Median concentrations of total nitrogen and dissolved nitrite plus nitrate in base flow at the water-quality gage were 14 mg/L and 4.4 mg/L, respectively; prior to nutrient management and during nutrient management, median concentrations were 14 mg/L and 6.2 mg/L, respectively. Significant reductions in total phosphorus and suspended-sediment concentrations occurred at the water-quality gage. The maximum concentrations of total phosphorus (160 mg/L) and suspended sediment (3,530 mg/L) were measured at a tile line above the water-quality gage. Concentrations of total nitrogen, dissolved ammonia, and total phosphorus in base flow increased during dry periods when discharges from the tile drain were not diluted. During nutrient management, only base-flow loads of suspended sediment increased. Total streamflow was about 121.8 inches. About 81 percent was storm runoff. Loads of total nitrogen, total phosphorus in stormflow, and suspended sediment increased 14, 44, and 41 percent during nutrient management, respectively. A load of about 787,780 pounds of sediment, 22,418 pounds of nitrogen, and 5,479 pounds of phosphorus was measured during 214 sampled stormflow days that represented 84 percent of the stormflow. About 812,924 pounds of sediment, 38,421 pounds of nitrogen, and 6,377 pounds of phosphorus were discharged during the 6-year study.

Langland, M.J., 1995, Hydrology and the effects of selected agricultural best- management practices in the Bald Eagle Creek watershed, York, County, Pennsylvania, prior to and during nutrient management: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4069, 72 p.

The study was conducted primarily from October 1985 through September 1990 prior to and during the implementation of nutrient- management practices designed to reduce nutrient and sediment discharges. Intermittent sampling continued until August 1991. The Bald Eagle Creek Basin is underlain by schist and quartzite. About 87 percent of the 0.43 square-mile watershed is cropland and pasture. Nearly 34 percent less cropland was planted in corn during the nutrient-management phase. The animal population was reduced by 49 percent during nutrient management. Average annual applications of nitrogen and phosphorus from manure to cropland were reduced by 3,940 pounds (39 percent) and 910 pounds (46 percent), respectively, during nutrient managment. A total of 94,560 pounds of nitrogen (538 pounds per acre) and 26,400 pounds of phosphorus (150 pounds per acre) were applied to the cropland as commercial fertilizer and manure during the 5-year study. The average amount of nitrate nitrogen in the top 4 feet of soil ranged between 21 to 291 pounds per acre, and soluble phosphorus ranged between 0.39 to 2.5 pounds per acre during the study. Precipitation was about 18 percent below normal and streamflow was about 35 percent below normal prior to nutrient management, whereas precipitation was 4 percent above normal and streamflow was 3 percent below normal during the first 2 years of nutrient- management. Eighty-four percent of the 20.44 inches of streamflow was base flow prior to nutrient management and 54 percent of the 31.14 inches of streamflow was base flow during the first 2 years of the nutrient-management phase. About 31 percent of the measured precipitation during the first 4 years of the study was discharged as surface water; the remaining 69 percent was removed as evapotranspiration or remained in ground-water storage. Median concentrations of total nitrogen and dissolved nitrate plus nitrite in base flow increased from 4.9 and 4.1 milligrams per liter as nitrogen to 5.8 and 5.0 milligrams per liter during nutrient management. Median concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and organic nitrogen did not change significantly in base flow. Median concentrations of total and dissolved phosphorus in base flow did not change significantly and were 0.05 and 0.03 milligrams per liter prior to and 0.05 and 0.04 milligrams per liter during the management phase. About 4,550 pounds of suspended sediment, 5,300 pounds of nitrogen, and 70.4 pounds of phosphorus were discharged in base flow in the 2 years prior to nutrient management. During the first 2 years of nutrient management about 2,860 pounds of suspended sediment, 5,700 pounds of nitrogen, and 46.6 pounds of phosphorus were discharged in base flow. During the growing season, concentrations and loads decreased as nutrient utilization and evapotranspiration by corn increased. Prior to nutrient management, about 260,000 pounds of suspended sediment, about 2,180 pounds of nitrogen, and about 234 pounds of phosphorus were discharged in stormflow. During the first 2 years of nutrient management, about 464,000 pounds of suspended sediment, 6,120 pounds of nitrogen, and 913 pounds of phosphorus were discharged in stormflow. The seasonal rank-sum test indicated that significant differences were detected in the medians of total nitrogen and dissolved nitrite plus nitrate in base flow prior to and during nutrient management. The seasonal Kendall test indicated that significant increasing trends occurred in both concentrations and loads of total nitrogen and dissolved-nitrite plus nitrate measured in base flow during the entire study. Neither significant differences nor trends were detected in the concentrations and loads for ammonia, ammonia plus organic nitrogen, phosphorus, or suspended sediment in base flow.

Lapham, W.W., and Tadayon, S., 1996, Plan for Assessment of the Occurrence, Status, and Distribution of Volatile Organic Compounds in aquifers of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-199, 44 p.

The occurrence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in water is of national concern because of their relatively high aqueous solubility, mobility, and persistence, because many are known or suspected carcinogens, because of their widespread use, and because they have been found in drinking-water supplies. Because of this national concern, VOCs were selected for National investigation (hereafter termed "National Synthesis") by the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program in 1994. The broad goals of this National Synthesis are to: (1) describe current water- quality conditions with respect to VOCs; (2) define trends, or lack of trends, in VOCs in surface and ground water; and (3) identify, describe, and explain causal relations among the occurrence and distribution of VOCs in surface water and ground water, and natural and human factors. The National Synthesis of VOCs in ground water has three objectives: (1) to describe their occurrence, status, and distribution; (2) to determine relations among VOCs in shallow ground water and natural and human factors; and (3) to determine, compare, and contrast the occurrence, transformation, transport, and fate of selected VOCs in the hydrologic cycle for several regionally or nationally important aquifer systems. The description of VOC occurrence, status, and distribution in ground water focuses on major aquifers of the United States. Occurrence describes the presence or absence of VOCs, their frequency of occurrence, andtheir ranges of concentrations. Status compares the concentrations of VOCs detected in relation to water-quality regulations or advisories, such as Maximum Contaminant Levels, Proposed Maximum Contaminant Levels, Maximum Contaminant Level Goals, and Health Advisories. Distribution describes the variability of VOCs in ground water, areally and by depth. This report describes the study design for conducting such an assessment. The assessment focuses on aquifers, or parts of aquifers, that are currently used or have the potential to be used as sources of water supplies, using data collected as part of local, State, and Federal ground-water monitoring programs since 1985. Assessment by aquifer and comparison of results among aquifers will be completed for those aquifers for which adequate spatial or depth-related data are available. Assessment of VOCs in aquifers also will be completed at regional and national scales. A set of criteria for well-network design, well construction, sample-collection methods, and methods of laboratory analysis must be met before VOC data are used for assessment. An appropriate well-network design will provide a generally unbiased, random, equal-area distribution of sampling sites throughout the aquifer, or part of the aquifer, of interest. Well-construction information must be sufficient to ensure that the hydrogeologic unit (or units) represented by the water level measured and the hydrologic unit (or units) contributing water to the well are known. In addition, the well construction and pumping equipment in the well need to be of a type that are not likely to affect concentrations of VOCs in the water sample. VOC data will be considered suitable for use in the occurrence assessment if nationally accepted methods for collection and analysis were used and if the quantitation level for VOC analytes was less than about 5 micrograms per liter; laboratory analysis was done by a laboratory certified by the U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency; and the sample was collected from untreated (raw) water at or near the well head before being held in a pressure tank or holding tank.

Lawrence, S.J., in review, Trace element enrichment in bed sediment and crayfish tissue from two rivers in Nevada and California: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences.

 Under Construction

Lewis, M.E., Garrett, J.W., and Hoos, A.B., 1992, Nonpoint-source pollutant discharges of the three major tributaries to ReelfootLake, West Tennessee, October 1987 through September 1989:U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report91-4031, 24p.

 Under Construction

Lietman, P.L., Hall, D.W., Langland, M.J., Chichester, D.C., and Ward, J.R., 1996, Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania- characterization of surface runoff and ground- water quantity and quality in a small carbonate basin near Churchtown, Pennsylvania, prior to terracing and implementation of nutrient management: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4119, 103 p.

Surface-runoff and ground-water quantity and quality of a 22.1-acre field site were characterized from January 1983 through September 1984, before implementation of terracing and nutrient-management practices. The site, underlain by carbonate rock, was cropland used primarily for the production of corn and alfalfa. Average annual application of nutrients to the 14.4 acres of cornfields was 410 pounds of nitrogen and 110 pounds of phosphorus. About three times more nutrients were applied during the 1984 water year than during the 1983 water year. During the investigation, 714,000 cubic feet of runoff transported 244 tons of suspended sediment, 300 pounds of nitrogen, and 170 pounds of phosphorus during the 1984 water year. Runoff from storms on frozen ground produced the highest loads of nitrogen. Regression analyses indicate that runoff rates and quantities were controlled by precipitation intensities of quantities and the amount of crop cover, and that mean concentrations of nitrogen for runoff events increased with increased surface-nitrogen applications made prior to runoff. Ground-water levels responded quickly to recharge, with peaks occurring several hours to a day after precipitation. Median concentrations of dissolved nitrate in ground water ranged from 9.2 to 13 milligrams per liter as nitrogen. A lag time of 1 to 3 months was observed between the time that nitrogen was applied to the land surface and local maximums in nitrate concentrations were detected in ground water unaffected by recharge events. About 3 million cubic feet of ground water and an associated 2,200 pounds of nitrate-nitrogen discharged from the site during the study period. For the study period, 42 percent of the precipitation recharged to ground water, 10 percent became runoff, and 48 percent evapotranspired.

Lindner-Lunsford, J.B., and Ellis, S.R., 1984, Calibration and Verification of a Rainfall-Runoff Model and a Runoff-Quality Model for Several Urban Basins in the Denver Metropolitan Area, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4286, 52 p.

The U.S. Geological Survey 's Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model--Version II was calibrated and verified for five urban basins in the Denver metropolitan area. Land-use types in the basins were light commerical, multifamily housing, single-family housing, and a shopping center. The overall accuracy of model predictions of peak flows and runoff volumes was about 15 percent for storms with rainfall intensities of less than 1 inch per hour and runoff volume of greater than 0.01 inch. Predictions generally were unsatisfactory for storm having a rainfall intensity of more than 1 inch per hour, or runoff of 0.01 inch or less. The Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model-Quality, a multievent runoff-quality model developed by the U.S. Geological Survey, was calibrated and verified on four basins. The model was found to be most useful in the prediction of seasonal loads of constituents in the runoff resulting from rainfall. The model was not very accurate in the prediction of runoff loads of individual constituents.

Lindner-Lunsford, J.B., and Ellis, S.R., 1987, Comparison of Conceptually Based and Regression Rainfall-Runoff Models, Denver Metropolitan Area, Colorado, and Potential Applications in Urban Areas: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 87-4104. 39 p.

Multievent, conceptually based models and a single-event, multiple linear-regression model for estimating storm-runoff quantity and quality from urban areas were calibrated and verified for four small (57 to 167 acres) basins in the Denver metropolitan area, Colorado. The basins represented different land-use types - light commercial, single-family housing, and multi-family housing. Both types of models were calibrated using the same data set for each basin. A comparison was made between the storm-runoff volume, peak flow, and storm-runoff loads of seven water quality constituents simulated by each of the models by use of identical verification data sets. The models studied were the U.S. Geological Survey 's Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model-Version II (DR3M-II) (a runoff-quantity model designed for urban areas), and a multievent urban runoff quality model (DR3M-QUAL). Water quality constituents modeled were chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total lead, total manganese, and total zinc. (USGS)

Lipscomb, S.W., 1995, Quality Assurance Plan for Discharge Measurements Using Broadband Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers, USGS Open-File Report 95-701, 7 p.

The recent introduction of the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) as an instrument for measuring velocities and discharge in the riverine and estuarine environment promises to revolutionize the way these data are collected by the U.S. Geological Survey. The ADCP and associated software, however, compose a complex system and should be used only by qualifies personnel. Standard procedures should be rigorously followed to ensure that the quality of data collected is commensurate with the standards set by the Water Resources Division for all its varied activities in hydrologic investigations.

Lodthe, A., and Woodworth, M., USGS Blind Sample Project-Moni-toring and Evaluating Laboratory Analytical Quality

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collects and disseminates information about the Nation's water resources. Surface- and ground-water samples are collected and sent to USGS laboratories for chemical analyses. The laboratories identify and quantify the constituents in the water samples. Random and systematic errors occur during sample handling, chemical analysis, and data processing. Although all errors cannot be eliminated from measurements, the magnitude of this uncertainty can be estimated and tracked over time. Since 1981, the USGS has operated an independent, external quality-assurance project called the Blind Sample Project (BSP). The purpose of the BSP is to monitor and evaluate the quality of laboratory analytical results through the use of double-blind quality-control (QC) samples. The information provided by the BSP assists the laboratories in detecting and correcting problems in the analytical procedures. The information also can aid laboratory users in estimating the extent that laboratory errors contribute to the overall errors in their environmental data.

Long, H.K., Results of the U.S. Geological Survey's Analytical Evaluation Program for Standard Reference Samples Distributed in November 1990.

This report presents the results of the U.S. Geological Survey's analytical evaluation program for seven standard reference water samples--T-113 (trace constituents), M-116 (major constituents), N-28 (nutrients), N-29 (nutrients), P-16 (precipitation-snowmelt), Hg-9 (mercury), and Hg-10 (mercury)--that were distributed in November 1990 to 144 laboratories participating in the U.S. Geological Survey sponsored interlaboratory testing program. Analytical data that were received from 118 of the 144 laboratories were evaluated with respect to overall laboratory performance and relative laboratory performance for each analyte in the seven standard reference water samples. Results of these evaluations are presented in tabular form. Also presented are tables and graphs summarizing the analytical data provided by each laboratory for each analyte in the seven standard reference water samples. The most probable value for each analyte was determined using nonparametric statistics.

Long, H.K., and Farrar, J.W., 1993, Report of the U.S. Geological Survey's Evaluation Program for Standard Reference Samples Distributed in October 1992: T-121 (Trace Constituents), M-124 (Major Constituents), N-36 (Nutrients), N-37 (Nutrients), P-19 (Low Ionic Strength), and Hg-15 (Mercury): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-32, 114 p., 1 fig., 17 tab., 1 ref.

This report presents the results of the U.S. Geological Survey's analytical evaluation program for six standard reference samples--T-212 (trace constituents), M-124 (major constituents), N-36 (nutrients), N-37 (nutrients), P-19 (low ionic strength), and Hg-15 mercury)-that were distributed in October 1992 to 174 laboratories registered in the U.S. Geological Survey sponsored interlaboratory testing program. Analytical data that were received from 130 of the laboratories were evaluated with respect to: overall laboratory performance and relative laboratory performance for each analyte in the six reference samples. Results of these evaluations are presented in tabular form. Also presented are tables and graphs summarizing the analytical data provided by each laboratory for each analyte in the six standard reference samples. The most probable value for each analyte was determined using nonparametric statistics.

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Long, H.K., and Farrar, J.W., 1993, Report of the U.S. Geological Survey's Evaluation Program for Standard Reference Samples Distributed in April 1993--T-123 (Trace Constituents), T-125 (Trace constituents), M-126 (Major constituents), N-38 (Nutrients), N-39 (Nutrient), P-20 (Low-Ionic Strength), and Hg-16 (Mercury): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-436, 149 p., 1 fig., 19 tab., 1 ref.

This report presents the results of the U.S. Geological Survey's analytical evaluation program for seven standard reference samples--T-123 (trace constituents), T-125 (trace constituents), M-126 (major constituents), N-38 (nutrients), N-39 (Nutrients), P-20 (precipitation-low ionic strength), and Hg-16 (mercury)--that were distributed in April 1993 to 175 laboratories registered in the U.S. Geological Survey sponsored interlaboratory testing program. Analytical data received from 131 of the laboratories were evaluated with respect to: overall laboratory performance and relative laboratory performance for each analyte in the 7 reference samples. Results of these evaluations are presented in tabular form. Also presented are tables and graphs summarizing the analytical data provided by each laboratory for each analyte in the seven standard reference samples. The most probable value for each analyte was determined using nonparametric statistics.

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Long, H.K., and Farrar, J.W., 1994, Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's Evaluation Program for Standard Reference Samples Distributed in October 1993 T-127 (Trace Constituents), M-128 (Major Constituents), N-40 (Nutrients), N-41 (Nutrients), P-21 (Low Ionic Strength), Hg-17 (Mercury), AMW-3 (Acid Mine Water), and WW-1 (Whole Water): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-42, 177 p., 1 fig., 21 tab., 1 ref.

This report presents the results of the U.S. Geological Survey's analytical evaluation program for eight standard reference samples--T-127 (trace constituents), M-128 (major constituents), N-40 (nutrients), N-41 (nutrients), P-21 (low ionic strength), Hg-17 (mercury), AMW-3 (acid mine water), and WW-1 (whole water)--that were distributed in October 1993 to 158 laboratories registered in the U.S. Geological Survey sponsored interlaboratory testing program. Analytical data that were received from 145 of the laboratories were evaluated with respect to: overall laboratory performance and relative laboratory performance for each analyte in the eight reference samples. Results of these evaluations are presented in tabular form. Also presented are tables and graphs summarizing the analytical data provided by each laboratory for each analyte in the eight standard reference samples. The most probable value for each analyte was determined using nonparametric statistics.

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Long, H.K., and Farrar, J.W., 1994, Report on the U.S. Geological Survey's evaluation program for standard reference samples distributed in April 1994: T-129 (trace constituents), M-130 (major constituents), N-42 (nutrients), P-22 (low ionic strength), Hg-18 (mercury): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-369, 101 p., 1 fig., 15 tab.

This report presents the results of the U.S. Geological Survey's analytical evaluation program for five standard reference samples--T-129 (trace constituents), M-130 (major constituents), N-42 (nutrients), P-22 (low ionic strength), Hg-18(mercury),--that were distributed in April 1994 to 157 laboratories registered in the U.S. Geological Survey sponsored interlaboratory testing program. Analytical data that were received from 133 of the laboratories were evaluated with respect to: overall laboratory performance and relative laboratory performance for each analyte in the five reference samples. Results of these evaluations are presented in tabular form. Also presented are tables and graphs summarizing the analytical data provided by each laboratory for each analyte in the five standard reference samples. The most probable value for each analyte was determined using nonparametric statistics.

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Long, H.K., and Farrar, J.W., 1995, Report of the U.S. Geological Survey's Evaluation Program for Standard Reference Water Samples distributed in October 1994 T-133 (trace constituents), T-131 (trace constituents), M-132 (major constituents), N-44 (nutrients), N-43 (nutrients), P-23 (low ionic strength), Hg-19 (mercury): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-117, 139 p., 1 fig., 19 tab., 1 ref.

This report presents the results of the U.S. Geological Survey's analytical evaluation program for 7 standard reference samples--T-131 (trace constituents), T-133 (trace constituents), M-132 (major constituents), N-43 (nutrients), N-44 (nutrients), P-23 (low ionic strength), and Hg-19 (mercury). The samples were distributed in October 1994 to 131 laboratories registered in the U.S. Geological Survey sponsored interlaboratory testing program. Analytical data that were received from 121 of the laboratories were evaluated with respect to: overall laboratory performance and relative laboratory performance for each analyte in the seven reference samples. Results of these evaluations are presented in tabular form. Also presented are tables and graphs summarizing the analytical data provided by each laboratory for each analyte in the seven standard reference samples. The most probable value for each analyte was determined using nonparametric statistics.

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Long, H.K., and Farrar, J.W., 1995, Report of the U.S. Geological Survey's Evaluation Program for Standard Reference Water Samples distributed in May 1995: T-135 (trace constituents), M-134(major constituents), N-45 (nutrients), N-46 (nutrients), P-24 (low ionic strength), Hg-20 (mercury), and SED-5 (bed material): U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 135 p., 1 fig., 19 tab., 4 ref.

This report presents the results of the U.S. Geological Survey's analytical evaluation program for 7 standard reference samples--T-135 (trace constituents), M-134 (major constituents), N-45 (nutrients), N-46 (nutrients), P-24 (low ionic strength), Hg-20 (mercury), Sed-5 (bed material)-that were distributed in May 1995 to 153 laboratories registered in the U.S. Geological Survey sponsored interlaboratory testing program. Analytical data that were received from 136 of the laboratories were evaluated with respect to: overall laboratory performance and relative laboratory performance for each analyte in the seven reference samples. Results of these evaluations are presented in tabular form. Also presented are tables and graphs summarizing the analytical data provided by each laboratory for each analyte in the seven standard reference samples. The most probable value for each analyte was determined using nonparametric statistics.

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Lopes, T.J., Occurrence of the Gasoline Additive MTBE and BTEX Compounds in;Urban Stormwater in the United States, 1991-95.

Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is the most common oxygenate added to gasoline. Oxygenates such as MTBE increase the gasoline's oxygen level and are added in an effort to decrease vehicular carbon monoxide emissions and ozone levels in the atmosphere. MTBE is soluble in water, is less biodegradable than common gasoline compounds, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylene (BTEX), and was the second most frequently detected volatile organic compound (VOC) in a national study of shallow urban ground-water. Urban stormwater is a possible source of MTBE in shallow ground-water. The U.S. Geological Survey sampled stormwater in 16 cities and metropolitan areas that are required to obtain permits from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to discharge stormwater from their municipal storm-sewer system into surface water. Five hundred ninety two stormwater samples, collected in these cities and metropolitan areas during 1991 through 1995, were analyzed for 62 VOCs including MTBE and BTEX com-pounds. MTBE was the seventh most frequently detected VOC in these stormwater samples, following toluene, total xylene, chloroform, total trimethybenzene, tetrachloroethene, and naphthalene. MTBE was detected in 6.9 percent of stormwater samples and, when detected, concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 8.7 micrograms per liter (ug/L), with a median of 1.5 ug/L. All detections of MTBE were less than the U.S. EPA's draft lifetime health advisory (20 ug/L) for drinking water. Eighty-three percent of all detections of MTBE in stormwater were in samples collected during October through March, which corresponds with the expected seasonal use of oxygenated gaso-line in areas where carbon monoxide exceeds established air-quality standards. The median concentration of MTBE and benzene for all samples was statistically higher in samples collected during October through March than samples collected during April through September. Sixty-six percent of all MTBE detections occurred with BTEX compounds, and a linear increase in concentrations was found when these compounds occurred together. The linear increase could indicate a common source of MTBE and BTEX for those samples. Toluene and total xylene were the most frequently detected VOCs. Detected concentrations of toluene and total xylene ranged from 0.2 to 6.6 ug/L and 0.2 to 15 ug/L with median concentrations of 0.3 and 0.4 ug/L respectively.

Lopes, T.J., Nonpoint Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds in Urban Areas -- Relative Importance of Land Surfaces and Air.

Many of the same volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were commonly detected in both storm-water and shallow ground-water from urban areas across the United States. Commonly detected VOCs included gasoline-related compounds (e.g. toluene, xylene) and chlorinated compounds (e.g. chloroform, PCE, TCE). Urban land surfaces and air are two nonpoint sources of VOCs that are common to both stormwater and ground-water and could explain why the same VOCs were detected. This paper presents an analysis of stormwater data that examines the relative importance of these non-point sources. In stormwater, VOCs frequently occurred together and concentrations were significantly (a=0.05) correlated and different among residential, commercial, and indus-trial areas. Also, most VOC concentrations in stormwater were higher than those estimated from 75th=percentile concentrations of VOCs in urban air, and trends in concentrations suggest that low concentrations (0.2ug/L) likely evolved by volatilization. These observations suggest that urban land surfaces are the primary nonpoint source of most VOCs. Urban air is a secondary source, but could be an important source of the gasoline oxygenate methyl-tert butyl ether (MTBE). Flushing of spills and VOCs sorbed to organic particulates and impervious surfaces could be important processes.

Lopes, T.J., Selected Physical, Chemical, and Microbial Characteristics of Storm Water, Maricopa County, Arizona

Section 402(p) of the Water-Quality Act of 1987 requires municipalities with a population of 100,000 or greater to monitor storm water for selected physical properties, concentrations of chemical constituents, and fecal bacteria. The U.S. Geological Survey has been monitoring the quality of storm water in Maricopa County, which contains six municipalities affected by this regulation. Storm water was sampled from drainage basins with residential, light-industrial, heavy-industrial, and undeveloped land uses betweren October 27, 1991, and March 27, 1992. Values of physical properties and concentrations of constituents measured in storm water commonly varied by an order of magnitude. Mean concentrations for selected constituents were: fecal coliform, 4,800 colonies per 100 milliliters; fecal streptococci, 9,100 colonies per 100 milliliters; dissolved solids, 81 milligrams per liter; and suspended solids, 607 milligrams per liter. The largest concen-trations of constituents were in samples from the drainage basin that had heavy-industrial land use. Statistical analysis of storm-water samples indicates that most total-recoverable trace-metal, arsenic and nutrient concentrations are related to suspended-solids concentrations. Spear-man rank correlation coefficients of suspended-solids concentrations compared with arsenic, trace metals, nutrients, and fecal bacteria were: arsenic, 0.83; cadmium, 0.66; chromium, 0.62; copper, 0.80; lead, 0.78; nickel, 0.89; zinc, 0.73; nitrogen, 0.66; phosphorous, 0.76; fecal coliform, 0.23; and fecal streptococci, 0.31. Theinsecticides dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodephenyl dichloro ethylene (DDE), and arochlor 1254 were measured in storm-water samples from the drainage basin that had heavy-industrial land use at concentrations of 0.1 to 1.1 micrograms per liter. Dichlorodiphe-nyl dichloro ethylene and dieldrin were measured in samples from the drainage basin that had res-idential land use at concentrations of 0.04 to 0.50 micrograms per liter. Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its degradation product, dichlorodiphenyl dichlro ethylene, probably are residual insecticides from 1950's and 1960's when most of the land in the Phoenix metropolitan area was used for agriculture.

Lopes, T.J., Study Plan for Urban Stream Indicator Sites of the National Water- Quality Assessment Program

Urban Indicator Sites are one component of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The objectives of monitoring at the Urban Indicator Sites are to: (1) characterize stream quality from drainage basins with predominantly residential and commercial land use, and (2) determine which selected natural and human factors most strongly affect stream quality. Urban Indicator Sites will be distributed across the United States in settings with statistically different climate and in metropolitan areas that have a population of 250,000 or more. Multiple sites in the same climatic setting will have a range in population density. Ideally, Urban Indicator Sites will monitor drainage basins that have only residential and commercial land use, are 50 square kilometers or larger, are in the same physiographic setting as other Indicator Sites, have sustained flow, and overlap other NAWQA study components. Ideal drainage basins will not have sustained flow, and overlap other NAWQA study components. Ideal drainage basins will not have industrial or agricultural land use and will not have point-source-contamination discharges. Stream quality will be characterized by collecting and analyzing samples of streamflow, bed sediment, and tissue of aquatic organisms for selected constituents. Factors affecting stream quality will be determined by statistical analysis of ancillary data associated with Urban Indicator Sites and stream-quality samples.

Lopes, T.J., 1996, Acute toxicity and chemistry of urban and nonurban bed material, Maricopa County, Arizona in Second SETAC World Congress (16th annual meeting), Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, November 5-9, 1995, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 1 p.

The acute toxicity and chemistry of bed material in the Phoenix, Arizona, area were characterized to determine if urban activities degrade bed-material quality. Samples were collected from unpaved lots and ephemeral channels in urban and undeveloped drainage basins. Samples were sieved to less than 63 microns to make comparisons between samples and were analyzed for constituent concentrations and acute toxicity using the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Analysis of variance with Tukeys' multiple comparison test indicated that bed-material was not significantly different between undeveloped and urban drainage basins and between urban drainage basins and ephemeral channels. The most toxic bed-material samples from urban drainage basins appeared to be those samples collected from areas where stormwater accumulates. Concentrations of ammonia, lead, cadmium, and zinc were significantly greater in urban bed-material samples than in samples from the undeveloped drainage basin and ephermeral channels. Zinc and cadmium were associated with organic carbon in urban bed-material samples, and trace metals were associated with iron and manganese in samples from the undeveloped drainage basin. Mortality rates in bed-material samples from urban drainage basins significantly correlated with recoverable concentrations of calcium (0.81) and zinc (0.70). The association of trace metals with iron and manganese seemed to increase trace-metal bioavailability when compared with trace metals associated with organic carbon. Organochlorine pesticides were detected in most bed-material samples, but did not correlate with mortality rates.

Lopes, T.J., and Amalfi, F.A., 1993, Toxicity of urban stormwater and bed material, Maricopa County, Arizona [abs.]: North American Lake Management Society Proceedings, Seattle, Nov. 29-Dec. 4, 1993.

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Lopes, T.J., and Fossum, K.D., 1995, Selected chemical characteristics and acute toxicity of urban stormwater, streamflow, and bed material, Maricopa County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4074, 52 p.

Statistical analyses indicated that urban stormwater could degrade the quality of streamflow because of oil and grease, pesticides, dissolved trace metals, and ammonia in stormwater. Ammonia, lead, cadmium, and zinc are released by urban activities and accumulate in bed material. Ammonia could be from fertilizers, fecal matter, and other sources. Lead is probably from vehicles that use leaded gasoline. Cadmium and zinc could be from particulate metal in oil, brake pads, and other sources. Samples of the initial runoff from urban drainage basins appeared to be more toxic than flow-weighted composite samples, and stormwater was more harmful to fathead minnows than to Ceriodaphnia dubia. Streamflow samples from the Salt River were not toxic to either species. The sensitivity of fathead minnows to urban stormwater from most urban drainage basins indicated that the toxicants were detrimental to fish and could be present in stormwater throughout Phoenix. Results of toxicity identification evaluations indicated the toxicity was mostly due to organic constituents. Mortality, however, did not correlate with organophosphate pesticide concentrations. Surfactants and (or) other constituents leached from asphalt could be toxic. The most toxic bed-material samples were collected from an undeveloped drainage basin. Within urban-drainage basins, bed-material samples collected where stormwater accumulates appeared to be more toxic than samples collected from areas unaffected by stormwater. Mortality rates correlated with recoverable concentrations of zinc, copper, and cadmium; however these rates correlated poorly with pesticide concentrations. The bioavailability of trace metals appeared to be controlled by the adsorption properties of bed material.

Lopes, T.J., Fossum, K.D., Phillips, J.V., and Monical, J.E., 1995, Statistical summary of selected physical, chemical, and microbial characteristics, and estimates of constituent loads in urban stormwater, Maricopa County, Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4240, 62 p.

Stormwater and streamflow in the Phoenix, Arizona, area were monitored to determine the physical, chemical, and microbial characteristics of storm- water from areas having different land uses; to describe the characteristics of streamflow in a river that receives urban stormwater; and to estimate constituent loads in stormwater from unmonitored areas in Maricopa County, Arizona. Land use affects urban stormwater chemistry mostly because the percentage of impervious area controls the suspended-solids concentrations and varies with the type of land use. Urban activities also seem to concentrate cadmium, lead, and zinc in sediments. Urban stormwater had larger concentrations of chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand, oil and grease, and higher counts of fecal bacteria than streamflow and could degrade the quality of the Salt River. Most regression equations for estimating constituent loads require three explanatory variables (total rainfall, drainage area, and per- centage of impervious area) and had standard errors that were from 65 to 266 percent. Localized areas that appear to contribute a large proportion of the constituent loads typically have 40 percent or more impervious area and are associated with industrial, commercial, and high-density residential land uses. The use of the mean value of the event-mean constituent concentrations measured in stormwater may be the best way of estimating constituent concentrations.

Lopes, T.J., Phillips, J.V., and Fossum, K.D., 1993, Selected physical, chemical, and microbial characteristics of storm water, Maricopa County, Arizona, in Engur, Bahar, compiler, Arizona Water 2000: Phoenix, Arizona, Commission on the Arizona Environment, Proceedings of the Commission on the Arizona Environment and Arizona Hydrological Society, September 10-11, 1992, Poco Diablo Resort, Sedona, Arizona, p. 315-329.

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Lopez, M.A., and Giovannelli, R.F., 1984, Water-Quality Characteristics of Urban Runoff and Estimates of Annual Loads in the Tampa Bay Area, Florida, 1975-80: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-4181, 76 p.

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Lowham, H.W., Lewis L. Delong, Kenneth R. Collier, and E.A. Zimmerman, Hydrology of Salt Wells Creek-- A Plains Stream, U.S. GeologicalSurvey water Investigations Report 81-62, 52 p.

Development of energy minerals in plains areas of Wyoming is expanding rapidly. Such development may affect water resources and hydrologic relations of the plains; however, little information exists concerning hydrologic processes for these areas. This report summarizes results of a hydrologic study made during 1975-78 of Salt Wells creek, a drainage area of about 500 square miles located southeast of Rock Springs, Wyoming. The area is typical of arid and semiarid plains areas in southwestern Wyoming where mineral development is occurring. Salt Wells Creek is predominately an intermittent stream. Numerous springs in the headwaters cause small perennial flows in some upstream tributaries, but evaporation, freezeup, and seepage deplete these flows so that the middle and lower reaches of the main channel have only intermittent flows. The intermittent nature of streamflow affects water quality. It was observed that a flushing of dissolved solids and suspended sediment occurs during the first flows of a runoff event. A striking feature of the stream is its deeply incised channel. The downcutting is attributed to the cummulative effects of: (1) a change in the relative climate, amounts of annual precipitation occurring as rain and snow, (2) change in base level due to downstream channelization, and (3) changes in land use. Because of the incision, erosion is now expanding to include intervening tributaries.

Lucey, K.J., 1989, Quality-Assurance Data for Routine Water Analysis in the National Water- Quality Laboratory of the U.S. Geological Survey for Water Year 1988: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report, 89-4166, 96 p.

The US Geological Survey maintains a quality assurance program based on the analysis of reference samples for its National Water Quality Laboratory located in Denver, Colorado. Reference samples containing selected inorganic, nutrient, and precipitation (low-level concentration) constituents are prepared at the Survey 's Water Quality Services Unit in Ocala, Florida, disguised as routine samples, and sent daily or weekly, as appropriate, to the laboratory through other Survey offices. The results are stored permanently in the National Water Data Storage and Retrieval System (WATSTORE), the Survey 's database for all water data. These data are analyzed statistically for precision and bias. An overall evaluation of the inorganic major ion and trace metal constituent data for water year 1988 indicated a lack of precision in the National Water Quality Laboratory for the determination of 8 out of 58 constituents: calcium (inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry), fluoride, iron (atomic absorption spectrometry), iron (total recoverable), magnesium (atomic absorption spectrometry), manganese (total recoverable), potassium, and sodium (inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry). The results for 31 constituents had positive or negative bias during water year 1988. A lack of precision was indicated in the determination of three of the six nutrient constituents: nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen as nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen as nitrogen, and orthophosphate as phosphorus. A biased condition was indicated in the determination of ammonia nitrogen as nitrogen, ammonia plus organic nitrogen as nitrogen, and nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen as nitrogen. There was acceptable precision in the determination of all 10 constituents contained in precipitation samples. Results for ammonia nitrogen as nitrogen, sodium, and fluoride indicated a biased condition. (Author 's abstract)

Lynch, E.A., and Huffman, G.C., 1996, Geohydrology and Contamination at the Michigan Department of Transportation Maintenance Garage Area, Kalamazoo County, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4010, 31 p.

A leaking underground storage tank was removed from the Michigan Department of Transportation maintenance garage area in Kalamazoo County., Mich., in 1985. The tank had been leaking unleaded gasoline. Although a remediation system was operational at the site for several years after the tank was removed, ground-water samples collected from monitoring wells in the area consistently showed high concentrations of benzene, toluene. ethylbenzene, and xylenes--indicators of the presence of gasoline. The U.S. Geological Survey did a study in cooperation with the Michigan Department of Transportation, to define the geology, hydrology, and occurrence of gasoline contamination in the maintenance garage area. The aquifer affected by gasoline contamination is an unconfined glaci'a.l sand and gravel aquifer. The average depth to water in the study area is about 74.7 feet. Water-level fluctuations are small; maximum fluctuation was slightly more than 1 foot during August 1993-August 1994. Hydraulic conductivities based on aquifer-test data collected for the study and estimated by use of the Cooper-Jacob method of solution ranged from 130 to 144 feet per day. Ground water is moving in an east-southeasterly direction at a rate of about I foot per day. Leakage from perforated pipes leading from the underground storage tanks to the pump station was identified as a second source of gasoline contamination to saturated and unsaturated zones. The existence of this previously unknown second source is part of the reason that previous remediation efforts were ineffective. Residual contaminants in the unsaturated zone are expected to continue to move to the water table with recharge, except in a small area covered by asphalt at the land surface. The gasoline plume from the perforated pipe source has merged with that from the leaking underground storage tank, and the combined plume in the saturated zone is estimated to cover an area of 30,000 square feet. The combined plume is in the upper 20 feet of the saturated zone. The relative distribution of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes indicate that factors such as sorption, solubility, and susceptibility to microbial degradation are affecting the movement of the combined plume. Given these factors, the plume is expected to move at a rate of less than 1 foot per day.

Lystrom, D.J., Rinella, F.A., and Knox, W.D., 1978, Definition of Regional Relationships Between Dissolved Solids and Specific Conductance, Susquehana River basin, Pennsylvania and New York: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 6., no. 4, p. 541-545.

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Maertz, D.E., 1996, Water Resources Investigations in Wisconsin, U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 96-333, 74 p.

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Majewski, M.S., and Capel, P.D., 1995, Pesticides in the Atmosphere: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-152-95, 4 p.

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Mallard, G.E., 1980, Microorganisms in stormwater--a summary of recent investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-1198, 18 p.

All storm runoff contains a variety of bacteria, including total coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococci, which are derived from the land over which the water flows. Most total coliform are native soil organisms, whereas the fecal coliform and fecal streptococci originate from the feces of wild and domestic animals. Urban runoff has been reported to contain pathogenic organisms, but this probably presents little direct threat to human health because the runoff is not ingested. Runoff water can, however, have other negative effects such as contamination of surface water, which may result in beach closures, or contamination of shellfish. This type of contamination is generally of short duration because indicator bacteria and pathogens die out rapidly in the aquatic environment. Similarly, bacteria and viruses deposited on soil by stormwater are inactivated by drying, competition from soil microflora, and a variety of other processes. Every storm producing runoff is unique in the number and type of microorganisms because these vary from site to site, from storm to storm, and during the course of the storm. Stormwater to be examined for microorganisms must be collected in sterile containers and processed immediately. (USGS)

Mallard, G.E., 1981, Microorganisms in stormwater--a summary of recent investig ations, in Greeson, P.E. (ed.), Microbiology of the aquatic e nvironment: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 848-E, p. 23-33.

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Marsh, W.M., and Marsh, N.L., 1995, Hydrogeomorphic considerationsin development planning and stormwater management, Central Texas HillCountry, USA: Environmental Management, v. 19, no. 5, p. 693-702.

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Martin, E.H., 1988, Effectiveness of an Urban Runoff Detention Pond-Wetlands System, Journal of Environmental Engineering, v. 114, no. 4, p. 810-827

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Martin, E.H., 1988, Mixing and Residence Times of Stormwater Runoff in a Detention System, Urban Water Resources Research Council, ASCE, p. 165-179

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Martin, E.H., and Smoot, J.L, 1986, Assimilative Capabilities of Retention Ponds: U.S. Geological Survey, FHWA/DOT/BMR-303-86, April 1986. 75 p.

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Martin, Edward H., and Smoot, James L., 1986, Constituent-load changes in urban stormwater runoff routed through a detention-pond-wetlands system in central Florida:U.S.Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 85-4310, 74 p.

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Martin, J., 1989, Effects of Storm Runoff on Water Quality in the White River and Fall Creek, Indianapolis, Indiana, June through October 1986 and 1987: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4185.

Four continuous, flow-through water-quality monitors were installed upstream from, in, and downstream from Indianapolis on the White River and near the mouth of Fall Creek in Indianapolis to monitor water quality, especially dissolved oxygen, during periods of base flow and storm runoff. Streamflow, dissolved-oxygen concentration, specific conductance, pH, water temperature were measured at 15-minute intervals from June through October 1986 at the four sites and from June through October 1987 at two sites. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen ranged from 1.0 to 20.4 mg/L, specific conductance ranged from 161 to 1,400 microsiemens/centimeter at 25 C, pH ranged from 6.6 8.9, and temperature ranged from 9.8 to 30.4 C during the study period. Supersaturation of dissolved oxygen greater than 200% commonly occurred in the White River, but rarely exceeded 150% in Fall Creek. Photosynthesis caused the large fluctuations and supersaturation of dissolved oxygen, and indicates that the White River is more productive than Fall Creek. Water quality during base flow is the typical condition against which water quality during storm runoff is compared. A rapid increase in streamflow indicates the beginning of a period of storm runoff and is associated with a decrease in specific conductance and pH and, dissolved oxygen or temperature. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen often decreased during storm runoff, especially during the initial rise in the hydrograph. Storm runoff consistently diminished or eliminated daily cycles of dissolved oxygen. Minimum concentrations during 12 low dissolved-oxygen periods of storm runoff. Minimum concentrations during twelve low dissolved-oxygen periods ranged from 1.0 to 3.9 mg/L and had a median concentration of 2.8 mg/L. Durations of low dissolved-oxygen concentrations ranged from .75 to 83.75 hours and had median durations of five hrs. Minimum concentrations during five low dissolved-oxygen periods at Fall Creek ranged from 2.0 to 3.4 mg/L and had a median concentration of 2.7 mg/L. Duration of low dissolved-oxygen concentrations ranged from 1.75 to 33.75 hrs and had a median duration of 7 hrs.

Martin, J., 1994, Effects of Combined-Sewer Overflows and Urban Runoff on the Water Quality of Fall Creek, Indianapolis, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4066.

This report describes the effects of combined-sewer overflows (CSO's) and urban runoff on the water quality of Fall Creek during summer 1987 by comparing the water quality of base flow with that of storm runoff and by comparing water quality in the urbanized area with that in the less urbanized area upstream from the CSO's. Data were collected at three streamflow-gaging stations located upstream from, downstream from, and in the middle of 27 CSO's on Fall Creek. The most downstream station also was immediately downstream from the discharge of filter backwash from a water-treatment plant for public supply. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen measured at the station in the middle of the CSO's were less than the Indiana minimum ambient water-quality standard of 4.0 mg/L during all storms. Concentra- tions of ammonia, oxygen demand, copper, lead, zinc, and fecal coliform bacteria at the stations down- stream from the CSO's were much larger during runoff than during base flow. Increased concentrations of oxygen demand in storm runoff probably were caused by combined-sewer overflows, urban runoff, and the resuspension of organic material deposited on the streambed. Some of the increased concentrations of lead, zinc, and probably copper can be attributed to the discharge and resuspension of material back- washed from filters at the water-treatment plant.

Matthes, W.J. Jr., Quality-Assurance Plan for the Analyses of Fluvial Sediment by Laboratories of the U.S. Geological Survey

This report describes procedures used by the Iowa District sediment laboratory of the U.S. Geological Survey to assure the quality of sediment-laboratory data. These procedures can be used by other U.S. Geological Survey laboratories regardless of size and type of operation for quality assurance and quality control of specific sediment-laboratory process. Also described are the equipment, specifications, calibration and maintenance, and the protocol for methods used in the analyses of fluvial sediment for concentration or particle size.

Mattraw, H.C. Jr., and Miller, R.A., 1981, Stormwater quality processes for three land-use areas in Broward County, Florida:U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 81-23, 56 p.

Systematic collection and chemical analysis of stormwater runoff samples from three small urban areas in Broward County, Florida, were obtained between 1974 and 1977. Thirty or more runoff-constituent loads were computed for each of the homogeneous land-use areas. The areas sampled were single family residential, highway, and a commercial shopping center. Rainfall , runoff, and nutrient and metal analyses were stored in a data-management system. The data-management system permitted computation of loads, publication of basic-data reports and the interface of environmental and load information with a comprehensive statistical analysis system. Seven regression models relating water quality loads to characteristics of peak discharge, antecedent conditions, season, storm duration and rainfall intensity were constructed for each of the three sites. Total water-quality loads were computed for the collection period by summing loads for individual storms. Loads for unsampled storms were estimated by using regression models and records of storm precipitation. Loadings, pounds per day per acre of hydraulically effective impervious area, were computed for the three land-use types. Total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total residue loadings were highest in the residential area. Chemical oxygen demand and total lead loadings were highest in the commercial area. Loadings of atmospheric fallout on each watershed were estimated by bulk precipitation samples collected at the highway and commercial site.

Mattraw, H.C. Jr., and Sherwood C.B., 1977, Quality of Urban StormwaterRunoff from a residential area, Broward County, Florida. U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, Vol. 5, no. 6, pp 823-834.

Rainfall, runoff, and water-quality information were collected in a 19.2-hectare single-family residential area in Broward County, Fla., between April 1974 and September 1975. During this period, 231 rainfall periods were recorded; 106 were large enough to produce runoff, and 30 were sampled for chemical analyses. The fraction of rainfall that runs off is low, usually 5 to 10 percent. Several factors which combine to reduce runoff are the large area of pervious lawns (61 percent), the gentle slope of the area, and the use of grassy swales for routing storm water. Bulk precipitation (rainfall plus dry fallout) quality is good by comparison to that of other metropolitan areas. As a consequence of the low runoff and the low concentrations of the bulk precipitation, loads for this residential area are small. Estimated annual load for chemical oxygen demand was 22.5 kilograms per hectare; total residue, 85.3 kg/ha; total nitrogen, 1.48 kg/ha; and total phosphorus, 0.21 kg/ha.

McCarthy, K.A., 1996, Surface-Water Quality Assessment of the Clover Creek Basin, Pierce County, Washington, 1991-2: U.S. Geological Survey Water- Resources Investigations Report 95-4181, 113p.

Increasing urbanization in the 67-square-mile Clover Creek Basin has generated interest in the effects of land-use changes on local water quality. To investigate these effects, water-quality and streamflow data were collected from 19 surface-water sites in the basin over a 16-month period from January 1991 through April 1992. These data were used to understand the effects of surficial geology, land-use practices, and wastewater disposal practices on surface-water quality within the basin. The basin was divided into four drainage subbasins with dissimilar hydrogeologic, land-use, and water-quality characteristics. In the Upper Clover Creek subbasin, the high permeability of surficial geologic materials promotes infiltration of precipitation to ground water and thus attenuates the response of streams to rainfall. Significant interaction occurs between surface and ground water in this subbasin, and nitrate concentrations and specific conductance values, similar to those found historically in local ground water, indicate that sources such as subsurface waste-disposal systems and fertilizers are affecting surface- water quality in this area. In the Spanaway subbasin, the presence of Spanaway and Tule Lakes affects water quality, primarily because of the reduced velocity and long residence time of water in the lakes. Reduced water velocity and long residence times (1) cause settling of suspended materials, thereby reducing concentrations of suspended sediment and constituents that are bound to the sediment; (2) promote biological activity, which tends to trap nutrients in the lakes; and (3) allow dispersion to attenuate peaks in discharge and water-quality constituent concentrations. In the North Fork subbasin, the low permeability of surficial geologic materials and areas of intensive land development inhibit infiltration of precipitation and thus promote surface runoff to streams. Surface pathways provide little attenuation of storm runoff and result in rapid increases in stream discharge in response to rainfall. Substantial increases in concentrations of constituents associated with surface wash off, for example, suspended sediment, ammonia, phosphorus, and fecal coliform, also were observed in this subbasin during rainfall. In the Lower Clover Creek subbasin, which is the most downstream subbasin, stream-discharge and water-quality characteristics show the integrated effects of the entire basin. The data show that discharge from stormwater outfalls entering Clover Creek and its tributaries would be necessary to successfully apply a numerical water-quality model to the basin.

McCormack, H.F. Christensen, R.C. Stephens, D.W. Pyper, G.E. Weigel, J.F., Surface Water and Climatologic Data, Salt Lake County, Utah, Water Year 1981, With Selected Data for Water Years 1980 and 1982, USGS Open-File Report 83-694 1983. 586 p, 1 Fig, 6 Tab, 6 Ref.

Presented are water-discharge, water-quality, precipitation, and atmospheric-deposition data collected in Salt Lake County, Utah, during the 1981 water year. Also included are selected data collected during the 1980 water year that have not been previously published and selected data from the 1982 water year. Surface-water data consist of daily mean values of flow at 48 sites on natural streams, canals, and conduits. Water-quality data consist of chemical, biologic, and sediment analyses at 33 sites. Storm runoff data consist of 5- and 15-minute interval discharge data for selected storms at 36 sites. Precipitation data consist of daily totals at 22 sites. Storm-rainfall data consist of daily totals at 22 sites and 5- and 15-minute interval rainfall amounts of selected storms at 13 sites. Atmospheric-deposition data were cp;;ected at six sites. (USGS)

McFarland, J.A., Weiss, L.S., Chen, A.J., Lowry, D.R., Bouder, K.A., Caughron, W.R., and Hyatt, G.J., 1991, Water-Resources Activities of the U.S.Geological Survey, Mid-Atlantic Programs, 1987-91, U.S. Geological SurveyOpen-File Report 91-505, 154p.

The mission of the US Geological Survey's Water Resources Division is to provide the hydrologic information and understanding needed for the optimum use and management of the Nation's water resources for the overall benefit of the people of the United States. This report summarizes the Water Resources Division's activities in the Mid-Atlantic Programs from 1987 to 1991. The Mid-Atlantic Programs of the US Geological Survey's Water Resources Division includes the Sates of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia, and the District of Columbia. The water-resources activities of the Mid-Atlantic Programs are conducted from nine offices located in the four States. The activities consist of two elements: collection of long-term basic records concerning quantitative and qualitative data for streams, reservoirs, estuaries, and groundwater; and short-term interpretive investigations of specific water-resources problems. In addition to the introductory material describing the structure of the Mid-Atlantic Programs, information is presented on current projects, sites at which basic surface-water, water-quality, and groundwater data are collected, and reports on Mid-Atlantic Programs water resources published by the US Geological Survey and cooperating agencies.

McGreevy, L.J., Hyatt, G.J., and Cockey, E.J., 1986, Water Resources Activitiesof the U.S. Geological Survey Mid-Atlantic District 1984-1986, U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 86-490, 129p.

The Mid-Atlantic District of the U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division, includes the States of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia and the District of Columbia. The water resources program of the Mid-Atlantic District is conducted from offices located at seven sites in the three states. The program consists of two elements: Collection of basic records concerning quantitative and qualitative data for streams, reservoirs, estuaries, and groundwater; and interpretative investigations based on the water facts collected in the basic data activities. The organization and activities of the Mid-Atlantic District are described. Projects that were active during 1984, 1985, or 1986 are summarized with a listing of reports of results of water resources studies in the District that were approved between January 1980 and June 1986.

McKenzie, Donald J., and Irwin, G.A., 1983, Water quality assessment of stormwater runoff from a heavily used urban highway bridge in Miami, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 83-4153, 45 p.

Runoff from a heavily-traveled, 1.43-acre bridge section of Interstate-95 in Miami, Florida, was comprehensively monitored for both quality and quantity during five selected storms between November 1979 and May 1981. For most water-quality parameters, 6 to 11 samples were collected during each of the 5 runoff events. Concentrations of most parameters in the runoff were quite variable both during individual storm events and among the five storm events; however, the ranges in parameter concentration were about the same magnitude report for numerous other highway and urban drainages. Data were normalized to estimate the average, discharge-weighted parameter loads per storm per acre of bridge surface and results suggested that the most significant factor influencing stormwater loads was parameter concentration. Rainfall intensity and runoff volume, however, influenced rates of loading. The total number of antecedent dry days and traffic volume did not appear to be conspicously related to either runoff concentrations or loads.

McKenzie, Donald J., and Irwin, G.A., 1988, Effects of two stormwater management methods on the quality of water in the upper Biscayne aquifer at two commercial areas in Dade County, Florida:U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 88-4069, 22 p.

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McKenzie, S.W., and Miller, T.L., 1976, Basic Data on Urban Storm-Water Quality, Portland, Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 76-594, 71 p.

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Meador, M.R., Methods for Characterizing Stream Habitat as Part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program.

Stream habitat is characterized in the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program as part of an integrated physical, chemical, and biological assessment of the Nation's water-quality. The goal of stream habitat characterization is to relate habitat to other physical, chemical, and biological factors to describe water- quality conditions. To accomplish this goal, environmental settings are described at sites selected for water-quality assessment. In addition, spatial and temporal patterns in habitat are examined at local, regional, and national levels. Although habitat characterization is an important component of a number of Federal, State, and local water-quality assessment programs, no current set of habitat evaluation procedures meets the objectives of the habitat assessment component of the National Water- Quality Assessment Program. Evaluation of stream is based on a spatially hierarchical framework that incorporates habitat data at basin, segment, reach, and microhabitat scales. This framework provides a basis for national consistency in collection techniques while allowing flexibility in habitat assessment within individual study units. Procedures are described for collecting habitat data at basin and stream segment scales that include use of geographic information system data bases, maps, and aerial photographs. Data collected at the stream reach scale include more than 34 riparian and instream habitat charact- eristics evaluated during one-time site visits, and surveys of the channel and riparian area during repeated sampling.

Melching, C.S., and Coupe, R.H., 1995, Differences in Results of Analyses of Concurrent and Split Stream-Water Samples Collected and Analyzed by the U.S. Geological Survey and the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 1985-91: U.S. Geological Survay Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4141, 46 p.

During water years 1985-91, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) cooperated in the collection and analysis of concurrent and split stream-water samples from selected sites in Illinois. Concurrent samples were collected independently by field personnel from each agency at the same time and sent to the IEPA laboratory, whereas the split samples were collected by USGS field personnel and divided into aliquots that were sent to each agency's laboratory for analysis. The water-quality data from these programs were examined by means of the Wilcoxon signed ranks test to identify statistically significant differences between results of the USGS and IEPA analyses. The data sets for constituents and properties identified by the Wilcoxon test as having significant differences were further examined by use of the paired t-test, mean relative percentage difference, and scattergrams to determine if the differences were important. Of the 63 constituents and properties in the concurrent-sample analysis, differences in only 2 (pH and ammonia) were statistically significant and large enough to concern water-quality engineers and planners. Of the 27 constituents and properties in the split-sample analysis, differences in 9 (turbidity, dissolved potassium, ammonia, total phosphorus, dissolved aluminum, dissolved barium, dissolved iron, dissolved manganese, and dissolved nickel) were statistically significant and large enough to con- cern water-quality engineers and planners. The differences in concentration between pairs of the concurrent samples were compared to the precision of the laboratory or field method used. The differences in concentration between pairs of the concurrent samples were compared to the precision of the laboratory or field method used. The differences in concentration between paris of split samples were compared to the precision of the laboratory method used and the interlaboratory precision of measuring a given concentration or property. Consideration of method precision indicated that differences between concurrent samples were insignificant for all concentrations and properties except pH, and that differences between split samples were significant for all concentrations and properties. Consideration of interlaboratory precision indicated that the differences between the split samples were not unusually large. The results for the split samples illustrate the difficulty in obtaining comparable and accurate water-quality data.

Miller, Robert A., 1985, Percentage entrainment of constituent loads in runoff, South Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 84-4329,44 p.

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Miller, Robert A., Doyle, W. Harry, Jr., and Wilson, Larry D., 1979, Urban stormwater data management system with application to south Florida studies: U.S. Geol. Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 79-93 113 p.

A data management system was developed to store and retrieve urban stormwater data collected from four small urban basins in south Florida. The system is event oriented in that all data from one storm are stored together on the computer file. The data include descriptive information about the storm and data on rainfall, stage, discharge, and water quality. The data management system, composed of about 20 Fortran programs, was developed to store data, retrieve tables for publication, calculate flow discharges and constituent loads, and provide for interfacing with statistical and deterministic model application programs.

Miller, T.L., 1987, Appraisal of storm-water quality near Salem, Oregon:U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4064.

Stormwater runoff for the period December 1979 to May 1981, at 13 sites (12 basins) in the vicinity of Salem, Oregon, was sampled and analyzed for water quality. Constituent concentrations for urban storm water were relatively small when compared to samples from Portland and Medford, Oregon and to samples from Denver, Colorado. The data indicated that levels of suspended sediment, ultimate CBOD (carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand), and total lead increased with increased urbanization. Much of the suspended sediment and related turbidity result from transport of basin soils rather than from the wash-off of dry fallout solids from impervious areas. Because of small chemical concentrations and winter high flow and low temperature conditions in the Willamette River, Salem storm water probably has little effect on biological or on most chemical conditions in the Willamette River. An analysis of data from a stormwater detention pond (originally designed to reduce peak flows) indicated that the facility was about 47% efficient in reducing suspended sediment loads. The facility also reduced such sediment-related constituent loads as total lead and total phosphorus. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen and ultimate CBOD loads that are transported mostly in the dissolved phase were not measurably affected by the detention pond. Precipitation samples collected at one site for a year were found to be acidic, with a median pH of 4.6. Median total lead concentration was 8 micrograms/L (ug/L) in precipitation, whereas the median total lead concentration in runoff from the 12 basins ranged from 8 to 110 ug/L. The median dissolved ammonia concentration in precipitation was larger than the median dissolved ammonia concentration at all 13 sites. In contrast, the median total Kjeldahl nitrogen concentration in precipitation samples was about half the median for streamwater concentrations. Median ratios of sulfate to chloride and nitrate to chloride in precipitation were much higher than ratios expected for sea water, suggesting anthropogenic sources for sulfate and nitrate.

Mitton Greg and Payne Greg, 1997, (in press) Quantity and Quality of Runoff from selected guttered and unguttered Roadways in northeastern Ramsey county, Minnesota.

Five roadway sections in northeastern Ramsey County, Minnesota were monitered during 1993-95, to evaluate water quality and loading of constituents from roadway runoff. Two snowmelt-runoff and five rainfall-runoff events were monitered per year at each site. Additional samples of rainfall were analyzed to determine if rainfall was a direct source of constituent loading to road- way runoff. Roadway runoff samples were analyzed for selected physical properties, dissolved solids, nutrients,dissolved ions selected metals, and semi-volatile compounds.

Morgan, James, Moye, Thomas, Smeltzer, Reic, and Garrison, Virginia, 1984, Lake Morey Diagnostic-Feasibility Study 1980-1984, Vermont Dept. Of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Report

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Morrill, G.B.III., and Toler, L.G., 1973, Effect of Septic-Tank Wates on Quality of Water, Ipswich and Shawsheen River basins, Massachusetts: Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, v.1, no. 1, p. 117-120.

Many housing projects in the metropolitan area of Boston are beyond the reach of municipal sewer systems. Waste water disposed of through septic tank or cesspool systems percolates to ground-water reservoirs and eventually reaches the streams. The dissolved-solids load in the streams receiving septic-tank effluent is increased by an amount that can be predicted from the housing density. In the study area, highway deicing salts are the only materials other than septic-tank discharge that contribute to water-quality degradation. The effect of these salts on the relationship with housing density is eliminated by subtracting the specific conductance due to sodium chloride from the measured specific conductance of a water sample. The difference is called residual conductance and is proportional to the dissolved-solids content minus the concentration of sodium chloride.

Moss, M.E., Gilroy, E.J., Tasker, G.D., and Karlinger, M.R., 1982, Design of Surface-Water Data Networks for Regional Information: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2178, 33 p.

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Mullaney, J.R., and Grady, S.J., 1997, Hydrogeology and water quality of a surficial aquifer underlying an urban area, Manchester, Connecticut: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4195. 40 p.

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Mustard, M.H., Driver, N.E., Chyr, John, and Hansen, B.G., 1987, U.S. Geological Survey urban-stormwater data base of constituent storm loads; characteristics of rainfall, runoff, and antecedent conditions, and basin characteristics: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4036, 263 p.

A data base which consists of constituent storm loads, characteristics of rainfall, runoff, and antecedent conditions, and basin characteristics measured at most of the stations in the U.S. Geological Survey urban-stormwater data-collection network in metropolitan areas throughout the United States has been compiled. tables of these constituents storm loads and characteristics are presented in this report. The data base also is available on magnetic tape. The data represent 1,144 storms at 97 stations in 21 metropolitan areas. Storm loads for 18 constituents and 15 characteristics of rainfall, runoff, and antecedent conditions are reported. Twenty-eight selected basin characteristics also are reported, including 11 categories of land use.

Mustard, M.H., Ellis, S.R., and Gibbs, J.W., 1985, Runoff Characteristics and Washoff Loads from Rainfall-Simulation Experiments on a Street Surface and a Native Pasture in the Denver Metropolitan Area, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 84-820, 44 p.

Rainfall-runoff simulation studies were conducted in conjunction with the Denver Regional Urban Runoff Program to: (1) Compare runoff characteristics from two different intensities of simulated rainfall on street-surface plots, (2) document a first flush of constituent washoff loads in runoff from 1,000-sq-ft street-surface plots, (3) compare runoff characteristics from the street surface plots with those from a 69-acre urban mixed land use subjected to natural rainfall, (4) perform statistical analysis of washoff loads, and (5) compare quantity and quality of runoff from 400-sq-ft plots of native pasture subjected to simulated rainfall and from a 405-acre basin of native pasture subjected to natural rainfall. Experiments on the street surface showed that higher intensity simulated rainfall produced a higher percentage of runoff than lower intensity rainfall, and a first flush of constituent loads occurred for most constituents. The event mean constituent concentrations in the street-surface runoff from simulated storms were generally much smaller than those in the runoff from an adjacent urban basin. Simulated rainfall in small native pasture plots produced runoff-to-rainfall ratios similar to runoff-to-rainfall ratios from a larger native pasture subject to natural rainfall.

Niehus, C.A., (1997 in review), Characterization of stormwater runoff in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 1995-96: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-xxxx

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Norris, J.M., Hren,J., Myers, D., Chaney, T.H., and Childress, C.J.O., 1990 Water-quality data-collection activities in Colorado and Ohio: Phase III-- Evaluation of existing data for use in assessing regional water-quality conditions and trends: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-391, 63 p.

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Olimpio, J.C., Flynn, E.C., Tso, Sapling, and Steeves, P.A., 1991, Demonstrating GIS methods for assessing risk to water quality of public supply wells, Cape Cod, Massachusetts:U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4140.

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Oltmann, R.N., Guay, J.R., and Shay, J.M., 1987, Rainfall and runoff quantity and quality data collected at four urban land-use catchments in Fresno, California, October 1981- April 1983: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-718, 139 p.

Data were collected as part of the National Urban Runoff Program to characterize urban runoff in Fresno, California. Rainfall-runoff quantity and quality data are included along with atmospheric dry-deposition and street-surface particulate quality data. The data are presented in figures and tables that reflect four land uses: industrial, single-dwelling residential, multiple-dwelling residential, and commercial. A total of 255 storms were monitored for rainfall and runoff quantity. Runoff samples from 112 of these storms were analyzed for physical, organic, inorganic, and biological constituents. The majority of the remaining storms have pH and specific conductance data only. Ninety-two composite rain samples were collected. Of these, 63 were analyzed for physical, inorganic, and (or) organic constituents. The remaining rainfall samples have pH and specific conductance data only. Nineteen atmospheric deposition and 21 street-particulate samples were collected and analyzed for inorganic and organic constituents. The report also details equipment utilization and operation, and discusses data collection methods.

Oltmann, R.N., and Shulters, M.V., 1989, Rainfall and runoffquantity and quality characteristics of four urban-usecatchments in Fresno, California, October 1981 to April1983: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2335, 114 p.

Rainfall and runoff quantity and quality were monitored for industrial, single-dwelling residential, multiple-dwelling residential, and commercial land-use catchments in Fresno, California, during 1981-82 and 1982-83 rain seasons. Storm-composite rainfall and discrete runoff samples were analyzed for physical, inorganic, organic, and biological constituents. Atmospheric dry-deposition- and street-surface particulate samples also were collected and analyzed. Except for the industrial catchment, highest runoff concentrations for most constituents occurred during initial storm runoff and then decreased throughout the remainder of the storm; constituent concentrations for the industrial catchment fluctuated greatly. Statistical testing of runoff-quality data showed higher concentration for most constituents for the industrial catchment. Lead showed lower concentrations for the industrial catchment than for the other three catchments. Event mean concentration (EMC) for most constituents for all but the industrial catchment were highest for the first two or three storms of the rain season after which they became almost constant; the industrial constituent EMC 's generally did not show any pattern. The organophosphorus compounds, parathion, diazinon, and malathion were the most prevalent pesticides detected in rainfall. Other pesticides detected in rainfall included chlordane, lindane, methoxychlor, endosulfan, and 2 ,4-D. Of these, only methoxychlor and endosulfan were not consistently detected in the runoff.

Outlaw, G.S., Hoos, A.B., and Pankey, John T., 1994, Rainfall, streamflow, and water-quality data for five small watersheds,Nashville, Tennessee, 1990-92: U.S.Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-68, 43p.

Rainfall, streamflow, and water-quality data were collected furing storm conditions at five urban watersheds in Nashville, Tennessee. These data can be used to build a database for developing predictive models of the relations between storm- water quality and land use, storm characteristics, and seasonal variations. The primary land and mix of land uses was different for each watershed. Stormwater samples were collected during three storms at each watershed and analyzed for selected volatile, acidic and base/neutral organic compounds; organic pesticides; trace metals; conventional pollutants; and several physical properties. Storm loads were computed for all constituents and properties with event mean concentration above the minimum reporting level. None of the samples con- tained acidic organic compounds at concentrations above the minimum reporting levels. Several constituents in each of the other categories, however, were present at concentrations above the minimum reporting level. For 21 of these constituents, water-quality criteria have been pro- mulgated by the State of Tennessee. For only 8 of the 21 did the value exceed the most restrictive of the criteria: pyrene, dieldrin, and mercury concen- trations and counts of fecal coliform exceeded the criteria for recreational use, copper and zinc concentrations and pH value exceeded the criteria for fish and aquatic life, and lead concentrations exceeded the criteria for domestic supply.

Parker, J.T.C., Fossum, K.D., and Ingersoll, T.L., 1996, Chemical characteristics of urban stormwater sediments and implications for environmental management, Maricopa County, Arizona: American Geophysical Union 1996 Fall Meeting, Supplement to EOS, Transactions, v. 77, no., 46, November 12, 1996, abstract no. H31A-1, poster presentation, p. F241.

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Payne, G.A., Ayers, M.A., and Brown, R.G., 1982, Quality of runoff from small watersheds in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area, Minnesota--Hydrologic data for 1980: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-504, 289 p.

An investigation of nonpoint-source runoff from small watersheds in the Twin Cities metropolitan area was conducted to define relationships between land use, watershed characteristics, and the quantity, quality, and timing of runoff. Six rural and four urban watersheds ranging in size from 1.22 to 82.9 square miles were studied. Discharge and water-quality data were collected at 19 sites during 1980. Recording instruments and automatic samplers provided continuous discharge records at 17 sites, continuous rainfall records and automatic collection of samples at 12 sites, and wetfall/dryfall precipitation samples at six sites. Sampling was intensified during periods of increased runoff resulting from snowmelt and rainstorms. Primary emphasis was placed on analysis of samples for suspended solids, nutrients, and chemical oxygen demand. Samples were also analyzed for chloride, metals, bacteria, and pesticides. The data are documented in tables containing basin characteristics and land use, daily and unit values for discharge and rainfall, rainfall characteristics, water-quality data for runoff and precipitation, results of laboratory settling test, results of quality assurance tests, daily loads, and storm loads.

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Peart, D.B., and Thomas, N.A., 1984, Quality-assurance data for routine water analysis in the laboratories of the U.S. Geological Survey for Water-Year 1983: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4234, 112 p.

The U.S. Geological Survey maintains a quality-assurance program based on the analysis of reference samples for its two water-analysis laboratories located in Atlanta, Georgia, and Denver, Colorado. Reference samples containing inorganic constituents are prepared at the U.S. Geological Survey 's Ocala , Florida, office and disguised as routine samples, and sent daily to each laboratory through other U.S. Geological Survey offices. The results are permanently stored in the National Water Data Storage and Retrieval System (WATSTORE), the U.S. Geological Survey 's data base for all water data. These data are analyzed statistically for precision and bias. The results of these statistical analyses are presented for data collected during the 1983 water year. In addition, one sample containing known concentrations of trihalomethanes was analyzed in both laboratories, and these results also are presented

Peck M., and Garrett, J.W., 1992, Quality of surface and ground water in the White Creek and Mossy Creek watersheds, White County, Georgia, 1992-93: U.S, Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-540, 31 p.

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Persky, J.H., 1986, The relation of ground-water quality to housing density, Cape Cod Massachusetts, U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4093, 28 p.

Correlation of median nitrate concentration in groundwater with housing density for 18 sample areas on Cape Cod yields a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.802, which is significant at the 95 % confidence level. In five of nine sample areas where housing density is greater than one unit/acre, nitrate concentrations exceed 5 mg of nitrate/L (the Barnstable County planning goal for nitrate) in 25% of wells. Nitrate concentrations exceed 5 mg of nitrogen/L in 25% of wells in only one of nine sample areas where housing density is less than one unit/acre. Median concentrations of sodium and iron, and median levels of pH and specific conductance, are not significantly correlated with housing density. A computer generated map of nitrate shows a positive relation between nitrate concentration and housing density on Cape Cod. However, the presence of septage- or sewage-disposal sites and fertilizer use are also important factors that affect the nitrate concentration. A map of specific conductance also shows a positive relation to housing density, but little or no relation between housing density and sodium, ammonia, pH, or iron is apparent on the maps. Chemical analyses of samples collected from 3,468 private- and public-supply wells between January 1980 and June 1984 were used to examine the extent to which housing density determines water quality on Cape Cod, an area largely unsewered and underlain by a sole source aquifer.

Peters, N.E., Evaluation of Environmental Factors Affecting Yields of Major Dis-solved Ions of Streams in the United States

The seven major dissolved ions in streams--sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride, sulfate, and bicarbonate--and their sum dissolved solids from 56 basins in the conterminous United States and Hawaii were correlated with bedrock type, annual precipitation, population density, and average stream temperature of their respective basins through multiple-linear-regression equations to predict annual yields. The study was restricted to basins underlain by limestone, sandstone, or crystalline rock. Depending on the constituent, yields ranged from about 10 to 100,000 kilograms per square kilometer. Predicted yields were within 1 order of magnitude of measured yields. The most important factor in yield prediction was annual precipitation, which accounted for 58 to 71 percent of all yields. Rock type was second in importance. Yields of magnesium, calcium, bicarbonate, and dissolved solids from limestone basins were 4 to 10 times larger than those from sandstone or crystalline basins as a result of carbonate weathering. Population density was an ineffective indicator of all constituents except sodium and chloride; it accounted for 13 percent of the annual chloride yield. Average stream temperature was significant only for calcium and bicarbonate in limestone basins. Its relationship with yields was consistently negative. Either carbonate dissolution increases at low temperatures, or weathering in northern basins, which contain glacial deposits and have the lowest stream temperatures, is greater than in southern basins. Average ion contributions from atmospheric deposition accounted for 30 percent of the sodium and chloride and 60 percent of the sulfate in annual yields. The amount of sulfate derived from atmospheric contributions was higher in sandstone and crystalline basins (65 and 80 percent, respectively) than limestone basins (38 percent). This disparity is attributed to the lack of available sulfate in crystalline rock and the chemical precipitation of sulfate in the sandstone basins, most of which are in semi-arid or arid areas.

Peters, N.E., and Reese, R.S., 1995, Variations of weekly atmospheric deposition for multiple collectors at a site on the shore of Lake Okeechobee, Florida: Atmospheric Environment, vol. 29, no.2, p. 179-187.

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Phelps, G.G., and German, E.R., 1995, Water budgets, water quality, and analysis of nutrient loading of the Winter Park Chain of Lakes, central Florida, 1989-92:U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 95-4108, 96 p.

The Winter Park chain of lakes (Lakes Maitland, Virginia, Osceola, and Mizell) has a combined area of about 900 acres, an immediate drainage area of about 3,100 acres, and mean depths ranging from 11 to 15 feet. The lakes are an important recreational resource for the surrounding communities, but there is concern about the possible effects of stormwater runoff and seepage of nutrient-enriched ground water on the quality of water in the lakes. The lakes receive water from several sources: rainfall on lake surfaces, inflow from other surface-water bodies, stormflow that enters the lakes through storm drains or by direct runoff from land adjacent to the lakes and ground-water seepage. Water leaves the lakes by evaporation, surface outflow, and ground-water outflow. Of the three, only surface outflow can be measured directly. Rainfall, surface inflow and outflow, and lake-stage data were collected from October 1, 1989, to September 30, 1992. Stormflow, evaporation and ground-water inflow and outflow were estimated for the 3 years of the study. Ground-water outflow was calculated by evaluating the rate of lake-stage decline during dry periods. Estimated ground-water outflow was compared to downward leakage rates estimated by ground-water flow models. Lateral ground-water inflow from surficial sediments was calculated as the residual of the flow budget. Flow budgets were calculated for the 3 years of the study. In water year 1992 (a year with about average rainfall), inflow consisted of rainfall, 48 inches; stormflow, 15 inches; surface inflow, 67 inches; and ground water, 40 inches. The calculated outflows were evaporation, 47 inches; surface outflow, 90 inches; and ground water, 33 inches. Water-quality data also were used to calculate nutrient budgets for the lakes. Bimonthly water samples were collected from the lakes and at surface inflow and outflow sites, and were analyzed for physical characteristics, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, major ions, the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus, and chlorophyll (collected at lake sites only). Specific conductance ranged from about 190 to 230 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius in Lakes Maitland, Virginia and Osceola and from about 226 to 260 microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius in Lake Mizell. The median concentrations of total ammonia-plus-organic nitrogen in all the lakes ranged from 0.79 to 0.99 milligrams per liter. Median total phosphorus concentrations ranged from less than 0.02 to 0.20 milligrams per liter. Stormwater samples were collected for 17 storms at one storm-drain site and 16 storms at another storm-drain site on Lake Osceola. Median total nitrogen concentrations at the sites were 2.23 and 3.06 milligrams per liter and median total phosphorus concentrations were 0.34 and 0.40 milligrams per liter. The water quality in the Winter Park lakes generally is fair to good, based on a trophic-state index used by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection for assessing the tropic state of Florida lakes. This index was determined from median total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chlorophyll-a concentrations, and median Secchi-disk transparency for all lakes for the period September 1989 to June 1992. Based on a one-time sampling of 20 sites around the lakes, surficial ground-water quality is highly variable. Nutrient concentrations were highly variable and could not be correlated to the proximity of septic tanks. Fertilizer probably is the primary source of nutrients in the surficial ground water. Nutrient budgets were calculated for the lakes for the 3 years of the study. The most variable source of nutrient loading to the lakes is stormwater. Nutrient-loading modeling indicates that reduction of nutrients in stormflow probably would improve lake-water quality. However, even with complete removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from stormwater, the lakes might still be mesotrophic with respect to both nutrients during periods of below average rainfall because of the input from the other sources of inflow to the lakes. Littoral vegetation in the lakes was surveyed in March 1992. The length of shoreline containing vegetation was 44 percent in Lake Maitland, 62 percent in Lake Virginia, 46 percent in Lake Osceola, and 76 percent in Lake Mizell. The types of vegetation present generally were similar for all four lakes.

Pollock, S.J., 1984, Effectiveness of highway-drainage systems in preventing salt contamination of ground water, Route 25 from Wareham to the Cape Cod Canal, Massachusetts. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 84-4166, 22 pp.

A study to determine the relative effectiveness of specially designed highway drainage features in preventing salt contamination of ground water was designed to compare four different drainage designs along a new highway in Massachusetts. At the control site, no attempt will be made to prevent salt from entering the ground. At the other three sites, different combinations of drains and impermeable berms have been designed to prevent salt contamination of ground water. To evaluate the effectiveness of the drainage designs, a salt balance will be prepared at each site over 5 years of highway use. The amount of salt applied to the highway will be compared to the amounts in the ground water or diverted to the drainage systems. Salt loads in ground water will be determined from sodium and chloride concentrations in water from about 80 wells and from aquifer porosity estimated from geophysical logs and lithologic samples. Salt loads in the drainage systems will be estimated from flow and specific conductance with the use of stage-to-discharge and conductance-to-concentrations rating curves.

Pomes, M.L., and Thurman, E.M., 1991, Comparison of microtitre-plate immunoassay (ELISA) and gas chromatogtraphy/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for analysis of herbicides in storm runoff samples [abs.]: Proceedings of 8th Annual Water and Future of Kansas--Water in Conflict, March 4-5, 1991, p. 43.

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Pomes, M.L., Thurman, E.M., and Goolsby, D.A., 1991, Comparison of microtitre-plate, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for analysis of herbicides in storm-runoff samples, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., compilers, Abstracts of the Technical Meeting, U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, Monterey, Calif., March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-88, p. 108.

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Pomes, M.L., Thurman, E.M., and Goolsby, D.A., 1991, Comparison of microtitre-plate, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for analysis of herbicides in storm-runoff samples, in Mallard, G.E., and Aronson, D.A., eds., U.S. Geological Survey Toxic Substances Hydrology Program--Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Monterey, Calif., March 11-15, 1991: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4034, p. 572-575.

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Pope, L.M., 1995, Atrazine in surface water and relation to hydrologic conditions within the Delaware River Basin Pesticide Management Area, northeast Kansas, July 1992 through December 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-196-95, 4 p.

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Pritt, J.W., and Raese, J.W., 1995, Quality assurance/quality control manual--National water quality laboratory: U.S. Geological Surve Open-File Report 95-443, 35 p.

Quality-control practices are established for the operation of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Laboratory. These practices specify how samples are preserved, shipped, and analyzed in theLaboratory. This manual documents the practices that are currently (1995) used in the Laboratory.

Prych, E.A., 1994, Data and statistical summaries of background concentrations of metals in soils and streambed sediments in part of Big Soos Creek drainage Basin, King County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water- Resource Investigations Report 94-4047, 81 p.

Twenty-nine soil samples from 14 holes at 9 sites in part of the Big Soos Creek drainage basin in southwest King County, Washington, were collected and analyzed to obtain data on the magnitude and variability of background concentrations of metals in soils. Seven streambed-sediment samples and three streamwater samples from three sites also were collected and analyzed. These data are needed by regulating government agencies to determine if soils at sites of suspected contamination have elevated concentrations of metals, and to evaluate the effectiveness of remediation at sites with known contamination. Concentrations of 43 metals were determined by a total method, and concentrations of 17 metals were determined by a total-recoverable method and two different leaching methods. Metals analyzed for by all methods included most of those on the U.S. Environmental Protection agency list of priority pollutants, plus alluminum, iron, and manganese. Ranges of concentrations of metals determined by the total method are within ranges found by others for the conterminous United States. Concentrations of mercury, manganese, phosphorus, lead, selenium, antimony, and zinc as determined by the total method, and of some of these plus other metals as determined by the other methods were larger in shallow soil (less than 12 inches deep) than in deep soil (greater than 12 inches). Concentrations of metals in streambed sediments were more typical of shallow than deep soils.

Prych, E.A.,1995, Data on quantity and quality of water flowing in drainage systems of dry docks at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Washington, 1994 U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-361, 58 p.

Ground-water discharges into dry docks no. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 of Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, Washington equalled 0.07, 0.30, 0.29, 0.61, 1.18 and 6.2 cubic feet per second during one set of measurements in the summer of 1994. Total drainage-water discharges from the dry docks equalled 0.07, 0.30, 0.33, 0.61, 1.36 and 11.7 cubic feet per second. Differences between the two sets of discharges were cofferdam and floodgate leakages into the dry docks, and in dry dock no. 6, cooling- water discharge from a ship in dry dock. Concen- trations of total copper and total lead at 36 sampling sites in the drainage systems ranged from less than 1 to 71 micrograms per liter and less than 1 to 44 micrograms per liter, respectively. Concen- trations of all 43 semi-volatile organic compounds analyzed for in samples from 19 sites were less than the laboratory minimum reporting level (5 or 10 micrograms per liter). Trichloroethene and at least three other volatile organic compounds were found at concentrations greater than 0.2 micrograms per liter in samples from all eight sites that were analyzed for 63 volatile organic compounds.

Prych, E.A., and Brenner R.N., 1983, Effects of land use on discharge and water quality in Newaukum Creek basin, King County, Washington: Summary Report, Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle, 62 p.

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Prych, E.A., and Ebbert J.C., 1986,Quantity and quality of storm runoff from three urban catchments in Bellevue, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Water- Resource Investigations Report 86-4000, 85 p.

Data on the quantity and quality of urban runoff were collected, analyzed, and used to evaluate the effects of street sweeping and of stormwater detention on quality of runoff. The data included rainfall, runoff discharge, concentrations of selected constituents in discrete samples of runoff, and chemical characteristics of wet- and dry atmospheric deposition. Statistical analyses of runoff loads and of discharge-weighted constituent concentrations in runoff for about 25 different storms showed that, for most constituents, street sweeping had little effect on water quality. One reason is that much of the suspended material in runoff consisted of silt- and clay-size particles, the size classes least affected by street sweeping. That data also show that rainfall is often the source of one-third of the total nitrogen in stormwater runoff. Comparison of discharge-weighted average concentrations of the inflow and outflow of a stormwater detention system for four to seven storms indicated that the detention system did not have a large effect on the average concentrations of constituents in runoff. Regression equations for predicting runoff volumes and peak discharges for individual storms were derived separately for each catchment using data from nearly all storms. Standard errors of estimate for these storms were 21-28% for runoff volume and 22-40% for peak discharge.

Puckett, L.J., 1994, Nonpoint and Point Sources of Nitrogen in Major Watersheds of the United States: Based on U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 94-4001, 6 p.

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Pudar, R.S., and Petri, B.L., (in review), Urban stormwater quality and estimates of stormwater pollutant loads, San Antonio metropolitan area, Texas, 1992-93: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report.

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Pyper, G.E. Christensen, R.C. Stephens, D.W. McCormack, H.F. Conroy, L.S., Surface-Water and Climatological Data, Salt Lake County, Utah, Water Year 1980, Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-1111 1981. 167 p, 1 Plate, 3 Tab, 3 Ref.

This report presents streamflow, water-quality, precipitation, and storm-runoff data collected in Salt Lake County, Utah, during the 1980 water year and certain water-quality data for the 1979 water year which were included for comparative purposes. Surface-water data consist of daily mean values of flow at 33 sites on natural streams, canals, and conduits. Water-quality data consist of chemical, biologic, and sediment analyses at 30 sites. Precipitation data consist of daily and monthly total at nine sites. Storm-runoff data consist of 5 and 15-minute interval discharge data for storms of July 1-2, August 19, and August 25, 1980, for most surface-water sites. (USGS)

Reed, L.A., 1978., Effectiveness of Sediment-Control Techniques used During Highway Construction in Central Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water- Supply Paper-2054, 57 p.

A different method for controlling erosion and sediment transport during highway construction was used in each of three adjacent drainage basins in central Pennsylvania. In one basin three offstream ponds were constructed to intercept runoff from the construction area before it reached the stream. In another a large onstream pond was constructed on the main stream below the construction area. The offstream ponds trapped 60 percent of the sediment that reached there. The onstream pond trapped about 60 percent of the sediment that reached there. The onstream pond trapped about 80 percent of the sediment that reached it; however, it kept the stream turbid for long periods after storms. In the third basin seeding and mulching reduced sediment loads about 20 percent during construction, and small rock dams reduced sediment loads about 5 percent.

Reed, L.A., 1980, Suspended-Sediment Discharge, in Five Streams Near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Before, During, and After Highway Construction: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2072, 37 p.

Rainfall, streamflow, sediment, and turbidity data were collected as part of a study to evaluate the effects of highway construction on suspended-sediment discharges in stream near Harrisburg, PA. The study was also designed to evaluate the effectiveness of different erosion-control measures in reducing sediment discharge. Although highway construction increased suspended-sediment discharges from two to four-fold, the rate of sediment discharge quickly returned to pre-construction levels when construction ended. The most effective sediment control evaluated was offstream ponds, which were designed to trap and store sediment laden water from the construction area. The offstream ponds trapped about 70 perent of the sediment that reached them during most storms. Seeding and mulching generally reduced sediment loads about 20 percent. Rock dams and bales reduced loads about 5 percent. An onstream pond, constructed on a large stream below the construction area, reduced sediment loads about 80 percent. However, unlike the offstream ponds, which stopped discharging runoff water soon after precipitation ended, the onstream pond kept discharging runoff water, and the stream below the pond remained turbid for extend periods.

Reed, L.A., Durlin, R.R., and Bender, J.K., 1994, Water and sediment budgets for the stormwater-drainage channel at the Navy Ships Parts Control Center near Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, water year 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water- Resources Investigations Report 94-4059, 57 p.

The Navy Ships Parts Control Center near Mechanicsburg, Pa., occupies an area of 824 acres, of which 358 are covered by impervious surfaces. Most of the impervious area is drained by storm- water systems that discharge to an open channel that extends about 7,900 feet from its head- waters to its confluence with Trindle Spring Run. The channel drains an area of 992 acres, of which 435 are covered by impervious surfaces. The entire area of the Center including the stormwater-drainage channel is situated on limestone terrane. Parts of the drainage channel contain large sinkholes and much of the storm runoff that enters the channel flows into the sinkholes. From October 1, 1992 to September 30, 1993, the data-collection period for the study, discharge and suspended-sediment concentrations were measured at three sites along the drainage channel. During the period, water inflow to the channel totaled 679 acre-feet and outflow to Trindle Spring Run totaled 131 acre-feet. Water entering sinkholes in the drainage channel totaled 548 acre-feet or 81 percent of inflow. Total sediment inflow to the drainage channel was 97 tons, outflow to Trindle Spring Run was 22 tons, sediment entering sinkholes was 63 tons, and the residual 12 tons of sediment was deposited in the channel. The effect of filling the sinkholes on flooding was estimated by use of a step-backwater model. This model was used to simulate water- surface elevations resulting from the maximum stormwater discharge observed during the data- collection period. The model analysis indicates that during high flows, inflow to sinkholes results in a moderate reduction in discharge and water-surface elevations in the drainage channel. Thus, filling the sinkholes probably will result in increased frequency and magnitude of flooding in downstream parts of the drainage channel.

Reed, L.A, Ward, J.R., and Wetzel, K.L., 1985. Calculating Sediment Discharge from a Highway Construction Site in Central Pennsylvania:USGS Water- Resources Investigations Report 83-4216 12 p.

Two methods used by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation to compute the quantity of sediment discharged from an area of highway construction--the Universal Soil Loss Equation and the Younkin Sediment Prediction Equation--were evaluated. Data used in the analysis included the total rainfall , kinetic energy, and the erosive index (EI) of the precipitation, and highway construction data including the area disturbed by clearing and grubbing, the area in cuts and fills, the average depth of cuts and fills, the area seeded and mulched , and the area paved. Sediment yields, calculated using the two equations, were compared to the actual measured values, and standard errors of estimate and coefficients of correlation were calculated. Using the USLE, the standard error of estimate was 0.40, (about 105 percent), and the coefficient of correlation was 0.79. Using the Younkin Equation, the standard error of estimate was 0.42 (about 110 percent), and the coefficient of correlation was 0.77.

Rice, K.C., Kennedy, M.M., Bricker, O.P., and Donnelly, C.A., 1993, Data on the Quantity and Chemical Quality of Precipitation, Catoctin Mountain, North-Central Maryland, 1982-91, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-169, 46p.

This report presents data on the quantity and chemical quality of precipitation collected by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from the USGS precipitation-collection station at Catoctin Mountain, in Cunningham Falls State Park, near Thurmont, Maryland, from January 1982 through December 1991. Data on the quantity of precipitation are presented as daily, monthly, and annual totals of precipitation, in inches. Data on the chemical quality of precipitation are presented in tables as concentrations, in microequivalents/L. Data on the quantity and chemical quality of precipitation and statistical information about the data are summarized in tables. Data for annual precipitation-weighted mean concentrations of constituents in precipitation are summarized in tables. Annual precipitation-weighted mean concentrations of selected constituents are illustrated in graphs.

Rinella, J.F., and McKenzie, S., 1982, Method for relating suspended-chemical concentrations to suspended sediment particle-size classes in storm-water runoff: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 83-39.

A method has been developed to relate suspended-chemical concentrations (associated with suspended sediments) in storm-water runoff to suspended-sediment particle-size classes. These classes are based on settling velocities in quiescent native water. This method requires processing 20 liters of water having a suspended-sediment concentration greater than 500 milligrams per liter. However, samples with suspended-sediment concentrations as low as 250 milligrams per liter may be analyzed, if sample volumes are increased to 50 liters. The time required for one person to separate suspended sediments into particle-size classes ranges from 6 to 14 hours. This report outlines procedures for processing metal, nutrient, and organic samples.

Rittmaster, R.L., and Shanley, J.B., 1995, Factors affecting water quality and net flux of solutes in two stream basins in the Quabbin Reservoir drainage basin, central Massachusetts,1983-85: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4003, 66 p.

The factors that affect stream-water quality were studied at West Branch Swift River (Swift River), and East Branch Fever Brook (Fever Brook), two forested watersheds that drain into the Quabbin Reservoir, central Massachusetts, from December 1983 through August 1985. Spatial and temporal variations of chemistry of precipitation, surface water; and ground water and the linkages between chemical changes and hydrologic processes were used to identify the mechanisms that control stream chemistry. Precipitation chemistry was dominated by hydrogen ion (composite p.H 4.23), sulfate, and nitrate. Inputs of hydrogen and nitrate from pre- cipitation were almost entirely retained in the basins, whereas input of sulfate was approximately balanced by export by streamflow draining the basins. Both streams were poorly buffered, with mean pH near 5.7, mean alkalinity less than 30 microequivalents per liter, and sulfate concen- trations greater than 130 microequivalents per liter. Sodium and chloride, derived primarily from highway deicing salts, were the dominant solutes at Fever Brook. After adjustments for deicing salts, fluxes of base cations during the 21-month study were 2,014 and 1,429 equivalents per hectare in Swift River and Fever Brook, respectively. Base cation fluxes were controlled primarily by weathering of hornblende (Fever Brook) and plagioclase (Swift River). The overall weathering rate was greater in the Swift River Basin because easily weathered gabbro underlies one subbasin which comprises 11.2 percent of the total basin area but contributed about 77 percent of the total alkalinity. Alkalinity export was nearly equal in the two basins, however, because some alkalinity was generated in wetlands in the Fever Brook Basin through bacterial sulfate reduction coupled with organic-carbon oxidation.

Robinson, J.B., Hazell, W.F., and Garrett, R.G., Precipitation, streamflow, and water-quality data from selected sites in the City of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, 1993-95: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-150, 136 p.

Precipitation and hydrologic data were collected at 28 precipitation sites and 8 stream sites in the city of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County from October 1993 through June 1995 to identify the type, concentration, and amount of nonpoint-source stormwater runoff within the area. The data collected include measurements of precipitation; streamflow; physical character-istics, such as water temperature, pH, specific conductance, biochemical oxygen demand, oil and grease, and suspended sediment concentrations; and concentrations of nutrients, metals and minor constituents, and organic compounds. These data should provide valuable information needed for (1) planned watershed simulation models, (2) early warning of possible flooding, (3) estimates of nonpoint-source constituent loadings to the Catawba River, and (4) characterization of water quality in relation to basin conditions.

Rodriguez, J.M., 1996, Characterization of stormwater discharges at the San Isidro Industrial Park, Canovanas, Puerto Rico: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-348, 17 p.

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Sanders Jr., C.L., 1987, Floodflow characteristics of Filbin Creek for pre- and post-construction conditions, 1986, at North Charleston, South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4157.

A study to determine the effect of the construction of a shopping and business center, and of the construction and improvement of several highways on floodflow in the Filbin Creek drainage basin near North Charleston, South Carolina was performed. Discharge hydrographs were synthesized using computerized U.S. Soil Conservation Service unit hydrograph methods and routed using reservoir, step backwater, and culvert flow programs. Construction of the shopping and business center, according to plans of July 1986, will raise the water surface elevations upstream of Interstate Highway 26 by about 2.0 ft for runoff from 100-yr rainfall. Structures at Seaboard Railroad downstream of U.S. Highway 52, U.S. Highway 52, and Virginia Avenue would cause about 2.0, 2.6, and 4.1 ft of backwater, respectively.

Sauer, V.B., and Meyer, R.W., 1992, Determination of Error in Individual Discharge Measurements: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 92-144.

The uncertainty, or standard error, for individual measurements of stream discharge is computed based on a root-mean-square error analysis of the individual component errors. The component errors include errors in the measurement of width, depth, and velocity, and in computation procedures. This analysis can be used to evaluate the uncertainty for most discharge measurements made with the vertical axis, cup-type current meter. The procedures do not apply to other types of current meters or other methods such as dilution gaging or ultrasonic methods. The study indicates that standard errors for individual discharge measurements can range from about 2 percent under ideal conditions to about 20 percent when conditions are poor and shortcut methods are used. Most measurements will have standard errors ranging from about 3 percent to 6 percent. Some conditions, such as wind, ice, boundary effects, flow obstructions, improper equipment, as well as incorrect measuring procedures and carelessness, can result in larger errors than indicated by the error analysis. A computer program is available for making the error computations.

Sayok, A.K., and Chang, M., 1990, Hydrological Responses to Urbanization in Forested LaNana Creek Watershed, Nacogdoches, Texas: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Hydrology and Caribbean water resources.

Twenty-year (1965-84) USGS streamflow records for LaNana Creek in East Texas were broken down into 2 periods, an early period (1965-72) with little development, and a recent period (1973-84) with rapid urban development. A mass curve generated by plotting accumulated annual streamflow against accumulated annual precipitation revealed a significant difference in annual streamflow between these two periods. Simple statistics showed that the average annual streamflow of the recent period was 143 mm higher than that of the early period and was not totally attributable to differences in precipitation and temperature. Using a hydroclimatic calibration model for the early period, LaNana Creek streamflow was estimated to have increased 85.2 mm/year due to urbanization. Median daily flow was 0.07 cms for the early period versus 0.20 cms for the recent period. The recent period had a greater frequency of high flows, a smaller frequency of low flows and the monthly and annual maximum daily streamflows were greater. If storm characteristics were similar, peak flow is higher and direct runoff is greater in the recent period. The effects of urbanization on streamflow regimes in LaNana Creek were influenced by the short distance of the urbanized area to the gaging station, the sandy soils, and the destruction of forest environment. There were no significant changes in climatic conditions during the 20-year period.

Schaap, B.D., 1995, Urban stormwater runoff study at Davenport, Iowa: U.S.Geological Survey Fact Sheet 177-95, 2 p.

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Schaap, B.D., and Einhellig, R.F., 1995, Water quality of stormwater runoff from Davenport, Iowa, 1992 and 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-759, 46 p.

The Water Quality Act of 1987 required the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to regulate stormwater discharges under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System program, and guidelines for obtaining permits under this program were established for areas served by municipal separate storm sewer systems with populations greater than 100,000 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992a, 1992b). The City of Davenport, Iowa, and the U.S. Geological Survey cooperatively conducted a study designed to meet technical conditions of the permit application and to develop criteria for ongoing monitoring during the term of the permit. During 1992 and 1994, stormwater runoff in Davenport, Iowa, was sampled from the following land use types: agricultural and vacant, residential, commercial, parks and wooded areas, and industrial. Grab samples collected within the first hour of the runoff event were analyzed for many constituents including volatile organic compounds. Flow-weighted composite samples, composed from discrete samples collected at 15-minute intervals during the first three hours of the event or until discharge returned to pre-event levels, also were analyzed for many constituents including major ions, nitrogen, phosphorus, metals, total organic carbon, acid/base-neutral organics, organochlorine pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Schaap, B.D., and Lucey, K.J., 1994, Selected nutrients in stormwater runoff from Davenport, Iowa, 1992: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4130, 29 p.

Flow-weighted composite samples of stormwater runoff from areas of different land use in Davenport, Iowa, were collected in the summer and fall of 1992 and analyzed for selected nutrients. Annual constituent loads were estimated for the area drained by the Davenport storm-sewer network. In all cases, the regression-equation estimate of mean annual load isless than the estimate obtained by using the method of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The largest mean annual loads for total nitrite nitrogen, total nitrate nitrogen, total nitrite and nitrate nitrogen, total organic nitrogen, total ammonia and organic nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus are associated with residential land, which covers 67.2 percent of the area drained. Using concentration data from this study, it is estimated that an average storm-producing runoff during the 7-day, 10-year low-flow discharge of the Mississippi River would contribute about 4 percent of the total ammonia and organic nitrogen load in the river. Precipitation-chemistry data indicate that substantial parts of the nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen contained in the stormwater runoff could be from precipitation.

Schalk, G.K., 1994, Quantity and Quality of Base Flow and Stormwater Runoff in Independence, Missouri--October 1991 to February 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 93-495, 69 p.

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Schiffer, D.M., 1988, Effects of Pretreatment of Highway Runoff on Quality of Wetland Bed Sediments Coastal Water Resources. Proceedings of a Symposium held in Wilmington, North Carolina. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda Maryland. 1988. p 293-298.

A study of lead and zinc in bed sediments of two wetlands in central Florida indicates that providing a detention time of 5 to 15 minutes prior to discharging the runoff to the wetland greatly reduces concentrations of these metals in wetland sediments. Preliminary treatment of runoff to a cyprus dome is effected by a detention pond whereas as trash retainer area provides little or no pretreatment of runoff to a freshwater marsh. At the cypress dome site, the median lead concentrations were 620 microg/g in pond sediments, and 20 microg/g in wetland sediments (ratio of about 31:1); median zinc concentrations were 250 microg/g in pond sediments; and 14 microg/g in wetland sediments (ratio of about 18:1). Constituent concentrations in pond bed sediments were highest on the east side, where water overflows a berm into the wetland, concentrations did not differ significantly with location. Median concentrations in bed sediments in the freshwater marsh were much higher than in the detention pond at the cyprus dome site. Median concentrations in sediments in the freshwater marsh were: lead, 390 microg/g; and zinc, 175 microg/g; these concentrations, when compared to those of the cyprus dome, yielded ratios of about 20:1, and 12:1, respectively. Constituent concentrations in bed sediments generally decreased with distance from the inlet of the freshwater marsh and were lowest at the outlet.

Schiffer, D.M., 1989, Effects of highway runoff on the quality of water and bed sediments of two wetlands in central Florida:U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 88-4200, 63 p.

Results of a study of the effects of highway runoff on the chemical quality of water and bed sediments of a cypress wetlands and a freshwater marsh in central Florida indicate that detention of the runoff prior to release into the wetland reduces concentrations of automobile-related chemicals in the water and bed sediments in the wetland. Detention of highway runoff for the cypress wetland occurs in a 68-ft by 139-ft detention pond, and in a 12-ft by 25 ft trash retainer for the freshwater marsh. The analysis of the chemical data for water and bed sediments indicates that many of the observed differences in chemistry are due to the difference in detention facilities. Water quality generally improved from the inlet to the outlet of both wetlands. Only inlet and outlet data were collected at the cypress wetland, and these showed a reduction in concentrations through the wetland. Spatial data collected at the freshwater marsh indicated that constituent concentrations in water generally decreased with distance from the inlet. Results of analysis of variance of grouped data for 40 water quality variables at the freshwater marsh inferred that 26 of the 40 variables tested were significantly different among five general locations within the wetland: inlet, outlet, near, intermediate, and far sites (with respect to the inlet). Results from this study indicate that detention structures, larger than the trash retainer at the freshwater marsh, may cause sufficient sorption and settling of substances contained in highway runoff to minimize the transport and deposition of some undesirable chemicals into wetlands.

Schiffer,D.M.,1989,Effects of three Highway runoff detention methods on the quality of the surficial Aquifer System in central Florida, USGS Water Resources Investigation Report p 88-4170.

Water quality of the surficial aquifer system in central Florida was evaluated at one exfiltration pipe, two ponds (detention and retention), and two swales in central Florida, representing three runoff-detention methods, to detect any effect from infiltrating highway runoff. Concentrations of major ions, metals, and nutrients in groundwater and bottom sediments were measured from 1984 through 1986. At each study area, constituent concentrations in groundwater near the structure were compared to concentrations in groundwater from an upgradient control site. Groundwater quality data were also pooled by detention method and statistically compared to detect any significant differences between methods. Significantly greater mean phosphorus concentrations in groundwater near the exfiltration pipe than those in the control well was the only evidence of increasing constituent concentrations in groundwater near structures. The quality of water was more variable, and had greater constituent concentrations in the unsaturated zone than in the saturated zone near the exfiltration pipe. Values of water quality variables measured in groundwater at all study areas generally were within State drinking water standards. The main exception was dissolved iron, which commonly exceeded 300 micrograms/L at one swale and the detention pond. Results of the study indicate that natural processes occurring in soils attenuate inorganic constituent concentrations prior to reaching the receiving groundwater. However, organic compounds detected in bottom sediments at the retention pond indicate a potential problem that may eventually affect the quality of the receiving groundwater.

Schiffer, D.M., 1989. Water-Quality Variability in a Central Florida Wetland Receiving Highway Runoff. Water: Laws and Management. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland, 1989, p 7A-1--7A-11.

Constituent concentrations were measured at the stormwater inlet and outlet, and at 9 other sites within a wetland receiving highway runoff, located north of Orlando, Florida. Most of the reduction in constituent concentrations in water observed in the wetland occurred within 100 feet of the stormwater inlet. Constituent concentrations measured in the wetland bed sediments indicate that the primary removal mechanism may be sedimentation. The 9 sampling sites within the wetland, in groups of three, were about 30, 100, and 250 ft from the stormwater inlet. Statistical analysis of the data collected at the sampling sites indicate that for 26 of the 40 water quality variables, the mean values differ significantly (alpha equal to 0.05) with distance from the inlet. These differences were most frequently detected between the sites that are within 30 ft and 100 ft from the inlet. Constituents that generally decreased in concentration with distance from the inlet include total phosphorous, ammonia, lead and zinc. The median total phosphorous concentration at the inlet was 0.23 mg/l at 100 ft, and decreased to 0.04 mg/l at 100 ft. Total ammonia was 0.23 mg/l at the inlet, decreasing to 0. 01 mg/l 100 ft away. Median concentrations decreased from 18 micrograms/l at the inlet to 4 micrograms/l at a distance of 100 ft, and median zinc concentrations decreased from 75 micrograms/l to 20 micrograms/l over the same distance.

Schiffer, D.M., 1990, Wetlands for Stormwater Treatment,Florida Department of Transportation Report No. FL/DOT/SMO/90-377, 63p.

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Schiffer, D.M., 1996, Hydrology of the Wolf Branch Sinkhole basin, Lake County, east-central Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-143 29 p.

A 4-year study of the hydrology of the Wolf Branch sinkhole basin in Lake County, Florida, was conducted from 1991-95 by the U.S. Geological Survey to provide information about the hydrologic characteristics of the drainage basin in the vicinity of Wolf Sink. Wolf Branch drains a 4.94 square mile area and directly recharges the Upper Floridan aquifer through Wolf Sink. Because of the direct connection of the sinkhole with the aquifer, a contaminant spill in the basin could pose a threat to the aquifer. The Wolf Branch drainage basin varies in hydrologic characteristics from its headwaters to its terminus at Wolf Sink. Ground- water seepage provides baseflow to the stream north of Wolf Branch Road, but the stream south of State Road 46 is intermittent and the stream can remain dry for months. A single culvert under a railroad crossing conducts flow from wetlands just south of State Road 46 to a well-defined channel which leads to Wolf Sink. The basin morphology is characterized by karst terrain, with many closed depressions which can provide intermittent surface-water storage. Wetlands in the lower third of the basin (south of State Road 46) also provide surface water storage. The presence of numerous water-control structures (impoundments, canals, and culverts), and the surface-water storage capacity throughout the basin affects the flow characteristics of Wolf Branch. Streamflow records for two stations (one above and one below major wetlands in the basin) indicate the flow about State Road 46 is characterized by rapid runoff and continuous baseflow, whereas below State Road 46, peak discharges are much lower but of longer duration than at the upstream station. Rainfall, discharge, ground-water level, and surface-water level data were collected at selected sites in the basin. Hydrologic conditions during the study ranged from long dry periods when there was no inflow to Wolf Sink, to very wet periods, as when nearly 7 inches of rain fell in a 2-day period in November 1994, following an extended wet season. A comparison to long-term rainfall record (40 years) indicates that this range in hydrologic conditions during the 4-year study is representative of the range of conditions expected during a much longer time period. Two dye-trace studies conducted during the study indicated no direct connections between the sink and local wells. The path of a constituent entering the aquifer through Wolf Sink generally would be to the east, following the gradient of the regional ground-water flow system. The conductance of Wolf Sink (the rate at which the sink conducts water to the underlying aquifer) was estimated from streamflow data, ground-water levels, and water levels in Wolf Sink. The range of hydrologic conditions during the study provided a basis for the determination of a representative conductance value. The regression of streamflow as a function of head difference between the sink water level and the potentiometric surface at an observation well (an approximation of the potentiometric level beneath Wolf Sink) resulted in a significant relation r2=0.91, mean square error = 1.60 cubic feet per second); and the slope of the regression line, representing sink conductance, was 1.48 cubic feet per second per foot of head difference. Flow and storm-volume frequency curves for selected time periods (1-day, 7-days, 14-days, 21-days, and 30-days) were generated based on streamflow data from January 10, 1992, to September 30, 1995. These curves indicate that, based on the available record, the volume of water that would have to be stored (in the event that streamflow had to be diverted from Wolf Sink) during a 30-day period would be equal to or less than about 11 acre-fee 30 percent of the time and 161 acre-feet 80 percent of the time. The maximum volume that would be generated during a 30-day period, based on this study, would be about 570 acre-feet.

Schornick, J.C. and Fishel, D.K., 1980, Effects of storm runoff on water quality in the Mill Creek drainage basin, Willingboro, New Jersey: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 80-98, 111 p.

The effect of storm runoff on the quality of water in streams receiving drainage from the 23.7-square-kilometer Mill Creek basin in Willingboro, NJ., was studied from October 1975 to September 1976. Stream discharge and 86 water-quality constituents were measured during base flow and storm runoff. Only 38 constitutents were detected in significant amounts under any streamflow condition. Constituent loads and concentrations in the runoff from the nonresidential part of the study area in the upstream part of the drainage basin affected stream quality more than runoff from the residential area. The nonresidential area contributed more of the nutrient load (nitrate, ammonia, organic nitrogen, and phosphorus), the common inorganics (sodium , potassium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfate), sediment, and organic carbon. The residential area contributed more calcium, nitrite, lead, iron, biochemical oxygen demand, and the pesticides, 2,4-D and silvex. With the exception of suspended iron, fecal coliform bacteria, suspended lead, and suspended phosphorus, all measured constituents met the recommended criteria set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, even during storms.

Schroder, L.J., and Shampine, W.J., 1992, Guidelines for Preparing a Quality Assurance Plan for District Offices of the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S Geological Survey Open File Report 92-136, 14 p.

The U.S. Geological Survey has a policy that requires each District office to prepare a Quality Assurance Plan. This plan is a combination of a District's management principles and quality assurance processes. The guidelines presented in this report provide a framework or expanded outline that a District can use to prepare a plan. Parti- cular emphasis is given to a District's: (1) quality assurance policies; (2) organization and staff responsibilities; and (3) program and project planning. The guidelines address the 'how', 'what', and 'who' questions that need to be answered when a District Quality Assurance Plan is prepared.

Schuck-Kolben, R.E., 1990, Storm-tide elevation produced by Hurricane Hugo along the South Carolina coast, September 21-22, 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-386, 45 p.

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Schuck-Kolben, R.E., and Cherry, R.N., 1995, Hydrologic aspects of Hurricane Hugo in South Carolina, September 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-733, 3 sheets, scale 1:100,000.

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See, R.B., Programs and Analytical Methods for the US Geological Survey Acid Rain Quality-Assurance Project

The U.S. Geological Survey operates four programs to provide external quality-assurance of wet deposition monitoring by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program and the National Trends Network. An intersite-comparison program assesses the precision and bias of onsite determinations of pH and specific conductance made by site operators. A blind-audit program is used to assess the effect of routine sample-handling procedures and transportation on the precision and bias of wet-deposition data. An interlaboratory-comparison program is used to assess analytical results from three or more laboratories, which routinely analyze wet-deposition samples from the major North American networks, to determine if comparability exists betweren laboratory analytical results and to provide estimates of the analytical precision of each laboratory. A collocated-sampler program is used to estimate the precision of wet/dry precipitation sampling throughout the National Atmospheric Deposition Program and the National Trends Network, to assess the variability of diverse spatial arrays, and to evaluate the impact of violations of specific site criteria. This report documents the procedures and analytical methods used in these four quality-assurance programs.

Setmire, J.G., and Bradford, W.L., 1980, Quality of urban runoff, Tecolote Creek drainage area, San Diego County, California: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 80-70, 33 p.

The quality of storm runoff from a 9.2-square-mile urbanized watershed, Tecolote Creek, San Diego County, Calif., was studied during nine storms from September 1976 through May 1977. Specific conductance reached 2,100 micromhos and total residue concentrations reached 2,770 milligrams per liter. The chemical oxygen demand concentration in 95% of the samples exceeded 50 milligrams per liter, a concentration that may be sufficient to cause severe oxygen depletion in areas of the receiving water, Mission Bay. Lead concentrations in all samples exceeded concentrations thought to affect some aquatic organisms. Median total nitrogen and total orthophosphorus concentrations were far in excess of concentrations known to cause nuisance growth of algae in lakes. Fecal coliform bacteria concentrations greatly exceeded recommended levels for primary contact recreation water. Concentrations of pesticides--heptachlor, malathion, chlordane, DDT, diazinon, and dieldrin--frequently exceeded the recommended maximums for marine or freshwater aquatic systems. Total loads of selected constituents are calculated and may be used to estimate the impact of runoff on the receiving water.

Shacklette, H.T., and Boerngen, J.G., 1984, Element concentrations in soils and other surficial materials of the conterminous United States: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1270, 105 p.

Samples of soils or other regoliths at a depth of 20cm from locations 80km apart throughout the conterminous U.S. were analyzed for their content of elements. In this manner, 1,318 sampling sites were chosen, and the results of the sample analyses for 50 elements were plotted on maps. The arithmetic and geometric mean, the geometric deviation and a histogram showing frequencies of analytical values are given for 47 elements.

Shampine, W.J., Pope, L.M., and Koterba, 1992, Integrating quality assurance in project work plans of the U.S. Geological Survey: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-162, 12 p.

The U.S. Geological Survey's objectives for including quality assurance procedures in a project work plan are to ensure that the quality of the data collected is defined and is appropriate for the objectives of the investigation. The data- quality information can be used in the interpre- tation of the data. A project work plan that includes quality assessment provides definable benefits such as clarity of expectations, a method for obtaining a set of data that is expected and has been proven valid, a documentation trail, products that are produced on time and that meet project objectives, and a decrease in work that is lost or redone. Project chiefs must prepare and can publish the work plan for scientific investigations. An expanded outline of a framework that can be used to prepare a project work plan that includes quality assurance is described in this report and contains the following topics: data-quality objectives; project organization and responsibilities; data collection; data processing; project reviews; data analysis; remedial actions; project progress reports and quality assurance reports to management.

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Shanley, J.B., 1994, Effects of Ion Exchange on Stream Solute Fluxes in a basin receiving Highway Deicing Salts: Journal of Environmental Quality, V. 23, September-October, pp. 977-986.

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Shelton, L.R., 1994, Field Guide for Collecting and Processing Stream-WaterSamples for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report94-455, 42 p.

The U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment program includes extensive data- collection efforts to assess the quality of the Nations's streams. These studies require analyses of stream samples for major ions, nutrients, sediments, and organic contaminants. For the information to be comparable among studies in different parts of the Nation, consistent procedures specifically designed to produce uncontaminated samples for trace analysis in the laboratory are critical. This field guide describes the standard procedures for collecting and processing samples for major ions, nutrients, organic contaminants, sediment, and field analyses of conductivity, pH, alkalinity, and dissolved oxygen. Samples are collected and processed using modified and newly designed equipment made of Teflon to avoid contamination, including nonmetallic samplers (D-77 and DH-81) and a Teflon sample splitter. Field solid-phase extraction procedures developed to process samples for organic constituent analyses produce an extracted sample with stabilized compounds for more accurate results. Improvements to standard operational procedures include the use of processing chambers and capsule filtering systems. A modified collecting and processing procedure for organic carbon is designed to avoid contamination from equipment cleaned with methanol. Quality assurance is maintained by strict collecting and processing procedures, replicate sampling, equipment blank samples, and a rigid cleaning procedure using detergent, hydrochloricacid, and methanol.

Shelton, L.R., Field Guide for Collecting Samples for Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Stream Water for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program

For many years, stream samples for analysis of volatile organic compounds have been collected without specific guidelines or a sampler designed to avoid analyte loss. In 1996, the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program began aggressively monitoring urban streamwater for volatile organic compounds. To assure representative samples and consistency in collection procedures, a specific sampler was designed to collect samples for analysis of volatile organic compounds in stream water. This sampler, and the collection procedures, were tested in the laboratory and in the field for compound loss, contamination, sample reproducibility, and functional capabilities. This report describes that sampler and its use, and outlines field procedures specifically designed to provide contaminant-free, reproducible volatile organic compound data from stream-water samples.

Sloto, R.A., 1988, Effects of urbanization on storm-runoff volume and peak discharge of Valley Creek, Eastern Chester County, Pennsylvania: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4196, 32 p.

Smith, R.A., Regional interpretation of water-quality monitoring data.

We describe a method for using spatially referenced regressions of contaminant transport on watershed attributes (SPARROW) in regional water-quality assessment. The method is designed to reduce the problems of data interpretation caused by sparse sampling, network bias, and basin heterogeneity. The regression equation relates measured transport rates in streams to spatially referenced descriptors of pollution sources and land-surface and stream-channel characteristics. Regression models of total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) transport are constructed for a region defined as the nontidal conterminous United States. Observed TN and TP transport rates are derived from water-quality records for 414 stations in the National Stream Quality Accounting Network. Nutrient sources identified in the equations include point sources, applied fertilizer, livestock waste, nonagricultural land, and atmospheric deposition (TN only). Surface characteristics found to be significant predictors of land-water delivery include soil permeability, stream density, and temperature (TN only). Estimated instream decay coefficients for the two contaminants decrease monotonically with increasing stream size. TP transport is found to be significantly reduced by reservoir retention. Spatial referencing of basin attributes in relation to the stream channel network greatly increases their statistical significant and model accuracy. The method is used to estimate the proportion of watersheds in the conterminous United States (i.e., hydrologic cataloging units) with outflow TP concentrations less than the criterion of 0.1 mg/L, and to classify cataloging units according to local TN yield (kg/km2/yr).

Smith, J.A. Witkowski, P.J. Fusillo, T.V., Manmade Organic Compounds in the Surface Waters of the United States; A Review of Current Understanding, Open File Report 87-209. 182p, 26 fig, 47 tab, 699 ref.

On the basis of their aqueous solubilities, nonionic organic compounds partition themselves between water, dissolved organic matter, particulate organic matter, and the lipid reservoirs of aquatic organisms. Ionized organic compounds can be adsorbed to sediments, thereby reducing their aqueous concentrations. Transformation processes of photolysis, hydrolysis, biodegradation, and volatilization can attenuate organic compounds, and attenuation rates commonly follow a first-order kinetic process. Eight groups of manmade organic compounds are discussed: (1) Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine insecticides; (2) Carbamate and organophosphorus insecticides; (3) herbicides; (4) phenols; (5) halogenated aliphatic and monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; (6) Phthalate esters; (7) polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and (8) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. For each compound group, data pertaining to use, production, and properties are presented and discussed. Processes that influence the environmental fate of each group, as determined primarily through laboratory studies, are reviewed , and important fate processes are identified. Environmental concentrations of compounds from each group in water, biota, and sediment are given to demonstrate representative values for comparison to concentrations determined during ongoing research. Finally, where sufficient data exist, regional and temporal contamination trends in the United States are discussed. (Author 's abstract)

Soenksen P., 1996?, Management Systems Evaluation Area - Iowa: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4017.

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Soenksen, P.J., Automatic Tracer-Dilution Method used for Stage-Discharge Ratings and Streamflow Hydrographs on Small Iowa Streams

An automatic system was designed to concurrently measure stage and discharge for the purpose of developing stage-discharge ratings and high flow hydrographs on small streams. Stage, or gage height, is recorded by an analog-to-digital recorder and discharge is determined by the constant- rate tracer-dilution method. The system measures flow above a base stage set by the user. To test the effectiveness of the system and its components, eight systems, with a variety of equipment, were installed at crest-stage gaging stations across Iowa. A fluorescent dye, rhodamine-WT, was used as the tracer. Tracer-dilution discharge measurements were made during 14 flow periods at six stations from 1986 through 1988 water years. Ratings were developed at three stations with the aid of these measurements. A loop rating was identified at one station during rapidly changing flow conditions. Incomplete mixing and dye loss to sediment apparently were problems at some stations. Stage hydrographs were recorded for 38 flows at seven stations. Limited data on background fluores-cence during high flows were also obtained.

Soeur, C., Parrish, J.H., and Chang, G.C., 1989, Modeling Studies for the City of Austin Stormwater Monitoring Programs: Proceedings of Stormwater and Water Quality Model Users Group Meeting, Denver, CO, 1988.

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Speiran, G.K., 1998, Selected Heavy Metals and Other Constituents in Soil and StormwaterRunoff at the Interstate 95 Interchange near Atlee, Virginia, April 1993-May 1997: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4115 39 p.

The quality of stormwater runoff from highways is a concern because of its potential effects on the environment of highway corridors and receiving waters and on nearby sources of drinking water. Concentrations of the heavy metals copper, lead, and zinc, and other constituents, were measured in soil and runoff before and after construction of a stormwater detention basin at the Interstate 95 - State Route 656 interchange near Atlee, Va., from April 1993 through May 1997.

The spatial and vertical distribution of heavy metals in soil indicate that the paved traffic lanes of the interstate highway are a source of the metals. Concentrations of the metals in soil decrease with increasing soil depth below the ground surface and with increasing distance from the highway lanes. Of the three metals for which samples were analyzed, lead was generally present at the greatest concentration, and copper was at the lowest concentration in the soil.

The quality of stormwater runoff was characterized by analysis of data for two example runoff events. Changes in stormwater quality reflect a "first-flush response," in which concentrations of constituents are greatest early in the runoff event and decrease with time. A runoff event from June 4 through 5, 1996, had two periods of similar precipitation amounts and intensities four hours apart. Although concentrations responded in a first-flush manner during the first precipitation period, concentrations changed little or continued to decrease during the second precipitation period, indicating that these contaminants were washed from the source during the first precipitation period and were not replenished between precipitation periods. During a runoff event resulting from the melting of snow and ice from January 9 through 10, 1997, concentrations of metals remained high for a longer period than during all other runoff events because of the slow rate of melting and resulting runoff. Loads of constituents at the detention basin inflow and basin outflow could not be compared because backwater at the basin inflow precluded the continuous measurement of discharge, which is required to calculate loads. On the basis of Kruskal-Wallis test results (a nonparametric statistical test), concentrations of metals in the basin inflow generally were not statistically different from those in the basin outflow, indicating that no appreciable amount of these contaminants were removed within the detention basin.

Inspection of white clay pads installed along the bottom of the basin to measure sediment deposition rates indicated that no appreciable amount of sediment was deposited, probably because of the low hydraulic detention time of stormwater in the basin. The concentrations of suspended sediment were greater in the basin outflow than in the basin inflow, indicating that suspended sediment was contributed by sources not monitored at the basin inflow. Two major sources of sediment that enters the detention basin appear to be the slopes of the interstate exit ramp and State Route 656.

The relative concentrations of total and dissolved copper, lead, and zinc differed depending on the metal and its concentration. At concentrations of total copper less than 25 ug/L (micrograms per liter), from 0 percent to nearly 80 percent of the copper was in the suspended form, but as concentrations of total copper increased, suspended copper increased to 80 percent of the concentration of total copper. In contrast, nearly 100 percent of the lead was in suspended form for the entire range of concentrations of total lead. At concentrations of total zinc less than 50 ug/L, from nearly 0 to nearly 100 percent of the concentrations of total zinc was in the dissolved form. At concentrations of total zinc greater than 200 ug/L, zinc generally was 50 to 75 percent dissolved. Although concentrations of lead were highest of these metals in the soil at the study site, concentrations of zinc were highest in the runoff.

Squillace, P.J., Pankow, J.F., Korte, N.E., and Zogorski, J.S., 1996, Environmental Behavior and Fate of Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE), U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-203-96, 6 p.

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Squillace, P.J., Pope, D.A., and Price, C.V., 1995, Occurrence of the Gasoline Additive MTBE in Shallow Ground Water in Urban and Agricultural Areas: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-114-95, 4 p.

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Squillace, P.J., and Price, C.V., 1996, Urban Land-Use Study Plan for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-217, 19 p.

The U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment program includes extensive data-collection efforts to assess the quality of the Nations's streams. These studies require analyses of stream samples for major ions, nutrients, sediments, and organic contaminants. For the information to be comparable among studies in different parts of the Nation, consistent procedures specifically designed to produce uncontaminated samples for trace analysis in the laboratory are critical. This field guide describes the standard procedures for collecting and processing samples for major ions, nutrients, organic contaminants, sediment, and field analyses of conductivity, pH, alkalinity, and dissolved oxygen. Samples are collected and processed using modified and newly designed equipment made of Teflon to avoid contamination, including nonmetallic samplers (D-77 and DH-81) and a Teflon sample splitter. Field solid-phase extraction procedures developed to process samples for organic constituent analyses produce an extracted sample with stabilized compounds for more accurate results. Improvements to standard operational procedures include the use of processing chambers and capsule filtering systems. A modified collecting and processing procedure for organic carbon is designed to avoid contamination from equipment cleaned with methanol. Quality assurance is maintained by strict collecting and processing procedures, replicate sampling, equipment blank samples, and a rigid cleaning procedure using detergent, hydrochloricacid, and methanol.

Stanley, D.L., 1995, Standard Procedures and Quality-Control Practices for the U.S. Geological Survey National Field Quality Assurance Program from 1982 through 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-317, 75 p.

The U.S. Geological Survey operates the National Field Quality Assurance Program to provide quality- assurance reference samples to field personnel who make water-quality field measurements. The program monitors the accuracy and precision of pH, specific conductance, and alkalinity field measurements. This report documents the operational procedures and quality-control techniques used in operating the quality-assurance program.

Stanley, D.L., 1996, New Standard Operating Procedures and Quality-Control Practices for the U.S. Geological Survey National Field Quality Assurance Program Since January 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-130, 88 p.

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Stanley, D.L., Shampine, W.J., and Schroder, L.J., 1992, Summary of the U.S. Geological Survey National Field Quality Assurance Program from 1979 Through 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-163, 14 p.

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Stecher, L.S., and Rainwater, K., 1988, Quantity and Quality of Recharge to the Ogallala Aquifer from Urban Runoff: Proceedings of the FOCUS Conference on Southwestern Ground Water Issues, National Water Well Association, Dublin OH, 1988, p 145-1.

The groundwater in the Ogallala aquifer beneath the City of Lubbock, Texas, has been rising since 1965 due to increased recharge from playa lakes in the urbanized area. The recharge is sufficient to maintain a groundwater beneath the city despite the regional decline in the Ogallala water table around the city. Detailed water level measurements and numerical modeling have indicated that the average recharge rate is 7 to 11 thousand acre-feet per year. In some localized areas, a rapid rise of over twenty feet has occurred since 1982. Comprehensive water quality sampling has shown the chemical evolution of the recharged urban runoff as the water moves through the aquifer. This chemical evolution can be evaluated based on typical groundwater quality interactions. The data indicate minimal pollution by herbicides, pesticides or heavy metals.

Steuer, J.J., Hornewer, N.J., Selbig, W.R., and Jeffrey Prey, 1995, Urban Stormwater Pollutants in Marquette, Michigan - Identifying Critical Concentrations and Major Sources: American Water Resources Association, Michigan State Section Abstract, Livonia, MI.

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Stevens, M.R., Hydrologic and Water-Quality Data, Guanella Pass Area, Colorado, Water Year 1995.

Water-quality of streams and lakes in the Guanella Pass area could be effected by the proposed reconstruction of the existing road through the area. During water year 1995 (October 1, 1994, to September 30, 1995), data were collected that provide reconnaissance information about the hydrology, water-quality, sediment transport, biology, and bulk atmospheric-deposition in the Guanella Pass study area. Data were collected at 5 stream monitoring stations, 23 synoptic-stream sites, 11 road-runoff sites, 8 ground-water sites, 4 lake/reservoir sites, 2 snow-precipitation sites, 11 biological sampling sites, and 12 bulk atmospheric-deposition sites.

Stoker, Yvonne, E., 1996, Effectiveness of a stormwater collection and detention system for reducing constituent loads from bridge runoff in Pinellas County, Florida: U.S. Geol. Survey Open-File Report 96-484, 38 p.

The quantity and quality of stormwater runoff from the Bayside Bridge were evaluated to determine the effectiveness of the stormwater collection and detention pond system of the bridge in reducing constituent loads to Old Tampa Bay. Water-quality samples of stormwater runoff from the bridge and outflow from the detention pond were collected during and after selected storms. These samples were used to compute loads for selected constituents. Stormwater on the Bayside Bridge drained rapidly during rain events. The volume of stormwater runoff from 24 storms measured during the study ranged from 4,086 to 103,705 cubic feet. Storms were most frequent during July through September and were least frequent from February through May. Concentrations of most constituents in stormwater runoff before the bridge opened to traffic were less than or equal to concentrations measured after the bridge was opened to traffic. However, concentrations of arsenic in the outflow from the detention pond generally were greater before the bridge opened than concentrations after, and concentrations of orthophosphorus in the stormwater runoff and outflow from the pond were greater before the bridge opened than during over half the sampled storms after the bridge opened. Concentrations of most constituents measured in stormwater runoff from the bridge were greatest at the beginning of the storm and decreased as the storm continued. Variations in suspended solids, nutrients, and trace element concentrations were not always concurrent with each other. The source of the measured constituent (rainfall or road debris) and the phase of the constituent (suspended or dissolved) probably affected the timing of concentration changes. The quality of stormwater runoff from the Bayside Bridge varied with total runoff volume, with the length of the ddry period before the storm, and with season. Average concentrations of suspended solids, ammonia plus organic nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, orthophosphorus, phosphorus, total organic carbon, aluminum, arsenic, copper, and zinc in stormwater runoff generally were inversely related to runoff volume. The quality of outflow from the detention pond also varied during a storm event and with season. Maximum concentrations generally occurred near the beginning of a storm, and decreased as the storm continued. Maximum concentrations of many constituents occurred in June and July 1995. During the summer months, pH exceeded 9.0 while inorganic nitrogen concentrations were very low. These high pH values and low inorganic nitrogen concentrations are most likely associated with photosynthesis by algae or aquatic plants in the pond. Concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and nickel in stormwater runoff were correlated with total organic carbon concentrations. Concentrations of chromium, copper, iron, nickel, lead, and zinc in stormwater runoff were correlated with aluminum concentrations. The source of these metals is probably the bridge materials and metallic debris from vehicles. The northern detention pond system of the Bayside Bridge effectively reduced concentrations of suspended solids, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite plus nitrate nitrogen, phosphorus, aluminum, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, nickel, and zinc in stormwater runoff before water discharged from the pond. However, concentrations of ammonia plus organic nitrogen, organic carbon, arsenic, and values for alkalinity, pH, and specific conductance generally were greater in outflow from the pond than in stormwater runoff from the bridge. Stormwater runoff and pond outflow for three storm events were evaluated to determine the effectiveness of the detention pond system in removing selected constituents from the stormwater runoff. Most constituents and constituent loads were reduced in the outflow from the pond. Suspended solids loads were reduced about 30 to 45 percent, inorganic nitrogen loads were reduced by about 60 to 90 percent, and loads of most trace elements were reduced by about 40 to 99 percent. However, the pond exports ammonia plus organic nitrogen, organic carbon, arsenic, and phosphorus. The source of most of these constituents is probably biological activity in the pond. The export of arsenic and the elevated concentrations of arsenic in the pond outflow before the bridge opened implies that arsenic is stored in the pond sediments and is being released to the overlying pond water.

Stricker, V.A., and Sauer, V.B., 1982 , Techniques for Estimating Flood Hydrographs for Ungaged Urban Watersheds: U.S. Geological Survey Open-file Report 82-365. 24 p.

The Clark Method, modified slightly was used to develop a synthetic, dimensionless hydrograph which can be used to estimate flood hydrographs for ungaged urban watersheds. Application of the technique results in a typical (average) flood hydrograph for a given peak discharge. Input necessary to apply the technique is an estimate of basin lagtime and the recurrence interval peak discharge. Equations for this purpose were obtained from a recent nationwide study on flood frequency in urban watersheds. A regression equation was developed which relates flood volumes to drainage area size, basin lagtime, and peak discharge. This equation is useful where storage of floodwater may be a part of design of flood prevention. (USGS)

Striegl, R.G., and Cowan, E.A., 1987, Realations between quality of urban runoff and quality of Lake Ellyn at Glen Ellyn, Illinois: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2301, 59 p.

Comparison of flow and chemical data collected at the principal inlet and at the outlets of Lake Ellyn--an urban lake in the Chicago metropolitan area shows that detention storage alters the discharge and the quality of urban runoff. Peak water discharge and variation in the concentration of constituents transported by the runoff are usually reduced. Mass balance relations based on comparison of measured constituent loads at the inlet and the outlets show that the lake is very efficient in trapping suspended solids, suspended sediment, and sediment-associated metals. Calculated trap efficiencies for many dissolved constituents were negative. However, negative efficiencies appear to be influenced mostly by insufficient sampling in winter. Trap efficiencies for nitrogen and phosphorus are intermediate to those determined for other constituents. Solids accumulate on the lake bottom as organic-rich muds that reduce lake storage and cover potential habitat for aquatic organisms. Lake sediments, particularly fine-grained sediments, have elevated concentrations of metals associated with them. Several organic compounds, not detected in inlet or outlet water samples, were detected in a lake sediment sample collected near the inlet. Concentrations of many constituents dissolved in lake water are seasonally cyclic, with annual concentration peaks occurring during the winter. Establishment and maintenance of desirable benthic invertebrate and fish populations appear to be inhibited by sediment deposition.

Stuntebeck, T.D., 1995, Evaluating Barnyard Best Management Practices in Wisconsin using Upstream-Downstream Monitoring, U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-221-95.

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Sturm, T.W., and Kirby, R.E., 1991, Sediment reduction in urban stormwater runoff from construction sites: U.S. Geological Survey Technical Report USGS/G-1556-06, 116 p.

Current design criteria and best-management practices for controlling sediment in runoff from construction sites were evaluated in response to Georgia legislation which established an effluent limit on turbidity. The research approach has been two-pronged with an analysis of field data collected by Georgia EPD and of numerical data generated by a computer simulation model. The field data were collected at landfill sites which had a sediment basin. Regression relations between suspended solids in mg/L and turbidity in NTU were developed for each landfill site and were found to be dependent on the soil types at each site. The probability of meeting the turbidity discharge standard is dependent on rainfall characteristics, the hydrologic condition and size of the watershed contributing to the receiving stream, soil properties and soil conservation measures on the disturbed watershed, and the sediment basin design. Computer simulation results were obtained from the model SEDCAD+ for disturbed watersheds with sediment basins designed according to the Georgia Erosion and Sediment Control Manual. The results showed that sediment basins can be very effective in reducing suspended sediment in construction-site runoff. However , for a disturbed area with significant soil-conservation treatment, the peak sediment concentration in the sediment-basin outflow exceeded the undisturbed peak concentration for a meadow land use. For an undisturbed land use of 1/3 agriculture, 1/3 woods, and 1/3 pasture, disturbed sediment concentrations in the sediment-basin outflow were less than the undisturbed values. Sediment-basin trap efficiencies obtained from the numerical model varied from 45% for the clay loam soil to 80% for the sandy loam soil. The trap efficiencies decreased with increases in surface loading rate. The numerical results suggest that an improvement in the design criteria for sediment basins would be to re-define the surface loading rate and to specify lower allowable values for soils with high percentages of clay. The numerical results also quantitatively demonstrate the importance of applying soil conservation measures so as to prevent as much sediment as possible from ever reaching the sediment basin.

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Sweat, M.J., 1996, Collection of combined sewer overflow samples at selected sites, Detroit, Michigan, in Proceedings-Urban Wet Weather Pollution: Controlling sewer overflows and stormwater runoff, June 16-19, Quebec City, Provence of Quebec, Canada, p. 3-35 - 3-42.

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Sweat, M.J., 1996, Water quality and pollutant loads at selected combined sewer overflow sites, Detroit, Michigan, in International Association for Great Lakes Research, Program and Abstracts, 39th Annual Conference, May 26-30, 1996, Erindale College, University of Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, p. 102.

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Sweat, M.J. and Wolf, J.R., 1996, Combined-Sewer Overflow Data and Methods ofSample Collection for Selected Sites, Detroit, Michigan: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 96-646, 23p.

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Tadayon, S., 1995, Quality of Surface Water and Ground Water in the Proposed Artificial-Recharge Project Area, Rillito Creek basin, Tucson, Arizona, 1994, U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4270, 26 p.

Controlled artificial recharge of surface runoff is being considered as a water-management technique to address the problem of ground-water overdraft. The planned use of recharge facilities in urban areas has caused concern about the quality of urban runoff to be recharged and the potential for ground-water contamination. The proposed recharge facility in Rillito Creek will utilize runoff entering a 1-mile reach of the Rillito Creek between Craycroft Road and Swan Road for infiltration and recharge purposes within the channel and excavated overbank areas. Physical and chemical data were collected from two surface-water and two ground-water sites in the study area in 1994. Analyses of surface-water samples were done to determine the occurrence and concentration of potential contaminants and to determine changes in quality since samples were collected during 1987-93. Analyses of ground-water samples were done to determine the variability of ground-water quality at the monitoring wells throughout the year and to determine changes in quality since samples were collected in 1989 and 1993. Surface-water samples were collected from Tanque Verde Creek at Sabino Canyon Road (streamflow-gaging station Tanque Verde Creek at Tucson, 09484500) and from Alamo Wash at Fort Lowell Road in September and May 1994, respectively. Ground-water samples were collected from monitoring wells (D- 13-14)26cbb2 and (D-13-14)26dcb2 in January, May, July, and October 1994. In surface water, calcium was the dominant cation, and bicarbonate was the dominant anion. In ground water, calcium and sodium were the dominant cations and bicarbonate was the dominant anion. Surface water in the area is soft, and ground water is moderately hard to hard. In surface water and ground water, nitrogen was found predominantly as nitrate. Concentrations of manganese in ground-water samples ranged from 60 to 230 micrograms per liter and exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant level for drinking water of 50 micrograms per liter. None of the constituents in surface-water and ground-water samples exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary maximum contaminant levels for drinking water or State of Arizona aquifer water-quality standards. Concentrations of major ions, nutrients, and trace elements in water from the monitoring wells did not vary significantly throughout the year and were not significantly different from concentrations in samples collected in March 1989 and January and September 1993. Priority pollutants were not found in surface-water samples or ground-water samples, and organochlorine pesticides were not found in ground-water samples. Dieldrin and biphenyl polychlor were the only pesticides found in surface water and were at the minimum reporting levels in one sample from Alamo Wash.

Tadayon, S., 1995, Quality of Water and Chemistry of Bottom Sediment in the Rillito Creek basin, Tucson, Arizona, 1992-93, U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4062, 57 p.

Physical and chemical data were collected from four surface-water sites, six ground-water sites, and two bottom-sediment sites during 1992-93. Specific conductance, hardness, alkalinity, and dissolved- solids concentrations generally were higher in ground water than in surface water. The median concentrations of dissolved major ions, with the exception of potassium, were higher in ground water than in surface water. In surface water and ground water, calcium was the dominant cation, and bicarbonate was the dominant anion. Concentrations of dissolved nitrite and nitrite plus nitrate in surface water and ground water did not exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant levels of 1 and 10 milligrams per liter for drinking water, respectively. Ammonium plus organic nitrogen in bottom sediment was detected at the highest concentration of any nitrogen species. Median values for most of the dissolved trace elements in surface water and ground water were below the detection levels. Dissolved trace elements in surface water and ground water did not exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant levels for drinking water. Trace-element concentrations in bottom sediment were similar to trace-element concentrations reported for soils of the western conterminous United States. Several organochlorine pesticides and priority pollutants were detected in surface-water and bottom-sediment samples; however, they did not exceed water-quality standards. Pesticides or priority pollutants were not detected in ground-water samples.

Tadayon, S., and Smith, C.F., 1994, Quality of Water and Chemistry of Bottom Sediment in the Rillito Creek basin, Tucson, Arizona, 1986-92, U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4114, 90 p.

Data were collected on physical properties and chemistry of 4 surface water, l4 ground water, and 4 bottom sediment sites in the Rillito Creek basin where artificial recharge of surface runoff is being considered. Concentrations of suspended sediment in streams generally increased with increases in streamflow and were higher during the summer. The surface water is a calcium and bicarbonate type, and the ground water is calcium sodium and bicarbonate type. Total trace ek=nents in surface water that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary maximum contaminant levels for drinking-water standards were barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury and nickel. Most unfiltered samples for suspended gross alpha as uranium, and unadjusted gross alpha plus gross beta in surface water exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the State of Arizona drinking-water standards. Comparisons of trace- element concentrations in bottom sediment with those in soils of the western conterminous United States generally indicate similar concentrations for most of the trace elements, with the exceptions of scandium and tin. The maximum concentration of total nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen in three ground- samples and total lead in one ground-water sample exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary maximum contaminant levels for drinking- water standards, respectively. Seven organochlorine pesticides were detected in surface-water samples and nine in bottom-sediment samples. Three priority pollutants were detected in surface water, two were detected in ground water, and eleven were detected in bottom sediment. Low concentrations of oil and grease were detected in surface-water and bottom- sediment samples.

Tai, D.Y., Jennings, M.E., White, K.D., and Garcia, L.A., 1991, Evaluation of a Modified Automatic Sampler for the Collection of Water Samples for Analysis of Trace Organic Compounds or Suspended Sediment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-469, 26 p.

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Tasker, G.D., and Driver, N.E., 1988, Nationwide regression models for predicting urban runoff water quality at unmonitored sites: Water Resources Bulletin, vol. 24, no 5, p. 1091-1101.

Regression models are presented that can be used to estimate mean loads for chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, dissolved solids, total ammonia plus nitrogen, total phosphorus, total copper, total lead, and total zinc at unmonitored sites in urban areas. Explanatory variables include drainage area, imperviousness of drainage basin to infiltration, mean annual rainfall, a land-use indicator variable, and mean minimum January temperature. Model parameters are estimated by a generalized-least-squares regression method that accounts for cross correlation and differences in reliability of sample estimates between sites. The regression models account for 20-65 % of the total variation in observed loads.

Taylor, H.E., Intercomparison Experiments on Dissolved Trace-Metal Data from the Mis-sissippi River and Some of its Tribuaries, 1989-90.

A series of experiments was performed at several US Geological Survey National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) sampling sites on the Mississippi River and selected tributaries to directly compare and identify differences in dissolved trace-metal quantization using NASQAN protocols and National Research Program (NRP) sampling and analysis procedures. NASQAN samples were collected using discharge-weighted, depth and width-integrated sampling procedures; field processing and laboratory analyses followed standard protocols that do not include outreaching techniques. Samples were collected by NRP samples were processed by ultra-clean handling techniques and low-concentration-level determinations of Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Pb, Se, SiQ2, Sr, Tl, U, V, and Zn were performed by inductively coupled plasma-mass and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometric methods. Comparable samples were also processed and analyzed by the University of Southern Mississippi for Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mo, Ni, V and Zn by electrothermal-vaporization atomic absorption spectrometric methods preceded by a coprecipitation preconcentration technique. Data from these comparative experiments are tabulated in this report. Figures including data separating sampling and sample-processing effects are also presented.

Terrio, P.J., 1995, Water-quality assessment of the Upper Illinois River basin in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin: nutrients, dissolved-oxygen, andf Fecal-indicator bacteria in surface water, April 1987 through August 1990: U.S Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4005, 79 p.

Data describing the presence, spatial distribution, and temporal variability of nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and fecal-indicator bacteria in surface water were collected from streams in the upper Illinois River Basin from 1987-90 as part of the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program. The largest concen- trations and loads of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were observed in streams in the urban areas of the basin. Mean annual loads of total nitrogen and total phosphorus leaving the upper Illinois River Basin accounted for 30 and 4 percent, respectively, of the input of these nutrients to the basin. Upward trends in total nitrogen concen- trations from 1978-90 were observed at three surface-water sampling stations, and downward trends in total phosphorus concentrations were observed at two stations. Median dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from 3.4 to 12.2 milligrams per liter at eight long-term monitoring stations in the basin. During low-flow conditions, dissolved oxygen concentrations at 59 percent of the sites in the agricultural Kankakee River Basin and 49 percent of the sites in the urban Des Plaines River Basin were less than the Illinois water-quality standard of 5.0 milligrams per liter. Upward trends in dissolved oxygen concentrations were indicated at the two most downstream stations in the upper Illinois River Basin. Fecal-coliform densities at the fixed stations ranged from 1 to 45,000 colonies per 100 milliliters; stream-water samples from the Des Plaines River Basin typically had densities one or two orders of magnitude larger than samples from the rest of the Upper Illinois River Basin. Between 30 and 100 percent of the samples collected at surface-water sampling stations in the Des Plaines River Basin had densities of E.Coli greater than the Federal criteria for infrequently used full-body- contact water. Significant downward trends in bacteria densities were observed at three of the surface-water-monitoring stations.

Tokuz, R.Y., 1987, Urban Watershed Rainfall-Runoff Modeling: A Case tational Hydrology 87. Mission Viejo, Lighthouse , P. C1-C3.

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Toler, L.G., and Pollock, S.J., 1974, Retention of Chloride in the Unsaturated Zone: U.S. Geological Survey Journal of Research, v. 2, no. 1, p. 119 - 123.

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Torres-Gonzalez, Sigfredo, 1994, U.S. Army Maintenance and Support Activity 161, 65th U.S. Army Reserve Command, Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan, Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico, September 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Administrative Report, 90 p.

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Torres-Gonzalez, Sigfredo, 1994, U.S. Army Equipment Concentration Site 161G, 65th U.S. Army Reserve Command, Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan, Ramey Base, Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, September 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Administrative Report, 88 p.

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Torres-Gonzalez, Sigfredo, 1994, U.S. Army Maintenance and Support Activity 161, 65th U.S. Army Reserve Command, Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan, Fort Allen, Santa Isabel, Puerto Rico, September 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Administrative Report, 86 p.

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Torres-Gonzalez, Sigfredo, 1994, U.S. Army Subshop 27, Storck, 79th U.S. Army Reserve Command, Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan, Northfield, New Jersey, February 1994: U.S. Geological Survey Administrative Report, 87 p.

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Torres-Gonzalez, Sigfredo, 1994,U.S. Army Subshop 27, Sgt. Nelson Brittin, 79th U.S. Army Reserve Command, Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan, Camden, New Jersey, February 1994, U.S. Geological Survey Administrative Report, 85 p.

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Torres-Gonzalez, Sigfredo, 1994, U.S. Army Maintenance and Support Activity 21G, Sgt. Joyce Kilmer 79th U.S. Army Reserve Command, Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan, Trenton, New Jersey, February 1994, U.S. Geological Survey Administrative Report, 87 p.

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Torres-Gonzalez, Sigfredo, 1994, U.S. Army Stryker ECS 27G, 79th U.S. Army Reserve Command, Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan, Trenton, New Jersey, February 1994, U.S. Geological Survey Administrative Report, 88 p.

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Torres-Gonzalez, Sigfredo, Cherry, G.S., Lopez-Trujillo Dianne, 1995, Stormwater and National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Inspections of U.S. ARMY Reserve Facilities, 21 August to 5 September 1994, U.S. Geological Survey Administrative Report, 195 p.

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Torres-Gonzalez, Sigfredo, Cherry, G.S., Lopez-Trujillo Dianne, 1995, Stormwater and National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Inspections of U.S. ARMY Reserve 99th ARCOM Facilities, 13-30 September 1994, U.S. Geological Survey Administrative Report, 383 p.

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Trommer, J.T., Loper, J.E., and Hammett, K.M., 1996, Evaluation and modification of five techniques for estimating stormwater runoff for watersheds in west-central Florida:U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 96-4158, 35 p.

Several traditional techniques have been used for estimating stormwater runoff from ungaged watersheds. Applying these techniques to water- sheds in west-central Florida requires that some of the empirical relationships be extrapolated beyond tested ranges. As a result, there is uncertainty as to the accuracy of these estimates. Sixty-six storms occurring in 15 west-central Florida watersheds were initially modeled using the Rational Method, the U.S. Geological Survey Regional Regression Equations, the Natural Resources Conservation Service TR-20 model, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center-1 model, and the Environmental Protection Agency Storm Water Management Model. The techniques were applied according to the guidelines specified in the user manuals or standard engineering textbooks as though no field data were available and the selection of input parameters was not influenced by observed data. Computed estimates were compared with observed runoff to evaluate the accuracy of the techniques. One watershed was eliminated from further evaluation when it was determined that the area contributing runoff to the stream varies with the amount and intensity of rainfall. Therefore, further evaluation and modification of the input parameters were made for only 62 storms in 14 watersheds. Runoff ranged from 1.4 to 99.3 percent percent of rainfall. The average runoff for all watersheds included in this study was about 36 percent of rainfall. The average runoff for the urban, natural, and mixed land-use watersheds was about 41, 27, and 29 percent, respectively. Initial estimatesof peak discharge using the rational method produced average watershed errors that ranged from an underestimation of 50.4 percent to an overestimation of 767 percent. The coefficient of runoff ranged from 0.20 to 0.60. Calibration of the technique produced average errors that ranged from an underestimation of 3.3 percent to an overestimation of 1.5 percent. The average calibrated coefficient of runoff for each watershed ranged from 0.02 to 0.72. The average values of the coefficient of runoff necessary to calibrate the urban, natural, and mixed land-use watersheds were 0.39, 0.16, and 0.08, respectively. The U.S. Geological Survey regional regression equations for determining peak discharge produced errors that ranged from an underestimation of 87.3 percent to an over- estimation of 1,140 percent. The regression equations for determining runoff volume produced errors that ranged from an underestimation of 95.6 percent to an overestimation of 324 percent. Regression equations developed from data used for this study produced errors that ranged between an underestimation of 82.8 percent and an over- estimation of 328 percent for peak discharge, and from an underestimation of 71.2 percent to an overestimation of 241 percent for runoff volume. Use of the equations developed for west-central Florida streams produced average errors for each type of watershed that were lower than errors associated with use of the U.S. Geological Survey equations. Initial estimates of peak discharges and runoff volumes using the Natural Resources Conservation Service TR-20 model, produced average errors of 44.6 and 42.7 percent respectively, for all the watersheds. Curve numbers and times of concentration were adjusted to match estimated and observed peak discharges and runoff volumes. The average change in the curve number for all the watersheds was a decrease of 2.8 percent. The average change in the time of concentration was an increase of 59.2 percent. The shape of the input dimensionless unit hydrograph also had to be adjusted to match the shape and peak time of the estimated and observed flood hydrographs. Peak rate factors for the modified input dimensionless unit hydrographs ranged from 162 to 454. The mean errors for peak discharges and runoff volumes were reduced to 18.9 and 19.5 percent, respectively, using the average calibrated input parameters for each watershed. Initial estimates of peak discharges and runoff volumes using the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers HEC-1 model, produced average errors of 105 and 26.8 percent respectively, for all the watersheds. Curve numbers and lag times were adjusted to match estimated and observed peak discharges and runoff volumes. The average change in the curve number for all the watersheds was a decrease of 2.5 percent. The average change in the lag time was an increase of 169 percent. The mean errors for peak discharges and runoff volumes were reduced to 5.8 and 1.4 percent, respectively, using the average calibrated input parameters for each watershed. The observed and estimated peak discharges and runoff volumes could be matched by adjusting curve numbers and lag time using the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers HEC-1 model; however, the shape of the estimated flood hydrograph and timing of the peak could not be matched. The input dimensionless unit hydrograph must also be changed to increase the accuracy of the HEC-1 model for watersheds in west-central Florida. The source code has to be modified and recompiled to enter different dimensionless unit hydrographs into the HEC-1 program. During application of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Storm Water Management Model, two separate infiltration methods were evaluated. Initial estimates of peak discharges and runoff volumes produced mean errors of 46.5 and 6.8 percent, respectively, for all watersheds using the Green-Ampt infiltration method, and 48.8 and 9.5 percent, respectively, using the Horton infiltration method. The mean errors were reduced to 18 and 0.3 percent for the Green-Ampt method and 20.9 and 7.2 percent for the Horton method using the average calibrated input parameters for each watershed. Estimates of peak discharges and runoff volumes were initially made for watersheds in west-central Florida using recommended procedures, then compared to observed peak discharges and runoff volumes. Subsequently, they were modified to increase accuracy for this area. The same methods used during the study could be used in other parts of the world to evaluate the accuracy of standard methods for estimating stormwater runoff.

Trommer, J.T., Loper, J.E., Hammett, K.M., and Bowman, Geronia, 1996, Comparison of estimated and observed stormwater runoff for fifteen watersheds in west-central Florida, using five common design techniques: U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 96-129, 125 p.

Hydrologists use several traditional techniques for estimating peak discharges and runoff volumes from ungaged watersheds. However, applying these techniques to watersheds in west-central Florida requires that empirical relationships be extrapolated beyond tested ranges. As a result there is some uncertainty as to their accuracy. Sixty-six storms in 15 west-central Florida watersheds were modeled using (1) the rational method, (2) the U.S. Geological Survey regional regression equations, (3) the Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) TR-20 model, (4) the Army Corps of Engineers HEC-1 model, and (5) the Environmental Protection Agency SWMM model. The watersheds ranged between fully developed urban and undeveloped natural watersheds. Peak discharges and runoff volumes were estimated using standard or recommended methods for determining input parameters. All model runs were uncalibrated and the selection of input parameters was not influenced by observed data. The rational method, only used to calculate peak discharges, overestimated 45 storms, underestimated 20 storms and estimated the same discharge for 1 storm. The mean estimation error for all storms indicates the method overestimates the peak discharges. Estimation errors were generally smaller in the urban watersheds and larger in the natural watersheds. The U.S. Geological Survey regression equations provide peak discharges for storms of specific recurrence intervals. Therefore, direct comparison with observed data was limited to sixteen observed storms that had precipitation equivalent to specific recurrence intervals. The mean estimation error for all storms indicates the method overestimates both peak discharges and runoff volumes. Estimation errors were smallest for the larger natural watersheds in Sarasota County, and largest for the small watersheds located in the eastern part of the study area. The Natural Resources Conservation Service TR-20 model, overestimated peak discharges for 45 storms and underestimated 21 storms, and overestimated runoff volumes for 44 storms and underestimated 22 storms. The mean estimation error for all storms modeled indicates that the model overestimates peak discharges and runoff volumes. The smaller estimation errors in both peak discharges and runoff volumes were for storms occurring in the urban watersheds, and the larger errors were for storms occurring in the natural watersheds. The HEC-1 model overestimated peak discharge rates for 55 storms and underestimated 11 storms. Runoff volumes were overestimated for 44 storms and underestimated for 22 storms using the Army Corps of Engineers HEC-1 model. The mean estimation error for all the storms modeled indicates that the model overestimates peak discharge rates and runoff volumes. Generally, the smaller estimation errors in peak discharges were for storms occurring in the urban watersheds, and the larger errors were for storms occurring in the natural watersheds. Estimation errors in runoff volumes; however, were smallest for the 3 natural watersheds located in the southernmost part of Sarasota County. The Environmental Protection Agency Storm Water Management model produced similar peak discharges and runoff volumes when using both the Green-Ampt and Horton infiltration methods. Estimated peak discharge and runoff volume data calculated with the Horton method was only slightly higher than those calculated with the Green-Ampt method. The mean estimation error for all the storms modeled indicates the model using the Green-Ampt infiltration method overestimates peak discharges and slightly underestimates runoff volumes. Using the Horton infiltration method, the model overestimates both peak discharges and runoff volumes. The smaller estimation errors in both peak discharges and runoff volumes were for storms occurring in the five natural watersheds in Sarasota County with the least amount of impervious cover and the lowest slopes. The largest errors were for storms occurring in the three small natural watersheds in the eastern part of the study area. The mean estimation errors for peak discharge ranged form an underestimation of 63 percent to an overestimation of 224 percent. For runoff volume, the mean estimation errors range from an underestimation of 63.3 percent to an overestimation of 267 percent.

Turk, L.J., Predicting the quality of urban storm runoff using a surrogate basin: Abstracts with Programs - Geological Society of America, 9th Annual Meeting, Boulder, CO, 1975, v. 7, no. 2, South-Central Section, p. 241.

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Urban, L.V., and Clayborn, B.J., 1989, Ogallala recharge with storm- water collected in playa lakes, Proceedings of the International symposium on Artificial recharge of ground water: Eds. Johnson, A.I. and Finlayson, D.J., New York, American Society of Civil Engineers, p. 302-309.

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Urban, L.V., and Clayborn, B.J., 1985, Ground water recharge with stormwater collected in playa lakes, Proceedings of the Association of Ground Water Scientists and Engineers western regional ground water conference. Lehn, J.H., and Butcher, Kathy, Worthington, OH, Natl. Water Well Assoc., p. 20-28.

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U.S. Geological Survey, Report of the U.S. Geological Survey's Analytical Evaluation Program - January 1990.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water Resources Division (WRD) Branch of Quality Assurance (BQA) Standard Reference Sample (SRS) Project conducts a semi-annual interlaboratory testing program. A series of natural matrix water and sediment samples are prepared and distributed to all laboratories that provide water- quality analyses and data for WRD use. Since 1962, when the program began, the objectives have been primarily twofold: 1) to provide a library of carefully prepared, homogeneous, stable reference materials, and 2) to evaluate the performance of U.S. Geological Survey and other participating laboratories This report includes tables giving overall laboratory performance summaries and presents analytical data for each standard reference sample. Presented data were submitted by the participating laboratories that analyzed parts or all of the constituent suites for 5 reference sample types which were mailed the week of October 16, 1989. Water samples available for the evaluation program included one each for major, trace, precipitate and mercury constituents. Two nutrient samples were also distributed. Relative performance rating achieved by the laboratories for each constituent, statistical evaluations, graphical presentations, and data summaries are presented for each of the samples. The most probable value (MPV) is established for each sample constituent by the use of non-parametric statistics.

U.S. Geological Survey, Report of the U.S. Geological Survey's Analytical Evaluation Program - July 1990.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water Resources Division (WRD) Branch of Quality Assurance (BQA) Standard Reference Sample (SRS) Project conducts a semi-annual interlaboratory testing program. A series of natural matrix water and sediment samples are prepared and distributed to all laboratories that provide water- quality analyses and data for WRD use. Since 1962, when the program began, the objectives have been primarily twofold: 1) to provide a library of carefully prepared, homogeneous, stable reference materials, and 2) to evaluate the performance of U.S. Geological Survey and other participating laboratories. This report includes tables giving overall laboratory performance summaries and presents analistical data for each standard reference sample. Presented data were submitted by the participating laboratories that analyzed parts or all of the constituent suites for 5 reference sample types mailed the week of May 7 1990. Water samples available for the evaluation program included one each of major, trace and precipitation types. Two mercury and two nutrient samples were also distributed. Relative performance ratings achieved by each participant for each constituent, statistical evaluations, graphical presentations, and data summaries are presented for each of the sample types. The most probable value (MPV) is established for each sample constituent by the use of non-parametric statistics.

U.S. Geological Survey, Report of the U.S. Geological Survey's Analytical Evaluation Program - January 1989.

The U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Division's (WRD) Standard Reference Sample project conducts an interlaboratory testing program twice yearly. A series of natural matrix water and sediment reference samples are prepared and distributed for analysis each spring and fall. Samples are sent to Survey and non-Survey laboratories that provide water-quality data for WRD use. Since 1962, when this program began, object- ives have been to provide a means for: (1) evaluating and improving the performance of Survey and other participating laboratories; (2) identifying analytical problem areas; (3) identifying water analysis QA needs and developing new reference materials to meet those needs; and (5) providing adequate supplies of a variety of reference samples to enable continuing quality assurance testing of selected laboratories. Participation in this program is mandatory for all laboratories providing water-quality data for WRD use or storage in the Survey's WATSTORE data system. This report includes 11 tables giving overall laboratory performance and presents analytical data for each SRS. Data were submitted by the participating laboratories that analyzed up to 5 reference sample types which included one each for major, trace, and nutrient constituents. A sediment (bad-material) sample for the determination of "total recoverable" major, minor and trace elements and a single constituent mercury-in-water sample were also available. Relative performance ratings achieved by the laboratories for each determination, statistical evaluations, data summaries, and graphical present- ations of the data are presented for each of the 5 test samples. Major revisions have been made in the approaches used to evaluate the data. This report also includes graphical representations of the data for each constituent. The median, most probable value (MPV), is given for each constituent and the graphs also show the upper and lower warning and control levels.

U.S. Geological Survey, Report of the U.S. Geological Survey's Analytical Evaluation Program - August 1989.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Water Resources DIvision (WRD) Branch of Quality Assurance (BQA) Standard Reference Sample (SRS) Project conducts a semi-annual interlaboratory testing program. A series of natural matrix water and sediment samples are prepared and distributed to all laboratories that provide water- quality analyses and data for WRD use. Since 1962, when the program began, the objectives have been primarily twofold: 1) to provide a library of carefully prepared, homogeneous, stable reference materials, and 2) to evaluate the performance of U.S. Geological Survey and other participating laboratories. This report includes tables giving overall laboratory performance summaries and presents analytical data for each standard reference sample. Presented data were submitted by the participating laboratories that analyzed parts or all of the constituent suites for 5 reference sample types which were mailed the week of May 29, 1989. Water samples available for the evaluation program included one each for major, trace, precipitate and mercury constituents. Two nutrient samples were also distributed. Relative performance rating achieved by the laboratories for each constituent, statistical evaluations, graphical presentations, and data summaries are presented for each of the samples. The most probable value (MPV) is established for each sample constituent by the use of non-parametric statistics.

U.S. Geological Survey, 1994, Proceedings of a U.S. Geological Survey workshop on the application and needs of submersible pressure sensors, Denver, Colorado, June 7-10, 1994: U.S Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-531, 53 p.

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U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Quality of Lakes Faith, Hope, Charity, and Lucien, 1971-79, in an Area of Residential Development and Highway Construction at Maitland, Florida.

As part of an ongoing study of lakes in central Florida, Lakes Faith, Hope, and Charity were sam-pled from April 1971 to June 1979 to monitor water-quality before, during, and after construction of Maitland Boulevard and the Interstate Highway 4 interchange. Lake Lucien was added to the study in April 1975. Chemical quality of the lakes varies little in comparison with surface runoff, bulk, precipitation, and the surficial aquifer. Surface runoff supplied about 19 percent of the direct inflow to the lakes and contributed a total of about 2,000 pounds per acre of lake surface of dissolved solids from April 1971 to June 1979, while bulk precipitation contributed about 1,170 pounds per acre. Water-quality in the lakes changed during the study, generally for the better. However, an infestation of elodea (Hydrilla verticillata) developed in Lake Hope near the end of the study and has interfered with recreational use of the lake.

Veenhuis, J.E., (1997, in progress) Albuquerque Stormwater Quality: Hydrologic and Water Quality Data 1992-1996: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-xxxx.

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Veenhuis, J.E., and Slade, R.M., 1990, Relation Between Urbanization and Water Quality of Streams in the Austin Area, Texas, USGS Water Resources Investigations Report 90-4107.

Selected water quality properties and constituents of stormflow andd base flow at 18 site on 11 streams in the Austin area, Texas were compared to determine the relation between degree of urbanization and water quality. Sample sites were grouped into four development classifications based on percentage of impervious cover of the drainage basin. For each site and development classification, concentrations and densities of water quality properties and constituents in samples collected during rising and falling stages of stormflow and during base flow were compared. Except for dissolved solids, concentrations during the rising stage of stormflow generally were larger than during the falling stage. The concentrations in stormflow were larger than in base flow. For the five sites that had sufficient samples from each flow category for statistical comparisons, median concentrations in stormflow were significantly larger than in base flow. Concentrations in the rising stage were more variable and significantly larger than in the falling stage. Except for dissolved solids, median concentrations in samples collected during stormflow increased with increasing urbanization. Medians for base flow also were larger for more urban classifications. The ratio of the number of samples with detectable concentrations to total samples analyzed of 18 minor inorganic constituents and the concentrations of many of these constituents increased with increasing urbanization. Twenty-two of 42 synthetic organic compounds investigated were detected in one or more samples and were detected more frequently and in larger concentrations at sites with more urban classifications.

Veenhuis, J.E., and Gannett, D.G., 1986, Effects of Urbanization on Floods in the Austin Metropolitan Area, Texas, USGS Water Resources Investigations Report 86-4069.

The effects of urbanization on flood peaks in streams in the Austin metropolitan area Texas were studied in two separate analyses. In the first analysis, annual peak discharge records at 13 streamflow gaging sites were used to compute a recorded flood frequency relation for each site. Rainfall and streamflow data for 10 to 20 storms for each of these sites were used to simulate 55 annual peak discharges. These simulated discharges also were used to develop a flood frequency relation at each site. The flood frequency relations from recorded and generated data were then combined by weighting the recorded flood frequency by the years of record at each site to produce a combined (or weighted) flood frequency at each site. Flood frequencies for all 13 sites were subsequently regressed against basin characteristics at each site to determine possible effects of urbanization. The regression analysis of the combined flood frequency data for the 13 sites yielded an equation for estimating floods of a given recurrence interval at ungaged sites in the Austin area, as a function of the contributing drainage area, the total impervious area percentage, and basin shape. The regression equation estimates that a near fully developed hypothetical drainage basin (impervious area percentage, 45%) would have discharges for the 2 yr and 100 yr recurrence interval that are 99% and 73% greater, respectively, than discharges for those frequencies from a rural drainage basin (impervious percentage, 0). In the second analysis, records at one streamflow gaging site on Waller Creek were analyzed for changes in rainfall-runoff and flood frequency relations due to urbanization. Annual peak discharges from 1956 to 1980 and data from a total of 80 storms at the Waller Creek site were analyzed. Both analyses showed increases comparable to those predicted using the equations developed from the 13-station analysis. The last 14 years of record (the near fully developed land use stage for the Waller Creek analysis) at the two sites on Waller Creek were part of the 13-station analysis.

Von Guerard, P., Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4161.

Sediment and benthic-invertebrate data were collected during water years 1985 through 1988 in the Fountain Creek drainage basin upstream from Widefield, Colorado. Sediment data collected include suspended-sediment concentrations and particle-size analysis of suspended sediment, bedload, and bed material. The smallest median suspended- sediment concentrations were determined for suspended-sediment samples collected at Monument Creek at Palmer Lake and Monument Creek above North Gate Boulevard, at U.S. Air Force Academy. Maximum and median suspended-sediment concentrations were largest at Fountain Creek near Colorado Springs and Monument Creek at Bijou Street at Colorado Springs. Sediment-transport equations were derived for total suspended-sediment discharge and suspended-sand discharge at seven periodic sampling sites. Annual suspended-sediment loads for water years 1985 through 1988 and mean annual suspended-sediment yields were computed for the seven periodic sampling sites. Mean annual suspended-sediment yield for 1985 through 1988 increased about 73 percent downstream in the Fountain Creek drainage basin primarily as a result of sediment discharging from Monument Creek. Mean annual suspended- sediment yields decreased about 30 percent in the lower part of the Fountain Creek drainage basin, mean annual suspended-sediment yield increased about 608 percent. The median grain size of all bed-material samples was very coarse sand to small cobbles, and the median grain size of all bedload samples was coarse sand to very fine gravel. Bedload discharge was computed at six of the periodic sampling sites. Measured bedload discharge ranged from 2.6 to 3,570 tons per day. Bedload discharge, as a percentage of total sediment discharge, ranged from 6 to 92 percent, and the smaller values occurred during rainfall runoff. Except for 1988, benthic invertebrates were collected four times annually at five of the periodic sampling sites. Number of taxa, species density, and similarity indices were determined for the five sites. At the five benthic-invertebrate sampling sites, 138 taxa were identified; however only 24 were common to all sites. At the benthic-invertebrate sampling sites, changes in streambed elevation was measured periodically during stream- channel cross-section surveys. The more habitat-sensitive benthic invertebrates-- Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptra were most abundant and were most frequently collected at sites where there was little to no change in streambed elevation. Multiple comparison tests were used to test for similarity of benthic invertebrates between the five sites. Multiple-regression analysis was done to determine the effects of sediment transport on benthic-invertegrate densities. Median grain size of bed material collected in conjunction with benthic-invertebrate samples and flooding during the 30 days prior to sampling consistently accounted for the most variation in mean densities of total organisms for major taxa groups sampled. Benthic-invertebrate densities were largest at sites with larger median grain size of bed material and that had the fewest periods of flooding during the 30 days prior to sample collection.

Von Guerard, P., 1989, Suspended Sediment and Sediment-Sources Areas in the Fountain Creek Drainage basin Upstream from Widefield, Southeastern Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4136, 36 p.

Suspended-sediment samples were collected from synoptic-sampling sites to determine suspended-sediment concentrations, loads, yields, and sediment-source areas in the Fountain Creek drainage basin upstream from Widefield, Colorado. Suspended-sediment yields ranged from 0.004 to 278 tons/sq mi/day. Twenty-four sites were sampled that represent urban and rural land use. The median suspended-sediment yield from urban drainage basins was 7.7 tons/sq mi/day and the median suspended-sediment yield from rural drainage basins was 0.46 ton/sq mi/day. Sediment-transport equations were derived for total suspended-sediment discharge and suspended-sand discharge at seven periodic-sampling sites. Annual suspended-sediment loads and yields were computed for the 1985 water year. Urbanization in the downstream parts of the Monument Creek drainage basin, the main tributary to Fountain Creek, affected sediment loads. The downstream 14% of the Monument Creek drainage basin contributed about 61% of the annual suspended-sediment load transported at the mouth of Monument Creek. About 73% of the annual suspended-sediment load for Fountain Creek at Colorado Springs was contributed by Monument Creek. Abandoned mill tailings along Fountain Creek contributed little to total suspended sediment load. Contributions of streambank erosion to basin sediment yields were not quantified. However, the measured rate of streambank erosion at a site on Fountain Creek has increased during a 37-year period. (USGS)

Von Guerard, P., and Weiss, W.B., 1995, Water Quality of Storm Runoff and Comparison of Procedures for Estimating Storm-Runoff Loads, Volume, Event-Mean Concentrations, and the Mean Load for a Storm for Selected Properties and Constituents for Colorado Springs, Southeastern Colorado, 1992: U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Investigations Report 94-4194, 68 p.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency requires that municipalities that have a population of 100,000 or greater obtain National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permits to characterize the quality of their storm runoff. In 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Colorado Springs City Engineering Division, began a study to characterize the water quality of storm runoff and to evaluate procedures for the estimation of storm-runoff loads, volume and event-mean concentrations for selected properties and constituents. Precipitation, streamflow, and water-quality data were collected during 1992 at five sites in Colorado Springs. Thirty-five samples were collected, seven at each of the five sites. At each site, three samples were collected for permitting purposes; two of the samples were collected during rainfall runoff, and one sample was collected during snowmelt runoff. Four additional samples were collected at each site to obtain a large enough sample size to estimate storm-runoff loads, volume, and event-mean concentrations for selected properties and constituents using linear-regression procedures developed using data from the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP). Storm-water samples were analyzed for as many as 186 properties and constituents. The constituents measured include total-recoverable metals, vola-tile-organic compounds, acid-base/neutral organic compounds, and pesticides. Storm runoff sampled had large concentrations of chemical oxygen demand and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand. Chemical oxygen demand ranged from 100 to 830 milligrams per liter, and 5.-day biochemical oxygen demand ranged from 14 to 260 milligrams per liter. Total-organic carbon concentrations ranged from 18 to 240 milligrams per liter. The total-recoverable metals lead and zinc had the largest concentrations of the total-recoverable metals analyzed. Concentrations of lead ranged from 23 to 350 micrograms per liter, and concentrations of zinc ranged from 110 to 1,400 micrograms per liter. The data for 30 storms representing rainfall runoff from 5 drainage basins were used to develop single-storm local-regression models. The response variables, storm-runoff loads, volume, and event-mean concentrations were modeled using explanatory variables for climatic, physical, and land-use characteristics. The r2 for models that use ordinary least-squares regression ranged from 0.57 to 0.86 for storm-runoff loads and volume and from 0.25 to 0.63 for storm-runoff event-mean concentrations. Except for cadmium, standard errors of estimate ranged from 43 to 115 percent for storm- runoff loads and volume and from 35 to 66 percent for storm-runoff event-mean concentrations. Eleven of the 30 concentrations collected during rainfall runoff for total-recoverable cadmium were censored (less than) concentrations. Ordinary least-squares regression should not be used with censored data; however, censored data can be included with uncensored data using tobit regression. Standard errors of estimate for storm-runoff load and event-mean concentration for total-recoverable cadmium, computed using tobit regression, are 247 and 171 percent. Estimates from single-storm regional-regression models, developed from the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program data base, were compared with observed storm-runoff loads, volume, and event-mean concentrations determined from samples collected in the study area. Single-storm regional-regression models tended to overestimate storm-runoff loads, volume, and event-mean con-centrations. Therefore, single-storm local- and regional-regression models were combined using model-adjustment procedures to take advantage of the strengths of both models while minimizing the deficiencies of each model. Procedures were used to develop single-stormregression equations that were adjusted using local data and estimates from single-storm regional-regression equations. Single-storm regression models developed using model- adjustment procedures had standard errors of estimate smaller than the standard errors of estimate for the regional-regression equations. Reduction of standard error in percent ranged from -1,980 to -10. Regression models that had been developed from the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program data base for estimating the mean load for a storm were evaluated. Mean load for a storm was estimated for selected constituents. Ninety-percent confidence intervals were computed for each mean load estimate. Estimated mean load for a storm was compared to mean load of a storm that was computed based on daily mean water discharge and land-use characteristics and was compared to the mean load from six samples collected during rainfall runoff. Generally, mean load for a storm, computed based on dally mean water discharge and land-use characteristics and on mean load from samples collected during rainfall runoff, was near or within the 90-percent confidence intervals for estimates of mean load for a storm.

Waddell, K.M., Massey, B.C., Jennings, M.E. (1979) Use of the STORM model for estimating the quantity and quality of runoff from the metropolitan area of Houston, Texas. U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 79-74, 29 p.

The ' STORM ' model (storage, treatment, overflow, and runoff model), developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, was selected from existing models and adapted to use available data to compute runoff from the Houston, TX, area and to compute the loads and concentrations of biochemical-oxygen demand, dissolved solids, total phosphorus, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and fecal-coliform bacteria. Discharge and precipitation data for the 1975 water year and all available water-quality analyses were used to calibrate the model. Data for the 1974 water year were used to verify the model for discharge. After verification, the calibrations were adjusted to balance the difference between the 1974 and 1975 error predictions for discharge. The adjusted model was used with records of precipitation and evaporation to simulate a 20-year record of the quantity and quality of runoff from the modeled area. The percentage of difference for the 1975 water year between the observed and computed concentrations of the water-quality constituents ranged from -21 to +8 percent for dissolved solids, -56 to +31 percent for total organic carbon, 0 to +83 percent for biochemical-oxygen demand, -13 to +50 percent for total nitrogen, -40 to +133 percent for total phosphorus, and -33 to +140 percent for fecal-coliform bacteria. The percentage of difference between the observed and computed discharge for the 1975 water year ranged from -9 to +5 percent.

Waller, Bradley G., Klein, Howard, and Lefkoff, Lawrence J., 1984, Attenuation of stormwater contaminants from highway runoff within unsaturated limestone, Dade County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 84-4083, 13 p.

Infiltration of stormwater in heavily urbanized parts of Dade County, Florida, constitutes a prime source of recharge to the unconfined Biscayne aquifer-the sole source of drinking water for southeast Florida. Ponded stormwater at the test site contained greater concentrations of lead, zinc, manganese, nitrogen (except nitrate), and phosphorus than that water which percolated through the unsaturated zone. Attenuation of some stormwater contaminants in the surface soils and limestone is indicated at the test site adjacent to a busy thoroughfare. Lead concentrations of 610 micrograms per gram and zinc concentrations of 91 micrograms per gram were found in the thin surface soils, nearly 20 times more than the concentrations of these metals at greater depth. In contrast, soil and rock samples at a control site remote from heavy traffic contained low concentrations of metals and showed little variation in concentration with depth.

Walker, J.F., 1993, Techniques for detecting effects of urban and rural land-use practices on stream-water chemistry in selected watersheds in Texas , Minnesota, and Illinois, USGS Open-File Report: 93-130.

A discussion is presented of several parametric and nonparametric statistical techniques for detecting trends in water-chemistry data. The need for reducing the effects of natural variability was recognized and accomplished through the use of regression equations. This report describes the use of storm mass-transport data as a means of improving regression relations, thereby reducing data variability. Selected statistical techniques were applied to 1 urban watershed in Texas, 2 urban watersheds in Minnesota, and 3 rural watersheds in Illinois. For the urban watersheds, single- and paired-site data-collection strategies were considered. The paired-site strategy was much more effective than the single-site strategy for detecting trends. For the rural watersheds, none of the selected techniques proved to be effective at identifying trends, primarily because of a small degree of management-practice implementation, potential errors introduced through the estimation of storm mass transport, and small sample sizes. A Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis was used to determine the percent change in chemistry that could be detected for each watershed. In most instances, the use of regressions improved the ability to detect trends. (USGS)

Ward, S.M., and Appel, D.H., 1988, Suspended-sediment yields in the Coal River and Trace Fork basins, West Virginia, 1975-84: US Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4171, 38 p.

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Warwick, J.J., and Tadepalli, P., Efficacy of SWMM Application: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, v. 117, no. 3. P 352-366.

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Warwick, J.J., and Wilson, J.S., Estimating Uncertainty of Stormwater Runoff Computations: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, v. 116, no. 2, p 187-204.

Waschbusch, R.J., 1997, Relation between stormwater pollutant concentrations in street runoff and average daily traffic count in Madison, Wisconsin, 1994-95, U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report currently in production.

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Welborn, C.T., and Veenhuis, J.E., 1987, Effects of runoff controls on the quantity and quality of urban runoff at two locations in Austin, Texas: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4004, 101 p.

Rapid urban development in the Austin metropolitan area, Texas, is causing concern about increasing peak discharges from stream runoff and the degradation of the quality of water in receiving streams, lakes, and aquifers. In an attempt to reduce peak discharges and improve water quality, runoff controls are being required in certain watersheds. This report summarizes the precipitation, streamflow, and water quality data collected from September 1982 to September 1984 upstream and downstream from runoff controls at two locations, and presents the effects of these runoff controls on streamflow and the quality of runoff water. The runoff controls at the two locations are a detention and filtering pond near Barton Creek Square Shopping Center, a large shopping center located southwest of downtown Austin, and a grass-covered swale control in the Alta Vista Planned Unit Development, a multiple-family housing area. Data indicate that as a result of the Barton Creek Square Shopping Center detention and filtering pond, peak discharges were reduced and peak concentration and loads of most of the analyzed constituents were reduced. However, the grass-covered swale control had little effect on reducing the peak discharges and peak concentrations at the Alta Vista Planned Unit Development.

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Wesolowski, E.A., 1996, Uncertainty Analysis of the Simulations of Effects of Discharging Treated Wastewater to the Red River of the North at Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota: U.S. Geological Survey Water Resources Investigations Report 96-4015, 27 p.

Two separate studies to simulate the effects of discharging treated wastewater to the Red River of the North at Fargo, North Dakota, and Moorhead, Minnesota, have been completed. In the first study, the Red River at Fargo Water-Quality Model was calibrated and verified for ice-free conditions. In the second study, the Red River at Fargo Ice-Cover Water-Quality Model was verified for ice-cover conditions. To better understand and apply the Red River at Fargo Water-Quality Model and the Red River at Fargo Ice-Cover Water-Quality Model, the uncertainty associated with simulated constituent concentrations and property values was analyzed and quantified using the Enhanced Stream Water Quality Model-Uncertainty Analysis. The Monte Carlo simulation and first-order error analysis methods were used to analyze the uncertainty in simulated values for six constituents and properties at sites 5, 10, and 14 (upstream to downstream order). The constituents and properties analyzed for uncertainty are specific conductance, total organic nitrogen (reported as nitrogen), total ammonia (reported as nitrogen), total nitrite plus nitrate (reported as nitrogen), 5-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand for ice-cover conditions and ultimate carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand for ice-free conditions, and dissolved oxygen. Results are given in detail for both the ice-cover and ice-free conditions for specific conductance, total ammonia, and dissolved oxygen. The sensitivity and uncertainty of the simulated constituent concentrations and property values to input variables differ substantially between ice-cover and ice-free conditions. During ice-cover conditions, simulated specific-conductance values are most sensitive to the headwater-source specific- conductance values upstream of site 10 and the point-source specific-conductance values downstream of site 10. These headwater-source and point-source specific-conductance values also are the key sources of uncertainty. Simulated total ammonia concen- trations are most sensitive to the point-source total ammonia concentrations at all three sites. Other input variables that contribute substantially to the variability of simulated total ammonia concentrations are the headwater-source total ammonia and the instream reaction coefficient for biological decay of total ammonia to total nitrite. Simulated dissolved-oxygen concentrations at all three sites are most sensitive to headwater-source dissolved-oxygen concentration. This input variable is the key source of variability for simulated dissolved-oxygen concentrations at sites 5 and 10. Headwater-source and point-source dissolved-oxygen concentrations are the key sources of variability for simulated dissolved-oxygen concentrations at site 14. During ice-free conditions, simulated specific-conductance values at all three sites are most sensitive to the headwater-source specific- conductance values. Headwater-source specific- conductance values also are the key source of uncertainty. The input variables to which total ammonia and dissolved oxygen are most sensitive vary from site to site and may or may not correspond to the input variables that contribute the most to the variability. The input variables that contribute the most to the variability of simulated total ammonia concentrations are point-source total ammonia, instream reaction coefficient for biological decay of total ammonia to total nitrite, and Manning's roughness coefficient. The input variables that contribute the most to the variability of simulated dissolved-oxygen concentrations are reaeration rate, sediment oxygen demand rate, and headwater-source algae as chlorophyll a.

Wilde, F.D., 1994, Geochemistry and factors affecting ground-water quality at three storm-water-management sites in Maryland: Maryland Geological Survey Report of Investigations No. 59, 201 p.

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Willoughby Timothy, 1995, Quality of Wet Deposition in the Grand Calumet River Watershed, Northwestern Indiana, June 30, 1992 - August 31, 1993: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4172.

Northwestern Indiana is one of the most heavily industrialized and largest steel-producing areas in the United States. High temperature processes, such as fossil-fuel combustion and steel production, release contaminants to the atmosphere that may result in wet deposition being a major contributor to major ion and trace-metal loadings in north- western Indiana and Lake Michigan. A wet-deposition collection site was established at the Gary (Indiana) Regional Airport in June 1992 to monitor the chemical quality of wet deposition. Weekly samples were collected at this site from June 30, 1992, through August 31, 1993, and were analyzed for pH, specific conductance, and selected major ions and trace metals. Forty-eight samples collected during the study were of sufficient volumes for some of the determinations to be performed. Median constituent concentrations were determined for samples collected during warm weather and cold weather (November 1 through March 31). Median concentrations were substituted for missing values from samples with insufficient volumes for analysis of all the constituents of interest. Constituent concentrations were converted to weekly loadings. Two values were calculated to provide a range for the weekly loading for samples with measured concentrations of constituents less than the method reporting limit. The minimum weekly loading was computed by substituting zero for the constituent concentration; the maximum weekly loading was computed by substituting the method reporting limit for the concentration. If all of the sample concentrations measured were greater than the method reporting limit, an annual loading value was computed. The annual loadings could be used to assist in estimating the contribution of wet deposition to the total annual constituent loadings in the Grand Calumet River in northwestern Indiana.

Wilson, J.F., Fluorometric Procedures for Dye Tracing

This manual describes the current fluorometric procedures used by the US Geological Survey in dye tracer studies such as time of travel, dispersion, reaeration, and dilution-type discharge measurements. The advantages of dye tracing are (1) low detection and measurement limits and (2) simplicity and accuracy in measuring dye tracer concentrations using fluorometric techniques. The manual contains necessary background information about fluorescence, dyes, and fluorometers and a description of fluorometric operation and calibration procedures as a guide for laboratory and field use. The background information should be useful to anyone wishing to experiment with dyes fluorometer components, or procedures different, from those described. In addition, a brief section on aerial photography is included because of its possible use to supplement ground-level fluorometry.

Witkowski, P.J., and Smith, J.A., A Review of Surface-Water Sediment Fractions and their Interactions with Persistent Manmade Organic Compounds

This paper reviews the suspended and surficial sediment fractions and their interactions with manmade organic compounds. The objective of this review is to isolate and describe those contaminant and sediment properties that contribute to the persistence of organic compounds in surface-water systems. Most persistent, nonionic organic contaminants, such as the chlorinated insedticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are characterized by low water solubilities and high octanolwater partition coefficients. Consequently, sorptive interactions are the primary transformation processes that control their environmental behavior. For nonionic organic com-pounds, sorption is primarily attributed to the partitioning of an organic contaminant betweren a water phase and an organic phase. Partitioning processes play a central role in the uptake and release of contaminants by sediment organic matter and in the bioconcentration of contaminants by aquatic organisms. Chemically isolated sediment fractions show that organic matter is the primary determinant of the sorptive capacity exhibited by sediment. Humic substances, as dissolved organic matter, contribute a number of functions to the processes cycling organic contaminants. They alter the rate of transformation of contaminants, enhance apparent water solubility, and increase the carrying capacity of the water column beyond the solubility limits of the contaminant. As a component of sediment particles, humic substances, through sorptive interactions, serve as vectors for the hydrodynamic transport of organic contaminants. The capabilities of the humic substances stem in part from their polyfunctional chemical composition and also from their ability to exist in solution as dissolved species, flocculated aggregates, surface coatings, and colloidal organomineral and organometal complexes. The transport properties of manmade organic compounds have been investigated by field studies and laboratory experiments that examine the sorption of contaminants by different sediment size fractions. Field studies indicate that organic contaminants tend to sorb more to fine-grained sediment, and this correlates significantly with sediment organic matter content. Laboratory experiments have extended the field studies to a wider spectrum of natural particulates and anthropogenic compounds. Quantization of isotherm results allows the comparison of different sediment sorbents as well as the estimation of field partition coefficients from laboratory-measured and contaminant properties. Detailed analyses made on the basis of particle-size classes show that all sediment fractions need to be considered in evaluating the fate and distribution of manmade organic compounds. This conclusion is based on observations from field studies and on the variety of natural organic sorbents that demonstrate sorptive capabilities in laboratory iso-therm experiments.

Wong, M.F., and Hill, B.R., 1992, Statistical summary of hydrologic and water-quality data from the North Halawa, Haiku, and Kamooalii drainage basins, Oahu, Hawaii, Water Years 1983-89: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4049, 52 p.

Rainfall, streamflow, sediment, and water quality data from the North Halawa, Haiku, and Kamooalii drainage basins are statistically summarized for part of a study to determine the effects of the construction of the H-3 highway. In addition, the methods of data collection are described. Data collected between water years 1983 and 1989 at 10 stream-gaging and water quality stations, two water quality stations located on a wildlife pond, and at Waimaluhia Reservoir are included. Physiographic data for all basins defined by the 10 stream stations as well as land-use and land-cover descriptions of the North Halawa, Haiku, and Kamooalii drainage basins are given. Drainage areas for the 10 basins ranged from 0.34 to 4.01 sq mi. Monthly rainfall data from five stream-gaging stations, total annual streamflow data from six stream-gaging stations, and annual average suspended-sediment concentrations, loads, and yields from five stream-gaging stations are given. Water quality data are statistically summarized for the 10 stream-gaging and water quality stations as well as for the two stations at the wildlife pond. Bed altitude data and bathymetric contour maps are shown for Waimaluhia Reservoir. Calculated volumes from the bathymetric contour maps show the reservoir being depleted at 1.20 acre-ft/yr. This value is less than the 2.0 acre-ft/yr design depletion rate.

Wong, M.F., and Hill, and DeCarlo, E.H., 1991, Effects of highway construction on suspended-sediment concentrations in two small drainage basins on Oahu, Hawaii, in Conference non-point source pollution: State of Washington Water Resources Research Center Report 78, [Proceedings], p. 303-313.

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Yorke, T.H., and Herb, W.J., 1978, Effects of Urbanization on Streamflow and Sediment Transport in the Rock Creek and Anacostia River basins, Montgomery County, Maryland, 1962-74, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1003, 71 p.

Land use, precipitation, streamflow, and sediment discharge data were collected from nine small drainage basins in Montgomery County, Maryland, to evaluate runoff and sediment response to sediment-control practices in areas undergoing urban development. Drainage basins ranged in size from 0.35 to 21.1 sq mi and land use ranged from rural to 60 percent urban. Urbanization did not affect low and medium flows, but it did result in increased storm runoff and peak flows. Suspended sediment transported from one of the basins that underwent urban development, the 21.1 sq mi Anacostia River basin, averaged 15 ,400 tons/yr between 1962 and 1974. Bedload was estimated as 5 to 11 percent of the total load. Cropland, urban land, and construction sites were the major sources of sediment. Average annual sediment yields ranged from 065 to 4.3 tons/acre for cropland, 3.7 tons/acre for urban land, and 7 to 100 tons/acre for urban construction sites. The magnitude of the yields from construction sites was significantly affected by (1) the slope of the sites, (2) the proximity of stream channels, (3) buffer zones of natural vegetation, and (4) sediment-control measures. Sediment controls, particularly those enforced under a 1971 sediment-control ordinance, apparently decreased construction-site sediment yields by 60 to 80 percent. (Woodard-USGS)

Zarriello, P.J., 1989, Simulated water-quality changes in detention basins, in Roesner, L.A., Urbonas, Ben, and Sonnen, M. B., eds., Design of urban runoff quality controls: American Society of Civil Engineers, p. 268-279.

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Zarriello, P. J., 1990, Effects of increased retention time on storm runoff quality in a normally dry flow-detention basin, Monroe County, New York: in Jennings, M. E. Symp Proc on Urban Hydrology.

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Zarriello, P.J., 1996, Simulated effects of a stormwater-detention basin on peak flows and water quality of East Branch Allen Creek, Monroe County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4157.

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Zarriello, P. J., and Sherwood, D. A., 1993, Effects of stormwater detention on the chemical quality of runoff from a small residential development, Monroe County, New York: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 92-4003, 57 p.

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Zarriello, P.J., Harding, W.E., Yager,R.M., and Kappel, 1985, Quantity And Quality Of Storm Runoff In The Irondequoit Creek basin Near Rochester, New York Part 1--Data Collection Network And Methods, Quality-Assurance Program, And Description Of Available Data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-610, 44 p.

A 14-month data collection program of quantity and quality of storm precipitation and runoff was conducted in the Irondequoit Creek basin, a 438-sq km area along the south shore of Lake Ontario in north-central New York, from July 1980 through August 1981. The data from a basis for study of nutrient inflow to Irondequoit Bay. This report describes the methods used to collect and verify the data and includes some representative examples of the data base. Stream discharge and water quality data were collected at 17 sites representing rural and urban land uses. Precipitation data were collected at five continuous-record gages and 11 daily total gages. Evaporation data were collected at one site; chemical quality of precipitation and dustfall data were collected at four sites. tables list watershed characteristics, precipitation data (including chemical quality of atmospheric deposition, monthly precipitation, and evaporation), and annual loadings of eight selected nutrients and heavy metals from the five major subbasins and three discrete land-use site. Examples of computer printouts of streamflow, precipitation, and water quality data available from the Geological Survey 's WATSTORE computer system are included. (USGS)

Zimmerman, M.J., Grady, S.J., Todd Trench, E.C., Flanagan, S.M., and Nielsen, M.G., 1996, Water-quality assessment of the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins Study Unit - Analysis of available data on nutrients, suspended sediments, and pesticides, 1972-92: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4203, 162 p.

This retrospective report examines available nutrient, suspended sediment, and pesticide data in surface and ground water in the Connecticut, Housatonic and Thames Rivers Study Unit of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. The purpose of this study is to improve the under- standing of natural and anthropogenic factors affecting water quality in the study unit. Water-quality data were acquired from various sources, primarily, the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The report examines data for water years 1972-92, focusing on 1980-92, although it also includes additional data from as early as 1905. The study unit lies within the New England Physiographic Province and altitudes range from sea level in coastal Connecticut to 6,288 feet above sea level at Mount Washington, New Hampshire. Two major aquifer types underlie the study unit--unconsolidated glacial deposits and fractured bedrock. The climate generally is temperate and humid, with four distinct seasons. Average annual precipitation ranges from 34 to 65 inches. The study unit has a population of about 4.5 million, which is most highly concentrated in southwestern Connecticut and along the south-central region of the Connecticut River Valley. Surface-water-quality data were screened to provide information about sites with adequate numbers of analyses (50) over sufficiently long periods (1980-90) to enable valid statistical analyses. In order to compare effects of different types of land use on surface-water quality, examination of data required application of several statistical and graphical techniques, including mapping, histograms, boxplots, concentration-discharge plots, trend analysis, and load estimation. Spatial and temporal analysis of surface-water-quality data indicated that, with a single exception, only/stations in the Connecticut water-quality network had sufficient data collected over adequately long time periods to use in detailed analyses. Ground-water nutrient and pesticide data were compiled from several Federal and State agencies, primarily the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and Connecticut Department of Health Services. Nutrient data were available for several thousand wells; nitrite plus nitrate as nitrogen was the most commonly reported constituent. Most wells with nutrient data are in Massachusetts and Connecticut. Relative to nutrient data in ground and surface water, pesticide data are less common. Pesticide data were available for slightly more than 200 surface-water sites and less than 500 wells; about 95 percent of the wells are completed in stratified-drift or till aquifers. Data for 81 pesticide compounds were available in various data bases. 2,4-D and silvex were the most commonly detected herbicides in surface water and dieldrin and diazinon were the most commonly detected insecticides. Most surface-water pesticide samples and detections are from bed sediment, but much of the data are not recent. Ethylene dibromide (EDB), a soil fumigant used in tobacco farming was detected in 268 well in a 50 square-mile area of north-central Connecticut; EDB contamination also was detected in wells in Massachusetts. Atrazine, an herbicide commonly used in corn farming, commonly was detected in wells installed in tilled agricultural fields. Corn herbicides were commonly detected in the northern par( of the study unit, although the sampling has been less frequent than in the southern part of the study unit. Pesticides were seldom detected in public-supply wells in Connecticut. Urban sites with relatively high population densities and high concentrations of dischargers were characterized by having the highest nutrient concentrations and loads when adjusted for differences in drainage area or population. Particularly, the Pequabuck, Naugatuck, and Quinnipiac River Basins were characterized by high nutrient concentrations--median total nitrogen concentrations ranged from 3.3 to 4.2 mg/L (milligrams per liter) and median total phosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.42 to 0.8 mg/L. In contrast, the predominantly forested and low density residential land-use sites, such as Saugatuck and Salmon River Basins, were characterized by low nutrient concentrations--median total nitrogen ranged from 0.50 to 0.60 mg/L and median total phosphorus concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.02 mg/L. Estimated total nitrogen loadings in median discharge years ranged from 940 kilograms per square mile at the Salmon River near East Hampton, Conn., to 5,800 kilograms per square mile at the Naugatuck River at Beacon Falls, Conn. Water quality, in terms of nutrient concentrations and areally adjusted loadings, for sites with large drainage basins integrating a wide variety of land-use categories fell between the extremes of the urban and forested sites--total nitrogen was 1,400 kilograms per square mile per year at the Connecticut River at Thompsonville, Conn. Nitrate concentrations in ground water occasionally exceeded the safe drinking-water standard of 10 mg/L as nitrogen. The greatest number of detections exceeding the standard, however, were not in public-water supplies but in shallow observation wells in agricultural settings (the most frequently sampled type of well). None of the public-supply wells in Massachusetts exceeded the standard. Although nitrate concentrations for Vermont and New Hampshire generally were low, few data were available and those were seldom reported on the basis of drainage basin, making analysis difficult. Trend analysis indicated that flow-adjusted concentrations of total and dissolved phosphorus generally decreased during the period of analysis, however, total nitrogen did not change substan- tially. Decreases in ammonia concentrations with time were usually accompanied by increases in nitrate, suggesting improvements in sewage treatment. The lack of adequate data from more or less exclusively agricultural areas points to the need for further study of the effects of farming on surface-water quality in the study unit. Further- more, additional information is needed on the rates, transformations, and movements of nutrients and other materials through and between the aquatic and terrestrial components of the study unit.

Zogorski, J.S., Characklis, W.G., Schumer, R.H., and Gaudet. F., 1975, Temporal characteristics of stormwater runoff, an overview: Minneapolis, MN, American Water Rescues Association, p. 100-109.

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