NAL Agricultural Thesaurus Search Results

0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Categories

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. = Narrower Terms
: = Broader Terms

S Biological Sciences

anatomy and morphology

: : Biological Sciences; anatomy and morphology; . animal anatomy; . . animal organs; . . . animal glands; . . . . endocrine glands; . . . . . adrenal glands; . . . . . . adrenal cortex; . . . . . . adrenal medulla; . . . . . gonads; . . . . . . ovaries; . . . . . . . corpus luteum; . . . . . . . . luteal cells; . . . . . . . ovarian follicles; . . . . . . . . cumulus oophorus; . . . . . . . . follicular fluid; . . . . . . . . Graafian follicles; . . . . . . . . granulosa cells; . . . . . . . ovarioles; . . . . . . . thecal cells; . . . . . . testes; . . . . . . . Leydig cells; . . . . . . . rete testis; . . . . . . . seminiferous tubules; . . . . . . . . seminiferous epithelium; . . . . . . . Sertoli cells; . . . . . islets of Langerhans; . . . . . parathyroid glands; . . . . . pineal body; . . . . . pituitary gland; . . . . . . anterior pituitary; . . . . . . posterior pituitary; . . . . . prothoracic glands; . . . . . thymus gland; . . . . . thyroid gland; . . . . exocrine glands; . . . . . anal glands; . . . . . Dufour's gland; . . . . . mammary glands; . . . . . pheromone glands; . . . . . prostate gland; . . . . . salivary glands; . . . . . . mandibular glands; . . . . . . maxillary glands; . . . . . . parotid gland; . . . . . sebaceous glands; . . . . . . scent glands; . . . . . shell gland; . . . . . silk glands; . . . . . sweat glands; . . . . . uropygial gland; . . . brain; . . . . antennal lobe; . . . . brain stem; . . . . cerebellum; . . . . . amygdala; . . . . cerebrum; . . . . . cerebral cortex; . . . . . cerebral ventricles; . . . . hippocampus; . . . . hypothalamus; . . . . . paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus; . . . . . preoptic area; . . . . medulla oblongata; . . . . mushroom bodies; . . . . olfactory bulb; . . . . optic lobe; . . . . thalamus; . . . gall bladder; . . . gills; . . . heart; . . . . heart atrium; . . . . heart valves; . . . . heart ventricle; . . . . myocardium; . . . hepatopancreas; . . . kidneys; . . . . nephrons; . . . . . kidney glomerulus; . . . . . renal tubules; . . . . . . proximal tubules; . . . liver; . . . lungs; . . . . bronchi; . . . . pulmonary alveoli; . . . sense organs; . . . . antennae; . . . . ears; . . . . . guttural pouch; . . . . eyes; . . . . . compound eyes; . . . . . . ommatidia; . . . . . conjunctiva; . . . . . cornea; . . . . . eye lens; . . . . . iris (eyes); . . . . . lacrimal apparatus; . . . . . ocelli; . . . . . retina; . . . . nose; . . . . . nasal cavity; . . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . . olfactory organs; . . . . palps; . . . . sensilla; . . . spleen; . . . sting apparatus; . . . stomach; . . . . gastric fundus; . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . pylorus; . . . . ruminant stomach; . . . . . abomasum; . . . . . forestomach; . . . . . . omasum; . . . . . . reticulum; . . . . . . rumen; . . . . . . . rumen epithelium; . . . . . . . rumen fluids; . . . tonsils; . . animal tissues; . . . animal tissue extracts; . . . cell membranes; . . . . egg membranes; . . . . . vitelline membrane; . . . . lipid bilayers; . . . . microvilli; . . . . mucosa; . . . . . digestive tract mucosa; . . . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . . . intestinal mucosa; . . . . . . . intestinal crypts; . . . . . . . villi; . . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . . . vaginal mucosa; . . . . nuclear membrane; . . . . plasma membrane; . . . . thylakoids; . . . . tonoplast; . . . connective tissues; . . . . adipose tissue; . . . . . brown adipose tissue; . . . . . fat body; . . . . . white adipose tissue; . . . . bones; . . . . . bone density; . . . . . bone marrow; . . . . . bone types; . . . . . . capitulum (bone); . . . . . . jaws; . . . . . . . mandible (bone); . . . . . . keel bone; . . . . . . limb bones; . . . . . . . carpus; . . . . . . . femur; . . . . . . . fibula; . . . . . . . humerus; . . . . . . . metacarpus; . . . . . . . metatarsus; . . . . . . . phalanges; . . . . . . . radius (bone); . . . . . . . tibia; . . . . . . . ulna; . . . . . . maxilla bone; . . . . . . patella; . . . . . . periosteum; . . . . . . ribs; . . . . . . scapula; . . . . . . sesamoid bones; . . . . . . skull; . . . . . . . orbits; . . . . . . spine; . . . . . . . cervical spine; . . . . . . . intervertebral disks; . . . . . . . lumbar spine; . . . . . . . sacral spine; . . . . . . . . pelvis; . . . . . . . thoracic spine; . . . . . . . vertebrae; . . . . . . sternum; . . . . . . tarsus (bone); . . . . . epiphyses; . . . . . . growth plate; . . . . cartilage; . . . . . intervertebral disks; . . . . fascia; . . . . ligaments; . . . . tendons; . . . epithelium; . . . . basement membrane; . . . . endothelium; . . . . epidermis (animal); . . . . mucosa; . . . . . digestive tract mucosa; . . . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . . . intestinal mucosa; . . . . . . . intestinal crypts; . . . . . . . villi; . . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . . . vaginal mucosa; . . . . rumen epithelium; . . . . seminiferous epithelium; . . . gingiva; . . . imaginal discs; . . . laminae (animals); . . . muscle tissues; . . . . muscle fibers; . . . . myocardium; . . . . myofibrils; . . . . . sarcomeres; . . . . skeletal muscle; . . . . . sarcoplasmic reticulum; . . . . smooth muscle; . . . . striated muscle; . . . nerve tissue; . . . serosa; . . . . pericardium; . . . . peritoneum; . . . . . mesentery; . . . . . omentum; . . . . pleura; . . . splanchnic tissues; . . . uterine tissue; . . . . endometrium; . . . . myometrium; . . bodily secretions and exudates; . . . bile; . . . colostrum; . . . . cow colostrum; . . . . human colostrum; . . . defensive secretions; . . . gastric juice; . . . . gastric acid; . . . lac; . . . maternal milk; . . . . breast milk; . . . . . human milk fat; . . . . buffalo milk; . . . . camel milk; . . . . ewe milk; . . . . goat milk; . . . . mare milk; . . . . milk; . . . . . low fat milk; . . . . . skim milk; . . . . . whole milk; . . . . sow milk; . . . mucus; . . . . cervical mucus; . . . pancreatic juice; . . . royal jelly; . . . saliva; . . . sebum; . . . semen; . . . . milt; . . . . seminal plasma; . . . sweat; . . . tears; . . . venoms; . . body fluids; . . . allantoic fluid; . . . amniotic fluid; . . . blood; . . . . blood cells; . . . . . blood platelets; . . . . . erythrocytes; . . . . . . reticulocytes; . . . . . leukocytes; . . . . . . granulocytes; . . . . . . . basophils; . . . . . . . eosinophils; . . . . . . . heterophils; . . . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . . . lymphocytes; . . . . . . . B-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . plasma cells; . . . . . . . immunocytes; . . . . . . . melanocytes; . . . . . . . natural killer cells; . . . . . . . thymocytes; . . . . . . . T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . CD4-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . CD8-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . cytotoxic T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . suppressor cells; . . . . . . monocytes; . . . . . thrombocytes; . . . . blood plasma; . . . . . blood serum; . . . body water; . . . cerebrospinal fluid; . . . digesta; . . . extracellular fluids; . . . follicular fluid; . . . lymph; . . . oviductal fluids; . . . synovial fluid; . . circulatory system; . . . cardiovascular system; . . . . blood; . . . . . blood cells; . . . . . . blood platelets; . . . . . . erythrocytes; . . . . . . . reticulocytes; . . . . . . leukocytes; . . . . . . . granulocytes; . . . . . . . . basophils; . . . . . . . . eosinophils; . . . . . . . . heterophils; . . . . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . . . . lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . B-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . plasma cells; . . . . . . . . immunocytes; . . . . . . . . melanocytes; . . . . . . . . natural killer cells; . . . . . . . . thymocytes; . . . . . . . . T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . CD4-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . CD8-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . . cytotoxic T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . suppressor cells; . . . . . . . monocytes; . . . . . . thrombocytes; . . . . . blood plasma; . . . . . . blood serum; . . . . blood vessels; . . . . . arteries; . . . . . . aorta; . . . . . . carotid arteries; . . . . . . coronary vessels; . . . . . . . ductus arteriosus; . . . . . . hepatic artery; . . . . . . iliac artery; . . . . . . mesenteric arteries; . . . . . . pulmonary artery; . . . . . . umbilical arteries; . . . . . blood capillaries; . . . . . blood veins; . . . . . . coronary vessels; . . . . . . . ductus arteriosus; . . . . . . jugular vein; . . . . . . portal vein; . . . . . . saphenous vein; . . . . . . umbilical veins; . . . . . . vena cava; . . . . endothelium; . . . . heart; . . . . . heart atrium; . . . . . heart valves; . . . . . heart ventricle; . . . . . myocardium; . . . hemolymph; . . . . hemocytes; . . . lymphatic system; . . . . bursa of Fabricius; . . . . lymph; . . . . lymph nodes; . . . . Peyer's patches; . . . . reticuloendothelial system; . . . . . phagocytes; . . . . . . macrophages; . . . . . . . foam cells; . . . . . . . histiocytes; . . . . . . . Kupffer cells; . . . . . . monocytes; . . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . spleen; . . . . thoracic duct; . . . . thymus gland; . . . . tonsils; . . cocoons; . . digestive system; . . . biliary tract; . . . . bile; . . . . bile ducts; . . . . gall bladder; . . . cloaca; . . . crop (digestive system); . . . digestive juices; . . . . bile; . . . . digestive enzymes; . . . . . alpha-amylase; . . . . . chymosin; . . . . . chymotrypsin; . . . . . pancreatin; . . . . . pepsin; . . . . . triacylglycerol lipase; . . . . . trypsin; . . . . gastric juice; . . . . . gastric acid; . . . . pancreatic juice; . . . . rumen fluids; . . . . saliva; . . . digestive tract; . . . digestive tract mucosa; . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . intestinal mucosa; . . . . . intestinal crypts; . . . . . villi; . . . esophagus; . . . . esophageal sphincter; . . . foregut; . . . gastrointestinal system; . . . . intestines; . . . . . intestinal mucosa; . . . . . . intestinal crypts; . . . . . . villi; . . . . . large intestine; . . . . . . cecum; . . . . . . colon; . . . . . . rectum; . . . . . . . anus; . . . . . small intestine; . . . . . . duodenum; . . . . . . ileum; . . . . . . jejunum; . . . . . . villi; . . . . stomach; . . . . . gastric fundus; . . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . . pylorus; . . . . . ruminant stomach; . . . . . . abomasum; . . . . . . forestomach; . . . . . . . omasum; . . . . . . . reticulum; . . . . . . . rumen; . . . . . . . . rumen epithelium; . . . . . . . . rumen fluids; . . . gizzard; . . . hepatopancreas; . . . hindgut; . . . liver; . . . midgut; . . . . peritrophic membrane; . . . mouth; . . . . gingiva; . . . . lips; . . . . palate; . . . . teeth; . . . . . tooth enamel; . . . . . tooth pulp; . . . . tongue; . . . pancreas; . . . . islets of Langerhans; . . . . pancreatic ducts; . . . . pancreatic juice; . . . pharynx; . . . . nasopharynx; . . . proventriculus; . . . salivary glands; . . . . mandibular glands; . . . . maxillary glands; . . . . parotid gland; . . embryonic structures; . . . conceptus; . . . embryo (animal); . . . . amniotic fluid; . . . . blastocyst; . . . . . blastoderm; . . . . . trophoblast; . . . . blastomeres; . . . . extraembryonic membranes; . . . . . allantois; . . . . . amnion; . . . . . chorioallantoic membrane; . . . . . chorion; . . . . . yolk sac; . . . . limb bud; . . . . morula; . . . . neural crest; . . . . umbilical cord; . . . . urachus; . . . fetus; . . . placenta; . . . . trophoblast; . . . zygote; . . endocrine system; . . . endocrine glands; . . . . adrenal glands; . . . . . adrenal cortex; . . . . . adrenal medulla; . . . . gonads; . . . . . ovaries; . . . . . . corpus luteum; . . . . . . . luteal cells; . . . . . . ovarian follicles; . . . . . . . cumulus oophorus; . . . . . . . follicular fluid; . . . . . . . Graafian follicles; . . . . . . . granulosa cells; . . . . . . ovarioles; . . . . . . thecal cells; . . . . . testes; . . . . . . Leydig cells; . . . . . . rete testis; . . . . . . seminiferous tubules; . . . . . . . seminiferous epithelium; . . . . . . Sertoli cells; . . . . islets of Langerhans; . . . . parathyroid glands; . . . . pineal body; . . . . pituitary gland; . . . . . anterior pituitary; . . . . . posterior pituitary; . . . . prothoracic glands; . . . . thymus gland; . . . . thyroid gland; . . . neurosecretory system; . . . . corpora allata; . . . . corpora cardiaca; . . . . neurosecretory cells; . . excreta; . . . feces; . . . frass; . . . honeydew; . . . urine; . . excretory system; . . . cloaca; . . . Malpighian tubules; . . . urinary tract; . . . . bladder; . . . . kidneys; . . . . . nephrons; . . . . . . kidney glomerulus; . . . . . . renal tubules; . . . . . . . proximal tubules; . . . . ureter; . . . . urethra; . . exuvium; . . immune system; . . . antigen-presenting cells; . . . . dendritic cells; . . . . . Langerhans cells; . . . bone marrow; . . . leukocytes; . . . . granulocytes; . . . . . basophils; . . . . . eosinophils; . . . . . heterophils; . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . lymphocytes; . . . . . B-lymphocytes; . . . . . . plasma cells; . . . . . immunocytes; . . . . . melanocytes; . . . . . natural killer cells; . . . . . thymocytes; . . . . . T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . CD4-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . CD8-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . cytotoxic T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . suppressor cells; . . . . monocytes; . . . lymphatic system; . . . . bursa of Fabricius; . . . . lymph; . . . . lymph nodes; . . . . Peyer's patches; . . . . reticuloendothelial system; . . . . . phagocytes; . . . . . . macrophages; . . . . . . . foam cells; . . . . . . . histiocytes; . . . . . . . Kupffer cells; . . . . . . monocytes; . . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . spleen; . . . . thoracic duct; . . . . thymus gland; . . . . tonsils; . . . mast cells; . . insect anatomy; . . integumentary system; . . . exoskeleton; . . . integument; . . . . animal cuticle; . . . . . insect cuticle; . . . . claws; . . . . comb (integument); . . . . fleece; . . . . fur; . . . . hair follicles; . . . . hairs; . . . . hooves; . . . . horns; . . . . . antlers; . . . . . . velvet antlers; . . . . nail; . . . . plumage; . . . . . feathers; . . . . . . down; . . . . scales (integument); . . . . setae (animal); . . . . shell (molluscs); . . . . wattles; . . . skin; . . . . dermis; . . . . epidermis (animal); . . . . skin glands; . . . . . sebaceous glands; . . . . . . scent glands; . . . . . sweat glands; . . musculoskeletal system; . . . bones; . . . . bone density; . . . . bone marrow; . . . . bone types; . . . . . capitulum (bone); . . . . . jaws; . . . . . . mandible (bone); . . . . . keel bone; . . . . . limb bones; . . . . . . carpus; . . . . . . femur; . . . . . . fibula; . . . . . . humerus; . . . . . . metacarpus; . . . . . . metatarsus; . . . . . . phalanges; . . . . . . radius (bone); . . . . . . tibia; . . . . . . ulna; . . . . . maxilla bone; . . . . . patella; . . . . . periosteum; . . . . . ribs; . . . . . scapula; . . . . . sesamoid bones; . . . . . skull; . . . . . . orbits; . . . . . spine; . . . . . . cervical spine; . . . . . . intervertebral disks; . . . . . . lumbar spine; . . . . . . sacral spine; . . . . . . . pelvis; . . . . . . thoracic spine; . . . . . . vertebrae; . . . . . sternum; . . . . . tarsus (bone); . . . . epiphyses; . . . . . growth plate; . . . fascia; . . . joints (animal); . . . . elbows; . . . . knees; . . . . . stifle; . . . . shoulders; . . . . synovial fluid; . . . . synovial sheaths; . . . muscle tissues; . . . . muscle fibers; . . . . myocardium; . . . . myofibrils; . . . . . sarcomeres; . . . . skeletal muscle; . . . . . sarcoplasmic reticulum; . . . . smooth muscle; . . . . striated muscle; . . . muscles; . . . . breast muscle; . . . . diaphragm; . . . . flight muscles; . . . . longissimus dorsi; . . . . sphincters; . . . posture; . . . skeleton; . . . tendons; . . nervous system; . . . central nervous system; . . . . brain; . . . . . antennal lobe; . . . . . brain stem; . . . . . cerebellum; . . . . . . amygdala; . . . . . cerebrum; . . . . . . cerebral cortex; . . . . . . cerebral ventricles; . . . . . hippocampus; . . . . . hypothalamus; . . . . . . paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus; . . . . . . preoptic area; . . . . . medulla oblongata; . . . . . mushroom bodies; . . . . . olfactory bulb; . . . . . optic lobe; . . . . . thalamus; . . . . meninges; . . . . spinal cord; . . . cerebrospinal fluid; . . . ganglia; . . . . abdominal ganglia; . . . . subesophageal ganglia; . . . . thoracic ganglia; . . . myelin sheath; . . . nerve tissue; . . . neural pathways; . . . neuroglia; . . . . astrocytes; . . . . Schwann cells; . . . neurons; . . . . interneurons; . . . . motor neurons; . . . . nerve fibers; . . . . . axons; . . . . . . neurites; . . . . . dendrites; . . . . . . neurites; . . . . sensory neurons; . . . peripheral nervous system; . . . . autonomic nervous system; . . . . . parasympathetic nervous system; . . . . . sympathetic nervous system; . . . . nerve endings; . . . . peripheral nerves; . . . . . vagus nerve; . . . plexus; . . . . choroid plexus; . . . sensory system; . . . . sense organs; . . . . . antennae; . . . . . ears; . . . . . . guttural pouch; . . . . . eyes; . . . . . . compound eyes; . . . . . . . ommatidia; . . . . . . conjunctiva; . . . . . . cornea; . . . . . . eye lens; . . . . . . iris (eyes); . . . . . . lacrimal apparatus; . . . . . . ocelli; . . . . . . retina; . . . . . nose; . . . . . . nasal cavity; . . . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . . . olfactory organs; . . . . . palps; . . . . . sensilla; . . . . sensory receptors; . . . . . chemoreceptors; . . . . . mechanoreceptors; . . . . . olfactory receptors; . . . . . photoreceptors; . . . synapse; . . . ventral nerve cord; . . puparium; . . reproductive system; . . . accessory sex glands; . . . . seminal vesicles; . . . cloaca; . . . female reproductive system; . . . . cervix; . . . . . cervical mucus; . . . . ovaries; . . . . . corpus luteum; . . . . . . luteal cells; . . . . . ovarian follicles; . . . . . . cumulus oophorus; . . . . . . follicular fluid; . . . . . . Graafian follicles; . . . . . . granulosa cells; . . . . . ovarioles; . . . . . thecal cells; . . . . oviducts; . . . . . oviductal ampulla; . . . . . oviductal isthmus; . . . . ovipositor; . . . . shell gland; . . . . spermatheca; . . . . uterus; . . . . . uterine tissue; . . . . . . endometrium; . . . . . . myometrium; . . . . vagina; . . . . . vaginal mucosa; . . . . vulva; . . . male reproductive system; . . . . bulbourethral gland; . . . . ductus deferens; . . . . epididymis; . . . . . caput epididymidis; . . . . . cauda epididymidis; . . . . . corpus epididymidis; . . . . penis; . . . . . prepuce; . . . . prostate gland; . . . . scrotum; . . . . spermatic cord; . . . . spermatophores; . . . . testes; . . . . . Leydig cells; . . . . . rete testis; . . . . . seminiferous tubules; . . . . . . seminiferous epithelium; . . . . . Sertoli cells; . . respiratory system; . . . air sacs; . . . gills; . . . larynx; . . . lungs; . . . . bronchi; . . . . pulmonary alveoli; . . . nose; . . . . nasal cavity; . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . paranasal sinuses; . . . pleura; . . . spiracles; . . . swim bladder; . . . trachea (vertebrates); . . . tracheae (invertebrates); . . webs; . animal morphology; . . body conformation; . . insect morphology; . . skin folds; . body regions; . . appendages; . . body cavities; . . . abdominal cavity; . . . hemocoel; . . . sinuses; . . . . paranasal sinuses; . . . thoracic cavity; . . . . mediastinum; . . genitalia; . . . female genitalia; . . . male genitalia; . . head; . . . beak; . . . face; . . . . eyelids; . . . mouthparts; . . . . proboscis; . . . . stylets; . . limbs (animal); . . . arms (limbs); . . . . hands; . . . fins; . . . forelimbs; . . . legs; . . . . feet; . . . . hock; . . . . tarsus (ankle region); . . . . thighs; . . neck; . . . throat; . . sting apparatus; . . tail; . . thorax; . . torso; . . . abdomen; . . . . umbilicus; . . . back; . . . . loins; . . . . withers; . . . buttocks; . . . chest; . . . . breasts; . . . hips; . . . perineum; . . . rump; . . . waist; . . udders; . . . teats; . . . udder quarters; . . wings; . fungal anatomy; . . appressoria; . . asci; . . basidia; . . conidiophores; . . fruiting bodies; . . fungal spores; . . . aeciospores; . . . ascospores; . . . basidiospores; . . . chlamydospores; . . . conidia; . . . oospores; . . . teliospores; . . hyphae; . . mycelium; . . pycnidia; . . sclerotia; . . setae (fungi); . . spindle pole body; . . sporangia; . morphs; . . anamorphs; . . holomorphs; . . teleomorphs; . plant anatomy; . . aerial parts; . . buds; . . corn ears; . . fruits (plant anatomy); . . . bolls; . . . pericarp; . . . . albedo (citrus fruit); . . . . endocarp; . . . . exocarp; . . . . mesocarp; . . . pods; . . inflorescences; . . . bracts; . . . curds (plant); . . . flowers; . . . . androecium; . . . . . anthers; . . . . . pollen; . . . . . pollinia; . . . . . stamens; . . . . female flowers; . . . . florets; . . . . flower primordia; . . . . gynoecium; . . . . . carpels; . . . . . ovules; . . . . . . embryo sac; . . . . . stigma; . . . . . styles; . . . . male flowers; . . . . nectaries; . . . . perianth; . . . . . calyx; . . . . . corolla; . . . seed cones; . . leaves; . . . conifer needles; . . . leaf blade; . . . leaf meristems; . . . . leaf primordia; . . . petioles; . . . pulvinus; . . pedicel; . . peduncle; . . plant organs; . . . plant glands; . . . . nectaries; . . . storage organs; . . . . tubers; . . . . . seed tubers; . . plant secretions and exudates; . . . cutin; . . . epicuticular wax; . . . latex; . . . nectar; . . . plant exudates; . . . . root exudates; . . . sap; . . plant spines; . . plant tissues; . . . bark; . . . callus; . . . collenchyma; . . . cortex; . . . endodermis; . . . epidermis (plant); . . . . guard cells; . . . . plant cuticle; . . . . stomata; . . . meristems; . . . . apical meristems; . . . . cambium; . . . . flower primordia; . . . . leaf meristems; . . . . . leaf primordia; . . . . root meristems; . . . . . root primordia; . . . . shoot meristems; . . . . . shoot primordia; . . . mesophyll; . . . parenchyma; . . . . chlorenchyma; . . . periderm; . . . . wound periderm; . . . sclerenchyma; . . . . fiber cells; . . . . sclereids; . . . vascular tissues; . . . . phloem; . . . . . phloem companion cells; . . . . . secondary phloem; . . . . . sieve tubes; . . . . . . sieve elements; . . . . . . sieve plates; . . . . xylem; . . . . . secondary xylem; . . . . . . growth rings; . . . . . . . earlywood; . . . . . . . latewood; . . . . . . heartwood; . . . . . . juvenile wood; . . . . . . reaction wood; . . . . . . . compression wood; . . . . . . . tension wood; . . . . . . sapwood; . . . . . . tyloses; . . . . . tracheary elements; . . . . . . tracheids; . . . . . . xylem vessels; . . plant vascular system; . . . stele; . . . . pith; . . . vascular bundles; . . . . bundle sheath cells; . . . . plant veins; . . . vascular tissues; . . . . phloem; . . . . . phloem companion cells; . . . . . secondary phloem; . . . . . sieve tubes; . . . . . . sieve elements; . . . . . . sieve plates; . . . . xylem; . . . . . secondary xylem; . . . . . . growth rings; . . . . . . . earlywood; . . . . . . . latewood; . . . . . . heartwood; . . . . . . juvenile wood; . . . . . . reaction wood; . . . . . . . compression wood; . . . . . . . tension wood; . . . . . . sapwood; . . . . . . tyloses; . . . . . tracheary elements; . . . . . . tracheids; . . . . . . xylem vessels; . . pseudostems; . . root crown; . . roots; . . . adventitious roots; . . . root cap; . . . root hairs; . . . root meristems; . . . . root primordia; . . . root nodules; . . . root tips; . . seed anatomy; . . . embryo (plant); . . . . aleurone layer; . . . . . aleurone cells; . . . . coleoptiles; . . . . cotyledons; . . . . epicotyls; . . . . hypocotyls; . . . . mesocotyls; . . . . plumule; . . . . root radicle; . . . . somatic embryos; . . . endosperm; . . . testa; . . seeds; . . . buried seeds; . . shoots; . . . adventitious shoots; . . . fruiting spurs; . . . shoot meristems; . . . . shoot primordia; . . stems; . . . branches; . . . bulbs; . . . corms; . . . floricanes; . . . internodes; . . . primocanes; . . . rhizomes; . . . stem nodes; . . . stem nodules; . . . stolons; . . . tillers; . . tree cavities; . . tree crown; . . tree trunk; . . trichomes; . . underground parts; . . wood anatomy; . . . resin canals; . . . secondary phloem; . . . secondary xylem; . . . . growth rings; . . . . . earlywood; . . . . . latewood; . . . . heartwood; . . . . juvenile wood; . . . . reaction wood; . . . . . compression wood; . . . . . tension wood; . . . . sapwood; . . . . tyloses; . plant morphology; . . leaf angle; . . phyllotaxy; . . plant architecture; . . root systems; . . . fibrous roots; . . . tap roots; . . stem form; . polymorphism; . . dimorphism; . . . sexual dimorphism; . viral morphology; . . capsid; . . nucleocapsid; . . virion

biochemistry

: : Biological Sciences; biochemistry; . bioaccumulation; . bioactive properties; . . acute effects; . . adverse effects; . . anticoagulant activity; . . antifeeding activity; . . antifertility effect; . . antimicrobial properties; . . . antibacterial properties; . . . antifungal properties; . . . antiviral properties; . . antimutagenic activity; . . antioxidant activity; . . estrogenic properties; . . glycemic effect; . . insulin-like effect; . . lipemic effect; . . . cholesteremic effect; . . long term effects; . . medicinal properties; . . . analgesic effect; . . . anticarcinogenic activity; . . . antidiarrheal effect; . . . antihypertensive effect; . . . anti-inflammatory activity; . . . anti-ulcer activity; . . . cardioprotective effect; . . . hepatoprotective effect; . . . neuroprotective effect; . . . purgative properties; . . pathogenicity; . . . cytopathogenicity; . . . virulence; . . pesticidal properties; . . . acaricidal properties; . . . herbicidal properties; . . . insecticidal properties; . . . molluscicidal properties; . . . nematicidal properties; . . . rodenticidal properties; . . protective effect; . . . cardioprotective effect; . . . hepatoprotective effect; . . . neuroprotective effect; . . residual effects; . . toxicity; . . . acute toxicity; . . . . eye irritation; . . . . skin irritation; . . . allergenicity; . . . carcinogenicity; . . . chronic toxicity; . . . cytotoxicity; . . . developmental toxicity; . . . . embryotoxicity; . . . . fetotoxicity; . . . . teratogenicity; . . . drug toxicity; . . . genotoxicity; . . . hepatotoxicity; . . . immunotoxicity; . . . lethal dose; . . . . lethal dose 50; . . . lowest observed effect level; . . . maximum permissible intake; . . . maximum residue limits; . . . mutagenicity; . . . nephrotoxicity; . . . neurotoxicity; . . . no observed adverse effect level; . . . phototoxicity; . . . phytotoxicity; . . . subacute toxicity; . . . subchronic toxicity; . . . sublethal effects; . bioavailability; . . nutrient availability; . biochemical compounds; . . amino acids, peptides and proteins; . . . amino acids; . . . . alanine; . . . . arginine; . . . . asparagine; . . . . aspartic acid; . . . . branched chain amino acids; . . . . domoic acid; . . . . essential amino acids; . . . . gamma-carboxyglutamic acid; . . . . glutamic acid; . . . . glutamine; . . . . glycine (amino acid); . . . . histidine; . . . . hydroxylysine; . . . . hydroxyproline; . . . . isoleucine; . . . . leucine; . . . . limiting amino acids; . . . . lysine; . . . . nonprotein amino acids; . . . . . alpha-aminobutyric acid; . . . . . aminoadipic acid; . . . . . aminolevulinic acid; . . . . . canavanine; . . . . . citrulline; . . . . . dihydroxyphenylalanine; . . . . . . L-dopa; . . . . . gamma-aminobutyric acid; . . . . . hippuric acid; . . . . . homoserine; . . . . . kynurenine; . . . . . mimosine; . . . . . ornithine; . . . . . pipecolic acid; . . . . . taurine; . . . . . thyronine; . . . . . thyroxine; . . . . . . D-thyroxine; . . . . . . L-thyroxine; . . . . . . triiodothyronine; . . . . phenylalanine; . . . . proline; . . . . seleno amino acids; . . . . serine; . . . . sulfur amino acids; . . . . . cystathionine; . . . . . cysteic acid; . . . . . cysteine; . . . . . cystine; . . . . . ethionine; . . . . . homocysteine; . . . . . methionine; . . . . . penicillamine; . . . . . taurine; . . . . threonine; . . . . tryptophan; . . . . tyrosine; . . . . valine; . . . peptides; . . . . angiotensins; . . . . . angiotensin I; . . . . . angiotensin II; . . . . . angiotensinogen; . . . . antimicrobial peptides; . . . . cyclic peptides; . . . . . cyclosporins; . . . . endothelins; . . . . glycopeptides; . . . . kinins; . . . . . bradykinin; . . . . neuropeptides; . . . . . allatostatin; . . . . . allatotropin; . . . . . calcitonin; . . . . . carnosine; . . . . . cholecystokinin; . . . . . gastric inhibitory polypeptide; . . . . . gastrins; . . . . . glucagon; . . . . . luteinizing hormone; . . . . . melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . motilin; . . . . . neuropeptide Y; . . . . . pancreatic polypeptide; . . . . . pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide; . . . . . prolactin; . . . . . secretin; . . . . . somatomedins; . . . . . . insulin-like growth factor I; . . . . . . insulin-like growth factor II; . . . . . somatostatin; . . . . . somatotropin; . . . . . substance P; . . . . . thyrotropin; . . . . . vasopressin; . . . . oligopeptides; . . . . . dipeptides; . . . . . . carnosine; . . . . . glutathione; . . . . . tripeptides; . . . . opioid peptides; . . . . . endorphins; . . . . peptide hormones; . . . . . adipokinetic hormone; . . . . . ghrelin; . . . . . leptin; . . . . . pancreatic polypeptide; . . . . phytochelatins; . . . . polypeptides; . . . . . activins; . . . . . cholecystokinin; . . . . . follistatin; . . . . . gastric inhibitory polypeptide; . . . . . gastrins; . . . . . motilin; . . . . . pentagastrin; . . . . . secretin; . . . . synthetic peptides; . . . proteins; . . . . agglutinins; . . . . . hemagglutinins; . . . . animal proteins; . . . . . blood proteins; . . . . . . acute phase proteins; . . . . . . . C-reactive protein; . . . . . . blood coagulation factors; . . . . . . . platelet-activating factor; . . . . . . . prothrombin; . . . . . . . thrombin; . . . . . . . thromboplastin; . . . . . . ferritin; . . . . . . fibrin; . . . . . . fibrinogen; . . . . . . gamma-globulins; . . . . . . glycohemoglobin; . . . . . . haptoglobins; . . . . . . hemoglobin; . . . . . . immunoglobulins; . . . . . . . immunoglobulin A; . . . . . . . immunoglobulin E; . . . . . . . immunoglobulin G; . . . . . . . immunoglobulin M; . . . . . . macroglobulins; . . . . . . serum albumin; . . . . . . . bovine serum albumin; . . . . . . . prealbumin; . . . . . . transferrin; . . . . . . vitamin D-binding protein; . . . . . egg proteins; . . . . . . egg albumen; . . . . . . ovalbumin; . . . . . . yolk proteins; . . . . . . . vitellin; . . . . . . . vitellogenin; . . . . . excretory-secretory products; . . . . . fibroins; . . . . . insect proteins; . . . . . keratin; . . . . . milk proteins; . . . . . . casein; . . . . . . . alpha-casein; . . . . . . . . alphaS1-casein; . . . . . . . . alphaS2-casein; . . . . . . . . alphaS-casein; . . . . . . . beta-casein; . . . . . . . gamma-casein; . . . . . . . kappa-casein; . . . . . . human milk proteins; . . . . . . lactalbumin; . . . . . . lactoferrin; . . . . . . lactoglobulins; . . . . . . milk protein percentage; . . . . . silk proteins; . . . . antimicrobial proteins; . . . . . antibacterial proteins; . . . . . antifungal proteins; . . . . . antiviral proteins; . . . . apoproteins; . . . . . apolipophorin; . . . . . apolipoproteins; . . . . binding proteins; . . . . . acyl carrier protein; . . . . . biotin-binding proteins; . . . . . . avidin; . . . . . . streptavidin; . . . . . calcium-binding proteins; . . . . . . calbindin; . . . . . . calmodulin; . . . . . . calnexin; . . . . . . calreticulin; . . . . . . myosin light chains; . . . . . . osteocalcin; . . . . . DNA-binding proteins; . . . . . . homeodomain proteins; . . . . . fatty acid-binding proteins; . . . . . folate-binding proteins; . . . . . follistatin; . . . . . G-proteins; . . . . . insulin-like growth factor binding proteins; . . . . . retinol-binding protein; . . . . . RNA-binding proteins; . . . . . transport proteins; . . . . . . ion channels; . . . . . . . calcium channels; . . . . . . . . ryanodine receptors; . . . . . . . chloride channels; . . . . . . . porins; . . . . . . . . aquaporins; . . . . . . . . nucleoporins; . . . . . . . potassium channels; . . . . . . . sodium channels; . . . . . . proton pump; . . . . . . transporters; . . . . . . . ABC transporters; . . . . . . . amino acid transporters; . . . . . . . antiporters; . . . . . . . glucose transporters; . . . . . . . symporters; . . . . . . Type III secretion system; . . . . . vitamin D-binding protein; . . . . conjugated proteins; . . . . . flavoproteins; . . . . . glycoproteins; . . . . . . arylphorins; . . . . . . erythropoietin; . . . . . . extensin; . . . . . . glomalin; . . . . . . haptoglobins; . . . . . . inhibin; . . . . . . osteopontin; . . . . . iodinated proteins; . . . . . . thyroglobulin; . . . . . lipoproteins; . . . . . . apolipoproteins; . . . . . . chylomicrons; . . . . . . high density lipoprotein; . . . . . . intermediate density lipoprotein; . . . . . . lipophorin; . . . . . . low density lipoprotein; . . . . . . very low density lipoprotein; . . . . . metalloproteins; . . . . . . cytochromes; . . . . . . . cytochrome b; . . . . . . . cytochrome c; . . . . . . . cytochrome f; . . . . . . . cytochrome P-450; . . . . . . metallothionein; . . . . contractile proteins; . . . . . actin; . . . . . myosin; . . . . . . myosin heavy chains; . . . . . . myosin light chains; . . . . . tropomyosins; . . . . . troponins; . . . . crystal proteins; . . . . crystallins; . . . . ferredoxins; . . . . gelatin; . . . . insecticidal proteins; . . . . lectins; . . . . . arcelin; . . . . . calnexin; . . . . . calreticulin; . . . . . concanavalin A; . . . . . ricin; . . . . membrane proteins; . . . . . ankyrins; . . . . . arrestins; . . . . . calnexin; . . . . . connexins; . . . . . dystrophin; . . . . . membrane glycoproteins; . . . . . . cadherins; . . . . . . fibronectins; . . . . . . integrins; . . . . . . laminin; . . . . . . major surface glycoproteins; . . . . . . variant surface glycoproteins; . . . . . myelin proteins; . . . . . outer membrane proteins; . . . . . . adhesins; . . . . . . intimin; . . . . . spectrin; . . . . . transmembrane proteins; . . . . . transport proteins; . . . . . . ion channels; . . . . . . . calcium channels; . . . . . . . . ryanodine receptors; . . . . . . . chloride channels; . . . . . . . porins; . . . . . . . . aquaporins; . . . . . . . . nucleoporins; . . . . . . . potassium channels; . . . . . . . sodium channels; . . . . . . proton pump; . . . . . . transporters; . . . . . . . ABC transporters; . . . . . . . amino acid transporters; . . . . . . . antiporters; . . . . . . . glucose transporters; . . . . . . . symporters; . . . . . . Type III secretion system; . . . . . vesicular transport proteins; . . . . . . clathrin; . . . . microbial proteins; . . . . . bacterial proteins; . . . . . . adhesins; . . . . . . bacteriocins; . . . . . . . colicins; . . . . . . . curvacins; . . . . . . . . curvacin A; . . . . . . . enterocins; . . . . . . . lactococcins; . . . . . . . leucocins; . . . . . . . mesentericins; . . . . . . . nisin; . . . . . . . pediocins; . . . . . . . plantaricins; . . . . . . . propionicins; . . . . . . . sakacins; . . . . . fungal proteins; . . . . molecular chaperones; . . . . . chaperonins; . . . . . heat shock proteins; . . . . nuclear-encoded proteins; . . . . nucleoproteins; . . . . pathogenesis-related proteins; . . . . peptones; . . . . . proteose peptones; . . . . phosphoproteins; . . . . phytohemagglutinin; . . . . plant proteins; . . . . . beta-conglycinin; . . . . . cereal proteins; . . . . . . gliadin; . . . . . . glutelins; . . . . . . . glutenins; . . . . . . gluten; . . . . . . . corn gluten; . . . . . . . wheat gluten; . . . . . . prolamins; . . . . . . . avenin; . . . . . . . hordein; . . . . . . . secalins; . . . . . . . zein; . . . . . expansins; . . . . . glycinin; . . . . . hevein; . . . . . kafirins; . . . . . legumin; . . . . . nodulins; . . . . . oleosin; . . . . . patatin; . . . . . phaseolin; . . . . . phytochrome; . . . . . plastocyanin; . . . . . sporamin; . . . . . vicilin; . . . . prions; . . . . . PrPSc proteins; . . . . protein aggregates; . . . . recombinant proteins; . . . . . recombinant fusion proteins; . . . . . . plant-incorporated protectants; . . . . regulatory proteins; . . . . . arrestins; . . . . . cyclins; . . . . ribonucleoproteins; . . . . ribosomal proteins; . . . . scleroproteins; . . . . . collagen; . . . . . elastin; . . . . . reticulin; . . . . simple proteins; . . . . . albumins; . . . . . . serum albumin; . . . . . . . bovine serum albumin; . . . . . . . prealbumin; . . . . . globulins; . . . . . . gamma-globulins; . . . . . . immunoglobulins; . . . . . . . immunoglobulin A; . . . . . . . immunoglobulin E; . . . . . . . immunoglobulin G; . . . . . . . immunoglobulin M; . . . . . . myoglobin; . . . . . histones; . . . . . protamines; . . . . storage proteins; . . . . . hexamerins; . . . . . kafirins; . . . . . patatin; . . . . structural proteins; . . . . sulfur proteins; . . . . transcobalamins; . . . . tubulin; . . . . ubiquitin; . . . . viral proteins; . . . . . coat proteins; . . . . . nucleocapsid proteins; . . . . . viral fusion proteins; . . biomarkers; . . carbohydrates; . . . glycoconjugates; . . . . glycoproteins; . . . . . arylphorins; . . . . . erythropoietin; . . . . . extensin; . . . . . glomalin; . . . . . haptoglobins; . . . . . inhibin; . . . . . osteopontin; . . . glycolipids; . . . . glycophospholipids; . . . . glycosphingolipids; . . . . . cerebrosides; . . . . . gangliosides; . . . glycosides; . . . . aminoglycosides; . . . . . geneticin; . . . . . gentamicin; . . . . . hygromycin B; . . . . . kanamycin; . . . . . neomycin; . . . . . nikkomycins; . . . . . puromycin; . . . . . streptomycin; . . . . . streptozotocin; . . . . cardiac glycosides; . . . . . digitonin; . . . . . digitoxin; . . . . . digoxin; . . . . . lanatosides; . . . . . ouabain; . . . . cyanogenic glycosides; . . . . . simmondsin; . . . . cycasin; . . . . galactosides; . . . . glucosides; . . . . . chloralose; . . . . . glucosinolates; . . . . . . glucobrassicin; . . . . . . sinigrin; . . . . . glycyrrhizin; . . . . . monensin; . . . . glycoalkaloids; . . . . . alpha-chaconine; . . . . . alpha-tomatine; . . . . . solanine; . . . . glycoflavonoids; . . . . . glycoflavones; . . . . . . anthocyanins; . . . . . . . cyanin; . . . . . . hesperidin; . . . . . . isoquercitrin; . . . . . . maysin; . . . . . . naringin; . . . . . . phloridzin; . . . . . . quercitrin; . . . . . . rutoside; . . . . iridoid glycosides; . . . . . aucubin; . . . . . loganin; . . . . lincomycin; . . . . . clindamycin; . . . . . . pirlimycin; . . . . macrolides; . . . . . amphotericin B; . . . . . cytochalasins; . . . . . . cytochalasin B; . . . . . . cytochalasin D; . . . . . erythromycin; . . . . . . clarithromycin; . . . . . natamycin; . . . . . nystatin; . . . . . oleandomycin; . . . . . oligomycin; . . . . . spiramycin; . . . . . tylosin; . . . . saponins; . . . . . steroid saponins; . . . . . triterpenoid saponins; . . . polysaccharides; . . . . alternan; . . . . arabinans; . . . . arabinogalactans; . . . . arabinoxylan; . . . . callose; . . . . chitin; . . . . chitosan; . . . . curdlan; . . . . ficoll; . . . . fructans; . . . . . inulin; . . . . . levan; . . . . fucoidin; . . . . galactans; . . . . . agar; . . . . . agarose; . . . . . carrageenan; . . . . galacturonans; . . . . glucans; . . . . . beta-glucans; . . . . . cellulose; . . . . . dextran; . . . . . dextrins; . . . . . . cyclodextrins; . . . . . . maltodextrins; . . . . . glycogen; . . . . . starch; . . . . . . amylopectin; . . . . . . amylose; . . . . . . modified starch; . . . . . . resistant starch; . . . . . . starch granules; . . . . . xyloglucans; . . . . glycosaminoglycans; . . . . . chondroitin sulfate; . . . . . heparin; . . . . . hyaluronic acid; . . . . gums; . . . . . guar gum; . . . . . gum arabic; . . . . . gum tragacanth; . . . . . locust bean gum; . . . . . psyllium gum; . . . . . xanthan gum; . . . . hemicellulose; . . . . lignocellulose; . . . . lipopolysaccharides; . . . . mannans; . . . . . galactomannans; . . . . . glucomannans; . . . . . . konjac mannan; . . . . mucilages; . . . . pectins; . . . . pentosans; . . . . polyuronides; . . . . . alginates; . . . . . proteoglycans; . . . . . pullulan; . . . . . zymosan; . . . . schizophyllan; . . . . scleroglucan; . . . . xylan; . . . sugars; . . . . aldoses; . . . . amino sugars; . . . . . aminoarabinose; . . . . . hexosamines; . . . . . . galactosamine; . . . . . . glucosamine; . . . . . . N-acetylglucosamine; . . . . . neuraminic acid; . . . . . sialic acids; . . . . deoxysugars; . . . . . deoxyglucose; . . . . . . 2-deoxyglucose; . . . . hexoses; . . . . ketoses; . . . . monosaccharides; . . . . . arabinose; . . . . . erythrose; . . . . . fructose; . . . . . fucose; . . . . . galactose; . . . . . glucose; . . . . . glyceraldehyde; . . . . . mannose; . . . . . rhamnose; . . . . . ribose; . . . . . ribulose; . . . . . sorbose; . . . . . xylose; . . . . . xylulose; . . . . nonreducing sugars; . . . . oligosaccharides; . . . . . disaccharides; . . . . . . cellobiose; . . . . . . gentiobiose; . . . . . . isomaltose; . . . . . . lactose; . . . . . . lactulose; . . . . . . maltose; . . . . . . melibiose; . . . . . . sucrose; . . . . . . trehalose; . . . . . . trehalulose; . . . . . fructooligosaccharides; . . . . . . kestose; . . . . . . nystose; . . . . . galactooligosaccharides; . . . . . laculose; . . . . . lipooligosaccharides; . . . . . stachyose; . . . . . trisaccharides; . . . . . . acarbose; . . . . . . maltotriose; . . . . . . melezitose; . . . . . . raffinose; . . . . . xylooligosaccharides; . . . . pentoses; . . . . reducing sugars; . . . . sugar acids; . . . . . aldonic acids; . . . . . . ascorbic acids; . . . . . . . ascorbic acid; . . . . . . . dehydroascorbic acid; . . . . . . . isoascorbic acid; . . . . . . gluconic acid; . . . . . . neuraminic acid; . . . . . . sialic acids; . . . . . glucaric acid; . . . . . tartaric acid; . . . . . uronic acids; . . . . . . galacturonic acid; . . . . . . glucuronic acid; . . . . sugar alcohols; . . . . . alditols; . . . . . . arabinitol; . . . . . . erythritol; . . . . . . galactitol; . . . . . . glycerol; . . . . . . lactitol; . . . . . . maltitol; . . . . . . mannitol; . . . . . . sorbitol; . . . . . . xylitol; . . . . . cyclitols; . . . . . . myo-inositol; . . . . . . pinitol; . . . . . dithiothreitol; . . . . . validamycins; . . . . sugar lactones; . . . . . gluconolactone; . . . . sugar phosphates; . . . . . fructose 6-phosphate; . . . . . glucose 1-phosphate; . . . . . glucose 6-phosphate; . . . . . glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; . . . . . ribulose 1,5-diphosphate; . . . . tetroses; . . . . trioses; . . chemoattractants; . . . chemokines; . . coenzymes; . . . nucleotide coenzymes; . . . . coenzyme A; . . . . NAD (coenzyme); . . . . NADP (coenzyme); . . enzymes; . . . hydrolases; . . . . acid anhydride hydrolases; . . . . . dynein ATPase; . . . . . pyrophosphatases; . . . . . . adenosinetriphosphatase; . . . . . . apyrase; . . . . . . guanosinetriphosphatase; . . . . . . inorganic pyrophosphatase; . . . . . . ion transporting ATPases; . . . . . . . Ca2-transporting ATPase; . . . . . . . H-transporting ATP synthase; . . . . . . . H-transporting ATPase; . . . . . . . Na/K-exchanging ATPase; . . . . amide hydrolases; . . . . . amidase; . . . . . asparaginase; . . . . . beta-lactamase; . . . . . chitin deacetylase; . . . . . glutaminase; . . . . . urease; . . . . amidine hydrolases; . . . . . adenine deaminase; . . . . . adenosine deaminase; . . . . . AMP deaminase; . . . . . arginase; . . . . . cytosine deaminase; . . . . esterases; . . . . . carboxylic ester hydrolases; . . . . . . acetylcholinesterase; . . . . . . arylesterase; . . . . . . carboxylesterase; . . . . . . chlorophyllase; . . . . . . cholinesterase; . . . . . . cutinase; . . . . . . juvenile hormone esterase; . . . . . . lipoprotein lipase; . . . . . . lysophospholipase; . . . . . . pectinesterase; . . . . . . phospholipase A1; . . . . . . phospholipase A2; . . . . . . sterol esterase; . . . . . . tannase; . . . . . . triacylglycerol lipase; . . . . . diphosphoric monoester hydrolases; . . . . . nucleases; . . . . . . deoxyribonucleases; . . . . . . . endodeoxyribonucleases; . . . . . . . . deoxyribonuclease I; . . . . . . . . restriction endonucleases; . . . . . . . exodeoxyribonucleases; . . . . . . ribonucleases; . . . . . . . endoribonucleases; . . . . . . . exoribonucleases; . . . . . phosphoric diester hydrolases; . . . . . . phosphodiesterase I; . . . . . . phospholipase C; . . . . . . phospholipase D; . . . . . phosphoric monoester hydrolases; . . . . . . acid phosphatase; . . . . . . alkaline phosphatase; . . . . . . fructose-bisphosphatase; . . . . . . glucose-6-phosphatase; . . . . . . nucleotidases; . . . . . . . 5'-nucleotidase; . . . . . . . nucleotidase; . . . . . . phosphatidate phosphatase; . . . . . . phosphoprotein phosphatase; . . . . . . phosphorylase phosphatase; . . . . . . phytases; . . . . . . . 3-phytase; . . . . . . . 4-phytase; . . . . . . protein-tyrosine-phosphatase; . . . . . sulfuric ester hydrolases; . . . . . . arylsulfatase; . . . . . thiolester hydrolases; . . . . . triphosphoric monoester hydrolases; . . . . ether hydrolases; . . . . . epoxide hydrolase; . . . . glycosidases; . . . . . N-glycoside hydrolases; . . . . . O-glycoside hydrolases; . . . . . . alpha-N-arabinofuranosidase; . . . . . . amylases; . . . . . . . alpha-amylase; . . . . . . . beta-amylase; . . . . . . beta-fructofuranosidase; . . . . . . beta-glucanase; . . . . . . beta-glucuronidase; . . . . . . beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase; . . . . . . cellulases; . . . . . . . beta-glucosidase; . . . . . . . cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase; . . . . . . . endo-1,4-beta-glucanase; . . . . . . chitinase; . . . . . . chitosanase; . . . . . . dextranase; . . . . . . galactosidases; . . . . . . . alpha-galactosidase; . . . . . . . beta-galactosidase; . . . . . . glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase; . . . . . . glucosidases; . . . . . . . alpha-glucosidase; . . . . . . . beta-glucosidase; . . . . . . hyaluronoglucosaminidase; . . . . . . inulinase; . . . . . . isoamylase; . . . . . . licheninase; . . . . . . limit dextrinase; . . . . . . lysozyme; . . . . . . mannosidases; . . . . . . . alpha-mannosidase; . . . . . . . beta-mannosidase; . . . . . . polygalacturonase; . . . . . . pullulanase; . . . . . . sialidase; . . . . . . sucrose alpha-glucosidase; . . . . . . trehalase; . . . . . . xylanases; . . . . . . . endo-1,4-beta-xylanase; . . . . . . . xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase; . . . . . . . xylan endo-1,3-beta-xylosidase; . . . . . S-glycoside hydrolases; . . . . . . thioglucosidase; . . . . peptidases; . . . . . aminopeptidases; . . . . . . leucyl aminopeptidase; . . . . . . membrane alanyl aminopeptidase; . . . . . carboxypeptidases; . . . . . . carboxypeptidase A; . . . . . . serine-type carboxypeptidases; . . . . . . . carboxypeptidase C; . . . . . . . carboxypeptidase D; . . . . . dipeptidases; . . . . . . cytosol non-specific dipeptidase; . . . . . . membrane dipeptidase; . . . . . . proline dipeptidase; . . . . . gamma-glutamyl hydrolase; . . . . . peptidyl-dipeptidase A; . . . . . proteasome endopeptidase complex; . . . . . proteinases; . . . . . . aspartic proteinases; . . . . . . . chymosin; . . . . . . . pepsin; . . . . . . . renin; . . . . . . cathepsins; . . . . . . cysteine proteinases; . . . . . . . bromelains; . . . . . . . . fruit bromelain; . . . . . . . . stem bromelain; . . . . . . . calpain; . . . . . . . papain; . . . . . . metalloproteinases; . . . . . . . collagenase; . . . . . . serine proteinases; . . . . . . . acrosin; . . . . . . . chymotrypsin; . . . . . . . elastase; . . . . . . . kallikreins; . . . . . . . . plasma kallikrein; . . . . . . . . tissue kallikrein; . . . . . . . plasmin; . . . . . . . plasminogen activator; . . . . . . . . t-plasminogen activator; . . . . . . . . u-plasminogen activator; . . . . . . . thrombin; . . . . . . . trypsin; . . . . thiaminase; . . . isomerases; . . . . aldose 1-epimerase; . . . . chalcone isomerase; . . . . DNA helicases; . . . . DNA topoisomerase; . . . . DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing); . . . . glucose-6-phosphate isomerase; . . . . mannose-6-phosphate isomerase; . . . . methylmalonyl-CoA mutase; . . . . phosphotransferases (phosphomutases); . . . . . phosphoglucomutase; . . . . protein disulfide-isomerase; . . . . xylose isomerase; . . . ligases; . . . . carbon-carbon bond ligases; . . . . . acetyl-CoA carboxylase; . . . . . propionyl-CoA carboxylase; . . . . . pyruvate carboxylase; . . . . carbon-nitrogen ligases; . . . . . acid-amino-acid ligases; . . . . . . glutamate-cysteine ligase; . . . . . . glutathione synthase; . . . . . . ubiquitin-protein ligase; . . . . . amide ligases; . . . . . . aspartate-ammonia ligase; . . . . . . aspartate-ammonia ligase (ADP-forming); . . . . . . glutamate-ammonia ligase; . . . . . asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing); . . . . . carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing); . . . . carbon-oxygen ligases; . . . . . aminoacyl tRNA ligases; . . . . carbon-sulfur ligases; . . . . . acid-thiol ligases; . . . . . . acetate-CoA ligase; . . . . . . acetate-CoA ligase (ADP-forming); . . . . . . coumarate-CoA ligase; . . . . . . long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase; . . . . magnesium chelatase; . . . . phosphoric ester bond ligases; . . . . . DNA ligase (ATP); . . . . . DNA ligase (NAD); . . . . . RNA ligase (ATP); . . . lyases; . . . . carbon-carbon lyases; . . . . . aldehyde-lyases; . . . . . . fructose-bisphosphate aldolase; . . . . . carboxy-lyases; . . . . . . adenosylmethionine decarboxylase; . . . . . . arginine decarboxylase; . . . . . . glutamate decarboxylase; . . . . . . indolepyruvate decarboxylase; . . . . . . methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase; . . . . . . ornithine decarboxylase; . . . . . . phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP); . . . . . . phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP); . . . . . . phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pyrophosphate); . . . . . . phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; . . . . . . pyruvate decarboxylase; . . . . . . ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase; . . . . . oxo-acid-lyases; . . . . . . hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase; . . . . . . isocitrate lyase; . . . . carbon-nitrogen lyases; . . . . . amidine-lyases; . . . . . . argininosuccinate lyase; . . . . . ammonia-lyases; . . . . . . histidine ammonia-lyase; . . . . . . phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; . . . . . . serine dehydratase; . . . . carbon-oxygen lyases; . . . . . chorismate synthase; . . . . . hydro-lyases; . . . . . . aconitate hydratase; . . . . . . carbonate dehydratase; . . . . . . cystathionine beta-synthase; . . . . . . porphobilinogen synthase; . . . . . pectate lyase; . . . . . pectin lyase; . . . . carbon-sulfur lyases; . . . . . 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase; . . . . . cystathionine gamma-lyase; . . . . phosphorus-oxygen lyases; . . . . . adenylate cyclase; . . . . . guanylate cyclase; . . . oxidoreductases; . . . . acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; . . . . adenylyl-sulfate reductase; . . . . alcohol oxidoreductases; . . . . . (s)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase; . . . . . alcohol dehydrogenase; . . . . . cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; . . . . . glucose oxidase; . . . . . glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase; . . . . . glycerol dehydrogenase; . . . . . glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; . . . . . glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD); . . . . . hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase; . . . . . hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases; . . . . . isocitrate dehydrogenase; . . . . . lactate dehydrogenase; . . . . . L-iditol dehydrogenase; . . . . . malate dehydrogenase; . . . . . malate dehydrogenase (NADP); . . . . . malic enzyme; . . . . . . malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating); . . . . . . malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating); . . . . . . malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (NADP); . . . . . phosphogluconate dehydrogenase; . . . . . xanthine dehydrogenase; . . . . . xanthine oxidase; . . . . aldehyde oxidoreductases; . . . . . 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (lipoamide); . . . . . aldehyde dehydrogenase; . . . . . glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; . . . . . pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide); . . . . amine and amino acid oxidoreductases; . . . . . alanine dehydrogenase; . . . . . amine oxidase (copper-containing); . . . . . amine oxidase (flavin-containing); . . . . . dihydrofolate reductase; . . . . . glutamate dehydrogenase; . . . . . glutamate synthase (ferredoxin); . . . . . glutamate synthase (NADH); . . . . . glutamate synthase (NADPH); . . . . . L-amino-acid oxidase; . . . . . saccharopine dehydrogenase; . . . . ascorbate oxidase; . . . . carbon-carbon bond oxidoreductases; . . . . catechol oxidase; . . . . cytochrome-c oxidase; . . . . ferredoxin hydrogenase; . . . . ferroxidase; . . . . glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate); . . . . glutathione reductase (NADPH); . . . . laccase; . . . . methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; . . . . mixed function oxidase; . . . . NADH dehydrogenase; . . . . NADH or NADPH oxidoreductases; . . . . . NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone); . . . . . NADPH-cytochrome-c2 reductase; . . . . nitrate reductase; . . . . nitrate reductase (NADH); . . . . nitrite reductase; . . . . nitrogenase; . . . . oxygenases; . . . . . aminocyclopropanecarboxylate oxidase; . . . . . carotene 7,8-desaturase; . . . . . cholesterol 7alpha-monooxygenase; . . . . . dopamine beta-monooxygenase; . . . . . heme oxygenase (decyclizing); . . . . . lipoxygenase; . . . . . luciferase; . . . . . monophenol monooxygenase; . . . . . nitric oxide synthase; . . . . . phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase; . . . . . procollagen-proline dioxygenase; . . . . . prostaglandin synthase; . . . . . stearoyl-CoA desaturase; . . . . . trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase; . . . . . tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase; . . . . . tryptophan 5-monoxygenase; . . . . . tyrosine 3-monooxygenase; . . . . . unspecific monooxygenase; . . . . peroxidases; . . . . . ascorbate peroxidase; . . . . . catalase; . . . . . cytochrome-c peroxidase; . . . . . glutathione peroxidase; . . . . . IAA oxidase; . . . . . lactoperoxidase; . . . . . lignin peroxidase; . . . . . manganese peroxidase; . . . . . peroxidase; . . . . . peroxiredoxin; . . . . ribonucleotide reductase; . . . . secondary amine oxidoreductases; . . . . succinate dehydrogenase; . . . . succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone); . . . . sulfite oxidase; . . . . superoxide dismutase; . . . . ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase; . . . transferases; . . . . acyltransferases; . . . . . 5-aminolevulinate synthase; . . . . . acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase; . . . . . aminoacyltransferases; . . . . . . gamma-glutamyltransferase; . . . . . . protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase; . . . . . ATP citrate synthase; . . . . . carnitine acetyltransferase; . . . . . carnitine palmitoyltransferase; . . . . . chloramphenicol acetyltransferase; . . . . . cholesterol acyltransferase; . . . . . choline acetyltransferase; . . . . . citrate (si)-synthase; . . . . . diacylglycerol acyltransferase; . . . . . fatty-acid synthase; . . . . . glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase; . . . . . malate synthase; . . . . . naringenin-chalcone synthase; . . . . . phosphatidylcholine-choline acyltransferase; . . . . . phosphinothricin acetyltransferase; . . . . . serine O-acetyltransferase; . . . . aldehyde-ketone transferases; . . . . . transketolases and transaldolases; . . . . . . acetolactate synthase; . . . . . . transaldolase; . . . . . . transketolase; . . . . alkyl (aryl) transferases; . . . . . glutathione transferase; . . . . . methionine adenosyltransferase; . . . . . phytoene synthase; . . . . amidinotransferases; . . . . carboxyltransferases and carbamoyltransferases; . . . . . aspartate carbamoyltransferase; . . . . . ornithine carbamoyltransferase; . . . . glycosyltransferases; . . . . . hexosyltransferases; . . . . . . 1,3-beta-glucan synthase; . . . . . . chitin synthase; . . . . . . dextransucrase; . . . . . . galactosyltransferases; . . . . . . . beta-N-acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase; . . . . . . . inositol 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase; . . . . . . . N-acetyllactosamine synthase; . . . . . . . N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase; . . . . . . glycogen (starch) synthase; . . . . . . lactose synthase; . . . . . . levansucrase; . . . . . . phosphorylase; . . . . . . starch synthase; . . . . . . sucrose synthase; . . . . . . sucrose-phosphate synthase; . . . . . pentosyltransferases; . . . . . . adenine phosphoribosyltransferase; . . . . . . NAD ADP-ribosyltransferase; . . . . hydroxymethyltransferases and formyltransferases; . . . . kinases; . . . . . acetate kinase; . . . . . adenylate kinase; . . . . . aspartate kinase; . . . . . choline kinase; . . . . . creatine kinase; . . . . . fructokinase; . . . . . galactokinase; . . . . . glucokinase; . . . . . glycerol kinase; . . . . . hexokinase; . . . . . homoserine kinase; . . . . . kanamycin kinase; . . . . . phosphatidylinositol kinases; . . . . . . 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase; . . . . . . phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; . . . . . phosphofructokinases; . . . . . . 1-phosphofructokinase; . . . . . . 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase; . . . . . . 6-phosphofructokinase; . . . . . phosphoglycerate kinase; . . . . . phosphorylase kinase; . . . . . protein kinases; . . . . . . cAMP-dependent protein kinase; . . . . . . cGMP-dependent protein kinase; . . . . . . cyclin-dependent kinase; . . . . . . IKappaB kinase; . . . . . . mitogen-activated protein kinase; . . . . . . protein kinase C; . . . . . . protein-tyrosine kinase; . . . . . . serine-threonine protein kinase; . . . . . pyruvate kinase; . . . . . thymidine kinase; . . . . methyltransferases; . . . . nucleotidyltransferases; . . . . . choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase; . . . . . DNA nucleotidyltransferases; . . . . . . DNA-directed DNA polymerase; . . . . . . RNA-directed DNA polymerase; . . . . . . . telomerase; . . . . . RNA nucleotidyltransferases; . . . . . . DNA-directed RNA polymerase; . . . . . . RNA helicases; . . . . . . RNA-directed RNA polymerase; . . . . . UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase; . . . . . UTP-hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase; . . . . sulfur-group transferases; . . . . . CoA-transferases; . . . . . sulfotransferases; . . . . . sulfurtransferases; . . . . . . thiosulfate sulfurtransferase; . . . . transaminases; . . . . . alanine transaminase; . . . . . asparagine-oxo-acid transaminase; . . . . . aspartate transaminase; . . . . . ornithine-oxo-acid transaminase; . . . . . tyrosine transaminase; . . growth factors; . . . activins; . . . angiogenesis growth factor; . . . biopterin; . . . endothelial growth factors; . . . . vascular endothelial growth factors; . . . epidermal growth factor; . . . fibroblast growth factors; . . . . fibroblast growth factor 1; . . . . fibroblast growth factor 2; . . . hematopoietic cell growth factors; . . . . colony-stimulating factors; . . . . . erythropoietin; . . . . . granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; . . . . . granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; . . . . . macrophage colony-stimulating factor; . . . . stem cell factor; . . . hepatocyte growth factor; . . . interleukins; . . . . interleukin-1; . . . . interleukin-10; . . . . interleukin-11; . . . . interleukin-12; . . . . interleukin-2; . . . . interleukin-3; . . . . interleukin-4; . . . . interleukin-5; . . . . interleukin-6; . . . . interleukin-7; . . . . interleukin-8; . . . . interleukin-9; . . . maturation-promoting factor; . . . neopterin; . . . neurotrophins; . . . . nerve growth factor; . . . platelet-derived growth factor; . . . somatomedins; . . . . insulin-like growth factor I; . . . . insulin-like growth factor II; . . . transforming growth factors; . . . . transforming growth factor alpha; . . . . transforming growth factor beta; . . hormones; . . . adrenal cortex hormones; . . . . 17-ketosteroids; . . . . . androstenedione; . . . . . androsterone; . . . . . estrone; . . . . . prasterone; . . . . glucocorticoids; . . . . . corticosterone; . . . . . cortisol; . . . . . cortisone; . . . . . pregnenolone; . . . . mineralocorticoids; . . . . . aldosterone; . . . . . corticosterone; . . . . . desoxycorticosterone; . . . adrenal medulla hormones; . . . . epinephrine; . . . . norepinephrine; . . . gastrointestinal hormones; . . . . cholecystokinin; . . . . epidermal growth factor; . . . . gastric inhibitory polypeptide; . . . . gastrin-releasing peptide; . . . . gastrins; . . . . glucagon-like peptides; . . . . motilin; . . . . peptide YY; . . . . secretin; . . . . vasoactive intestinal peptide; . . . gonadotropins; . . . . chorionic gonadotropins; . . . . . equine chorionic gonadotropin; . . . . . human chorionic gonadotropin; . . . . pituitary gonadotropins; . . . . . follicle-stimulating hormone; . . . . . luteinizing hormone; . . . . . prolactin; . . . . pregnant mare serum gonadotropin; . . . hypothalamic hormones; . . . . pituitary hormone release inhibiting hormones; . . . . . somatostatin; . . . . pituitary hormone-releasing hormones; . . . . . corticotropin-releasing hormone; . . . . . gonadotropin-releasing hormone; . . . . . somatoliberin; . . . . . thyrotropin-releasing hormone; . . . insect hormones; . . . . adipokinetic hormone; . . . . diapause hormone; . . . . diuretic hormone; . . . . eclosion hormone; . . . . hypertrehalosemic hormone; . . . . juvenile hormones; . . . . pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide; . . . . prothoracicotropic hormone; . . . neurohormones; . . . pancreatic hormones; . . . . glucagon; . . . . insulin; . . . . . proinsulin; . . . . . . c-peptide; . . . . pancreatic polypeptide; . . . . somatostatin; . . . parathyroid hormone; . . . peptide hormones; . . . . adipokinetic hormone; . . . . ghrelin; . . . . leptin; . . . . pancreatic polypeptide; . . . pituitary hormones; . . . . anterior pituitary hormones; . . . . . pituitary gonadotropins; . . . . . . follicle-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . luteinizing hormone; . . . . . . prolactin; . . . . . pro-opiomelanocortin; . . . . . . corticotropin; . . . . . . . cosyntropin; . . . . . . lipotropin; . . . . . . melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . . alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . . beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . . gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . somatotropin; . . . . . thyrotropin; . . . . posterior pituitary hormones; . . . . . oxytocin; . . . . . vasopressin; . . . . . vasotocin; . . . . . . arginine vasotocin; . . . placental hormones; . . . . choriomammotropin; . . . . chorionic gonadotropins; . . . . . equine chorionic gonadotropin; . . . . . human chorionic gonadotropin; . . . red pigment-concentrating hormone; . . . sex hormones; . . . . androgens; . . . . . androstenedione; . . . . . androsterone; . . . . . prasterone; . . . . . testosterone; . . . . anti-Mullerian hormone; . . . . corpus luteum hormones; . . . . . progesterone; . . . . . . hydroxyprogesterones; . . . . . . . 17-hydroxyprogesterone; . . . . . relaxin; . . . . estrogens; . . . . . catechol estrogens; . . . . . conjugated estrogens; . . . . . equilin; . . . . . estradiol; . . . . . estriol; . . . . . estrone; . . . . . nonsteroidal estrogens; . . . . . . diethylstilbestrol; . . . . inhibin; . . . . progestational hormones; . . . . . pregnanediol; . . . . . pregnanetriol; . . . . . pregnenolone; . . . . . progesterone; . . . . . . hydroxyprogesterones; . . . . . . . 17-hydroxyprogesterone; . . . steroid hormones; . . . thymus hormones; . . . . thymosin; . . . thyroid hormones; . . . . calcitonin; . . . . L-thyroxine; . . . . triiodothyronine; . . lipids; . . . acylglycerols; . . . . diacylglycerols; . . . . monoacylglycerols; . . . . olein; . . . . stearin; . . . . triacylglycerols; . . . . . long chain triacylglycerols; . . . . . . triolein; . . . . . medium chain triacylglycerols; . . . . . short chain triacylglycerols; . . . eicosanoids; . . . . leukotrienes; . . . . prostaglandins; . . . . . prostacyclin; . . . . . synthetic prostaglandins; . . . . . . cloprostenol; . . . . . . fenprostalene; . . . . thromboxanes; . . . fatty acids; . . . . branched chain fatty acids; . . . . cyclopropenoid fatty acids; . . . . . cyclopropenoic acid; . . . . . sterculic acid; . . . . essential fatty acids; . . . . . arachidonic acid; . . . . . linoleic acid; . . . . . . conjugated linoleic acid; . . . . . linolenic acid; . . . . . . gamma-linolenic acid; . . . . hydroxy fatty acids; . . . . . 3-hydroxybutyric acid; . . . . . ricinoleic acid; . . . . long chain fatty acids; . . . . . arachidonic acid; . . . . . docosahexaenoic acid; . . . . . docosenoic acids; . . . . . . erucic acid; . . . . . elaidic acid; . . . . . gadoleic acid; . . . . . linoleic acid; . . . . . . conjugated linoleic acid; . . . . . linolenic acid; . . . . . . gamma-linolenic acid; . . . . . oleic acid; . . . . . palmitic acid; . . . . . palmitoleic acid; . . . . . stearic acid; . . . . . vaccenic acid; . . . . medium chain fatty acids; . . . . . decanoic acid; . . . . . dodecanoic acid; . . . . . myristic acid; . . . . . octanoic acid; . . . . . pelargonic acid; . . . . odd chain fatty acids; . . . . . pelargonic acid; . . . . saturated fatty acids; . . . . . decanoic acid; . . . . . dodecanoic acid; . . . . . hexanoic acid; . . . . . myristic acid; . . . . . octanoic acid; . . . . . palmitic acid; . . . . . pelargonic acid; . . . . . stearic acid; . . . . short chain fatty acids; . . . . . butyric acid; . . . . . . methyl hydroxy analog; . . . . . hexanoic acid; . . . . . isobutyric acid; . . . . . maleic acid; . . . . . sorbic acid; . . . . . valeric acid; . . . . trans fatty acids; . . . . . elaidic acid; . . . . unsaturated fatty acids; . . . . . dienoic fatty acids; . . . . . . linoleic acid; . . . . . . . conjugated linoleic acid; . . . . . . sorbic acid; . . . . . monounsaturated fatty acids; . . . . . . docosenoic acids; . . . . . . . erucic acid; . . . . . . elaidic acid; . . . . . . gadoleic acid; . . . . . . maleic acid; . . . . . . oleic acid; . . . . . . palmitoleic acid; . . . . . . vaccenic acid; . . . . . omega-3 fatty acids; . . . . . omega-6 fatty acids; . . . . . polyunsaturated fatty acids; . . . . . . arachidonic acid; . . . . . . docosahexaenoic acid; . . . . . . eicosapentaenoic acid; . . . . . . linolenic acid; . . . . . . . gamma-linolenic acid; . . . . volatile fatty acids; . . . fatty alcohols; . . . . farnesol; . . . . triacontanol; . . . glycolipids; . . . . glycophospholipids; . . . . glycosphingolipids; . . . . . cerebrosides; . . . . . gangliosides; . . . hydrogenated oils; . . . lipopolysaccharides; . . . lipoproteins; . . . . apolipoproteins; . . . . chylomicrons; . . . . high density lipoprotein; . . . . intermediate density lipoprotein; . . . . lipophorin; . . . . low density lipoprotein; . . . . very low density lipoprotein; . . . phospholipids; . . . . glycophospholipids; . . . . phosphatidylcholines; . . . . phosphatidylethanolamines; . . . . phosphatidylglycerols; . . . . phosphatidylinositols; . . . . phosphatidylserines; . . . sphingolipids; . . . . glycosphingolipids; . . . . . cerebrosides; . . . . . gangliosides; . . . . sphingomyelins; . . . steroids; . . . . bufadienolides; . . . . cardenolides; . . . . . digitoxigenin; . . . . . digoxigenin; . . . . ecdysteroids; . . . . . ecdysone; . . . . . ecdysterone; . . . . . ponasterone A; . . . . flugestone; . . . . ketosteroids; . . . . . 17-ketosteroids; . . . . . . androstenedione; . . . . . . androsterone; . . . . . . estrone; . . . . . . prasterone; . . . . megestrol; . . . . methyltestosterone; . . . . prednisolone; . . . . prednisone; . . . . sterol esters; . . . . . cholesteryl esters; . . . . sterols; . . . . . 25-hydroxyergocalciferol; . . . . . 7-dehydrocholesterol; . . . . . cholecalciferol derivatives; . . . . . . hydroxycholecalciferols; . . . . . . . 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol; . . . . . . . 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol; . . . . . . . 25-hydroxycholecalciferol; . . . . . . . calcitriol; . . . . . cholesterol; . . . . . coprostanol; . . . . . ergosterol; . . . . . lanosterol; . . . . . phytosterols; . . . . . . brassinosteroids; . . . . . . . brassinolide; . . . . . . campesterol; . . . . . . cucurbitacins; . . . . . . phytoecdysteroids; . . . . . . plant estrogens; . . . . . . . coumestrol; . . . . . . . formononetin; . . . . . . . glycitein; . . . . . . . matairesinol; . . . . . . plant stanols; . . . . . . sitosterols; . . . . . . . beta-sitosterol; . . . . . . solanidine; . . . . . . stigmasterol; . . . structured lipids; . . metabolites; . . . free fatty acids; . . . ketone bodies; . . . secondary metabolites; . . neurotransmitters; . . . bombesin; . . nucleic acids, nucleosides and nucleotides; . . . nucleic acids; . . . . DNA; . . . . . A-DNA; . . . . . antisense DNA; . . . . . circular DNA; . . . . . . plasmids; . . . . . complementary DNA; . . . . . DNA adducts; . . . . . mitochondrial DNA; . . . . . plastid DNA; . . . . . . chloroplast DNA; . . . . . recombinant DNA; . . . . . ribosomal DNA; . . . . . single-stranded DNA; . . . . . transfer DNA; . . . . . Z-DNA; . . . . RNA; . . . . . antisense RNA; . . . . . double-stranded RNA; . . . . . messenger RNA; . . . . . ribosomal RNA; . . . . . satellite RNA; . . . . . small nuclear RNA; . . . . . transfer RNA; . . . nucleosides; . . . . blasticidin S; . . . . deoxyribonucleosides; . . . . . cordycepin; . . . . . floxuridine; . . . . . thymidine; . . . . ribonucleosides; . . . . . adenosine; . . . . . cytidine; . . . . . guanosine; . . . . . uridine; . . . . tunicamycin; . . . nucleotides; . . . . cyclic nucleotides; . . . . . cyclic AMP; . . . . . cyclic GMP; . . . . nucleotide coenzymes; . . . . . coenzyme A; . . . . . NAD (coenzyme); . . . . . NADP (coenzyme); . . . . oligonucleotides; . . . . purine nucleotides; . . . . . adenosine diphosphate; . . . . . adenosine monophosphate; . . . . . adenosine triphosphate; . . . . . guanosine diphosphate; . . . . . guanosine monophosphate; . . . . . guanosine triphosphate; . . . . pyridine nucleotides; . . . . pyrimidine nucleotides; . . . . . cytidine diphosphate; . . . . . cytidine monophosphate; . . . . . cytidine triphosphate; . . . . . uridine diphosphate; . . . . . uridine monophosphate; . . . . . uridine triphosphate; . . . . ribonucleotides; . . nutrients; . . . plant micronutrients; . . photosynthates; . . phytochemicals; . . . phytosterols; . . . . brassinosteroids; . . . . . brassinolide; . . . . campesterol; . . . . cucurbitacins; . . . . phytoecdysteroids; . . . . plant estrogens; . . . . . coumestrol; . . . . . formononetin; . . . . . glycitein; . . . . . matairesinol; . . . . plant stanols; . . . . sitosterols; . . . . . beta-sitosterol; . . . . solanidine; . . . . stigmasterol; . . pigments; . . . bile pigments; . . . . bilirubin; . . . luciferin; . . . melanin; . . . plant pigments; . . . . betalains; . . . . flavonoids; . . . . . anthocyanidins; . . . . . . cyanidin; . . . . . . delphinidin; . . . . . . pelargonidin; . . . . . betacyanins; . . . . . bioflavonoids; . . . . . . hesperidin; . . . . . . naringenin; . . . . . . naringin; . . . . . . quercetin; . . . . . . rutoside; . . . . . chalcones; . . . . . . chalcone; . . . . . epigallocatechin; . . . . . flavanoids; . . . . . . flavanols; . . . . . . . catechin; . . . . . . . epicatechin; . . . . . flavanones; . . . . . . naringenin; . . . . . flavones; . . . . . . apigenin; . . . . . . flavonols; . . . . . . . isorhamnetin; . . . . . . . kaempferol; . . . . . . . quercetin; . . . . . . . rutin; . . . . . . . taxifolin; . . . . . . luteolin; . . . . . glycoflavonoids; . . . . . . glycoflavones; . . . . . . . anthocyanins; . . . . . . . . cyanin; . . . . . . . hesperidin; . . . . . . . isoquercitrin; . . . . . . . maysin; . . . . . . . naringin; . . . . . . . phloridzin; . . . . . . . quercitrin; . . . . . . . rutoside; . . . . . isoflavans; . . . . . isoflavonoids; . . . . . . isoflavones; . . . . . . . daidzein; . . . . . . . daidzin; . . . . . . . formononetin; . . . . . . . genistein; . . . . . . . genistin; . . . . . . . medicarpin; . . . . . . . phaseollin; . . . . . . . pisatin; . . . . . . . rotenoids; . . . . . . . . rotenone; . . . . . myricetin; . . . . . silymarin; . . . . phycobilin; . . . . phytochrome; . . . . xanthophylls; . . . . . antheraxanthin; . . . . . capsanthin; . . . . . lutein; . . . . . neoxanthin; . . . . . zeaxanthin; . . provitamins; . . . 7-dehydrocholesterol; . . . carotenes; . . . . alpha-carotene; . . . . beta-carotene; . . . . gamma-carotene; . . . . lycopene; . . . ergosterol; . . . menadione; . . semiochemicals; . . . allelochemicals; . . . allomones; . . . . azadirachtin; . . . . canavanine; . . . . phytoalexins; . . . kairomones; . . . pheromones; . . . . aggregation pheromones; . . . . alarm pheromones; . . . . antiaggregation pheromones; . . . . insect pheromones; . . . . . brood pheromone; . . . . . Nasonov pheromone; . . . . oviposition pheromones; . . . . pheromone blends; . . . . queen pheromones; . . . . . queen substance; . . . . sex pheromones; . . . . trail pheromones; . . siderophores; . . vitamins; . . . fat soluble vitamins; . . . . vitamin A; . . . . vitamin D; . . . . . 25-hydroxyergocalciferol; . . . . . cholecalciferol; . . . . . cholecalciferol derivatives; . . . . . . hydroxycholecalciferols; . . . . . . . 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol; . . . . . . . 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol; . . . . . . . 25-hydroxycholecalciferol; . . . . . . . calcitriol; . . . . . ergocalciferol; . . . . vitamin E; . . . . . tocopherols; . . . . . . alpha-tocopherol; . . . . . . beta-tocopherol; . . . . . . gamma-tocopherol; . . . . . tocotrienols; . . . . vitamin K; . . . . . menaquinones; . . . . . phylloquinone; . . . water-soluble vitamins; . . . . ascorbic acid; . . . . vitamin B complex; . . . . . biotin; . . . . . folic acid; . . . . . niacin; . . . . . pantothenic acid; . . . . . pyridoxine; . . . . . riboflavin; . . . . . thiamin; . . . . . vitamin B12; . biochemical mechanisms; . biochemical pathways; . . C3 photosynthesis; . . C4 photosynthesis; . . Calvin cycle; . . electron transport chain; . . . oxidative phosphorylation; . . glyoxylate cycle; . . nitrogen fixation; . . pentose phosphate cycle; . . shikimate pathway; . . tricarboxylic acid cycle; . biochemical polymorphism; . bioluminescence; . biotransformation; . endogenous sources; . enzymatic reactions; . . enzymatic browning; . . enzymatic hydrolysis; . enzymology; . . active sites; . . allozymes; . . enzyme activation; . . enzyme activity; . . enzyme deficiencies; . . enzyme inactivation; . . enzyme inhibition; . . enzyme kinetics; . . enzyme substrates; . . isozymes; . . substrate specificity; . . zymogens; . . . chymotrypsinogen; . . . pepsinogen; . . . plasminogen; . . . prophenoloxidase; . . . prothrombin; . . . trypsinogen; . exogenous sources; . inactivation; . . enzyme inactivation; . . heat inactivation; . metabolism; . . biosynthesis; . . carbohydrate metabolism; . . . gluconeogenesis; . . . glucose tolerance; . . . glycemic control; . . . glycogenolysis; . . . glycolysis; . . . glyconeogenesis; . . . photosynthesis; . . . . C3 photosynthesis; . . . . C4 photosynthesis; . . . . Calvin cycle; . . . . Crassulacean acid metabolism; . . . . light harvesting complex; . . . . . phycobilisome; . . . . photoinhibition; . . . . photophosphorylation; . . . . photorespiration; . . . . photosynthetic reaction centers; . . . . . D1 protein; . . . . . D2 protein; . . . . photosystem I; . . . . photosystem II; . . . . . oxygen evolving complex; . . energy metabolism; . . . aerobiosis; . . . anaerobiosis; . . . . fermentation; . . . . . alcoholic fermentation; . . . . . batch fermentation; . . . . . . silage fermentation; . . . . . continuous fermentation; . . . . . Crabtree effect; . . . . . lactic fermentation; . . . . . malolactic fermentation; . . . . . solid state fermentation; . . . . . submerged fermentation; . . . basal metabolism; . . . electron transport chain; . . . . oxidative phosphorylation; . . . photosynthesis; . . . . C3 photosynthesis; . . . . C4 photosynthesis; . . . . Calvin cycle; . . . . Crassulacean acid metabolism; . . . . light harvesting complex; . . . . . phycobilisome; . . . . photoinhibition; . . . . photophosphorylation; . . . . photorespiration; . . . . photosynthetic reaction centers; . . . . . D1 protein; . . . . . D2 protein; . . . . photosystem I; . . . . photosystem II; . . . . . oxygen evolving complex; . . hormone metabolism; . . lipid metabolism; . . . biohydrogenation; . . . cholesterol metabolism; . . . lipogenesis; . . . lipolysis; . . metabolic detoxification; . . metabolic sequestration; . . mineral metabolism; . . nitrogen metabolism; . . . nitrogen balance; . . . urea cycle enzymes; . . oxygen consumption; . . pharmacokinetics; . . protein metabolism; . . . amino acid metabolism; . . . protein depletion; . . . protein deposition; . . . protein synthesis; . . . . fractional synthesis rate; . . . . post-translational modification; . . steroid metabolism; . . . steroidogenesis; . . vitamin metabolism; . . water metabolism; . synergism; . . drug synergism

biological properties and phenomena

: : Biological Sciences; biological properties and phenomena; . age; . . gestational age; . animal characteristics; . . animal age; . . animal performance; . . . laying performance; . . . . age at first egg; . . . liveweight gain; . . . milk yield; . . . . milk fat yield; . . . . milk protein yield; . . . . milking rate; . . . racing performance; . . . slaughter weight; . anthropometric measurements; . . arm circumference; . . body mass index; . . head circumference; . . small for gestational age; . . waist circumference; . . waist-to-hip ratio; . athletic performance; . biological resistance; . . acid tolerance; . . cold tolerance; . . . frost resistance; . . . winter hardiness; . . decay resistance; . . defense mechanisms; . . . immune evasion; . . disease resistance; . . . trypanotolerance; . . drought tolerance; . . drug resistance; . . . antibiotic resistance; . . . multiple drug resistance; . . fire resistance; . . flooding tolerance; . . genetic resistance; . . . varietal resistance; . . heat tolerance; . . horizontal resistance; . . immunity; . . . autoimmunity; . . . cell-mediated immunity; . . . . antigen presentation; . . . . graft versus host reactions; . . . . lymphocyte proliferation; . . . cross immunity; . . . humoral immunity; . . . immune response; . . . . antibody formation; . . . . antigen-antibody reactions; . . . . . agglutination; . . . . . . hemagglutination; . . . . . cross reaction; . . . . graft rejection; . . . . graft versus host reactions; . . . . macrophage activation; . . . immunocompetence; . . . immunosuppression (physiological); . . . insect immunity; . . . mucosal immunity; . . . passive immunity; . . . . maternal immunity; . . . . . colostral immunity; . . induced resistance; . . . systemic acquired resistance; . . lodging resistance; . . metal tolerance; . . osmotolerance; . . pest resistance; . . pesticide resistance; . . . acaricide resistance; . . . cross resistance; . . . fungicide resistance; . . . herbicide resistance; . . . insecticide resistance; . . radiation resistance; . . resistance mechanisms; . . . antibiosis; . . . antixenosis; . . . behavioral resistance; . . . hypersensitive response; . . . metabolic detoxification; . . salt tolerance; . . shade tolerance; . . stress tolerance; . . vertical resistance; . . wind resistance; . biological rhythms; . . circadian rhythm; . . . ultradian rhythm; . . periodicity; . . . photoperiodism; . body condition; . body size; . . body measurements; . body temperature; . body weight; . . birth weight; . . . low birth weight; . . gaining weight; . . ideal body weight; . . obesity; . . overweight; . . slaughter weight; . . tissue weight; . . underweight; . . weaning weight; . . weight cycling; . . weight gain; . . weight loss; . cognition; . . consciousness; . gas production; . . hydrogen production; . . methane production; . longevity; . pigmentation; . . melanization; . plant characteristics; . . agronomic traits; . . . maturity groups; . . leaf area; . . . leaf area index; . . plant age; . . . tree age; . . seed productivity; . postmortem changes; . . rigor mortis; . senescence; . totipotency; . viability; . vigor

Biological Sciences

: Biological Sciences; . anatomy and morphology; . . animal anatomy; . . . animal organs; . . . . animal glands; . . . . . endocrine glands; . . . . . . adrenal glands; . . . . . . . adrenal cortex; . . . . . . . adrenal medulla; . . . . . . gonads; . . . . . . . ovaries; . . . . . . . . corpus luteum; . . . . . . . . . luteal cells; . . . . . . . . ovarian follicles; . . . . . . . . . cumulus oophorus; . . . . . . . . . follicular fluid; . . . . . . . . . Graafian follicles; . . . . . . . . . granulosa cells; . . . . . . . . ovarioles; . . . . . . . . thecal cells; . . . . . . . testes; . . . . . . . . Leydig cells; . . . . . . . . rete testis; . . . . . . . . seminiferous tubules; . . . . . . . . . seminiferous epithelium; . . . . . . . . Sertoli cells; . . . . . . islets of Langerhans; . . . . . . parathyroid glands; . . . . . . pineal body; . . . . . . pituitary gland; . . . . . . . anterior pituitary; . . . . . . . posterior pituitary; . . . . . . prothoracic glands; . . . . . . thymus gland; . . . . . . thyroid gland; . . . . . exocrine glands; . . . . . . anal glands; . . . . . . Dufour's gland; . . . . . . mammary glands; . . . . . . pheromone glands; . . . . . . prostate gland; . . . . . . salivary glands; . . . . . . . mandibular glands; . . . . . . . maxillary glands; . . . . . . . parotid gland; . . . . . . sebaceous glands; . . . . . . . scent glands; . . . . . . shell gland; . . . . . . silk glands; . . . . . . sweat glands; . . . . . . uropygial gland; . . . . brain; . . . . . antennal lobe; . . . . . brain stem; . . . . . cerebellum; . . . . . . amygdala; . . . . . cerebrum; . . . . . . cerebral cortex; . . . . . . cerebral ventricles; . . . . . hippocampus; . . . . . hypothalamus; . . . . . . paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus; . . . . . . preoptic area; . . . . . medulla oblongata; . . . . . mushroom bodies; . . . . . olfactory bulb; . . . . . optic lobe; . . . . . thalamus; . . . . gall bladder; . . . . gills; . . . . heart; . . . . . heart atrium; . . . . . heart valves; . . . . . heart ventricle; . . . . . myocardium; . . . . hepatopancreas; . . . . kidneys; . . . . . nephrons; . . . . . . kidney glomerulus; . . . . . . renal tubules; . . . . . . . proximal tubules; . . . . liver; . . . . lungs; . . . . . bronchi; . . . . . pulmonary alveoli; . . . . sense organs; . . . . . antennae; . . . . . ears; . . . . . . guttural pouch; . . . . . eyes; . . . . . . compound eyes; . . . . . . . ommatidia; . . . . . . conjunctiva; . . . . . . cornea; . . . . . . eye lens; . . . . . . iris (eyes); . . . . . . lacrimal apparatus; . . . . . . ocelli; . . . . . . retina; . . . . . nose; . . . . . . nasal cavity; . . . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . . . olfactory organs; . . . . . palps; . . . . . sensilla; . . . . spleen; . . . . sting apparatus; . . . . stomach; . . . . . gastric fundus; . . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . . pylorus; . . . . . ruminant stomach; . . . . . . abomasum; . . . . . . forestomach; . . . . . . . omasum; . . . . . . . reticulum; . . . . . . . rumen; . . . . . . . . rumen epithelium; . . . . . . . . rumen fluids; . . . . tonsils; . . . animal tissues; . . . . animal tissue extracts; . . . . cell membranes; . . . . . egg membranes; . . . . . . vitelline membrane; . . . . . lipid bilayers; . . . . . microvilli; . . . . . mucosa; . . . . . . digestive tract mucosa; . . . . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . . . . intestinal mucosa; . . . . . . . . intestinal crypts; . . . . . . . . villi; . . . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . . . . vaginal mucosa; . . . . . nuclear membrane; . . . . . plasma membrane; . . . . . thylakoids; . . . . . tonoplast; . . . . connective tissues; . . . . . adipose tissue; . . . . . . brown adipose tissue; . . . . . . fat body; . . . . . . white adipose tissue; . . . . . bones; . . . . . . bone density; . . . . . . bone marrow; . . . . . . bone types; . . . . . . . capitulum (bone); . . . . . . . jaws; . . . . . . . . mandible (bone); . . . . . . . keel bone; . . . . . . . limb bones; . . . . . . . . carpus; . . . . . . . . femur; . . . . . . . . fibula; . . . . . . . . humerus; . . . . . . . . metacarpus; . . . . . . . . metatarsus; . . . . . . . . phalanges; . . . . . . . . radius (bone); . . . . . . . . tibia; . . . . . . . . ulna; . . . . . . . maxilla bone; . . . . . . . patella; . . . . . . . periosteum; . . . . . . . ribs; . . . . . . . scapula; . . . . . . . sesamoid bones; . . . . . . . skull; . . . . . . . . orbits; . . . . . . . spine; . . . . . . . . cervical spine; . . . . . . . . intervertebral disks; . . . . . . . . lumbar spine; . . . . . . . . sacral spine; . . . . . . . . . pelvis; . . . . . . . . thoracic spine; . . . . . . . . vertebrae; . . . . . . . sternum; . . . . . . . tarsus (bone); . . . . . . epiphyses; . . . . . . . growth plate; . . . . . cartilage; . . . . . . intervertebral disks; . . . . . fascia; . . . . . ligaments; . . . . . tendons; . . . . epithelium; . . . . . basement membrane; . . . . . endothelium; . . . . . epidermis (animal); . . . . . mucosa; . . . . . . digestive tract mucosa; . . . . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . . . . intestinal mucosa; . . . . . . . . intestinal crypts; . . . . . . . . villi; . . . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . . . . vaginal mucosa; . . . . . rumen epithelium; . . . . . seminiferous epithelium; . . . . gingiva; . . . . imaginal discs; . . . . laminae (animals); . . . . muscle tissues; . . . . . muscle fibers; . . . . . myocardium; . . . . . myofibrils; . . . . . . sarcomeres; . . . . . skeletal muscle; . . . . . . sarcoplasmic reticulum; . . . . . smooth muscle; . . . . . striated muscle; . . . . nerve tissue; . . . . serosa; . . . . . pericardium; . . . . . peritoneum; . . . . . . mesentery; . . . . . . omentum; . . . . . pleura; . . . . splanchnic tissues; . . . . uterine tissue; . . . . . endometrium; . . . . . myometrium; . . . bodily secretions and exudates; . . . . bile; . . . . colostrum; . . . . . cow colostrum; . . . . . human colostrum; . . . . defensive secretions; . . . . gastric juice; . . . . . gastric acid; . . . . lac; . . . . maternal milk; . . . . . breast milk; . . . . . . human milk fat; . . . . . buffalo milk; . . . . . camel milk; . . . . . ewe milk; . . . . . goat milk; . . . . . mare milk; . . . . . milk; . . . . . . low fat milk; . . . . . . skim milk; . . . . . . whole milk; . . . . . sow milk; . . . . mucus; . . . . . cervical mucus; . . . . pancreatic juice; . . . . royal jelly; . . . . saliva; . . . . sebum; . . . . semen; . . . . . milt; . . . . . seminal plasma; . . . . sweat; . . . . tears; . . . . venoms; . . . body fluids; . . . . allantoic fluid; . . . . amniotic fluid; . . . . blood; . . . . . blood cells; . . . . . . blood platelets; . . . . . . erythrocytes; . . . . . . . reticulocytes; . . . . . . leukocytes; . . . . . . . granulocytes; . . . . . . . . basophils; . . . . . . . . eosinophils; . . . . . . . . heterophils; . . . . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . . . . lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . B-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . plasma cells; . . . . . . . . immunocytes; . . . . . . . . melanocytes; . . . . . . . . natural killer cells; . . . . . . . . thymocytes; . . . . . . . . T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . CD4-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . CD8-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . . cytotoxic T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . suppressor cells; . . . . . . . monocytes; . . . . . . thrombocytes; . . . . . blood plasma; . . . . . . blood serum; . . . . body water; . . . . cerebrospinal fluid; . . . . digesta; . . . . extracellular fluids; . . . . follicular fluid; . . . . lymph; . . . . oviductal fluids; . . . . synovial fluid; . . . circulatory system; . . . . cardiovascular system; . . . . . blood; . . . . . . blood cells; . . . . . . . blood platelets; . . . . . . . erythrocytes; . . . . . . . . reticulocytes; . . . . . . . leukocytes; . . . . . . . . granulocytes; . . . . . . . . . basophils; . . . . . . . . . eosinophils; . . . . . . . . . heterophils; . . . . . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . . . . . lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . B-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . . plasma cells; . . . . . . . . . immunocytes; . . . . . . . . . melanocytes; . . . . . . . . . natural killer cells; . . . . . . . . . thymocytes; . . . . . . . . . T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . . CD4-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . . CD8-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . . . cytotoxic T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . . suppressor cells; . . . . . . . . monocytes; . . . . . . . thrombocytes; . . . . . . blood plasma; . . . . . . . blood serum; . . . . . blood vessels; . . . . . . arteries; . . . . . . . aorta; . . . . . . . carotid arteries; . . . . . . . coronary vessels; . . . . . . . . ductus arteriosus; . . . . . . . hepatic artery; . . . . . . . iliac artery; . . . . . . . mesenteric arteries; . . . . . . . pulmonary artery; . . . . . . . umbilical arteries; . . . . . . blood capillaries; . . . . . . blood veins; . . . . . . . coronary vessels; . . . . . . . . ductus arteriosus; . . . . . . . jugular vein; . . . . . . . portal vein; . . . . . . . saphenous vein; . . . . . . . umbilical veins; . . . . . . . vena cava; . . . . . endothelium; . . . . . heart; . . . . . . heart atrium; . . . . . . heart valves; . . . . . . heart ventricle; . . . . . . myocardium; . . . . hemolymph; . . . . . hemocytes; . . . . lymphatic system; . . . . . bursa of Fabricius; . . . . . lymph; . . . . . lymph nodes; . . . . . Peyer's patches; . . . . . reticuloendothelial system; . . . . . . phagocytes; . . . . . . . macrophages; . . . . . . . . foam cells; . . . . . . . . histiocytes; . . . . . . . . Kupffer cells; . . . . . . . monocytes; . . . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . . spleen; . . . . . thoracic duct; . . . . . thymus gland; . . . . . tonsils; . . . cocoons; . . . digestive system; . . . . biliary tract; . . . . . bile; . . . . . bile ducts; . . . . . gall bladder; . . . . cloaca; . . . . crop (digestive system); . . . . digestive juices; . . . . . bile; . . . . . digestive enzymes; . . . . . . alpha-amylase; . . . . . . chymosin; . . . . . . chymotrypsin; . . . . . . pancreatin; . . . . . . pepsin; . . . . . . triacylglycerol lipase; . . . . . . trypsin; . . . . . gastric juice; . . . . . . gastric acid; . . . . . pancreatic juice; . . . . . rumen fluids; . . . . . saliva; . . . . digestive tract; . . . . digestive tract mucosa; . . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . . intestinal mucosa; . . . . . . intestinal crypts; . . . . . . villi; . . . . esophagus; . . . . . esophageal sphincter; . . . . foregut; . . . . gastrointestinal system; . . . . . intestines; . . . . . . intestinal mucosa; . . . . . . . intestinal crypts; . . . . . . . villi; . . . . . . large intestine; . . . . . . . cecum; . . . . . . . colon; . . . . . . . rectum; . . . . . . . . anus; . . . . . . small intestine; . . . . . . . duodenum; . . . . . . . ileum; . . . . . . . jejunum; . . . . . . . villi; . . . . . stomach; . . . . . . gastric fundus; . . . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . . . pylorus; . . . . . . ruminant stomach; . . . . . . . abomasum; . . . . . . . forestomach; . . . . . . . . omasum; . . . . . . . . reticulum; . . . . . . . . rumen; . . . . . . . . . rumen epithelium; . . . . . . . . . rumen fluids; . . . . gizzard; . . . . hepatopancreas; . . . . hindgut; . . . . liver; . . . . midgut; . . . . . peritrophic membrane; . . . . mouth; . . . . . gingiva; . . . . . lips; . . . . . palate; . . . . . teeth; . . . . . . tooth enamel; . . . . . . tooth pulp; . . . . . tongue; . . . . pancreas; . . . . . islets of Langerhans; . . . . . pancreatic ducts; . . . . . pancreatic juice; . . . . pharynx; . . . . . nasopharynx; . . . . proventriculus; . . . . salivary glands; . . . . . mandibular glands; . . . . . maxillary glands; . . . . . parotid gland; . . . embryonic structures; . . . . conceptus; . . . . embryo (animal); . . . . . amniotic fluid; . . . . . blastocyst; . . . . . . blastoderm; . . . . . . trophoblast; . . . . . blastomeres; . . . . . extraembryonic membranes; . . . . . . allantois; . . . . . . amnion; . . . . . . chorioallantoic membrane; . . . . . . chorion; . . . . . . yolk sac; . . . . . limb bud; . . . . . morula; . . . . . neural crest; . . . . . umbilical cord; . . . . . urachus; . . . . fetus; . . . . placenta; . . . . . trophoblast; . . . . zygote; . . . endocrine system; . . . . endocrine glands; . . . . . adrenal glands; . . . . . . adrenal cortex; . . . . . . adrenal medulla; . . . . . gonads; . . . . . . ovaries; . . . . . . . corpus luteum; . . . . . . . . luteal cells; . . . . . . . ovarian follicles; . . . . . . . . cumulus oophorus; . . . . . . . . follicular fluid; . . . . . . . . Graafian follicles; . . . . . . . . granulosa cells; . . . . . . . ovarioles; . . . . . . . thecal cells; . . . . . . testes; . . . . . . . Leydig cells; . . . . . . . rete testis; . . . . . . . seminiferous tubules; . . . . . . . . seminiferous epithelium; . . . . . . . Sertoli cells; . . . . . islets of Langerhans; . . . . . parathyroid glands; . . . . . pineal body; . . . . . pituitary gland; . . . . . . anterior pituitary; . . . . . . posterior pituitary; . . . . . prothoracic glands; . . . . . thymus gland; . . . . . thyroid gland; . . . . neurosecretory system; . . . . . corpora allata; . . . . . corpora cardiaca; . . . . . neurosecretory cells; . . . excreta; . . . . feces; . . . . frass; . . . . honeydew; . . . . urine; . . . excretory system; . . . . cloaca; . . . . Malpighian tubules; . . . . urinary tract; . . . . . bladder; . . . . . kidneys; . . . . . . nephrons; . . . . . . . kidney glomerulus; . . . . . . . renal tubules; . . . . . . . . proximal tubules; . . . . . ureter; . . . . . urethra; . . . exuvium; . . . immune system; . . . . antigen-presenting cells; . . . . . dendritic cells; . . . . . . Langerhans cells; . . . . bone marrow; . . . . leukocytes; . . . . . granulocytes; . . . . . . basophils; . . . . . . eosinophils; . . . . . . heterophils; . . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . . lymphocytes; . . . . . . B-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . plasma cells; . . . . . . immunocytes; . . . . . . melanocytes; . . . . . . natural killer cells; . . . . . . thymocytes; . . . . . . T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . CD4-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . CD8-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . cytotoxic T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . suppressor cells; . . . . . monocytes; . . . . lymphatic system; . . . . . bursa of Fabricius; . . . . . lymph; . . . . . lymph nodes; . . . . . Peyer's patches; . . . . . reticuloendothelial system; . . . . . . phagocytes; . . . . . . . macrophages; . . . . . . . . foam cells; . . . . . . . . histiocytes; . . . . . . . . Kupffer cells; . . . . . . . monocytes; . . . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . . spleen; . . . . . thoracic duct; . . . . . thymus gland; . . . . . tonsils; . . . . mast cells; . . . insect anatomy; . . . integumentary system; . . . . exoskeleton; . . . . integument; . . . . . animal cuticle; . . . . . . insect cuticle; . . . . . claws; . . . . . comb (integument); . . . . . fleece; . . . . . fur; . . . . . hair follicles; . . . . . hairs; . . . . . hooves; . . . . . horns; . . . . . . antlers; . . . . . . . velvet antlers; . . . . . nail; . . . . . plumage; . . . . . . feathers; . . . . . . . down; . . . . . scales (integument); . . . . . setae (animal); . . . . . shell (molluscs); . . . . . wattles; . . . . skin; . . . . . dermis; . . . . . epidermis (animal); . . . . . skin glands; . . . . . . sebaceous glands; . . . . . . . scent glands; . . . . . . sweat glands; . . . musculoskeletal system; . . . . bones; . . . . . bone density; . . . . . bone marrow; . . . . . bone types; . . . . . . capitulum (bone); . . . . . . jaws; . . . . . . . mandible (bone); . . . . . . keel bone; . . . . . . limb bones; . . . . . . . carpus; . . . . . . . femur; . . . . . . . fibula; . . . . . . . humerus; . . . . . . . metacarpus; . . . . . . . metatarsus; . . . . . . . phalanges; . . . . . . . radius (bone); . . . . . . . tibia; . . . . . . . ulna; . . . . . . maxilla bone; . . . . . . patella; . . . . . . periosteum; . . . . . . ribs; . . . . . . scapula; . . . . . . sesamoid bones; . . . . . . skull; . . . . . . . orbits; . . . . . . spine; . . . . . . . cervical spine; . . . . . . . intervertebral disks; . . . . . . . lumbar spine; . . . . . . . sacral spine; . . . . . . . . pelvis; . . . . . . . thoracic spine; . . . . . . . vertebrae; . . . . . . sternum; . . . . . . tarsus (bone); . . . . . epiphyses; . . . . . . growth plate; . . . . fascia; . . . . joints (animal); . . . . . elbows; . . . . . knees; . . . . . . stifle; . . . . . shoulders; . . . . . synovial fluid; . . . . . synovial sheaths; . . . . muscle tissues; . . . . . muscle fibers; . . . . . myocardium; . . . . . myofibrils; . . . . . . sarcomeres; . . . . . skeletal muscle; . . . . . . sarcoplasmic reticulum; . . . . . smooth muscle; . . . . . striated muscle; . . . . muscles; . . . . . breast muscle; . . . . . diaphragm; . . . . . flight muscles; . . . . . longissimus dorsi; . . . . . sphincters; . . . . posture; . . . . skeleton; . . . . tendons; . . . nervous system; . . . . central nervous system; . . . . . brain; . . . . . . antennal lobe; . . . . . . brain stem; . . . . . . cerebellum; . . . . . . . amygdala; . . . . . . cerebrum; . . . . . . . cerebral cortex; . . . . . . . cerebral ventricles; . . . . . . hippocampus; . . . . . . hypothalamus; . . . . . . . paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus; . . . . . . . preoptic area; . . . . . . medulla oblongata; . . . . . . mushroom bodies; . . . . . . olfactory bulb; . . . . . . optic lobe; . . . . . . thalamus; . . . . . meninges; . . . . . spinal cord; . . . . cerebrospinal fluid; . . . . ganglia; . . . . . abdominal ganglia; . . . . . subesophageal ganglia; . . . . . thoracic ganglia; . . . . myelin sheath; . . . . nerve tissue; . . . . neural pathways; . . . . neuroglia; . . . . . astrocytes; . . . . . Schwann cells; . . . . neurons; . . . . . interneurons; . . . . . motor neurons; . . . . . nerve fibers; . . . . . . axons; . . . . . . . neurites; . . . . . . dendrites; . . . . . . . neurites; . . . . . sensory neurons; . . . . peripheral nervous system; . . . . . autonomic nervous system; . . . . . . parasympathetic nervous system; . . . . . . sympathetic nervous system; . . . . . nerve endings; . . . . . peripheral nerves; . . . . . . vagus nerve; . . . . plexus; . . . . . choroid plexus; . . . . sensory system; . . . . . sense organs; . . . . . . antennae; . . . . . . ears; . . . . . . . guttural pouch; . . . . . . eyes; . . . . . . . compound eyes; . . . . . . . . ommatidia; . . . . . . . conjunctiva; . . . . . . . cornea; . . . . . . . eye lens; . . . . . . . iris (eyes); . . . . . . . lacrimal apparatus; . . . . . . . ocelli; . . . . . . . retina; . . . . . . nose; . . . . . . . nasal cavity; . . . . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . . . . olfactory organs; . . . . . . palps; . . . . . . sensilla; . . . . . sensory receptors; . . . . . . chemoreceptors; . . . . . . mechanoreceptors; . . . . . . olfactory receptors; . . . . . . photoreceptors; . . . . synapse; . . . . ventral nerve cord; . . . puparium; . . . reproductive system; . . . . accessory sex glands; . . . . . seminal vesicles; . . . . cloaca; . . . . female reproductive system; . . . . . cervix; . . . . . . cervical mucus; . . . . . ovaries; . . . . . . corpus luteum; . . . . . . . luteal cells; . . . . . . ovarian follicles; . . . . . . . cumulus oophorus; . . . . . . . follicular fluid; . . . . . . . Graafian follicles; . . . . . . . granulosa cells; . . . . . . ovarioles; . . . . . . thecal cells; . . . . . oviducts; . . . . . . oviductal ampulla; . . . . . . oviductal isthmus; . . . . . ovipositor; . . . . . shell gland; . . . . . spermatheca; . . . . . uterus; . . . . . . uterine tissue; . . . . . . . endometrium; . . . . . . . myometrium; . . . . . vagina; . . . . . . vaginal mucosa; . . . . . vulva; . . . . male reproductive system; . . . . . bulbourethral gland; . . . . . ductus deferens; . . . . . epididymis; . . . . . . caput epididymidis; . . . . . . cauda epididymidis; . . . . . . corpus epididymidis; . . . . . penis; . . . . . . prepuce; . . . . . prostate gland; . . . . . scrotum; . . . . . spermatic cord; . . . . . spermatophores; . . . . . testes; . . . . . . Leydig cells; . . . . . . rete testis; . . . . . . seminiferous tubules; . . . . . . . seminiferous epithelium; . . . . . . Sertoli cells; . . . respiratory system; . . . . air sacs; . . . . gills; . . . . larynx; . . . . lungs; . . . . . bronchi; . . . . . pulmonary alveoli; . . . . nose; . . . . . nasal cavity; . . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . . paranasal sinuses; . . . . pleura; . . . . spiracles; . . . . swim bladder; . . . . trachea (vertebrates); . . . . tracheae (invertebrates); . . . webs; . . animal morphology; . . . body conformation; . . . insect morphology; . . . skin folds; . . body regions; . . . appendages; . . . body cavities; . . . . abdominal cavity; . . . . hemocoel; . . . . sinuses; . . . . . paranasal sinuses; . . . . thoracic cavity; . . . . . mediastinum; . . . genitalia; . . . . female genitalia; . . . . male genitalia; . . . head; . . . . beak; . . . . face; . . . . . eyelids; . . . . mouthparts; . . . . . proboscis; . . . . . stylets; . . . limbs (animal); . . . . arms (limbs); . . . . . hands; . . . . fins; . . . . forelimbs; . . . . legs; . . . . . feet; . . . . . hock; . . . . . tarsus (ankle region); . . . . . thighs; . . . neck; . . . . throat; . . . sting apparatus; . . . tail; . . . thorax; . . . torso; . . . . abdomen; . . . . . umbilicus; . . . . back; . . . . . loins; . . . . . withers; . . . . buttocks; . . . . chest; . . . . . breasts; . . . . hips; . . . . perineum; . . . . rump; . . . . waist; . . . udders; . . . . teats; . . . . udder quarters; . . . wings; . . fungal anatomy; . . . appressoria; . . . asci; . . . basidia; . . . conidiophores; . . . fruiting bodies; . . . fungal spores; . . . . aeciospores; . . . . ascospores; . . . . basidiospores; . . . . chlamydospores; . . . . conidia; . . . . oospores; . . . . teliospores; . . . hyphae; . . . mycelium; . . . pycnidia; . . . sclerotia; . . . setae (fungi); . . . spindle pole body; . . . sporangia; . . morphs; . . . anamorphs; . . . holomorphs; . . . teleomorphs; . . plant anatomy; . . . aerial parts; . . . buds; . . . corn ears; . . . fruits (plant anatomy); . . . . bolls; . . . . pericarp; . . . . . albedo (citrus fruit); . . . . . endocarp; . . . . . exocarp; . . . . . mesocarp; . . . . pods; . . . inflorescences; . . . . bracts; . . . . curds (plant); . . . . flowers; . . . . . androecium; . . . . . . anthers; . . . . . . pollen; . . . . . . pollinia; . . . . . . stamens; . . . . . female flowers; . . . . . florets; . . . . . flower primordia; . . . . . gynoecium; . . . . . . carpels; . . . . . . ovules; . . . . . . . embryo sac; . . . . . . stigma; . . . . . . styles; . . . . . male flowers; . . . . . nectaries; . . . . . perianth; . . . . . . calyx; . . . . . . corolla; . . . . seed cones; . . . leaves; . . . . conifer needles; . . . . leaf blade; . . . . leaf meristems; . . . . . leaf primordia; . . . . petioles; . . . . pulvinus; . . . pedicel; . . . peduncle; . . . plant organs; . . . . plant glands; . . . . . nectaries; . . . . storage organs; . . . . . tubers; . . . . . . seed tubers; . . . plant secretions and exudates; . . . . cutin; . . . . epicuticular wax; . . . . latex; . . . . nectar; . . . . plant exudates; . . . . . root exudates; . . . . sap; . . . plant spines; . . . plant tissues; . . . . bark; . . . . callus; . . . . collenchyma; . . . . cortex; . . . . endodermis; . . . . epidermis (plant); . . . . . guard cells; . . . . . plant cuticle; . . . . . stomata; . . . . meristems; . . . . . apical meristems; . . . . . cambium; . . . . . flower primordia; . . . . . leaf meristems; . . . . . . leaf primordia; . . . . . root meristems; . . . . . . root primordia; . . . . . shoot meristems; . . . . . . shoot primordia; . . . . mesophyll; . . . . parenchyma; . . . . . chlorenchyma; . . . . periderm; . . . . . wound periderm; . . . . sclerenchyma; . . . . . fiber cells; . . . . . sclereids; . . . . vascular tissues; . . . . . phloem; . . . . . . phloem companion cells; . . . . . . secondary phloem; . . . . . . sieve tubes; . . . . . . . sieve elements; . . . . . . . sieve plates; . . . . . xylem; . . . . . . secondary xylem; . . . . . . . growth rings; . . . . . . . . earlywood; . . . . . . . . latewood; . . . . . . . heartwood; . . . . . . . juvenile wood; . . . . . . . reaction wood; . . . . . . . . compression wood; . . . . . . . . tension wood; . . . . . . . sapwood; . . . . . . . tyloses; . . . . . . tracheary elements; . . . . . . . tracheids; . . . . . . . xylem vessels; . . . plant vascular system; . . . . stele; . . . . . pith; . . . . vascular bundles; . . . . . bundle sheath cells; . . . . . plant veins; . . . . vascular tissues; . . . . . phloem; . . . . . . phloem companion cells; . . . . . . secondary phloem; . . . . . . sieve tubes; . . . . . . . sieve elements; . . . . . . . sieve plates; . . . . . xylem; . . . . . . secondary xylem; . . . . . . . growth rings; . . . . . . . . earlywood; . . . . . . . . latewood; . . . . . . . heartwood; . . . . . . . juvenile wood; . . . . . . . reaction wood; . . . . . . . . compression wood; . . . . . . . . tension wood; . . . . . . . sapwood; . . . . . . . tyloses; . . . . . . tracheary elements; . . . . . . . tracheids; . . . . . . . xylem vessels; . . . pseudostems; . . . root crown; . . . roots; . . . . adventitious roots; . . . . root cap; . . . . root hairs; . . . . root meristems; . . . . . root primordia; . . . . root nodules; . . . . root tips; . . . seed anatomy; . . . . embryo (plant); . . . . . aleurone layer; . . . . . . aleurone cells; . . . . . coleoptiles; . . . . . cotyledons; . . . . . epicotyls; . . . . . hypocotyls; . . . . . mesocotyls; . . . . . plumule; . . . . . root radicle; . . . . . somatic embryos; . . . . endosperm; . . . . testa; . . . seeds; . . . . buried seeds; . . . shoots; . . . . adventitious shoots; . . . . fruiting spurs; . . . . shoot meristems; . . . . . shoot primordia; . . . stems; . . . . branches; . . . . bulbs; . . . . corms; . . . . floricanes; . . . . internodes; . . . . primocanes; . . . . rhizomes; . . . . stem nodes; . . . . stem nodules; . . . . stolons; . . . . tillers; . . . tree cavities; . . . tree crown; . . . tree trunk; . . . trichomes; . . . underground parts; . . . wood anatomy; . . . . resin canals; . . . . secondary phloem; . . . . secondary xylem; . . . . . growth rings; . . . . . . earlywood; . . . . . . latewood; . . . . . heartwood; . . . . . juvenile wood; . . . . . reaction wood; . . . . . . compression wood; . . . . . . tension wood; . . . . . sapwood; . . . . . tyloses; . . plant morphology; . . . leaf angle; . . . phyllotaxy; . . . plant architecture; . . . root systems; . . . . fibrous roots; . . . . tap roots; . . . stem form; . . polymorphism; . . . dimorphism; . . . . sexual dimorphism; . . viral morphology; . . . capsid; . . . nucleocapsid; . . . virion; . behavior; . . abnormal behavior; . . . stereotyped behavior; . . . vices; . . . . feather pecking; . . agonistic behavior; . . . aggression; . . . . fighting; . . . defensive behavior; . . . . colony defense; . . altruism; . . animal behavior; . . . aggregation behavior; . . . animal communication; . . . . insect communication; . . . . . bee dances; . . . . . stridulation; . . . . vocalization; . . . animal preferences; . . . brood rearing; . . . broodiness; . . . burrowing; . . . cannibalism; . . . dispersal behavior; . . . displacement activities; . . . drifting (animal behavior); . . . dust bathing; . . . escape behavior; . . . feeding behavior; . . . . biting rates; . . . . browsing; . . . . coprophagy; . . . . engorgement; . . . . feeding frequency; . . . . feeding preferences; . . . . foraging; . . . . functional response; . . . . hematophagy; . . . . nectar feeding; . . . . scavenging behavior; . . . . . necrophagy; . . . . sugar feeding; . . . . trophallaxis; . . . . wildlife food habits; . . . grooming (animal behavior); . . . . preening; . . . group effect; . . . host seeking; . . . imprinting behavior; . . . insect behavior; . . . . antennating; . . . . insect communication; . . . . . bee dances; . . . . . stridulation; . . . . swarming; . . . . trophallaxis; . . . . wing fanning; . . . kin recognition; . . . . nestmate recognition; . . . marking behavior; . . . migration behavior; . . . . seasonal migration; . . . mimicry (behavior); . . . nesting; . . . parental behavior; . . . pecking; . . . predation; . . . . seed predation; . . . reproductive behavior; . . . robbing; . . . . nectar robbing; . . . searching behavior; . . . social dominance; . . . soil ingestion; . . . stinging; . . . temperament; . . . territoriality; . . antisocial behavior; . . . juvenile delinquency; . . attachment behavior; . . behavior change; . . behavior problems; . . conditioned behavior; . . . avoidance conditioning; . . . behavior modification; . . . operant conditioning; . . coping strategies; . . diurnal activity; . . fearfulness; . . human behavior; . . . assertiveness; . . . compliance; . . . . conservation compliance; . . . . patient compliance; . . . eating habits; . . . . binging; . . . . dietary restriction; . . . . . fasting; . . . . dieting; . . . . eating out; . . . . overeating; . . . . religious dietary laws; . . . . undereating; . . . emotional barriers; . . . hand washing; . . . lifestyle; . . . participation; . . . risk behavior; . . . social barriers; . . . suicide; . . . tampering; . . learning; . . . adult learning; . . . memory; . . maternal behavior; . . motivation; . . nocturnal activity; . . play; . . problem solving; . . sexual behavior; . . . flehmen; . . . homosexuality; . . . mating behavior; . . . . copulation; . . . . courtship; . . . . libido; . . . . mating frequency; . . . . spawning; . . . standing reflex; . . social behavior; . . . group behavior; . . . social dominance; . . . social facilitation; . . . social partnerships; . biochemistry; . . bioaccumulation; . . bioactive properties; . . . acute effects; . . . adverse effects; . . . anticoagulant activity; . . . antifeeding activity; . . . antifertility effect; . . . antimicrobial properties; . . . . antibacterial properties; . . . . antifungal properties; . . . . antiviral properties; . . . antimutagenic activity; . . . antioxidant activity; . . . estrogenic properties; . . . glycemic effect; . . . insulin-like effect; . . . lipemic effect; . . . . cholesteremic effect; . . . long term effects; . . . medicinal properties; . . . . analgesic effect; . . . . anticarcinogenic activity; . . . . antidiarrheal effect; . . . . antihypertensive effect; . . . . anti-inflammatory activity; . . . . anti-ulcer activity; . . . . cardioprotective effect; . . . . hepatoprotective effect; . . . . neuroprotective effect; . . . . purgative properties; . . . pathogenicity; . . . . cytopathogenicity; . . . . virulence; . . . pesticidal properties; . . . . acaricidal properties; . . . . herbicidal properties; . . . . insecticidal properties; . . . . molluscicidal properties; . . . . nematicidal properties; . . . . rodenticidal properties; . . . protective effect; . . . . cardioprotective effect; . . . . hepatoprotective effect; . . . . neuroprotective effect; . . . residual effects; . . . toxicity; . . . . acute toxicity; . . . . . eye irritation; . . . . . skin irritation; . . . . allergenicity; . . . . carcinogenicity; . . . . chronic toxicity; . . . . cytotoxicity; . . . . developmental toxicity; . . . . . embryotoxicity; . . . . . fetotoxicity; . . . . . teratogenicity; . . . . drug toxicity; . . . . genotoxicity; . . . . hepatotoxicity; . . . . immunotoxicity; . . . . lethal dose; . . . . . lethal dose 50; . . . . lowest observed effect level; . . . . maximum permissible intake; . . . . maximum residue limits; . . . . mutagenicity; . . . . nephrotoxicity; . . . . neurotoxicity; . . . . no observed adverse effect level; . . . . phototoxicity; . . . . phytotoxicity; . . . . subacute toxicity; . . . . subchronic toxicity; . . . . sublethal effects; . . bioavailability; . . . nutrient availability; . . biochemical compounds; . . . amino acids, peptides and proteins; . . . . amino acids; . . . . . alanine; . . . . . arginine; . . . . . asparagine; . . . . . aspartic acid; . . . . . branched chain amino acids; . . . . . domoic acid; . . . . . essential amino acids; . . . . . gamma-carboxyglutamic acid; . . . . . glutamic acid; . . . . . glutamine; . . . . . glycine (amino acid); . . . . . histidine; . . . . . hydroxylysine; . . . . . hydroxyproline; . . . . . isoleucine; . . . . . leucine; . . . . . limiting amino acids; . . . . . lysine; . . . . . nonprotein amino acids; . . . . . . alpha-aminobutyric acid; . . . . . . aminoadipic acid; . . . . . . aminolevulinic acid; . . . . . . canavanine; . . . . . . citrulline; . . . . . . dihydroxyphenylalanine; . . . . . . . L-dopa; . . . . . . gamma-aminobutyric acid; . . . . . . hippuric acid; . . . . . . homoserine; . . . . . . kynurenine; . . . . . . mimosine; . . . . . . ornithine; . . . . . . pipecolic acid; . . . . . . taurine; . . . . . . thyronine; . . . . . . thyroxine; . . . . . . . D-thyroxine; . . . . . . . L-thyroxine; . . . . . . . triiodothyronine; . . . . . phenylalanine; . . . . . proline; . . . . . seleno amino acids; . . . . . serine; . . . . . sulfur amino acids; . . . . . . cystathionine; . . . . . . cysteic acid; . . . . . . cysteine; . . . . . . cystine; . . . . . . ethionine; . . . . . . homocysteine; . . . . . . methionine; . . . . . . penicillamine; . . . . . . taurine; . . . . . threonine; . . . . . tryptophan; . . . . . tyrosine; . . . . . valine; . . . . peptides; . . . . . angiotensins; . . . . . . angiotensin I; . . . . . . angiotensin II; . . . . . . angiotensinogen; . . . . . antimicrobial peptides; . . . . . cyclic peptides; . . . . . . cyclosporins; . . . . . endothelins; . . . . . glycopeptides; . . . . . kinins; . . . . . . bradykinin; . . . . . neuropeptides; . . . . . . allatostatin; . . . . . . allatotropin; . . . . . . calcitonin; . . . . . . carnosine; . . . . . . cholecystokinin; . . . . . . gastric inhibitory polypeptide; . . . . . . gastrins; . . . . . . glucagon; . . . . . . luteinizing hormone; . . . . . . melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . . alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . . beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . . gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . motilin; . . . . . . neuropeptide Y; . . . . . . pancreatic polypeptide; . . . . . . pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide; . . . . . . prolactin; . . . . . . secretin; . . . . . . somatomedins; . . . . . . . insulin-like growth factor I; . . . . . . . insulin-like growth factor II; . . . . . . somatostatin; . . . . . . somatotropin; . . . . . . substance P; . . . . . . thyrotropin; . . . . . . vasopressin; . . . . . oligopeptides; . . . . . . dipeptides; . . . . . . . carnosine; . . . . . . glutathione; . . . . . . tripeptides; . . . . . opioid peptides; . . . . . . endorphins; . . . . . peptide hormones; . . . . . . adipokinetic hormone; . . . . . . ghrelin; . . . . . . leptin; . . . . . . pancreatic polypeptide; . . . . . phytochelatins; . . . . . polypeptides; . . . . . . activins; . . . . . . cholecystokinin; . . . . . . follistatin; . . . . . . gastric inhibitory polypeptide; . . . . . . gastrins; . . . . . . motilin; . . . . . . pentagastrin; . . . . . . secretin; . . . . . synthetic peptides; . . . . proteins; . . . . . agglutinins; . . . . . . hemagglutinins; . . . . . animal proteins; . . . . . . blood proteins; . . . . . . . acute phase proteins; . . . . . . . . C-reactive protein; . . . . . . . blood coagulation factors; . . . . . . . . platelet-activating factor; . . . . . . . . prothrombin; . . . . . . . . thrombin; . . . . . . . . thromboplastin; . . . . . . . ferritin; . . . . . . . fibrin; . . . . . . . fibrinogen; . . . . . . . gamma-globulins; . . . . . . . glycohemoglobin; . . . . . . . haptoglobins; . . . . . . . hemoglobin; . . . . . . . immunoglobulins; . . . . . . . . immunoglobulin A; . . . . . . . . immunoglobulin E; . . . . . . . . immunoglobulin G; . . . . . . . . immunoglobulin M; . . . . . . . macroglobulins; . . . . . . . serum albumin; . . . . . . . . bovine serum albumin; . . . . . . . . prealbumin; . . . . . . . transferrin; . . . . . . . vitamin D-binding protein; . . . . . . egg proteins; . . . . . . . egg albumen; . . . . . . . ovalbumin; . . . . . . . yolk proteins; . . . . . . . . vitellin; . . . . . . . . vitellogenin; . . . . . . excretory-secretory products; . . . . . . fibroins; . . . . . . insect proteins; . . . . . . keratin; . . . . . . milk proteins; . . . . . . . casein; . . . . . . . . alpha-casein; . . . . . . . . . alphaS1-casein; . . . . . . . . . alphaS2-casein; . . . . . . . . . alphaS-casein; . . . . . . . . beta-casein; . . . . . . . . gamma-casein; . . . . . . . . kappa-casein; . . . . . . . human milk proteins; . . . . . . . lactalbumin; . . . . . . . lactoferrin; . . . . . . . lactoglobulins; . . . . . . . milk protein percentage; . . . . . . silk proteins; . . . . . antimicrobial proteins; . . . . . . antibacterial proteins; . . . . . . antifungal proteins; . . . . . . antiviral proteins; . . . . . apoproteins; . . . . . . apolipophorin; . . . . . . apolipoproteins; . . . . . binding proteins; . . . . . . acyl carrier protein; . . . . . . biotin-binding proteins; . . . . . . . avidin; . . . . . . . streptavidin; . . . . . . calcium-binding proteins; . . . . . . . calbindin; . . . . . . . calmodulin; . . . . . . . calnexin; . . . . . . . calreticulin; . . . . . . . myosin light chains; . . . . . . . osteocalcin; . . . . . . DNA-binding proteins; . . . . . . . homeodomain proteins; . . . . . . fatty acid-binding proteins; . . . . . . folate-binding proteins; . . . . . . follistatin; . . . . . . G-proteins; . . . . . . insulin-like growth factor binding proteins; . . . . . . retinol-binding protein; . . . . . . RNA-binding proteins; . . . . . . transport proteins; . . . . . . . ion channels; . . . . . . . . calcium channels; . . . . . . . . . ryanodine receptors; . . . . . . . . chloride channels; . . . . . . . . porins; . . . . . . . . . aquaporins; . . . . . . . . . nucleoporins; . . . . . . . . potassium channels; . . . . . . . . sodium channels; . . . . . . . proton pump; . . . . . . . transporters; . . . . . . . . ABC transporters; . . . . . . . . amino acid transporters; . . . . . . . . antiporters; . . . . . . . . glucose transporters; . . . . . . . . symporters; . . . . . . . Type III secretion system; . . . . . . vitamin D-binding protein; . . . . . conjugated proteins; . . . . . . flavoproteins; . . . . . . glycoproteins; . . . . . . . arylphorins; . . . . . . . erythropoietin; . . . . . . . extensin; . . . . . . . glomalin; . . . . . . . haptoglobins; . . . . . . . inhibin; . . . . . . . osteopontin; . . . . . . iodinated proteins; . . . . . . . thyroglobulin; . . . . . . lipoproteins; . . . . . . . apolipoproteins; . . . . . . . chylomicrons; . . . . . . . high density lipoprotein; . . . . . . . intermediate density lipoprotein; . . . . . . . lipophorin; . . . . . . . low density lipoprotein; . . . . . . . very low density lipoprotein; . . . . . . metalloproteins; . . . . . . . cytochromes; . . . . . . . . cytochrome b; . . . . . . . . cytochrome c; . . . . . . . . cytochrome f; . . . . . . . . cytochrome P-450; . . . . . . . metallothionein; . . . . . contractile proteins; . . . . . . actin; . . . . . . myosin; . . . . . . . myosin heavy chains; . . . . . . . myosin light chains; . . . . . . tropomyosins; . . . . . . troponins; . . . . . crystal proteins; . . . . . crystallins; . . . . . ferredoxins; . . . . . gelatin; . . . . . insecticidal proteins; . . . . . lectins; . . . . . . arcelin; . . . . . . calnexin; . . . . . . calreticulin; . . . . . . concanavalin A; . . . . . . ricin; . . . . . membrane proteins; . . . . . . ankyrins; . . . . . . arrestins; . . . . . . calnexin; . . . . . . connexins; . . . . . . dystrophin; . . . . . . membrane glycoproteins; . . . . . . . cadherins; . . . . . . . fibronectins; . . . . . . . integrins; . . . . . . . laminin; . . . . . . . major surface glycoproteins; . . . . . . . variant surface glycoproteins; . . . . . . myelin proteins; . . . . . . outer membrane proteins; . . . . . . . adhesins; . . . . . . . intimin; . . . . . . spectrin; . . . . . . transmembrane proteins; . . . . . . transport proteins; . . . . . . . ion channels; . . . . . . . . calcium channels; . . . . . . . . . ryanodine receptors; . . . . . . . . chloride channels; . . . . . . . . porins; . . . . . . . . . aquaporins; . . . . . . . . . nucleoporins; . . . . . . . . potassium channels; . . . . . . . . sodium channels; . . . . . . . proton pump; . . . . . . . transporters; . . . . . . . . ABC transporters; . . . . . . . . amino acid transporters; . . . . . . . . antiporters; . . . . . . . . glucose transporters; . . . . . . . . symporters; . . . . . . . Type III secretion system; . . . . . . vesicular transport proteins; . . . . . . . clathrin; . . . . . microbial proteins; . . . . . . bacterial proteins; . . . . . . . adhesins; . . . . . . . bacteriocins; . . . . . . . . colicins; . . . . . . . . curvacins; . . . . . . . . . curvacin A; . . . . . . . . enterocins; . . . . . . . . lactococcins; . . . . . . . . leucocins; . . . . . . . . mesentericins; . . . . . . . . nisin; . . . . . . . . pediocins; . . . . . . . . plantaricins; . . . . . . . . propionicins; . . . . . . . . sakacins; . . . . . . fungal proteins; . . . . . molecular chaperones; . . . . . . chaperonins; . . . . . . heat shock proteins; . . . . . nuclear-encoded proteins; . . . . . nucleoproteins; . . . . . pathogenesis-related proteins; . . . . . peptones; . . . . . . proteose peptones; . . . . . phosphoproteins; . . . . . phytohemagglutinin; . . . . . plant proteins; . . . . . . beta-conglycinin; . . . . . . cereal proteins; . . . . . . . gliadin; . . . . . . . glutelins; . . . . . . . . glutenins; . . . . . . . gluten; . . . . . . . . corn gluten; . . . . . . . . wheat gluten; . . . . . . . prolamins; . . . . . . . . avenin; . . . . . . . . hordein; . . . . . . . . secalins; . . . . . . . . zein; . . . . . . expansins; . . . . . . glycinin; . . . . . . hevein; . . . . . . kafirins; . . . . . . legumin; . . . . . . nodulins; . . . . . . oleosin; . . . . . . patatin; . . . . . . phaseolin; . . . . . . phytochrome; . . . . . . plastocyanin; . . . . . . sporamin; . . . . . . vicilin; . . . . . prions; . . . . . . PrPSc proteins; . . . . . protein aggregates; . . . . . recombinant proteins; . . . . . . recombinant fusion proteins; . . . . . . . plant-incorporated protectants; . . . . . regulatory proteins; . . . . . . arrestins; . . . . . . cyclins; . . . . . ribonucleoproteins; . . . . . ribosomal proteins; . . . . . scleroproteins; . . . . . . collagen; . . . . . . elastin; . . . . . . reticulin; . . . . . simple proteins; . . . . . . albumins; . . . . . . . serum albumin; . . . . . . . . bovine serum albumin; . . . . . . . . prealbumin; . . . . . . globulins; . . . . . . . gamma-globulins; . . . . . . . immunoglobulins; . . . . . . . . immunoglobulin A; . . . . . . . . immunoglobulin E; . . . . . . . . immunoglobulin G; . . . . . . . . immunoglobulin M; . . . . . . . myoglobin; . . . . . . histones; . . . . . . protamines; . . . . . storage proteins; . . . . . . hexamerins; . . . . . . kafirins; . . . . . . patatin; . . . . . structural proteins; . . . . . sulfur proteins; . . . . . transcobalamins; . . . . . tubulin; . . . . . ubiquitin; . . . . . viral proteins; . . . . . . coat proteins; . . . . . . nucleocapsid proteins; . . . . . . viral fusion proteins; . . . biomarkers; . . . carbohydrates; . . . . glycoconjugates; . . . . . glycoproteins; . . . . . . arylphorins; . . . . . . erythropoietin; . . . . . . extensin; . . . . . . glomalin; . . . . . . haptoglobins; . . . . . . inhibin; . . . . . . osteopontin; . . . . glycolipids; . . . . . glycophospholipids; . . . . . glycosphingolipids; . . . . . . cerebrosides; . . . . . . gangliosides; . . . . glycosides; . . . . . aminoglycosides; . . . . . . geneticin; . . . . . . gentamicin; . . . . . . hygromycin B; . . . . . . kanamycin; . . . . . . neomycin; . . . . . . nikkomycins; . . . . . . puromycin; . . . . . . streptomycin; . . . . . . streptozotocin; . . . . . cardiac glycosides; . . . . . . digitonin; . . . . . . digitoxin; . . . . . . digoxin; . . . . . . lanatosides; . . . . . . ouabain; . . . . . cyanogenic glycosides; . . . . . . simmondsin; . . . . . cycasin; . . . . . galactosides; . . . . . glucosides; . . . . . . chloralose; . . . . . . glucosinolates; . . . . . . . glucobrassicin; . . . . . . . sinigrin; . . . . . . glycyrrhizin; . . . . . . monensin; . . . . . glycoalkaloids; . . . . . . alpha-chaconine; . . . . . . alpha-tomatine; . . . . . . solanine; . . . . . glycoflavonoids; . . . . . . glycoflavones; . . . . . . . anthocyanins; . . . . . . . . cyanin; . . . . . . . hesperidin; . . . . . . . isoquercitrin; . . . . . . . maysin; . . . . . . . naringin; . . . . . . . phloridzin; . . . . . . . quercitrin; . . . . . . . rutoside; . . . . . iridoid glycosides; . . . . . . aucubin; . . . . . . loganin; . . . . . lincomycin; . . . . . . clindamycin; . . . . . . . pirlimycin; . . . . . macrolides; . . . . . . amphotericin B; . . . . . . cytochalasins; . . . . . . . cytochalasin B; . . . . . . . cytochalasin D; . . . . . . erythromycin; . . . . . . . clarithromycin; . . . . . . natamycin; . . . . . . nystatin; . . . . . . oleandomycin; . . . . . . oligomycin; . . . . . . spiramycin; . . . . . . tylosin; . . . . . saponins; . . . . . . steroid saponins; . . . . . . triterpenoid saponins; . . . . polysaccharides; . . . . . alternan; . . . . . arabinans; . . . . . arabinogalactans; . . . . . arabinoxylan; . . . . . callose; . . . . . chitin; . . . . . chitosan; . . . . . curdlan; . . . . . ficoll; . . . . . fructans; . . . . . . inulin; . . . . . . levan; . . . . . fucoidin; . . . . . galactans; . . . . . . agar; . . . . . . agarose; . . . . . . carrageenan; . . . . . galacturonans; . . . . . glucans; . . . . . . beta-glucans; . . . . . . cellulose; . . . . . . dextran; . . . . . . dextrins; . . . . . . . cyclodextrins; . . . . . . . maltodextrins; . . . . . . glycogen; . . . . . . starch; . . . . . . . amylopectin; . . . . . . . amylose; . . . . . . . modified starch; . . . . . . . resistant starch; . . . . . . . starch granules; . . . . . . xyloglucans; . . . . . glycosaminoglycans; . . . . . . chondroitin sulfate; . . . . . . heparin; . . . . . . hyaluronic acid; . . . . . gums; . . . . . . guar gum; . . . . . . gum arabic; . . . . . . gum tragacanth; . . . . . . locust bean gum; . . . . . . psyllium gum; . . . . . . xanthan gum; . . . . . hemicellulose; . . . . . lignocellulose; . . . . . lipopolysaccharides; . . . . . mannans; . . . . . . galactomannans; . . . . . . glucomannans; . . . . . . . konjac mannan; . . . . . mucilages; . . . . . pectins; . . . . . pentosans; . . . . . polyuronides; . . . . . . alginates; . . . . . . proteoglycans; . . . . . . pullulan; . . . . . . zymosan; . . . . . schizophyllan; . . . . . scleroglucan; . . . . . xylan; . . . . sugars; . . . . . aldoses; . . . . . amino sugars; . . . . . . aminoarabinose; . . . . . . hexosamines; . . . . . . . galactosamine; . . . . . . . glucosamine; . . . . . . . N-acetylglucosamine; . . . . . . neuraminic acid; . . . . . . sialic acids; . . . . . deoxysugars; . . . . . . deoxyglucose; . . . . . . . 2-deoxyglucose; . . . . . hexoses; . . . . . ketoses; . . . . . monosaccharides; . . . . . . arabinose; . . . . . . erythrose; . . . . . . fructose; . . . . . . fucose; . . . . . . galactose; . . . . . . glucose; . . . . . . glyceraldehyde; . . . . . . mannose; . . . . . . rhamnose; . . . . . . ribose; . . . . . . ribulose; . . . . . . sorbose; . . . . . . xylose; . . . . . . xylulose; . . . . . nonreducing sugars; . . . . . oligosaccharides; . . . . . . disaccharides; . . . . . . . cellobiose; . . . . . . . gentiobiose; . . . . . . . isomaltose; . . . . . . . lactose; . . . . . . . lactulose; . . . . . . . maltose; . . . . . . . melibiose; . . . . . . . sucrose; . . . . . . . trehalose; . . . . . . . trehalulose; . . . . . . fructooligosaccharides; . . . . . . . kestose; . . . . . . . nystose; . . . . . . galactooligosaccharides; . . . . . . laculose; . . . . . . lipooligosaccharides; . . . . . . stachyose; . . . . . . trisaccharides; . . . . . . . acarbose; . . . . . . . maltotriose; . . . . . . . melezitose; . . . . . . . raffinose; . . . . . . xylooligosaccharides; . . . . . pentoses; . . . . . reducing sugars; . . . . . sugar acids; . . . . . . aldonic acids; . . . . . . . ascorbic acids; . . . . . . . . ascorbic acid; . . . . . . . . dehydroascorbic acid; . . . . . . . . isoascorbic acid; . . . . . . . gluconic acid; . . . . . . . neuraminic acid; . . . . . . . sialic acids; . . . . . . glucaric acid; . . . . . . tartaric acid; . . . . . . uronic acids; . . . . . . . galacturonic acid; . . . . . . . glucuronic acid; . . . . . sugar alcohols; . . . . . . alditols; . . . . . . . arabinitol; . . . . . . . erythritol; . . . . . . . galactitol; . . . . . . . glycerol; . . . . . . . lactitol; . . . . . . . maltitol; . . . . . . . mannitol; . . . . . . . sorbitol; . . . . . . . xylitol; . . . . . . cyclitols; . . . . . . . myo-inositol; . . . . . . . pinitol; . . . . . . dithiothreitol; . . . . . . validamycins; . . . . . sugar lactones; . . . . . . gluconolactone; . . . . . sugar phosphates; . . . . . . fructose 6-phosphate; . . . . . . glucose 1-phosphate; . . . . . . glucose 6-phosphate; . . . . . . glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate; . . . . . . ribulose 1,5-diphosphate; . . . . . tetroses; . . . . . trioses; . . . chemoattractants; . . . . chemokines; . . . coenzymes; . . . . nucleotide coenzymes; . . . . . coenzyme A; . . . . . NAD (coenzyme); . . . . . NADP (coenzyme); . . . enzymes; . . . . hydrolases; . . . . . acid anhydride hydrolases; . . . . . . dynein ATPase; . . . . . . pyrophosphatases; . . . . . . . adenosinetriphosphatase; . . . . . . . apyrase; . . . . . . . guanosinetriphosphatase; . . . . . . . inorganic pyrophosphatase; . . . . . . . ion transporting ATPases; . . . . . . . . Ca2-transporting ATPase; . . . . . . . . H-transporting ATP synthase; . . . . . . . . H-transporting ATPase; . . . . . . . . Na/K-exchanging ATPase; . . . . . amide hydrolases; . . . . . . amidase; . . . . . . asparaginase; . . . . . . beta-lactamase; . . . . . . chitin deacetylase; . . . . . . glutaminase; . . . . . . urease; . . . . . amidine hydrolases; . . . . . . adenine deaminase; . . . . . . adenosine deaminase; . . . . . . AMP deaminase; . . . . . . arginase; . . . . . . cytosine deaminase; . . . . . esterases; . . . . . . carboxylic ester hydrolases; . . . . . . . acetylcholinesterase; . . . . . . . arylesterase; . . . . . . . carboxylesterase; . . . . . . . chlorophyllase; . . . . . . . cholinesterase; . . . . . . . cutinase; . . . . . . . juvenile hormone esterase; . . . . . . . lipoprotein lipase; . . . . . . . lysophospholipase; . . . . . . . pectinesterase; . . . . . . . phospholipase A1; . . . . . . . phospholipase A2; . . . . . . . sterol esterase; . . . . . . . tannase; . . . . . . . triacylglycerol lipase; . . . . . . diphosphoric monoester hydrolases; . . . . . . nucleases; . . . . . . . deoxyribonucleases; . . . . . . . . endodeoxyribonucleases; . . . . . . . . . deoxyribonuclease I; . . . . . . . . . restriction endonucleases; . . . . . . . . exodeoxyribonucleases; . . . . . . . ribonucleases; . . . . . . . . endoribonucleases; . . . . . . . . exoribonucleases; . . . . . . phosphoric diester hydrolases; . . . . . . . phosphodiesterase I; . . . . . . . phospholipase C; . . . . . . . phospholipase D; . . . . . . phosphoric monoester hydrolases; . . . . . . . acid phosphatase; . . . . . . . alkaline phosphatase; . . . . . . . fructose-bisphosphatase; . . . . . . . glucose-6-phosphatase; . . . . . . . nucleotidases; . . . . . . . . 5'-nucleotidase; . . . . . . . . nucleotidase; . . . . . . . phosphatidate phosphatase; . . . . . . . phosphoprotein phosphatase; . . . . . . . phosphorylase phosphatase; . . . . . . . phytases; . . . . . . . . 3-phytase; . . . . . . . . 4-phytase; . . . . . . . protein-tyrosine-phosphatase; . . . . . . sulfuric ester hydrolases; . . . . . . . arylsulfatase; . . . . . . thiolester hydrolases; . . . . . . triphosphoric monoester hydrolases; . . . . . ether hydrolases; . . . . . . epoxide hydrolase; . . . . . glycosidases; . . . . . . N-glycoside hydrolases; . . . . . . O-glycoside hydrolases; . . . . . . . alpha-N-arabinofuranosidase; . . . . . . . amylases; . . . . . . . . alpha-amylase; . . . . . . . . beta-amylase; . . . . . . . beta-fructofuranosidase; . . . . . . . beta-glucanase; . . . . . . . beta-glucuronidase; . . . . . . . beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase; . . . . . . . cellulases; . . . . . . . . beta-glucosidase; . . . . . . . . cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase; . . . . . . . . endo-1,4-beta-glucanase; . . . . . . . chitinase; . . . . . . . chitosanase; . . . . . . . dextranase; . . . . . . . galactosidases; . . . . . . . . alpha-galactosidase; . . . . . . . . beta-galactosidase; . . . . . . . glucan 1,4-alpha-glucosidase; . . . . . . . glucosidases; . . . . . . . . alpha-glucosidase; . . . . . . . . beta-glucosidase; . . . . . . . hyaluronoglucosaminidase; . . . . . . . inulinase; . . . . . . . isoamylase; . . . . . . . licheninase; . . . . . . . limit dextrinase; . . . . . . . lysozyme; . . . . . . . mannosidases; . . . . . . . . alpha-mannosidase; . . . . . . . . beta-mannosidase; . . . . . . . polygalacturonase; . . . . . . . pullulanase; . . . . . . . sialidase; . . . . . . . sucrose alpha-glucosidase; . . . . . . . trehalase; . . . . . . . xylanases; . . . . . . . . endo-1,4-beta-xylanase; . . . . . . . . xylan 1,4-beta-xylosidase; . . . . . . . . xylan endo-1,3-beta-xylosidase; . . . . . . S-glycoside hydrolases; . . . . . . . thioglucosidase; . . . . . peptidases; . . . . . . aminopeptidases; . . . . . . . leucyl aminopeptidase; . . . . . . . membrane alanyl aminopeptidase; . . . . . . carboxypeptidases; . . . . . . . carboxypeptidase A; . . . . . . . serine-type carboxypeptidases; . . . . . . . . carboxypeptidase C; . . . . . . . . carboxypeptidase D; . . . . . . dipeptidases; . . . . . . . cytosol non-specific dipeptidase; . . . . . . . membrane dipeptidase; . . . . . . . proline dipeptidase; . . . . . . gamma-glutamyl hydrolase; . . . . . . peptidyl-dipeptidase A; . . . . . . proteasome endopeptidase complex; . . . . . . proteinases; . . . . . . . aspartic proteinases; . . . . . . . . chymosin; . . . . . . . . pepsin; . . . . . . . . renin; . . . . . . . cathepsins; . . . . . . . cysteine proteinases; . . . . . . . . bromelains; . . . . . . . . . fruit bromelain; . . . . . . . . . stem bromelain; . . . . . . . . calpain; . . . . . . . . papain; . . . . . . . metalloproteinases; . . . . . . . . collagenase; . . . . . . . serine proteinases; . . . . . . . . acrosin; . . . . . . . . chymotrypsin; . . . . . . . . elastase; . . . . . . . . kallikreins; . . . . . . . . . plasma kallikrein; . . . . . . . . . tissue kallikrein; . . . . . . . . plasmin; . . . . . . . . plasminogen activator; . . . . . . . . . t-plasminogen activator; . . . . . . . . . u-plasminogen activator; . . . . . . . . thrombin; . . . . . . . . trypsin; . . . . . thiaminase; . . . . isomerases; . . . . . aldose 1-epimerase; . . . . . chalcone isomerase; . . . . . DNA helicases; . . . . . DNA topoisomerase; . . . . . DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing); . . . . . glucose-6-phosphate isomerase; . . . . . mannose-6-phosphate isomerase; . . . . . methylmalonyl-CoA mutase; . . . . . phosphotransferases (phosphomutases); . . . . . . phosphoglucomutase; . . . . . protein disulfide-isomerase; . . . . . xylose isomerase; . . . . ligases; . . . . . carbon-carbon bond ligases; . . . . . . acetyl-CoA carboxylase; . . . . . . propionyl-CoA carboxylase; . . . . . . pyruvate carboxylase; . . . . . carbon-nitrogen ligases; . . . . . . acid-amino-acid ligases; . . . . . . . glutamate-cysteine ligase; . . . . . . . glutathione synthase; . . . . . . . ubiquitin-protein ligase; . . . . . . amide ligases; . . . . . . . aspartate-ammonia ligase; . . . . . . . aspartate-ammonia ligase (ADP-forming); . . . . . . . glutamate-ammonia ligase; . . . . . . asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing); . . . . . . carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing); . . . . . carbon-oxygen ligases; . . . . . . aminoacyl tRNA ligases; . . . . . carbon-sulfur ligases; . . . . . . acid-thiol ligases; . . . . . . . acetate-CoA ligase; . . . . . . . acetate-CoA ligase (ADP-forming); . . . . . . . coumarate-CoA ligase; . . . . . . . long-chain-fatty-acid-CoA ligase; . . . . . magnesium chelatase; . . . . . phosphoric ester bond ligases; . . . . . . DNA ligase (ATP); . . . . . . DNA ligase (NAD); . . . . . . RNA ligase (ATP); . . . . lyases; . . . . . carbon-carbon lyases; . . . . . . aldehyde-lyases; . . . . . . . fructose-bisphosphate aldolase; . . . . . . carboxy-lyases; . . . . . . . adenosylmethionine decarboxylase; . . . . . . . arginine decarboxylase; . . . . . . . glutamate decarboxylase; . . . . . . . indolepyruvate decarboxylase; . . . . . . . methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase; . . . . . . . ornithine decarboxylase; . . . . . . . phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP); . . . . . . . phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP); . . . . . . . phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (pyrophosphate); . . . . . . . phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; . . . . . . . pyruvate decarboxylase; . . . . . . . ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase; . . . . . . oxo-acid-lyases; . . . . . . . hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA lyase; . . . . . . . isocitrate lyase; . . . . . carbon-nitrogen lyases; . . . . . . amidine-lyases; . . . . . . . argininosuccinate lyase; . . . . . . ammonia-lyases; . . . . . . . histidine ammonia-lyase; . . . . . . . phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; . . . . . . . serine dehydratase; . . . . . carbon-oxygen lyases; . . . . . . chorismate synthase; . . . . . . hydro-lyases; . . . . . . . aconitate hydratase; . . . . . . . carbonate dehydratase; . . . . . . . cystathionine beta-synthase; . . . . . . . porphobilinogen synthase; . . . . . . pectate lyase; . . . . . . pectin lyase; . . . . . carbon-sulfur lyases; . . . . . . 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase; . . . . . . cystathionine gamma-lyase; . . . . . phosphorus-oxygen lyases; . . . . . . adenylate cyclase; . . . . . . guanylate cyclase; . . . . oxidoreductases; . . . . . acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; . . . . . adenylyl-sulfate reductase; . . . . . alcohol oxidoreductases; . . . . . . (s)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase; . . . . . . alcohol dehydrogenase; . . . . . . cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; . . . . . . glucose oxidase; . . . . . . glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase; . . . . . . glycerol dehydrogenase; . . . . . . glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; . . . . . . glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD); . . . . . . hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase; . . . . . . hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases; . . . . . . isocitrate dehydrogenase; . . . . . . lactate dehydrogenase; . . . . . . L-iditol dehydrogenase; . . . . . . malate dehydrogenase; . . . . . . malate dehydrogenase (NADP); . . . . . . malic enzyme; . . . . . . . malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating); . . . . . . . malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating); . . . . . . . malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (NADP); . . . . . . phosphogluconate dehydrogenase; . . . . . . xanthine dehydrogenase; . . . . . . xanthine oxidase; . . . . . aldehyde oxidoreductases; . . . . . . 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate dehydrogenase (lipoamide); . . . . . . aldehyde dehydrogenase; . . . . . . glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; . . . . . . pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide); . . . . . amine and amino acid oxidoreductases; . . . . . . alanine dehydrogenase; . . . . . . amine oxidase (copper-containing); . . . . . . amine oxidase (flavin-containing); . . . . . . dihydrofolate reductase; . . . . . . glutamate dehydrogenase; . . . . . . glutamate synthase (ferredoxin); . . . . . . glutamate synthase (NADH); . . . . . . glutamate synthase (NADPH); . . . . . . L-amino-acid oxidase; . . . . . . saccharopine dehydrogenase; . . . . . ascorbate oxidase; . . . . . carbon-carbon bond oxidoreductases; . . . . . catechol oxidase; . . . . . cytochrome-c oxidase; . . . . . ferredoxin hydrogenase; . . . . . ferroxidase; . . . . . glutathione dehydrogenase (ascorbate); . . . . . glutathione reductase (NADPH); . . . . . laccase; . . . . . methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; . . . . . mixed function oxidase; . . . . . NADH dehydrogenase; . . . . . NADH or NADPH oxidoreductases; . . . . . . NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone); . . . . . . NADPH-cytochrome-c2 reductase; . . . . . nitrate reductase; . . . . . nitrate reductase (NADH); . . . . . nitrite reductase; . . . . . nitrogenase; . . . . . oxygenases; . . . . . . aminocyclopropanecarboxylate oxidase; . . . . . . carotene 7,8-desaturase; . . . . . . cholesterol 7alpha-monooxygenase; . . . . . . dopamine beta-monooxygenase; . . . . . . heme oxygenase (decyclizing); . . . . . . lipoxygenase; . . . . . . luciferase; . . . . . . monophenol monooxygenase; . . . . . . nitric oxide synthase; . . . . . . phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase; . . . . . . procollagen-proline dioxygenase; . . . . . . prostaglandin synthase; . . . . . . stearoyl-CoA desaturase; . . . . . . trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase; . . . . . . tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase; . . . . . . tryptophan 5-monoxygenase; . . . . . . tyrosine 3-monooxygenase; . . . . . . unspecific monooxygenase; . . . . . peroxidases; . . . . . . ascorbate peroxidase; . . . . . . catalase; . . . . . . cytochrome-c peroxidase; . . . . . . glutathione peroxidase; . . . . . . IAA oxidase; . . . . . . lactoperoxidase; . . . . . . lignin peroxidase; . . . . . . manganese peroxidase; . . . . . . peroxidase; . . . . . . peroxiredoxin; . . . . . ribonucleotide reductase; . . . . . secondary amine oxidoreductases; . . . . . succinate dehydrogenase; . . . . . succinate dehydrogenase (ubiquinone); . . . . . sulfite oxidase; . . . . . superoxide dismutase; . . . . . ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase; . . . . transferases; . . . . . acyltransferases; . . . . . . 5-aminolevulinate synthase; . . . . . . acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase; . . . . . . aminoacyltransferases; . . . . . . . gamma-glutamyltransferase; . . . . . . . protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase; . . . . . . ATP citrate synthase; . . . . . . carnitine acetyltransferase; . . . . . . carnitine palmitoyltransferase; . . . . . . chloramphenicol acetyltransferase; . . . . . . cholesterol acyltransferase; . . . . . . choline acetyltransferase; . . . . . . citrate (si)-synthase; . . . . . . diacylglycerol acyltransferase; . . . . . . fatty-acid synthase; . . . . . . glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase; . . . . . . malate synthase; . . . . . . naringenin-chalcone synthase; . . . . . . phosphatidylcholine-choline acyltransferase; . . . . . . phosphinothricin acetyltransferase; . . . . . . serine O-acetyltransferase; . . . . . aldehyde-ketone transferases; . . . . . . transketolases and transaldolases; . . . . . . . acetolactate synthase; . . . . . . . transaldolase; . . . . . . . transketolase; . . . . . alkyl (aryl) transferases; . . . . . . glutathione transferase; . . . . . . methionine adenosyltransferase; . . . . . . phytoene synthase; . . . . . amidinotransferases; . . . . . carboxyltransferases and carbamoyltransferases; . . . . . . aspartate carbamoyltransferase; . . . . . . ornithine carbamoyltransferase; . . . . . glycosyltransferases; . . . . . . hexosyltransferases; . . . . . . . 1,3-beta-glucan synthase; . . . . . . . chitin synthase; . . . . . . . dextransucrase; . . . . . . . galactosyltransferases; . . . . . . . . beta-N-acetylglucosaminylglycopeptide beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase; . . . . . . . . inositol 3-alpha-galactosyltransferase; . . . . . . . . N-acetyllactosamine synthase; . . . . . . . . N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase; . . . . . . . glycogen (starch) synthase; . . . . . . . lactose synthase; . . . . . . . levansucrase; . . . . . . . phosphorylase; . . . . . . . starch synthase; . . . . . . . sucrose synthase; . . . . . . . sucrose-phosphate synthase; . . . . . . pentosyltransferases; . . . . . . . adenine phosphoribosyltransferase; . . . . . . . NAD ADP-ribosyltransferase; . . . . . hydroxymethyltransferases and formyltransferases; . . . . . kinases; . . . . . . acetate kinase; . . . . . . adenylate kinase; . . . . . . aspartate kinase; . . . . . . choline kinase; . . . . . . creatine kinase; . . . . . . fructokinase; . . . . . . galactokinase; . . . . . . glucokinase; . . . . . . glycerol kinase; . . . . . . hexokinase; . . . . . . homoserine kinase; . . . . . . kanamycin kinase; . . . . . . phosphatidylinositol kinases; . . . . . . . 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase; . . . . . . . phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; . . . . . . phosphofructokinases; . . . . . . . 1-phosphofructokinase; . . . . . . . 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase; . . . . . . . 6-phosphofructokinase; . . . . . . phosphoglycerate kinase; . . . . . . phosphorylase kinase; . . . . . . protein kinases; . . . . . . . cAMP-dependent protein kinase; . . . . . . . cGMP-dependent protein kinase; . . . . . . . cyclin-dependent kinase; . . . . . . . IKappaB kinase; . . . . . . . mitogen-activated protein kinase; . . . . . . . protein kinase C; . . . . . . . protein-tyrosine kinase; . . . . . . . serine-threonine protein kinase; . . . . . . pyruvate kinase; . . . . . . thymidine kinase; . . . . . methyltransferases; . . . . . nucleotidyltransferases; . . . . . . choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase; . . . . . . DNA nucleotidyltransferases; . . . . . . . DNA-directed DNA polymerase; . . . . . . . RNA-directed DNA polymerase; . . . . . . . . telomerase; . . . . . . RNA nucleotidyltransferases; . . . . . . . DNA-directed RNA polymerase; . . . . . . . RNA helicases; . . . . . . . RNA-directed RNA polymerase; . . . . . . UTP-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase; . . . . . . UTP-hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase; . . . . . sulfur-group transferases; . . . . . . CoA-transferases; . . . . . . sulfotransferases; . . . . . . sulfurtransferases; . . . . . . . thiosulfate sulfurtransferase; . . . . . transaminases; . . . . . . alanine transaminase; . . . . . . asparagine-oxo-acid transaminase; . . . . . . aspartate transaminase; . . . . . . ornithine-oxo-acid transaminase; . . . . . . tyrosine transaminase; . . . growth factors; . . . . activins; . . . . angiogenesis growth factor; . . . . biopterin; . . . . endothelial growth factors; . . . . . vascular endothelial growth factors; . . . . epidermal growth factor; . . . . fibroblast growth factors; . . . . . fibroblast growth factor 1; . . . . . fibroblast growth factor 2; . . . . hematopoietic cell growth factors; . . . . . colony-stimulating factors; . . . . . . erythropoietin; . . . . . . granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; . . . . . . granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; . . . . . . macrophage colony-stimulating factor; . . . . . stem cell factor; . . . . hepatocyte growth factor; . . . . interleukins; . . . . . interleukin-1; . . . . . interleukin-10; . . . . . interleukin-11; . . . . . interleukin-12; . . . . . interleukin-2; . . . . . interleukin-3; . . . . . interleukin-4; . . . . . interleukin-5; . . . . . interleukin-6; . . . . . interleukin-7; . . . . . interleukin-8; . . . . . interleukin-9; . . . . maturation-promoting factor; . . . . neopterin; . . . . neurotrophins; . . . . . nerve growth factor; . . . . platelet-derived growth factor; . . . . somatomedins; . . . . . insulin-like growth factor I; . . . . . insulin-like growth factor II; . . . . transforming growth factors; . . . . . transforming growth factor alpha; . . . . . transforming growth factor beta; . . . hormones; . . . . adrenal cortex hormones; . . . . . 17-ketosteroids; . . . . . . androstenedione; . . . . . . androsterone; . . . . . . estrone; . . . . . . prasterone; . . . . . glucocorticoids; . . . . . . corticosterone; . . . . . . cortisol; . . . . . . cortisone; . . . . . . pregnenolone; . . . . . mineralocorticoids; . . . . . . aldosterone; . . . . . . corticosterone; . . . . . . desoxycorticosterone; . . . . adrenal medulla hormones; . . . . . epinephrine; . . . . . norepinephrine; . . . . gastrointestinal hormones; . . . . . cholecystokinin; . . . . . epidermal growth factor; . . . . . gastric inhibitory polypeptide; . . . . . gastrin-releasing peptide; . . . . . gastrins; . . . . . glucagon-like peptides; . . . . . motilin; . . . . . peptide YY; . . . . . secretin; . . . . . vasoactive intestinal peptide; . . . . gonadotropins; . . . . . chorionic gonadotropins; . . . . . . equine chorionic gonadotropin; . . . . . . human chorionic gonadotropin; . . . . . pituitary gonadotropins; . . . . . . follicle-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . luteinizing hormone; . . . . . . prolactin; . . . . . pregnant mare serum gonadotropin; . . . . hypothalamic hormones; . . . . . pituitary hormone release inhibiting hormones; . . . . . . somatostatin; . . . . . pituitary hormone-releasing hormones; . . . . . . corticotropin-releasing hormone; . . . . . . gonadotropin-releasing hormone; . . . . . . somatoliberin; . . . . . . thyrotropin-releasing hormone; . . . . insect hormones; . . . . . adipokinetic hormone; . . . . . diapause hormone; . . . . . diuretic hormone; . . . . . eclosion hormone; . . . . . hypertrehalosemic hormone; . . . . . juvenile hormones; . . . . . pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide; . . . . . prothoracicotropic hormone; . . . . neurohormones; . . . . pancreatic hormones; . . . . . glucagon; . . . . . insulin; . . . . . . proinsulin; . . . . . . . c-peptide; . . . . . pancreatic polypeptide; . . . . . somatostatin; . . . . parathyroid hormone; . . . . peptide hormones; . . . . . adipokinetic hormone; . . . . . ghrelin; . . . . . leptin; . . . . . pancreatic polypeptide; . . . . pituitary hormones; . . . . . anterior pituitary hormones; . . . . . . pituitary gonadotropins; . . . . . . . follicle-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . . luteinizing hormone; . . . . . . . prolactin; . . . . . . pro-opiomelanocortin; . . . . . . . corticotropin; . . . . . . . . cosyntropin; . . . . . . . lipotropin; . . . . . . . melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . . . alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . . . beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . . . gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . somatotropin; . . . . . . thyrotropin; . . . . . posterior pituitary hormones; . . . . . . oxytocin; . . . . . . vasopressin; . . . . . . vasotocin; . . . . . . . arginine vasotocin; . . . . placental hormones; . . . . . choriomammotropin; . . . . . chorionic gonadotropins; . . . . . . equine chorionic gonadotropin; . . . . . . human chorionic gonadotropin; . . . . red pigment-concentrating hormone; . . . . sex hormones; . . . . . androgens; . . . . . . androstenedione; . . . . . . androsterone; . . . . . . prasterone; . . . . . . testosterone; . . . . . anti-Mullerian hormone; . . . . . corpus luteum hormones; . . . . . . progesterone; . . . . . . . hydroxyprogesterones; . . . . . . . . 17-hydroxyprogesterone; . . . . . . relaxin; . . . . . estrogens; . . . . . . catechol estrogens; . . . . . . conjugated estrogens; . . . . . . equilin; . . . . . . estradiol; . . . . . . estriol; . . . . . . estrone; . . . . . . nonsteroidal estrogens; . . . . . . . diethylstilbestrol; . . . . . inhibin; . . . . . progestational hormones; . . . . . . pregnanediol; . . . . . . pregnanetriol; . . . . . . pregnenolone; . . . . . . progesterone; . . . . . . . hydroxyprogesterones; . . . . . . . . 17-hydroxyprogesterone; . . . . steroid hormones; . . . . thymus hormones; . . . . . thymosin; . . . . thyroid hormones; . . . . . calcitonin; . . . . . L-thyroxine; . . . . . triiodothyronine; . . . lipids; . . . . acylglycerols; . . . . . diacylglycerols; . . . . . monoacylglycerols; . . . . . olein; . . . . . stearin; . . . . . triacylglycerols; . . . . . . long chain triacylglycerols; . . . . . . . triolein; . . . . . . medium chain triacylglycerols; . . . . . . short chain triacylglycerols; . . . . eicosanoids; . . . . . leukotrienes; . . . . . prostaglandins; . . . . . . prostacyclin; . . . . . . synthetic prostaglandins; . . . . . . . cloprostenol; . . . . . . . fenprostalene; . . . . . thromboxanes; . . . . fatty acids; . . . . . branched chain fatty acids; . . . . . cyclopropenoid fatty acids; . . . . . . cyclopropenoic acid; . . . . . . sterculic acid; . . . . . essential fatty acids; . . . . . . arachidonic acid; . . . . . . linoleic acid; . . . . . . . conjugated linoleic acid; . . . . . . linolenic acid; . . . . . . . gamma-linolenic acid; . . . . . hydroxy fatty acids; . . . . . . 3-hydroxybutyric acid; . . . . . . ricinoleic acid; . . . . . long chain fatty acids; . . . . . . arachidonic acid; . . . . . . docosahexaenoic acid; . . . . . . docosenoic acids; . . . . . . . erucic acid; . . . . . . elaidic acid; . . . . . . gadoleic acid; . . . . . . linoleic acid; . . . . . . . conjugated linoleic acid; . . . . . . linolenic acid; . . . . . . . gamma-linolenic acid; . . . . . . oleic acid; . . . . . . palmitic acid; . . . . . . palmitoleic acid; . . . . . . stearic acid; . . . . . . vaccenic acid; . . . . . medium chain fatty acids; . . . . . . decanoic acid; . . . . . . dodecanoic acid; . . . . . . myristic acid; . . . . . . octanoic acid; . . . . . . pelargonic acid; . . . . . odd chain fatty acids; . . . . . . pelargonic acid; . . . . . saturated fatty acids; . . . . . . decanoic acid; . . . . . . dodecanoic acid; . . . . . . hexanoic acid; . . . . . . myristic acid; . . . . . . octanoic acid; . . . . . . palmitic acid; . . . . . . pelargonic acid; . . . . . . stearic acid; . . . . . short chain fatty acids; . . . . . . butyric acid; . . . . . . . methyl hydroxy analog; . . . . . . hexanoic acid; . . . . . . isobutyric acid; . . . . . . maleic acid; . . . . . . sorbic acid; . . . . . . valeric acid; . . . . . trans fatty acids; . . . . . . elaidic acid; . . . . . unsaturated fatty acids; . . . . . . dienoic fatty acids; . . . . . . . linoleic acid; . . . . . . . . conjugated linoleic acid; . . . . . . . sorbic acid; . . . . . . monounsaturated fatty acids; . . . . . . . docosenoic acids; . . . . . . . . erucic acid; . . . . . . . elaidic acid; . . . . . . . gadoleic acid; . . . . . . . maleic acid; . . . . . . . oleic acid; . . . . . . . palmitoleic acid; . . . . . . . vaccenic acid; . . . . . . omega-3 fatty acids; . . . . . . omega-6 fatty acids; . . . . . . polyunsaturated fatty acids; . . . . . . . arachidonic acid; . . . . . . . docosahexaenoic acid; . . . . . . . eicosapentaenoic acid; . . . . . . . linolenic acid; . . . . . . . . gamma-linolenic acid; . . . . . volatile fatty acids; . . . . fatty alcohols; . . . . . farnesol; . . . . . triacontanol; . . . . glycolipids; . . . . . glycophospholipids; . . . . . glycosphingolipids; . . . . . . cerebrosides; . . . . . . gangliosides; . . . . hydrogenated oils; . . . . lipopolysaccharides; . . . . lipoproteins; . . . . . apolipoproteins; . . . . . chylomicrons; . . . . . high density lipoprotein; . . . . . intermediate density lipoprotein; . . . . . lipophorin; . . . . . low density lipoprotein; . . . . . very low density lipoprotein; . . . . phospholipids; . . . . . glycophospholipids; . . . . . phosphatidylcholines; . . . . . phosphatidylethanolamines; . . . . . phosphatidylglycerols; . . . . . phosphatidylinositols; . . . . . phosphatidylserines; . . . . sphingolipids; . . . . . glycosphingolipids; . . . . . . cerebrosides; . . . . . . gangliosides; . . . . . sphingomyelins; . . . . steroids; . . . . . bufadienolides; . . . . . cardenolides; . . . . . . digitoxigenin; . . . . . . digoxigenin; . . . . . ecdysteroids; . . . . . . ecdysone; . . . . . . ecdysterone; . . . . . . ponasterone A; . . . . . flugestone; . . . . . ketosteroids; . . . . . . 17-ketosteroids; . . . . . . . androstenedione; . . . . . . . androsterone; . . . . . . . estrone; . . . . . . . prasterone; . . . . . megestrol; . . . . . methyltestosterone; . . . . . prednisolone; . . . . . prednisone; . . . . . sterol esters; . . . . . . cholesteryl esters; . . . . . sterols; . . . . . . 25-hydroxyergocalciferol; . . . . . . 7-dehydrocholesterol; . . . . . . cholecalciferol derivatives; . . . . . . . hydroxycholecalciferols; . . . . . . . . 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol; . . . . . . . . 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol; . . . . . . . . 25-hydroxycholecalciferol; . . . . . . . . calcitriol; . . . . . . cholesterol; . . . . . . coprostanol; . . . . . . ergosterol; . . . . . . lanosterol; . . . . . . phytosterols; . . . . . . . brassinosteroids; . . . . . . . . brassinolide; . . . . . . . campesterol; . . . . . . . cucurbitacins; . . . . . . . phytoecdysteroids; . . . . . . . plant estrogens; . . . . . . . . coumestrol; . . . . . . . . formononetin; . . . . . . . . glycitein; . . . . . . . . matairesinol; . . . . . . . plant stanols; . . . . . . . sitosterols; . . . . . . . . beta-sitosterol; . . . . . . . solanidine; . . . . . . . stigmasterol; . . . . structured lipids; . . . metabolites; . . . . free fatty acids; . . . . ketone bodies; . . . . secondary metabolites; . . . neurotransmitters; . . . . bombesin; . . . nucleic acids, nucleosides and nucleotides; . . . . nucleic acids; . . . . . DNA; . . . . . . A-DNA; . . . . . . antisense DNA; . . . . . . circular DNA; . . . . . . . plasmids; . . . . . . complementary DNA; . . . . . . DNA adducts; . . . . . . mitochondrial DNA; . . . . . . plastid DNA; . . . . . . . chloroplast DNA; . . . . . . recombinant DNA; . . . . . . ribosomal DNA; . . . . . . single-stranded DNA; . . . . . . transfer DNA; . . . . . . Z-DNA; . . . . . RNA; . . . . . . antisense RNA; . . . . . . double-stranded RNA; . . . . . . messenger RNA; . . . . . . ribosomal RNA; . . . . . . satellite RNA; . . . . . . small nuclear RNA; . . . . . . transfer RNA; . . . . nucleosides; . . . . . blasticidin S; . . . . . deoxyribonucleosides; . . . . . . cordycepin; . . . . . . floxuridine; . . . . . . thymidine; . . . . . ribonucleosides; . . . . . . adenosine; . . . . . . cytidine; . . . . . . guanosine; . . . . . . uridine; . . . . . tunicamycin; . . . . nucleotides; . . . . . cyclic nucleotides; . . . . . . cyclic AMP; . . . . . . cyclic GMP; . . . . . nucleotide coenzymes; . . . . . . coenzyme A; . . . . . . NAD (coenzyme); . . . . . . NADP (coenzyme); . . . . . oligonucleotides; . . . . . purine nucleotides; . . . . . . adenosine diphosphate; . . . . . . adenosine monophosphate; . . . . . . adenosine triphosphate; . . . . . . guanosine diphosphate; . . . . . . guanosine monophosphate; . . . . . . guanosine triphosphate; . . . . . pyridine nucleotides; . . . . . pyrimidine nucleotides; . . . . . . cytidine diphosphate; . . . . . . cytidine monophosphate; . . . . . . cytidine triphosphate; . . . . . . uridine diphosphate; . . . . . . uridine monophosphate; . . . . . . uridine triphosphate; . . . . . ribonucleotides; . . . nutrients; . . . . plant micronutrients; . . . photosynthates; . . . phytochemicals; . . . . phytosterols; . . . . . brassinosteroids; . . . . . . brassinolide; . . . . . campesterol; . . . . . cucurbitacins; . . . . . phytoecdysteroids; . . . . . plant estrogens; . . . . . . coumestrol; . . . . . . formononetin; . . . . . . glycitein; . . . . . . matairesinol; . . . . . plant stanols; . . . . . sitosterols; . . . . . . beta-sitosterol; . . . . . solanidine; . . . . . stigmasterol; . . . pigments; . . . . bile pigments; . . . . . bilirubin; . . . . luciferin; . . . . melanin; . . . . plant pigments; . . . . . betalains; . . . . . flavonoids; . . . . . . anthocyanidins; . . . . . . . cyanidin; . . . . . . . delphinidin; . . . . . . . pelargonidin; . . . . . . betacyanins; . . . . . . bioflavonoids; . . . . . . . hesperidin; . . . . . . . naringenin; . . . . . . . naringin; . . . . . . . quercetin; . . . . . . . rutoside; . . . . . . chalcones; . . . . . . . chalcone; . . . . . . epigallocatechin; . . . . . . flavanoids; . . . . . . . flavanols; . . . . . . . . catechin; . . . . . . . . epicatechin; . . . . . . flavanones; . . . . . . . naringenin; . . . . . . flavones; . . . . . . . apigenin; . . . . . . . flavonols; . . . . . . . . isorhamnetin; . . . . . . . . kaempferol; . . . . . . . . quercetin; . . . . . . . . rutin; . . . . . . . . taxifolin; . . . . . . . luteolin; . . . . . . glycoflavonoids; . . . . . . . glycoflavones; . . . . . . . . anthocyanins; . . . . . . . . . cyanin; . . . . . . . . hesperidin; . . . . . . . . isoquercitrin; . . . . . . . . maysin; . . . . . . . . naringin; . . . . . . . . phloridzin; . . . . . . . . quercitrin; . . . . . . . . rutoside; . . . . . . isoflavans; . . . . . . isoflavonoids; . . . . . . . isoflavones; . . . . . . . . daidzein; . . . . . . . . daidzin; . . . . . . . . formononetin; . . . . . . . . genistein; . . . . . . . . genistin; . . . . . . . . medicarpin; . . . . . . . . phaseollin; . . . . . . . . pisatin; . . . . . . . . rotenoids; . . . . . . . . . rotenone; . . . . . . myricetin; . . . . . . silymarin; . . . . . phycobilin; . . . . . phytochrome; . . . . . xanthophylls; . . . . . . antheraxanthin; . . . . . . capsanthin; . . . . . . lutein; . . . . . . neoxanthin; . . . . . . zeaxanthin; . . . provitamins; . . . . 7-dehydrocholesterol; . . . . carotenes; . . . . . alpha-carotene; . . . . . beta-carotene; . . . . . gamma-carotene; . . . . . lycopene; . . . . ergosterol; . . . . menadione; . . . semiochemicals; . . . . allelochemicals; . . . . allomones; . . . . . azadirachtin; . . . . . canavanine; . . . . . phytoalexins; . . . . kairomones; . . . . pheromones; . . . . . aggregation pheromones; . . . . . alarm pheromones; . . . . . antiaggregation pheromones; . . . . . insect pheromones; . . . . . . brood pheromone; . . . . . . Nasonov pheromone; . . . . . oviposition pheromones; . . . . . pheromone blends; . . . . . queen pheromones; . . . . . . queen substance; . . . . . sex pheromones; . . . . . trail pheromones; . . . siderophores; . . . vitamins; . . . . fat soluble vitamins; . . . . . vitamin A; . . . . . vitamin D; . . . . . . 25-hydroxyergocalciferol; . . . . . . cholecalciferol; . . . . . . cholecalciferol derivatives; . . . . . . . hydroxycholecalciferols; . . . . . . . . 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol; . . . . . . . . 24,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol; . . . . . . . . 25-hydroxycholecalciferol; . . . . . . . . calcitriol; . . . . . . ergocalciferol; . . . . . vitamin E; . . . . . . tocopherols; . . . . . . . alpha-tocopherol; . . . . . . . beta-tocopherol; . . . . . . . gamma-tocopherol; . . . . . . tocotrienols; . . . . . vitamin K; . . . . . . menaquinones; . . . . . . phylloquinone; . . . . water-soluble vitamins; . . . . . ascorbic acid; . . . . . vitamin B complex; . . . . . . biotin; . . . . . . folic acid; . . . . . . niacin; . . . . . . pantothenic acid; . . . . . . pyridoxine; . . . . . . riboflavin; . . . . . . thiamin; . . . . . . vitamin B12; . . biochemical mechanisms; . . biochemical pathways; . . . C3 photosynthesis; . . . C4 photosynthesis; . . . Calvin cycle; . . . electron transport chain; . . . . oxidative phosphorylation; . . . glyoxylate cycle; . . . nitrogen fixation; . . . pentose phosphate cycle; . . . shikimate pathway; . . . tricarboxylic acid cycle; . . biochemical polymorphism; . . bioluminescence; . . biotransformation; . . endogenous sources; . . enzymatic reactions; . . . enzymatic browning; . . . enzymatic hydrolysis; . . enzymology; . . . active sites; . . . allozymes; . . . enzyme activation; . . . enzyme activity; . . . enzyme deficiencies; . . . enzyme inactivation; . . . enzyme inhibition; . . . enzyme kinetics; . . . enzyme substrates; . . . isozymes; . . . substrate specificity; . . . zymogens; . . . . chymotrypsinogen; . . . . pepsinogen; . . . . plasminogen; . . . . prophenoloxidase; . . . . prothrombin; . . . . trypsinogen; . . exogenous sources; . . inactivation; . . . enzyme inactivation; . . . heat inactivation; . . metabolism; . . . biosynthesis; . . . carbohydrate metabolism; . . . . gluconeogenesis; . . . . glucose tolerance; . . . . glycemic control; . . . . glycogenolysis; . . . . glycolysis; . . . . glyconeogenesis; . . . . photosynthesis; . . . . . C3 photosynthesis; . . . . . C4 photosynthesis; . . . . . Calvin cycle; . . . . . Crassulacean acid metabolism; . . . . . light harvesting complex; . . . . . . phycobilisome; . . . . . photoinhibition; . . . . . photophosphorylation; . . . . . photorespiration; . . . . . photosynthetic reaction centers; . . . . . . D1 protein; . . . . . . D2 protein; . . . . . photosystem I; . . . . . photosystem II; . . . . . . oxygen evolving complex; . . . energy metabolism; . . . . aerobiosis; . . . . anaerobiosis; . . . . . fermentation; . . . . . . alcoholic fermentation; . . . . . . batch fermentation; . . . . . . . silage fermentation; . . . . . . continuous fermentation; . . . . . . Crabtree effect; . . . . . . lactic fermentation; . . . . . . malolactic fermentation; . . . . . . solid state fermentation; . . . . . . submerged fermentation; . . . . basal metabolism; . . . . electron transport chain; . . . . . oxidative phosphorylation; . . . . photosynthesis; . . . . . C3 photosynthesis; . . . . . C4 photosynthesis; . . . . . Calvin cycle; . . . . . Crassulacean acid metabolism; . . . . . light harvesting complex; . . . . . . phycobilisome; . . . . . photoinhibition; . . . . . photophosphorylation; . . . . . photorespiration; . . . . . photosynthetic reaction centers; . . . . . . D1 protein; . . . . . . D2 protein; . . . . . photosystem I; . . . . . photosystem II; . . . . . . oxygen evolving complex; . . . hormone metabolism; . . . lipid metabolism; . . . . biohydrogenation; . . . . cholesterol metabolism; . . . . lipogenesis; . . . . lipolysis; . . . metabolic detoxification; . . . metabolic sequestration; . . . mineral metabolism; . . . nitrogen metabolism; . . . . nitrogen balance; . . . . urea cycle enzymes; . . . oxygen consumption; . . . pharmacokinetics; . . . protein metabolism; . . . . amino acid metabolism; . . . . protein depletion; . . . . protein deposition; . . . . protein synthesis; . . . . . fractional synthesis rate; . . . . . post-translational modification; . . . steroid metabolism; . . . . steroidogenesis; . . . vitamin metabolism; . . . water metabolism; . . synergism; . . . drug synergism; . biogeography; . . phytogeography; . . provenance; . . zoogeography; . bioinformatics; . . gene banks; . biological properties and phenomena; . . age; . . . gestational age; . . animal characteristics; . . . animal age; . . . animal performance; . . . . laying performance; . . . . . age at first egg; . . . . liveweight gain; . . . . milk yield; . . . . . milk fat yield; . . . . . milk protein yield; . . . . . milking rate; . . . . racing performance; . . . . slaughter weight; . . anthropometric measurements; . . . arm circumference; . . . body mass index; . . . head circumference; . . . small for gestational age; . . . waist circumference; . . . waist-to-hip ratio; . . athletic performance; . . biological resistance; . . . acid tolerance; . . . cold tolerance; . . . . frost resistance; . . . . winter hardiness; . . . decay resistance; . . . defense mechanisms; . . . . immune evasion; . . . disease resistance; . . . . trypanotolerance; . . . drought tolerance; . . . drug resistance; . . . . antibiotic resistance; . . . . multiple drug resistance; . . . fire resistance; . . . flooding tolerance; . . . genetic resistance; . . . . varietal resistance; . . . heat tolerance; . . . horizontal resistance; . . . immunity; . . . . autoimmunity; . . . . cell-mediated immunity; . . . . . antigen presentation; . . . . . graft versus host reactions; . . . . . lymphocyte proliferation; . . . . cross immunity; . . . . humoral immunity; . . . . immune response; . . . . . antibody formation; . . . . . antigen-antibody reactions; . . . . . . agglutination; . . . . . . . hemagglutination; . . . . . . cross reaction; . . . . . graft rejection; . . . . . graft versus host reactions; . . . . . macrophage activation; . . . . immunocompetence; . . . . immunosuppression (physiological); . . . . insect immunity; . . . . mucosal immunity; . . . . passive immunity; . . . . . maternal immunity; . . . . . . colostral immunity; . . . induced resistance; . . . . systemic acquired resistance; . . . lodging resistance; . . . metal tolerance; . . . osmotolerance; . . . pest resistance; . . . pesticide resistance; . . . . acaricide resistance; . . . . cross resistance; . . . . fungicide resistance; . . . . herbicide resistance; . . . . insecticide resistance; . . . radiation resistance; . . . resistance mechanisms; . . . . antibiosis; . . . . antixenosis; . . . . behavioral resistance; . . . . hypersensitive response; . . . . metabolic detoxification; . . . salt tolerance; . . . shade tolerance; . . . stress tolerance; . . . vertical resistance; . . . wind resistance; . . biological rhythms; . . . circadian rhythm; . . . . ultradian rhythm; . . . periodicity; . . . . photoperiodism; . . body condition; . . body size; . . . body measurements; . . body temperature; . . body weight; . . . birth weight; . . . . low birth weight; . . . gaining weight; . . . ideal body weight; . . . obesity; . . . overweight; . . . slaughter weight; . . . tissue weight; . . . underweight; . . . weaning weight; . . . weight cycling; . . . weight gain; . . . weight loss; . . cognition; . . . consciousness; . . gas production; . . . hydrogen production; . . . methane production; . . longevity; . . pigmentation; . . . melanization; . . plant characteristics; . . . agronomic traits; . . . . maturity groups; . . . leaf area; . . . . leaf area index; . . . plant age; . . . . tree age; . . . seed productivity; . . postmortem changes; . . . rigor mortis; . . senescence; . . totipotency; . . viability; . . vigor; . botany; . . algology; . . bryology; . . ethnobotany; . . herbaria; . . paleobotany; . . palynology; . . plant biology; . . . plant anatomy; . . . . aerial parts; . . . . buds; . . . . corn ears; . . . . fruits (plant anatomy); . . . . . bolls; . . . . . pericarp; . . . . . . albedo (citrus fruit); . . . . . . endocarp; . . . . . . exocarp; . . . . . . mesocarp; . . . . . pods; . . . . inflorescences; . . . . . bracts; . . . . . curds (plant); . . . . . flowers; . . . . . . androecium; . . . . . . . anthers; . . . . . . . pollen; . . . . . . . pollinia; . . . . . . . stamens; . . . . . . female flowers; . . . . . . florets; . . . . . . flower primordia; . . . . . . gynoecium; . . . . . . . carpels; . . . . . . . ovules; . . . . . . . . embryo sac; . . . . . . . stigma; . . . . . . . styles; . . . . . . male flowers; . . . . . . nectaries; . . . . . . perianth; . . . . . . . calyx; . . . . . . . corolla; . . . . . seed cones; . . . . leaves; . . . . . conifer needles; . . . . . leaf blade; . . . . . leaf meristems; . . . . . . leaf primordia; . . . . . petioles; . . . . . pulvinus; . . . . pedicel; . . . . peduncle; . . . . plant organs; . . . . . plant glands; . . . . . . nectaries; . . . . . storage organs; . . . . . . tubers; . . . . . . . seed tubers; . . . . plant secretions and exudates; . . . . . cutin; . . . . . epicuticular wax; . . . . . latex; . . . . . nectar; . . . . . plant exudates; . . . . . . root exudates; . . . . . sap; . . . . plant spines; . . . . plant tissues; . . . . . bark; . . . . . callus; . . . . . collenchyma; . . . . . cortex; . . . . . endodermis; . . . . . epidermis (plant); . . . . . . guard cells; . . . . . . plant cuticle; . . . . . . stomata; . . . . . meristems; . . . . . . apical meristems; . . . . . . cambium; . . . . . . flower primordia; . . . . . . leaf meristems; . . . . . . . leaf primordia; . . . . . . root meristems; . . . . . . . root primordia; . . . . . . shoot meristems; . . . . . . . shoot primordia; . . . . . mesophyll; . . . . . parenchyma; . . . . . . chlorenchyma; . . . . . periderm; . . . . . . wound periderm; . . . . . sclerenchyma; . . . . . . fiber cells; . . . . . . sclereids; . . . . . vascular tissues; . . . . . . phloem; . . . . . . . phloem companion cells; . . . . . . . secondary phloem; . . . . . . . sieve tubes; . . . . . . . . sieve elements; . . . . . . . . sieve plates; . . . . . . xylem; . . . . . . . secondary xylem; . . . . . . . . growth rings; . . . . . . . . . earlywood; . . . . . . . . . latewood; . . . . . . . . heartwood; . . . . . . . . juvenile wood; . . . . . . . . reaction wood; . . . . . . . . . compression wood; . . . . . . . . . tension wood; . . . . . . . . sapwood; . . . . . . . . tyloses; . . . . . . . tracheary elements; . . . . . . . . tracheids; . . . . . . . . xylem vessels; . . . . plant vascular system; . . . . . stele; . . . . . . pith; . . . . . vascular bundles; . . . . . . bundle sheath cells; . . . . . . plant veins; . . . . . vascular tissues; . . . . . . phloem; . . . . . . . phloem companion cells; . . . . . . . secondary phloem; . . . . . . . sieve tubes; . . . . . . . . sieve elements; . . . . . . . . sieve plates; . . . . . . xylem; . . . . . . . secondary xylem; . . . . . . . . growth rings; . . . . . . . . . earlywood; . . . . . . . . . latewood; . . . . . . . . heartwood; . . . . . . . . juvenile wood; . . . . . . . . reaction wood; . . . . . . . . . compression wood; . . . . . . . . . tension wood; . . . . . . . . sapwood; . . . . . . . . tyloses; . . . . . . . tracheary elements; . . . . . . . . tracheids; . . . . . . . . xylem vessels; . . . . pseudostems; . . . . root crown; . . . . roots; . . . . . adventitious roots; . . . . . root cap; . . . . . root hairs; . . . . . root meristems; . . . . . . root primordia; . . . . . root nodules; . . . . . root tips; . . . . seed anatomy; . . . . . embryo (plant); . . . . . . aleurone layer; . . . . . . . aleurone cells; . . . . . . coleoptiles; . . . . . . cotyledons; . . . . . . epicotyls; . . . . . . hypocotyls; . . . . . . mesocotyls; . . . . . . plumule; . . . . . . root radicle; . . . . . . somatic embryos; . . . . . endosperm; . . . . . testa; . . . . seeds; . . . . . buried seeds; . . . . shoots; . . . . . adventitious shoots; . . . . . fruiting spurs; . . . . . shoot meristems; . . . . . . shoot primordia; . . . . stems; . . . . . branches; . . . . . bulbs; . . . . . corms; . . . . . floricanes; . . . . . internodes; . . . . . primocanes; . . . . . rhizomes; . . . . . stem nodes; . . . . . stem nodules; . . . . . stolons; . . . . . tillers; . . . . tree cavities; . . . . tree crown; . . . . tree trunk; . . . . trichomes; . . . . underground parts; . . . . wood anatomy; . . . . . resin canals; . . . . . secondary phloem; . . . . . secondary xylem; . . . . . . growth rings; . . . . . . . earlywood; . . . . . . . latewood; . . . . . . heartwood; . . . . . . juvenile wood; . . . . . . reaction wood; . . . . . . . compression wood; . . . . . . . tension wood; . . . . . . sapwood; . . . . . . tyloses; . . . plant biochemistry; . . . . chemical constituents of plants; . . . . . essential oils; . . . . . . evening primrose oil; . . . . . . mustard oil; . . . . . . peppermint oil; . . . . . . spearmint oil; . . . . . phytochemicals; . . . . . . phytosterols; . . . . . . . brassinosteroids; . . . . . . . . brassinolide; . . . . . . . campesterol; . . . . . . . cucurbitacins; . . . . . . . phytoecdysteroids; . . . . . . . plant estrogens; . . . . . . . . coumestrol; . . . . . . . . formononetin; . . . . . . . . glycitein; . . . . . . . . matairesinol; . . . . . . . plant stanols; . . . . . . . sitosterols; . . . . . . . . beta-sitosterol; . . . . . . . solanidine; . . . . . . . stigmasterol; . . . . . plant pigments; . . . . . . betalains; . . . . . . flavonoids; . . . . . . . anthocyanidins; . . . . . . . . cyanidin; . . . . . . . . delphinidin; . . . . . . . . pelargonidin; . . . . . . . betacyanins; . . . . . . . bioflavonoids; . . . . . . . . hesperidin; . . . . . . . . naringenin; . . . . . . . . naringin; . . . . . . . . quercetin; . . . . . . . . rutoside; . . . . . . . chalcones; . . . . . . . . chalcone; . . . . . . . epigallocatechin; . . . . . . . flavanoids; . . . . . . . . flavanols; . . . . . . . . . catechin; . . . . . . . . . epicatechin; . . . . . . . flavanones; . . . . . . . . naringenin; . . . . . . . flavones; . . . . . . . . apigenin; . . . . . . . . flavonols; . . . . . . . . . isorhamnetin; . . . . . . . . . kaempferol; . . . . . . . . . quercetin; . . . . . . . . . rutin; . . . . . . . . . taxifolin; . . . . . . . . luteolin; . . . . . . . glycoflavonoids; . . . . . . . . glycoflavones; . . . . . . . . . anthocyanins; . . . . . . . . . . cyanin; . . . . . . . . . hesperidin; . . . . . . . . . isoquercitrin; . . . . . . . . . maysin; . . . . . . . . . naringin; . . . . . . . . . phloridzin; . . . . . . . . . quercitrin; . . . . . . . . . rutoside; . . . . . . . isoflavans; . . . . . . . isoflavonoids; . . . . . . . . isoflavones; . . . . . . . . . daidzein; . . . . . . . . . daidzin; . . . . . . . . . formononetin; . . . . . . . . . genistein; . . . . . . . . . genistin; . . . . . . . . . medicarpin; . . . . . . . . . phaseollin; . . . . . . . . . pisatin; . . . . . . . . . rotenoids; . . . . . . . . . . rotenone; . . . . . . . myricetin; . . . . . . . silymarin; . . . . . . phycobilin; . . . . . . phytochrome; . . . . . . xanthophylls; . . . . . . . antheraxanthin; . . . . . . . capsanthin; . . . . . . . lutein; . . . . . . . neoxanthin; . . . . . . . zeaxanthin; . . . . plant growth substances; . . . . . auxins; . . . . . . indole acetic acid; . . . . . . indole butyric acid; . . . . . . naphthaleneacetic acid; . . . . . brassinosteroids; . . . . . . brassinolide; . . . . . chlormequat; . . . . . cytokinins; . . . . . gibberellins; . . . . . . gibberellic acid; . . . . . maleic hydrazide; . . . . . mepiquat; . . . . . plant hormones; . . . . . . abscisic acid; . . . . . . dihydrozeatin; . . . . . . ethylene; . . . . . . gibberellic acid; . . . . . . indole acetic acid; . . . . . . zeatin; . . . plant genetics; . . . . forest genetics; . . . . ideotypes; . . . plant physiology; . . . . abscission; . . . . . fruit drop; . . . . . leaf abscission; . . . . apical dominance; . . . . callus formation; . . . . caulogenesis; . . . . chilling requirement; . . . . cyanogenesis; . . . . dehiscence; . . . . dry matter accumulation; . . . . . dry matter partitioning; . . . . ethylene production; . . . . foliar uptake; . . . . light requirement; . . . . lignification; . . . . nastic movement; . . . . nectar secretion; . . . . nodulation; . . . . nutation; . . . . nutrient use efficiency; . . . . plant development; . . . . . abortion (plants); . . . . . . seed abortion; . . . . . branching; . . . . . bud initiation; . . . . . etiolation; . . . . . fasciation; . . . . . filling period; . . . . . flowering; . . . . . . bolting; . . . . . . heading; . . . . . fruiting; . . . . . . alternate bearing; . . . . . . fruit set; . . . . . . . parthenocarpy; . . . . . germination; . . . . . . pollen germination; . . . . . . . pollen tubes; . . . . . . seed germination; . . . . . . . grain sprouting; . . . . . . spore germination; . . . . . . vivipary (plants); . . . . . juvenility; . . . . . leaf development; . . . . . . leaf emergence; . . . . . ripening; . . . . . rooting; . . . . . seed development; . . . . . . seed dispersal; . . . . . . seed maturation; . . . . . . . after-ripening; . . . . . . seed set; . . . . . . seed shattering; . . . . . seedling emergence; . . . . . sprouting; . . . . . . tuber sprouting; . . . . . suckering; . . . . . tillering; . . . . . vegetative growth; . . . . plant growth; . . . . . budbreak; . . . . . epinasty; . . . . . growth habit; . . . . . . annuals; . . . . . . biennials; . . . . . . determinate growth; . . . . . . indeterminate growth; . . . . . . perennials; . . . . . root growth; . . . . . seedling growth; . . . . . stem elongation; . . . . . tree growth; . . . . . vegetative growth; . . . . plant reproduction; . . . . . apomixis; . . . . . . autogamy; . . . . . plant fertility; . . . . . . cytoplasmic male sterility; . . . . . pollination; . . . . . . cross pollination; . . . . . . insect pollination; . . . . . . open pollination; . . . . . . pollen flow; . . . . . . self-pollination; . . . . . . . cleistogamy; . . . . . . wind pollination; . . . . plant response; . . . . plant-water relations; . . . . . imbibition; . . . . . leaf water potential; . . . . . root hydraulic conductivity; . . . . . root pressure; . . . . . root water potential; . . . . . transpiration; . . . . . . leaf conductance; . . . . . . stomatal conductance; . . . . . turgor; . . . . . wilting; . . . . . xylem water potential; . . . . postharvest physiology; . . . . radiation use efficiency; . . . . rhizogenesis; . . . . seed dormancy; . . . . source-sink relationships; . . . . stomatal movement; . . . . suberization; . . . . translocation (plant physiology); . . . . . phloem loading; . . . . . sap flow; . . . . tree physiology; . . . . . tree growth; . . . . water use efficiency; . . . weed biology; . . plant collections; . . plant exploration and collection; . . plant taxonomy; . cell biology; . . cell adhesion; . . . bacterial adhesion; . . cell aggregates; . . cell death; . . . apoptosis; . . . necrosis; . . . . infarction; . . cell motility; . . . bacterial motility; . . . sperm motility; . . cell physiology; . . . cell communication; . . . . signal transduction; . . . . . phototransduction; . . . . . second messengers; . . . cell cycle; . . . . cell division; . . . . . anaphase; . . . . . asynapsis; . . . . . chromosome pairing; . . . . . chromosome segregation; . . . . . cytokinesis; . . . . . desynapsis; . . . . . meiosis; . . . . . . synaptonemal complex; . . . . . meiotic drive; . . . . . . segregation distortion; . . . . . metaphase; . . . . . mitosis; . . . . . prophase; . . . . . . pachytene stage; . . . . . telophase; . . . . interphase; . . . cell dedifferentiation; . . . cell differentiation; . . . cell fusion; . . . cell growth; . . . cell respiration; . . . . cyanide-resistant respiration; . . . . cyanide-sensitive respiration; . . . . photorespiration; . . . cytolysis; . . . . autolysis; . . . . hemolysis; . . . endocytosis; . . . . phagocytosis; . . . exocytosis; . . . membrane fluidity; . . . membrane permeability; . . . plasmolysis; . . cell proliferation; . . cell structures; . . . cell membranes; . . . . egg membranes; . . . . . vitelline membrane; . . . . lipid bilayers; . . . . microvilli; . . . . mucosa; . . . . . digestive tract mucosa; . . . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . . . intestinal mucosa; . . . . . . . intestinal crypts; . . . . . . . villi; . . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . . . vaginal mucosa; . . . . nuclear membrane; . . . . plasma membrane; . . . . thylakoids; . . . . tonoplast; . . . cell nucleus; . . . . cell nucleolus; . . . . chromatin; . . . . . heterochromatin; . . . . . nucleosomes; . . . . . sex chromatin; . . . . chromosomes; . . . . . acrocentric chromosomes; . . . . . autosomes; . . . . . bacterial artificial chromosomes; . . . . . centromeres; . . . . . . chromocenters; . . . . . . kinetochores; . . . . . chiasmata; . . . . . chromatids; . . . . . loci; . . . . . metacentric chromosomes; . . . . . nucleolus organizer region; . . . . . polytene chromosomes; . . . . . sex chromosomes; . . . . . . W chromosome; . . . . . . X chromosome; . . . . . . Y chromosome; . . . . . . Z chromosome; . . . . . submetacentric chromosomes; . . . . . telocentric chromosomes; . . . . . telomeres; . . . . . yeast artificial chromosomes; . . . . nuclear matrix; . . . . nuclear membrane; . . . . pronucleus; . . . cell walls; . . . cilia; . . . cytoplasm; . . . . cytoplasmic granules; . . . . . chromaffin granules; . . . . cytoskeleton; . . . . . intermediate filaments; . . . . . microfilaments; . . . . . microtubules; . . . . organelles; . . . . . cellulosome; . . . . . centrosomes; . . . . . . centrioles; . . . . . coated vesicles; . . . . . . endosomes; . . . . . endoplasmic reticulum; . . . . . . rough endoplasmic reticulum; . . . . . . smooth endoplasmic reticulum; . . . . . . . sarcoplasmic reticulum; . . . . . Golgi apparatus; . . . . . lipid bodies; . . . . . lysosomes; . . . . . microbodies; . . . . . . glyoxysomes; . . . . . . peroxisomes; . . . . . mitochondria; . . . . . mitotic spindle apparatus; . . . . . myofibrils; . . . . . . sarcomeres; . . . . . neurofibrils; . . . . . phagosomes; . . . . . plastids; . . . . . . amyloplasts; . . . . . . chloroplasts; . . . . . . . etioplasts; . . . . . . . grana; . . . . . . . thylakoids; . . . . . . chromoplasts; . . . . . . elaioplasts; . . . . . pseudopodia; . . . . . ribosomes; . . . . . . polyribosomes; . . . . . spliceosomes; . . . . . vacuoles; . . . fimbriae; . . . flagellum; . . . inclusion bodies; . . . . cytoplasmic inclusions; . . . . nuclear inclusions; . . . subcellular fractions; . . . . brush border membrane vesicles; . . . . cell free system; . . . . cytosol; . . . . microsomes; . . . . . liver microsomes; . . . . synaptosomes; . . cell wall components; . . cells; . . . acinar cells; . . . adipocytes; . . . aleurone cells; . . . antigen-presenting cells; . . . . dendritic cells; . . . . . Langerhans cells; . . . bacteriocytes; . . . blood cells; . . . . blood platelets; . . . . erythrocytes; . . . . . reticulocytes; . . . . leukocytes; . . . . . granulocytes; . . . . . . basophils; . . . . . . eosinophils; . . . . . . heterophils; . . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . . lymphocytes; . . . . . . B-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . plasma cells; . . . . . . immunocytes; . . . . . . melanocytes; . . . . . . natural killer cells; . . . . . . thymocytes; . . . . . . T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . CD4-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . CD8-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . cytotoxic T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . suppressor cells; . . . . . monocytes; . . . . thrombocytes; . . . bone marrow cells; . . . . erythroblasts; . . . . megakaryocytes; . . . bundle sheath cells; . . . chondrocytes; . . . chromaffin cells; . . . cultured cells; . . . . cell lines; . . . . . human cell lines; . . . . . hybridomas; . . . . protoplasts; . . . endothelial cells; . . . epithelial cells; . . . . enterocytes; . . . eukaryotic cells; . . . fibroblasts; . . . germ cells; . . . . gametocytes; . . . . megaspores; . . . . megasporocytes; . . . . microspores; . . . . microsporocytes; . . . . ova; . . . . . cortical granules; . . . . . egg membranes; . . . . . . vitelline membrane; . . . . . egg quality; . . . . . . egg shell quality; . . . . . . . egg shell thickness; . . . . . . egg weight; . . . . . . egg yolk color; . . . . . egg shell; . . . . . egg yolk; . . . . . . egg yolk color; . . . . . fish eggs; . . . . . oocytes; . . . . . . germinal vesicle; . . . . . oogonia; . . . . . zona pellucida; . . . . spermatids; . . . . spermatocytes; . . . . spermatogonia; . . . . spermatozoa; . . . . . acrosome; . . . giant cells; . . . gonadotropic cells; . . . granulosa cells; . . . guard cells; . . . hemocytes; . . . hepatocytes; . . . islets of Langerhans; . . . keratinocytes; . . . kidney cells; . . . Leydig cells; . . . luteal cells; . . . mast cells; . . . mycetocytes; . . . myocytes; . . . neurosecretory cells; . . . osteoblasts; . . . osteoclasts; . . . phagocytes; . . . . macrophages; . . . . . foam cells; . . . . . histiocytes; . . . . . Kupffer cells; . . . . monocytes; . . . . neutrophils; . . . prokaryotic cells; . . . Schwann cells; . . . Sertoli cells; . . . somatic cells; . . . splenocytes; . . . spores; . . . . bacterial spores; . . . . endospores; . . . . fungal spores; . . . . . aeciospores; . . . . . ascospores; . . . . . basidiospores; . . . . . chlamydospores; . . . . . conidia; . . . . . oospores; . . . . . teliospores; . . . . zoospores; . . . stem cells; . . . . embryonic stem cells; . . . teratocytes; . . . thecal cells; . . . vegetative cells; . . cytochemistry; . . cytogenetics; . . . aneuploidy; . . . . disomics; . . . . monosomics; . . . . nullisomics; . . . . tetrasomics; . . . . trisomics; . . . cell cycle; . . . . cell division; . . . . . anaphase; . . . . . asynapsis; . . . . . chromosome pairing; . . . . . chromosome segregation; . . . . . cytokinesis; . . . . . desynapsis; . . . . . meiosis; . . . . . . synaptonemal complex; . . . . . meiotic drive; . . . . . . segregation distortion; . . . . . metaphase; . . . . . mitosis; . . . . . prophase; . . . . . . pachytene stage; . . . . . telophase; . . . . interphase; . . . chimerism; . . . chromosome aberrations; . . . . chromosome addition; . . . . chromosome breakage; . . . . chromosome elimination; . . . . chromosome inversions; . . . . . paracentric inversion; . . . . . pericentric inversion; . . . . chromosome substitution; . . . . chromosome translocation; . . . . . reciprocal translocation; . . . chromosome morphology; . . . chromosome number; . . . chromosome transmission; . . . crossing over; . . . crossover interference; . . . cytogenetic analysis; . . . . karyotyping; . . . diploidy; . . . doubled haploids; . . . haploidy; . . . heterokaryon; . . . homokaryon; . . . mixoploidy; . . . polyploidy; . . . . allopolyploidy; . . . . autopolyploidy; . . . . endopolyploidy; . . . . hexaploidy; . . . . octaploidy; . . . . tetraploidy; . . . . triploidy; . . extracellular space; . . . extracellular fluids; . . . extracellular matrix; . . intercellular junctions; . . . desmosomes; . . . gap junctions; . . . plasmodesmata; . . . tight junctions; . . intercellular spaces; . . receptors; . . . adrenergic receptors; . . . cholinergic receptors; . . . hormone receptors; . . . ryanodine receptors; . . . sensory receptors; . . . . chemoreceptors; . . . . mechanoreceptors; . . . . olfactory receptors; . . . . photoreceptors; . embryology; . endocrinology; . . hormones and hormone-related substances; . . . hormone agonists; . . . hormone antagonists; . . . . tamoxifen; . . . . thyroid antagonists; . . . . . goitrogens; . . . hormone receptors; . . . hormones; . . . . adrenal cortex hormones; . . . . . 17-ketosteroids; . . . . . . androstenedione; . . . . . . androsterone; . . . . . . estrone; . . . . . . prasterone; . . . . . glucocorticoids; . . . . . . corticosterone; . . . . . . cortisol; . . . . . . cortisone; . . . . . . pregnenolone; . . . . . mineralocorticoids; . . . . . . aldosterone; . . . . . . corticosterone; . . . . . . desoxycorticosterone; . . . . adrenal medulla hormones; . . . . . epinephrine; . . . . . norepinephrine; . . . . gastrointestinal hormones; . . . . . cholecystokinin; . . . . . epidermal growth factor; . . . . . gastric inhibitory polypeptide; . . . . . gastrin-releasing peptide; . . . . . gastrins; . . . . . glucagon-like peptides; . . . . . motilin; . . . . . peptide YY; . . . . . secretin; . . . . . vasoactive intestinal peptide; . . . . gonadotropins; . . . . . chorionic gonadotropins; . . . . . . equine chorionic gonadotropin; . . . . . . human chorionic gonadotropin; . . . . . pituitary gonadotropins; . . . . . . follicle-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . luteinizing hormone; . . . . . . prolactin; . . . . . pregnant mare serum gonadotropin; . . . . hypothalamic hormones; . . . . . pituitary hormone release inhibiting hormones; . . . . . . somatostatin; . . . . . pituitary hormone-releasing hormones; . . . . . . corticotropin-releasing hormone; . . . . . . gonadotropin-releasing hormone; . . . . . . somatoliberin; . . . . . . thyrotropin-releasing hormone; . . . . insect hormones; . . . . . adipokinetic hormone; . . . . . diapause hormone; . . . . . diuretic hormone; . . . . . eclosion hormone; . . . . . hypertrehalosemic hormone; . . . . . juvenile hormones; . . . . . pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide; . . . . . prothoracicotropic hormone; . . . . neurohormones; . . . . pancreatic hormones; . . . . . glucagon; . . . . . insulin; . . . . . . proinsulin; . . . . . . . c-peptide; . . . . . pancreatic polypeptide; . . . . . somatostatin; . . . . parathyroid hormone; . . . . peptide hormones; . . . . . adipokinetic hormone; . . . . . ghrelin; . . . . . leptin; . . . . . pancreatic polypeptide; . . . . pituitary hormones; . . . . . anterior pituitary hormones; . . . . . . pituitary gonadotropins; . . . . . . . follicle-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . . luteinizing hormone; . . . . . . . prolactin; . . . . . . pro-opiomelanocortin; . . . . . . . corticotropin; . . . . . . . . cosyntropin; . . . . . . . lipotropin; . . . . . . . melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . . . alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . . . beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . . . gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . somatotropin; . . . . . . thyrotropin; . . . . . posterior pituitary hormones; . . . . . . oxytocin; . . . . . . vasopressin; . . . . . . vasotocin; . . . . . . . arginine vasotocin; . . . . placental hormones; . . . . . choriomammotropin; . . . . . chorionic gonadotropins; . . . . . . equine chorionic gonadotropin; . . . . . . human chorionic gonadotropin; . . . . red pigment-concentrating hormone; . . . . sex hormones; . . . . . androgens; . . . . . . androstenedione; . . . . . . androsterone; . . . . . . prasterone; . . . . . . testosterone; . . . . . anti-Mullerian hormone; . . . . . corpus luteum hormones; . . . . . . progesterone; . . . . . . . hydroxyprogesterones; . . . . . . . . 17-hydroxyprogesterone; . . . . . . relaxin; . . . . . estrogens; . . . . . . catechol estrogens; . . . . . . conjugated estrogens; . . . . . . equilin; . . . . . . estradiol; . . . . . . estriol; . . . . . . estrone; . . . . . . nonsteroidal estrogens; . . . . . . . diethylstilbestrol; . . . . . inhibin; . . . . . progestational hormones; . . . . . . pregnanediol; . . . . . . pregnanetriol; . . . . . . pregnenolone; . . . . . . progesterone; . . . . . . . hydroxyprogesterones; . . . . . . . . 17-hydroxyprogesterone; . . . . steroid hormones; . . . . thymus hormones; . . . . . thymosin; . . . . thyroid hormones; . . . . . calcitonin; . . . . . L-thyroxine; . . . . . triiodothyronine; . . . synthetic hormones; . . . . synthetic androgens; . . . . . anabolic steroids; . . . . . . mibolerone; . . . . . . nandrolone; . . . . . . trenbolone; . . . . synthetic estrogens; . . . . . nonsteroidal estrogens; . . . . . . diethylstilbestrol; . . . . synthetic glucocorticoids; . . . . synthetic mineralocorticoids; . . . . synthetic progestogens; . . . . . medroxyprogesterone; . . . . . melengestrol; . . . . . norgestomet; . evolution; . . adaptation; . . . dark adaptation; . . center of diversity; . . center of origin; . . coevolution; . . concerted evolution; . . convergent evolution; . . divergent evolution; . . evolutionarily stable strategy; . . extinction; . . natural selection; . . . sexual selection; . . ontogeny; . . parallel evolution; . . phylogeny; . . speciation; . . . adaptive radiation; . genetics; . . animal genetics; . . . insect genetics; . . cytogenetics; . . . aneuploidy; . . . . disomics; . . . . monosomics; . . . . nullisomics; . . . . tetrasomics; . . . . trisomics; . . . cell cycle; . . . . cell division; . . . . . anaphase; . . . . . asynapsis; . . . . . chromosome pairing; . . . . . chromosome segregation; . . . . . cytokinesis; . . . . . desynapsis; . . . . . meiosis; . . . . . . synaptonemal complex; . . . . . meiotic drive; . . . . . . segregation distortion; . . . . . metaphase; . . . . . mitosis; . . . . . prophase; . . . . . . pachytene stage; . . . . . telophase; . . . . interphase; . . . chimerism; . . . chromosome aberrations; . . . . chromosome addition; . . . . chromosome breakage; . . . . chromosome elimination; . . . . chromosome inversions; . . . . . paracentric inversion; . . . . . pericentric inversion; . . . . chromosome substitution; . . . . chromosome translocation; . . . . . reciprocal translocation; . . . chromosome morphology; . . . chromosome number; . . . chromosome transmission; . . . crossing over; . . . crossover interference; . . . cytogenetic analysis; . . . . karyotyping; . . . diploidy; . . . doubled haploids; . . . haploidy; . . . heterokaryon; . . . homokaryon; . . . mixoploidy; . . . polyploidy; . . . . allopolyploidy; . . . . autopolyploidy; . . . . endopolyploidy; . . . . hexaploidy; . . . . octaploidy; . . . . tetraploidy; . . . . triploidy; . . genetic relationships; . . . ancestry; . . . . pedigree; . . . . wild relatives; . . . kinship; . . . parentage; . . . . dams (mothers); . . . . maternal lineage; . . . . paternity; . . . . sires; . . . progeny; . . . siblings; . . . . litters (young animals); . . . . twins; . . genetic stability; . . genetic vectors; . . . phage vectors; . . . plasmid vectors; . . . retroviral vectors; . . genomics; . . human genetics; . . immunogenetics; . . . antigenic variation; . . . immunoglobulin genes; . . . major histocompatibility complex; . . inheritance (genetics); . . . allelism; . . . . codominance; . . . . dominance (genetics); . . . . incomplete dominance; . . . . overdominance; . . . cytoplasmic inheritance; . . . linkage (genetics); . . . . linkage disequilibrium; . . . . linkage groups; . . . . sex linkage; . . . Mendelian inheritance; . . . . gene segregation; . . . . . meiotic drive; . . . . . . segregation distortion; . . . polygenic inheritance; . . . transgressive segregation; . . maternal effect; . . metabolomics; . . microbial genetics; . . . conjugation; . . . genetic transduction; . . . lysogeny; . . . SOS response (genetics); . . . transfection; . . molecular genetics; . . . amino acid sequences; . . . . signal peptide; . . . consensus sequence; . . . conserved sequences; . . . DNA conformation; . . . DNA fragmentation; . . . DNA libraries; . . . . cDNA libraries; . . . . expressed sequence tags; . . . . genomic libraries; . . . DNA probes; . . . . DNA primers; . . . DNA repair; . . . DNA replication; . . . DNA-binding domains; . . . . leucine zipper; . . . . zinc finger motif; . . . epigenetics; . . . . genomic imprinting; . . . gene conversion; . . . gene duplication; . . . gene expression; . . . . gene overexpression; . . . gene expression regulation; . . . . autoregulation; . . . . gene activation; . . . . gene amplification; . . . . gene induction; . . . . gene silencing; . . . . . RNA interference; . . . . nucleocytoplasmic interaction; . . . . RNA editing; . . . . RNA splicing; . . . . . alternative splicing; . . . . transcriptional activation; . . . gene interaction; . . . . epistasis; . . . gene-for-gene relationship; . . . genes; . . . . alleles; . . . . complementary genes; . . . . dominant genes; . . . . duplicate genes; . . . . homeotic genes; . . . . immunoglobulin genes; . . . . lethal genes; . . . . major genes; . . . . major histocompatibility complex; . . . . modifiers (genes); . . . . multigene family; . . . . oncogenes; . . . . . proto-oncogenes; . . . . operon; . . . . pseudogenes; . . . . recessive genes; . . . . regulator genes; . . . . reporter genes; . . . . structural genes; . . . . suppressor genes; . . . . synthetic genes; . . . . transgenes; . . . genetic code; . . . genetic complementation; . . . genetic engineering; . . . . nuclear transplantation; . . . . protein engineering; . . . . . site-directed mutagenesis; . . . . sex preselection; . . . genetic recombination; . . . . crossing over; . . . . genetic transformation; . . . . . genetic transduction; . . . . . transfection; . . . . homologous recombination; . . . . . intragenic recombination; . . . . mitotic recombination; . . . genetic techniques and protocols; . . . . chromosome banding; . . . . chromosome mapping; . . . . . chromosome walking; . . . . . physical chromosome mapping; . . . . . . restriction mapping; . . . . cytogenetic analysis; . . . . . karyotyping; . . . . diallel analysis; . . . . direct DNA uptake; . . . . DNA footprinting; . . . . DNA profiling; . . . . electroporation; . . . . gene targeting; . . . . gene transfer; . . . . . biolistics; . . . . . transfection; . . . . genetic complementation test; . . . . genetic markers; . . . . in situ hybridization; . . . . . fluorescence in situ hybridization; . . . . microarray technology; . . . . molecular cloning; . . . . . gene fusion; . . . . . two hybrid system techniques; . . . . Northern blotting; . . . . nucleic acid hybridization; . . . . plasmid curing; . . . . polymerase chain reaction; . . . . . amplified fragment length polymorphism; . . . . . random amplified polymorphic DNA technique; . . . . . reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; . . . . . simple sequence length polymorphism; . . . . sequence alignment; . . . . sequence analysis; . . . . sexing; . . . . Southern blotting; . . . . virus curing; . . . genetically modified organisms; . . . . genetically engineered microorganisms; . . . . transgenic animals; . . . . . transgenic insects; . . . . transgenic plants; . . . molecular mimicry; . . . mutation; . . . . amino acid substitution; . . . . base pair mismatch; . . . . DNA damage; . . . . frameshift mutation; . . . . gene deletion; . . . . genetic polymorphism; . . . . . inversion polymorphism; . . . . . restriction fragment length polymorphism; . . . . . single nucleotide polymorphism; . . . . . single-stranded conformational polymorphism; . . . . missense mutation; . . . . mutagenesis; . . . . . insertional mutagenesis; . . . . . site-directed mutagenesis; . . . . nonsense mutation; . . . . point mutation; . . . nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions; . . . nucleic acids; . . . . DNA; . . . . . A-DNA; . . . . . antisense DNA; . . . . . circular DNA; . . . . . . plasmids; . . . . . complementary DNA; . . . . . DNA adducts; . . . . . mitochondrial DNA; . . . . . plastid DNA; . . . . . . chloroplast DNA; . . . . . recombinant DNA; . . . . . ribosomal DNA; . . . . . single-stranded DNA; . . . . . transfer DNA; . . . . . Z-DNA; . . . . RNA; . . . . . antisense RNA; . . . . . double-stranded RNA; . . . . . messenger RNA; . . . . . ribosomal RNA; . . . . . satellite RNA; . . . . . small nuclear RNA; . . . . . transfer RNA; . . . nucleotide sequences; . . . . codons; . . . . . start codon; . . . . . stop codon; . . . . exons; . . . . internal transcribed spacers; . . . . introns; . . . . open reading frames; . . . . regulatory sequences; . . . . . enhancer elements; . . . . . leader sequence; . . . . . operator regions; . . . . . promoter regions; . . . . . . TATA box; . . . . . response elements; . . . . . terminator regions; . . . . repetitive sequences; . . . . . microsatellite repeats; . . . . . minisatellite repeats; . . . . . retrotransposons; . . . . . satellite DNA; . . . . . tandem repeat sequences; . . . . . terminal repeat sequences; . . . . . transposons; . . . . replicon; . . . . . replication origin; . . . . satellite RNA; . . . oligonucleotide probes; . . . pleiotropy; . . . position effect (genetics); . . . proliferating cell nuclear antigen; . . . protein synthesis; . . . . fractional synthesis rate; . . . . post-translational modification; . . . reverse transcription; . . . RNA probes; . . . sequence homology; . . . transcription (genetics); . . . transcription factors; . . . . sigma factors; . . . translation (genetics); . . . transposition (genetics); . . nutrigenomics; . . paternal effect; . . phenotype; . . . albino; . . . blood groups; . . . gender; . . . . females; . . . . . cows; . . . . . . beef cows; . . . . . . dairy cows; . . . . . ewes; . . . . . gilts; . . . . . gravid females; . . . . . heifers; . . . . . hens; . . . . . . laying hens; . . . . . . spent hens; . . . . . mares; . . . . . nannygoats; . . . . . pullets; . . . . . sows; . . . . . virgin females; . . . . gender differences; . . . . males; . . . . . boars; . . . . . bucks; . . . . . bullocks; . . . . . bulls; . . . . . . beef bulls; . . . . . . dairy bulls; . . . . . cockerels; . . . . . drakes; . . . . . ganders; . . . . . rams; . . . . . roosters; . . . . . stags; . . . . . stallions; . . plant genetics; . . . forest genetics; . . . ideotypes; . . population genetics; . . . founder effect; . . . gene flow; . . . gene frequency; . . . genetic distance; . . . genetic drift; . . . genetic polymorphism; . . . . inversion polymorphism; . . . . restriction fragment length polymorphism; . . . . single nucleotide polymorphism; . . . . single-stranded conformational polymorphism; . . . mating systems; . . . . assortative mating; . . . . inbreeding; . . . . natural mating; . . . . outbreeding; . . . . random mating; . . . reproductive isolation; . . . sex ratio; . . . synthetic populations; . . proteomics; . . quantitative genetics; . . . additive gene effects; . . . breeding value; . . . correlated responses; . . . gene frequency; . . . general combining ability; . . . genetic correlation; . . . genetic covariance; . . . genetic distance; . . . genetic improvement; . . . genetic merit; . . . genetic trend; . . . genetic variance; . . . genetic variation; . . . . antigenic variation; . . . . clonal variation; . . . . somaclonal variation; . . . genotype-environment interaction; . . . heritability; . . . heterosis; . . . inbreeding coefficient; . . . inbreeding depression; . . . outbreeding depression; . . . penetrance; . . . phenotypic correlation; . . . phenotypic variation; . . . quantitative trait loci; . . . quantitative traits; . . . selection intensity; . . . selection response; . . . specific combining ability; . . sex determination; . . traits; . . . agronomic traits; . . . . maturity groups; . . . double muscling; . . . growth traits; . . . polled trait; . . . quantitative traits; . . . reproductive traits; . . transcriptomics; . histology; . . histochemistry; . . . immunohistochemistry; . . tissue analysis; . immunology; . . immunity; . . . autoimmunity; . . . cell-mediated immunity; . . . . antigen presentation; . . . . graft versus host reactions; . . . . lymphocyte proliferation; . . . cross immunity; . . . humoral immunity; . . . immune response; . . . . antibody formation; . . . . antigen-antibody reactions; . . . . . agglutination; . . . . . . hemagglutination; . . . . . cross reaction; . . . . graft rejection; . . . . graft versus host reactions; . . . . macrophage activation; . . . immunocompetence; . . . immunosuppression (physiological); . . . insect immunity; . . . mucosal immunity; . . . passive immunity; . . . . maternal immunity; . . . . . colostral immunity; . . immunochemistry; . . . immunocytochemistry; . . . immunohistochemistry; . . immunogenetics; . . . antigenic variation; . . . immunoglobulin genes; . . . major histocompatibility complex; . . immunologic factors; . . . agglutinins; . . . . hemagglutinins; . . . antibodies; . . . . autoantibodies; . . . . monoclonal antibodies; . . . . opsonins; . . . . polyclonal antibodies; . . . . recombinant antibodies; . . . antigen-antibody complex; . . . antigens; . . . . allergens; . . . . autoantigens; . . . . bacterial antigens; . . . . . tuberculin; . . . . blood group antigens; . . . . circulating antigens; . . . . coproantigens; . . . . epitopes; . . . . . haptens; . . . . exoantigens; . . . . fungal antigens; . . . . lymphocyte antigens; . . . . neoplasm antigens; . . . . nuclear antigens; . . . . . proliferating cell nuclear antigen; . . . . recombinant antigens; . . . . somatic antigens; . . . . superantigens; . . . . surface antigens; . . . . . histocompatibility antigens; . . . . . . H-Y antigen; . . . . viral antigens; . . . antiserum; . . . antitoxins; . . . complement; . . . cytokines; . . . . chemokines; . . . . colony-stimulating factors; . . . . . erythropoietin; . . . . . granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; . . . . . granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; . . . . . macrophage colony-stimulating factor; . . . . lymphokines; . . . . tumor necrosis factors; . . . . . lymphotoxin; . . . . . tumor necrosis factor-alpha; . . . hemolysins; . . . . melittin; . . . immunoglobulins; . . . . immunoglobulin A; . . . . immunoglobulin E; . . . . immunoglobulin G; . . . . immunoglobulin M; . . . immunomodulators; . . . . immunostimulants; . . . . immunosuppressive agents; . . . . . busulfan; . . . . . cyclophosphamide; . . . . . cyclosporins; . . . . . florfenicol; . . . interferons; . . . interleukins; . . . . interleukin-1; . . . . interleukin-10; . . . . interleukin-11; . . . . interleukin-12; . . . . interleukin-2; . . . . interleukin-3; . . . . interleukin-4; . . . . interleukin-5; . . . . interleukin-6; . . . . interleukin-7; . . . . interleukin-8; . . . . interleukin-9; . . immunologic techniques; . . . agglutination tests; . . . . hemagglutination tests; . . . . . hemagglutination inhibition test; . . . . latex agglutination test; . . . antibody detection; . . . antigen detection; . . . complement fixation tests; . . . fluorescent antibody technique; . . . immunoassay; . . . . chemiluminescence immunoassays; . . . . enzyme immunoassays; . . . . . enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; . . . . radioimmunoassay; . . . immunoblotting; . . . . Western blotting; . . . immunodiffusion tests; . . . immunomagnetic separation; . . . neutralization tests; . . . precipitin tests; . . . ring tests; . . . . milk ring tests; . . . skin tests; . . . . patch test; . life history; . . bivoltine habit; . . death; . . life cycle; . . multivoltine habit; . . univoltine habit; . microbiology; . . air microbiology; . . bacteriology; . . industrial microbiology; . . microbial activity; . . . microbial colonization; . . . . bacterial colonization; . . . microbial growth; . . . microbial resuscitation; . . microbial contamination; . . . bacterial contamination; . . microbial load; . . microbial physiology; . . . fermentation; . . . . alcoholic fermentation; . . . . batch fermentation; . . . . . silage fermentation; . . . . continuous fermentation; . . . . Crabtree effect; . . . . lactic fermentation; . . . . malolactic fermentation; . . . . solid state fermentation; . . . . submerged fermentation; . . . quorum sensing; . . microorganisms; . . . airborne microorganisms; . . . bacteria; . . . . acetic acid bacteria; . . . . animal pathogenic bacteria; . . . . coliform bacteria; . . . . denitrifying bacteria; . . . . entomopathogenic bacteria; . . . . Gram-negative bacteria; . . . . Gram-positive bacteria; . . . . lactic acid bacteria; . . . . nitrogen-fixing bacteria; . . . . phylloplane bacteria; . . . . plant pathogenic bacteria; . . . . propionic acid bacteria; . . . . psychrophilic bacteria; . . . . . psychrotrophic bacteria; . . . . rhizosphere bacteria; . . . . seed-borne bacteria; . . . . soil bacteria; . . . . . plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria; . . . . spore-forming bacteria; . . . . sulfate-reducing bacteria; . . . . thermoduric bacteria; . . . . thermophilic bacteria; . . . cellulolytic microorganisms; . . . denitrifying microorganisms; . . . . denitrifying bacteria; . . . fungi; . . . . animal pathogenic fungi; . . . . . entomopathogenic fungi; . . . . aquatic fungi; . . . . . marine fungi; . . . . decay fungi; . . . . . brown-rot fungi; . . . . . soft-rot fungi; . . . . . white-rot fungi; . . . . edible fungi; . . . . . mushrooms; . . . . . truffles (edible fungi); . . . . hallucinogenic fungi; . . . . keratinophilic fungi; . . . . mildews; . . . . molds (fungi); . . . . nematophagous fungi; . . . . oleaginous fungi; . . . . phylloplane fungi; . . . . plant pathogenic fungi; . . . . poisonous fungi; . . . . psychrophilic fungi; . . . . rhizosphere fungi; . . . . seed-borne fungi; . . . . soil fungi; . . . . . mycorrhizal fungi; . . . . stain fungi; . . . . . blue-stain fungi; . . . . . sapstain fungi; . . . . thermophilic fungi; . . . . yeasts; . . . . . bakers yeast; . . . . . brewers yeast; . . . . . wine yeasts; . . . . . . flor yeasts; . . . . . yeast extract; . . . inoculum; . . . . inoculum density; . . . intestinal microorganisms; . . . ligninolytic microorganisms; . . . methanogens; . . . methanotrophs; . . . nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria; . . . rickettsia-like organisms; . . . rumen microorganisms; . . . . rumen bacteria; . . . . rumen fungi; . . . . rumen protozoa; . . . soil microorganisms; . . . . soil bacteria; . . . . . plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria; . . . . soil fungi; . . . . . mycorrhizal fungi; . . . thermophilic microorganisms; . . . . thermophilic actinomycetes; . . . . thermophilic bacteria; . . . . thermophilic fungi; . . . viruses; . . . . arboviruses; . . . . bacteriophages; . . . . invertebrate viruses; . . . . . cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses; . . . . . insect viruses; . . . . . . bee viruses; . . . . mycoviruses; . . . . . Agaricus bisporus virus 1; . . . . oncogenic viruses; . . . . plant viruses; . . . . proviruses; . . . . vertebrate viruses; . . . . viroids; . . . xylanolytic microorganisms; . . predictive microbiology; . . virology; . . . virus replication; . . water microbiology; . molecular biology; . mycology; . . fungus physiology; . natural history; . nutrition; . . animal nutrition; . . . feed conversion; . . . feed intake; . . . . dry matter intake; . . . . voluntary intake; . . . insect nutrition; . . . maternal nutrition; . . . ruminant nutrition; . . diet; . . . artificial diets; . . . . meridic diets; . . . diet study techniques; . . . . diet history; . . . . . diet recall; . . . . . food frequency questionnaires; . . . . . food records; . . . . dietary surveys; . . . . . Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals; . . . . . Diet and Health Knowledge Survey; . . . . . National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; . . . . . Nationwide Food Consumption Survey; . . . . . nutrition monitoring; . . . . . Total Diet Study; . . . . experimental diets; . . . dietary carbohydrate; . . . dietary energy sources; . . . dietary fat; . . . dietary fiber; . . . dietary minerals; . . . dietary nutrient sources; . . . . protein sources; . . . dietary protein; . . . . animal source protein; . . . . . blood source protein; . . . . . dairy protein; . . . . . . whey protein; . . . . . egg source protein; . . . . . meat protein; . . . . . rennet; . . . . plant source protein; . . . . . grain protein; . . . . . . barley protein; . . . . . . corn protein; . . . . . . oat protein; . . . . . . rice protein; . . . . . . rye protein; . . . . . . wheat protein; . . . . . leaf protein; . . . . . oilseed protein; . . . . . . coconut protein; . . . . . . cottonseed protein; . . . . . . rapeseed protein; . . . . . . sunflower seed protein; . . . . . vegetable protein; . . . . . . potato protein; . . . dietary supplements; . . . . dietary mineral supplements; . . . . ergogenic aids; . . . . feed supplements; . . . . prebiotics; . . . . probiotics; . . . . protein supplements; . . . . vitamin supplements; . . . . . multivitamin supplements; . . . . vitamin-mineral supplements; . . . energy deprivation; . . . food deprivation; . . . food intake; . . . . portion size; . . . forced feeding; . . . popular diets; . . . special diets; . . . . carbohydrate loading; . . . . diabetic diet; . . . . elimination diets; . . . . gluten-free diet; . . . . grower diets; . . . . high carbohydrate diet; . . . . high energy diet; . . . . high fat diet; . . . . high fiber diet; . . . . high protein diet; . . . . hospital diet; . . . . liquid diet; . . . . low calorie diet; . . . . . very low calorie diet; . . . . low carbohydrate diet; . . . . . low sugar diet; . . . . low cholesterol diet; . . . . low fat diet; . . . . low fiber diet; . . . . low protein diet; . . . . low sodium diet; . . . . starter diets; . . . vegetarian diet; . . . water deprivation; . . energy deficiencies; . . energy intake; . . feeding methods; . . . adapted feeding; . . . bottle feeding; . . . breast feeding; . . . choice feeding; . . . enteral feeding; . . . . tube feeding; . . . feed deprivation; . . . forced feeding; . . . grazing; . . . . mixed grazing; . . . . rotational grazing; . . . individual feeding; . . . overfeeding; . . . parenteral feeding; . . . . total parenteral nutrition; . . . suckling; . . . weaning; . . . . early weaning; . . food availability; . . human nutrition; . . . adolescent nutrition; . . . child nutrition; . . . clinical nutrition; . . . diet counseling; . . . dietary recommendations; . . . . Adequate Intakes; . . . . Dietary Reference Intakes; . . . . . Tolerable Upper Intake Level; . . . . Estimated Average Requirement; . . . . food guides; . . . . . Dietary Guidelines; . . . . . exchange lists; . . . . . USDA food plans; . . . . . . Food Guide Pyramid; . . . . . . MyPyramid; . . . . Recommended Dietary Allowances; . . . . Reference Daily Intakes; . . . . serving size; . . . . U.S. Recommended Daily Allowances; . . . dietetics; . . . eating habits; . . . . binging; . . . . dietary restriction; . . . . . fasting; . . . . dieting; . . . . eating out; . . . . overeating; . . . . religious dietary laws; . . . . undereating; . . . elderly nutrition; . . . food and nutrition programs; . . . . community nutrition programs; . . . . . community feeding centers; . . . . . Meals on Wheels program; . . . . emergency food programs; . . . . . Emergency Food Assistance Program; . . . . food distribution programs; . . . . . food banks; . . . . . USDA Food Distribution Programs; . . . . . . Commodity Supplemental Food Program; . . . . . . Emergency Food Assistance Program; . . . . . . Food Distribution on Indian Reservations; . . . . food recovery; . . . . USDA food and nutrition programs; . . . . . Child and Adult Care Food Program; . . . . . Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program; . . . . . Food Stamp Program; . . . . . National School Breakfast Program; . . . . . National School Lunch Program; . . . . . Nutrition Education and Training program; . . . . . Summer Food Service Program; . . . . . USDA Food Distribution Programs; . . . . . . Commodity Supplemental Food Program; . . . . . . Emergency Food Assistance Program; . . . . . . Food Distribution on Indian Reservations; . . . . . WIC Program; . . . food choices; . . . . food acceptability; . . . . food fads; . . . . salt preference; . . . foodways; . . . . food beliefs; . . . infant nutrition; . . . . infant feeding; . . . maternal nutrition; . . . meal planning; . . . meals (menu); . . . . breakfast; . . . . dinner; . . . . lunch; . . . . school meals; . . . . . school breakfast; . . . . . school lunch; . . . . snacks; . . . nutrition assessment; . . . nutrition education; . . . nutrition information; . . . nutrition knowledge; . . . nutrition policy; . . . sports nutrition; . . nutrient deficiencies; . . . protein deficiencies; . . . vitamin deficiencies; . . nutrient excess; . . . fluorosis; . . . hemochromatosis; . . . selenosis; . . nutrient intake; . . . carbohydrate intake; . . . fat intake; . . . protein intake; . . nutrigenomics; . . nutrition physiology; . . . antinutritional factors; . . . assimilation (physiology); . . . . net assimilation rate; . . . energy requirements; . . . nutrient balance; . . . nutrient partitioning; . . . nutrient requirements; . . . . feed requirements; . . . . . feed rations; . . . . protein requirement; . . . . . amino acid requirements; . . . nutrient reserves; . . . nutrient resorption (physiology); . . . nutrient retention; . . . nutrient transport; . . . nutrient uptake; . . . nutrient utilization; . . . . feed conversion; . . . . food conversion; . . . nutrient-nutrient interactions; . . . nutrition-genotype interaction; . . nutrition research; . . nutrition science; . . nutritional adequacy; . . nutritional status; . . . starvation; . . optimal nutrition; . . plant nutrition; . . . fertilizer requirements; . . . nutrient solutions; . . . tree nutrition; . . weight control; . . . weight control programs; . organisms; . . aerobes; . . anaerobes; . . animals; . . . captive animals; . . . dead animals; . . . desert animals; . . . . desert insects; . . . domestic animals; . . . . livestock; . . . . . buffaloes; . . . . . camels; . . . . . . Bactrian camels; . . . . . . dromedaries; . . . . . cattle; . . . . . . beef cattle; . . . . . . . beef bulls; . . . . . . . beef cows; . . . . . . . feeder cattle; . . . . . . . stocker cattle; . . . . . . bullocks; . . . . . . bulls; . . . . . . . beef bulls; . . . . . . . dairy bulls; . . . . . . calves; . . . . . . . veal calves; . . . . . . cows; . . . . . . . beef cows; . . . . . . . dairy cows; . . . . . . dairy cattle; . . . . . . . dairy bulls; . . . . . . . dairy cows; . . . . . . heifers; . . . . . . oxen; . . . . . . steers; . . . . . . zebu; . . . . . mithuns; . . . . . monogastric livestock; . . . . . . asses; . . . . . . hinnies; . . . . . . horses; . . . . . . . colts; . . . . . . . fillies; . . . . . . . foals; . . . . . . . geldings; . . . . . . . mares; . . . . . . . racehorses; . . . . . . . stallions; . . . . . . mules; . . . . . . poultry; . . . . . . . chickens; . . . . . . . . broilers; . . . . . . . . . broiler breeders; . . . . . . . . capons; . . . . . . . . cockerels; . . . . . . . . hens; . . . . . . . . . laying hens; . . . . . . . . . spent hens; . . . . . . . . pullets; . . . . . . . . roosters; . . . . . . . ducks; . . . . . . . . drakes; . . . . . . . . ducklings; . . . . . . . geese; . . . . . . . . ganders; . . . . . . . . goslings; . . . . . . . guineafowl; . . . . . . . pheasants; . . . . . . . pigeons; . . . . . . . . racing pigeons; . . . . . . . quails; . . . . . . . . Japanese quails; . . . . . . . turkeys; . . . . . . . . poults; . . . . . . . . toms; . . . . . . . . turkey hens; . . . . . . swine; . . . . . . . barrows; . . . . . . . boars; . . . . . . . feeder pigs; . . . . . . . gilts; . . . . . . . piglets; . . . . . . . sows; . . . . . range livestock; . . . . . small ruminants; . . . . . . alpacas; . . . . . . chamois; . . . . . . deer; . . . . . . . reindeer; . . . . . . goats; . . . . . . . kids; . . . . . . . nannygoats; . . . . . . llamas; . . . . . . mouflon; . . . . . . sheep; . . . . . . . ewes; . . . . . . . hoggets; . . . . . . . lambs; . . . . . . . rams; . . . . . . . wethers; . . . . . . vicunas; . . . . . yaks; . . . . pets; . . . downer animals; . . . farmed animal species; . . . . alternative livestock; . . . . farmed fish; . . . . livestock; . . . . . buffaloes; . . . . . camels; . . . . . . Bactrian camels; . . . . . . dromedaries; . . . . . cattle; . . . . . . beef cattle; . . . . . . . beef bulls; . . . . . . . beef cows; . . . . . . . feeder cattle; . . . . . . . stocker cattle; . . . . . . bullocks; . . . . . . bulls; . . . . . . . beef bulls; . . . . . . . dairy bulls; . . . . . . calves; . . . . . . . veal calves; . . . . . . cows; . . . . . . . beef cows; . . . . . . . dairy cows; . . . . . . dairy cattle; . . . . . . . dairy bulls; . . . . . . . dairy cows; . . . . . . heifers; . . . . . . oxen; . . . . . . steers; . . . . . . zebu; . . . . . mithuns; . . . . . monogastric livestock; . . . . . . asses; . . . . . . hinnies; . . . . . . horses; . . . . . . . colts; . . . . . . . fillies; . . . . . . . foals; . . . . . . . geldings; . . . . . . . mares; . . . . . . . racehorses; . . . . . . . stallions; . . . . . . mules; . . . . . . poultry; . . . . . . . chickens; . . . . . . . . broilers; . . . . . . . . . broiler breeders; . . . . . . . . capons; . . . . . . . . cockerels; . . . . . . . . hens; . . . . . . . . . laying hens; . . . . . . . . . spent hens; . . . . . . . . pullets; . . . . . . . . roosters; . . . . . . . ducks; . . . . . . . . drakes; . . . . . . . . ducklings; . . . . . . . geese; . . . . . . . . ganders; . . . . . . . . goslings; . . . . . . . guineafowl; . . . . . . . pheasants; . . . . . . . pigeons; . . . . . . . . racing pigeons; . . . . . . . quails; . . . . . . . . Japanese quails; . . . . . . . turkeys; . . . . . . . . poults; . . . . . . . . toms; . . . . . . . . turkey hens; . . . . . . swine; . . . . . . . barrows; . . . . . . . boars; . . . . . . . feeder pigs; . . . . . . . gilts; . . . . . . . piglets; . . . . . . . sows; . . . . . range livestock; . . . . . small ruminants; . . . . . . alpacas; . . . . . . chamois; . . . . . . deer; . . . . . . . reindeer; . . . . . . goats; . . . . . . . kids; . . . . . . . nannygoats; . . . . . . llamas; . . . . . . mouflon; . . . . . . sheep; . . . . . . . ewes; . . . . . . . hoggets; . . . . . . . lambs; . . . . . . . rams; . . . . . . . wethers; . . . . . . vicunas; . . . . . yaks; . . . food animals; . . . . dairy animals; . . . . . dairy cows; . . . fur-bearing animals; . . . game animals; . . . . game birds; . . . . . grouse; . . . . . partridges; . . . . . pheasants; . . . . . quails; . . . . . . Japanese quails; . . . . game fish; . . . germ-free animals; . . . . specific pathogen-free animals; . . . invertebrates; . . . . animal parasitic nematodes; . . . . . gastrointestinal nematodes; . . . . aquatic invertebrates; . . . . . aquatic arthropods; . . . . . . aquatic insects; . . . . . . crayfish; . . . . . . lobsters; . . . . . . shrimp; . . . . . corals; . . . . . freshwater molluscs; . . . . . shellfish; . . . . arthropods; . . . . . aquatic arthropods; . . . . . . aquatic insects; . . . . . . crayfish; . . . . . . lobsters; . . . . . . shrimp; . . . . . beneficial arthropods; . . . . . . beneficial insects; . . . . . . . pollinating insects; . . . . . hematophagous arthropods; . . . . . . hematophagous insects; . . . . . . ticks; . . . . . mites; . . . . . . chiggers; . . . . . . dust mites; . . . . . . feather mites; . . . . . . phytophagous mites; . . . . . . predatory mites; . . . . . . storage mites; . . . . . . water mites; . . . . . predatory arthropods; . . . . . . predatory insects; . . . . . . predatory mites; . . . . . soil arthropods; . . . . . . soil insects; . . . . crabs; . . . . entomopathogenic nematodes; . . . . free-living nematodes; . . . . macroinvertebrates; . . . . molluscs; . . . . . abalone; . . . . . clams; . . . . . freshwater molluscs; . . . . . mussels; . . . . . oysters; . . . . . scallops; . . . . . slugs; . . . . . snails; . . . . . squid; . . . . plant parasitic nematodes; . . . . . cyst nematodes; . . . . . ring nematodes; . . . . . root lesion nematodes; . . . . . root-knot nematodes; . . . . soil invertebrates; . . . . . earthworms; . . . . . soil arthropods; . . . . . . soil insects; . . . . . soil nematodes; . . . laboratory animals; . . . old animals; . . . racing animals; . . . . racehorses; . . . . racing pigeons; . . . stray animals; . . . transgenic animals; . . . . transgenic insects; . . . vertebrates; . . . . amphibians; . . . . . caecilians; . . . . . frogs; . . . . . salamanders and newts; . . . . . toads; . . . . birds; . . . . . aviary birds; . . . . . . budgerigars; . . . . . . canaries; . . . . . . parakeets; . . . . . birds of prey; . . . . . . eagles; . . . . . . falcons; . . . . . . hawks; . . . . . game birds; . . . . . . grouse; . . . . . . partridges; . . . . . . pheasants; . . . . . . quails; . . . . . . . Japanese quails; . . . . . ornamental birds; . . . . . . peafowl; . . . . . . swans; . . . . . parrots; . . . . . ratites; . . . . . . cassowaries; . . . . . . emus; . . . . . . ostriches; . . . . . . rheas; . . . . . water birds; . . . . . . penguins; . . . . . . seabirds; . . . . . . swans; . . . . . . waterfowl; . . . . . . . ducks; . . . . . . . . drakes; . . . . . . . . ducklings; . . . . . . . geese; . . . . . . . . ganders; . . . . . . . . goslings; . . . . . wild birds; . . . . . . crows; . . . . . . doves; . . . . . . hummingbirds; . . . . . . songbirds; . . . . . . woodpeckers; . . . . fish; . . . . . anchovies; . . . . . aquarium fish; . . . . . baitfish; . . . . . bass; . . . . . bonito; . . . . . brackish water fish; . . . . . bream; . . . . . carp; . . . . . . goldfish; . . . . . . koi; . . . . . catfish; . . . . . cod (fish); . . . . . diadromous fish; . . . . . . anadromous fish; . . . . . . catadromous fish; . . . . . eel; . . . . . farmed fish; . . . . . fatty fish; . . . . . fingerlings; . . . . . fish fry; . . . . . fish larvae; . . . . . . alevins; . . . . . flounder; . . . . . freshwater fish; . . . . . grouper; . . . . . haddock; . . . . . hake; . . . . . halibut; . . . . . herring; . . . . . lean fish; . . . . . mackerel; . . . . . marine fish; . . . . . menhaden; . . . . . minnows; . . . . . mullet; . . . . . ornamental fish; . . . . . parr; . . . . . perch; . . . . . pike; . . . . . poisonous fish; . . . . . pollock; . . . . . porgy; . . . . . rockfish; . . . . . salmon; . . . . . sardines; . . . . . shad; . . . . . sharks; . . . . . smolts; . . . . . snapper; . . . . . sole; . . . . . sturgeon; . . . . . tilapia (common name); . . . . . tropical fish; . . . . . trout; . . . . . tuna; . . . . . turbot; . . . . . whiting; . . . . mammals; . . . . . asses; . . . . . badgers; . . . . . cats; . . . . . . kittens; . . . . . dingoes; . . . . . dogs; . . . . . . puppies; . . . . . . service dogs; . . . . . . . guide dogs; . . . . . . therapy dogs; . . . . . ferrets; . . . . . foxes; . . . . . hares; . . . . . humans; . . . . . jackals; . . . . . marine mammals; . . . . . . dolphins; . . . . . . seals; . . . . . . whales; . . . . . mink; . . . . . moles; . . . . . monkeys; . . . . . opossums; . . . . . rabbits; . . . . . rodents; . . . . . . chinchillas; . . . . . . gerbils; . . . . . . gophers; . . . . . . guinea pigs; . . . . . . hamsters; . . . . . . . Chinese hamsters; . . . . . . . golden hamsters; . . . . . . mice; . . . . . . rats; . . . . . . squirrels; . . . . . . voles; . . . . . shrews; . . . . . skunks; . . . . . small mammals; . . . . . ungulates; . . . . . . hinnies; . . . . . . horses; . . . . . . . colts; . . . . . . . fillies; . . . . . . . foals; . . . . . . . geldings; . . . . . . . mares; . . . . . . . racehorses; . . . . . . . stallions; . . . . . . mules; . . . . . . ruminants; . . . . . . . antelopes; . . . . . . . . gazelles; . . . . . . . . wildebeest; . . . . . . . bison; . . . . . . . buffaloes; . . . . . . . camels; . . . . . . . . Bactrian camels; . . . . . . . . dromedaries; . . . . . . . cattle; . . . . . . . . beef cattle; . . . . . . . . . beef bulls; . . . . . . . . . beef cows; . . . . . . . . . feeder cattle; . . . . . . . . . stocker cattle; . . . . . . . . bullocks; . . . . . . . . bulls; . . . . . . . . . beef bulls; . . . . . . . . . dairy bulls; . . . . . . . . calves; . . . . . . . . . veal calves; . . . . . . . . cows; . . . . . . . . . beef cows; . . . . . . . . . dairy cows; . . . . . . . . dairy cattle; . . . . . . . . . dairy bulls; . . . . . . . . . dairy cows; . . . . . . . . heifers; . . . . . . . . oxen; . . . . . . . . steers; . . . . . . . . zebu; . . . . . . . elks; . . . . . . . mithuns; . . . . . . . small ruminants; . . . . . . . . alpacas; . . . . . . . . chamois; . . . . . . . . deer; . . . . . . . . . reindeer; . . . . . . . . goats; . . . . . . . . . kids; . . . . . . . . . nannygoats; . . . . . . . . llamas; . . . . . . . . mouflon; . . . . . . . . sheep; . . . . . . . . . ewes; . . . . . . . . . hoggets; . . . . . . . . . lambs; . . . . . . . . . rams; . . . . . . . . . wethers; . . . . . . . . vicunas; . . . . . . . yaks; . . . . . . swine; . . . . . . . barrows; . . . . . . . boars; . . . . . . . feeder pigs; . . . . . . . gilts; . . . . . . . piglets; . . . . . . . sows; . . . . . . zebras; . . . . . wolves; . . . . reptiles; . . . . . alligators; . . . . . crocodiles; . . . . . lizards; . . . . . snakes; . . . . . tortoises; . . . . . turtles; . . . . . . sea turtles; . . . wild animals; . . . . feral animals; . . . . wild birds; . . . . . crows; . . . . . doves; . . . . . hummingbirds; . . . . . songbirds; . . . . . woodpeckers; . . . . wild boars; . . . working animals; . . . . draft animals; . . . . service animals; . . . . . service dogs; . . . . . . guide dogs; . . . . . therapy animals; . . . . . . therapy dogs; . . . young animals; . . . . bullocks; . . . . calves; . . . . . veal calves; . . . . chicks; . . . . cockerels; . . . . colts; . . . . ducklings; . . . . fawns; . . . . fillies; . . . . foals; . . . . gilts; . . . . goslings; . . . . heifers; . . . . hoggets; . . . . kids; . . . . kittens; . . . . lambs; . . . . piglets; . . . . poults; . . . . pullets; . . . . puppies; . . . . pups; . . . . weanlings; . . . . yearlings; . . . zoo animals; . . aquatic organisms; . . . aquatic fungi; . . . . marine fungi; . . . aquatic invertebrates; . . . . aquatic arthropods; . . . . . aquatic insects; . . . . . crayfish; . . . . . lobsters; . . . . . shrimp; . . . . corals; . . . . freshwater molluscs; . . . . shellfish; . . . aquatic plants; . . . . aquarium plants; . . . . aquatic weeds; . . . . benthic plants; . . . . macrophytes; . . . . . emergent plants; . . . . . . water lilies; . . . . . free-floating plants; . . . . . macroalgae; . . . . . submerged aquatic plants; . . . . phytoplankton; . . . . sea vegetables; . . . benthic organisms; . . . . benthic plants; . . . fish; . . . . anchovies; . . . . aquarium fish; . . . . baitfish; . . . . bass; . . . . bonito; . . . . brackish water fish; . . . . bream; . . . . carp; . . . . . goldfish; . . . . . koi; . . . . catfish; . . . . cod (fish); . . . . diadromous fish; . . . . . anadromous fish; . . . . . catadromous fish; . . . . eel; . . . . farmed fish; . . . . fatty fish; . . . . fingerlings; . . . . fish fry; . . . . fish larvae; . . . . . alevins; . . . . flounder; . . . . freshwater fish; . . . . grouper; . . . . haddock; . . . . hake; . . . . halibut; . . . . herring; . . . . lean fish; . . . . mackerel; . . . . marine fish; . . . . menhaden; . . . . minnows; . . . . mullet; . . . . ornamental fish; . . . . parr; . . . . perch; . . . . pike; . . . . poisonous fish; . . . . pollock; . . . . porgy; . . . . rockfish; . . . . salmon; . . . . sardines; . . . . shad; . . . . sharks; . . . . smolts; . . . . snapper; . . . . sole; . . . . sturgeon; . . . . tilapia (common name); . . . . tropical fish; . . . . trout; . . . . tuna; . . . . turbot; . . . . whiting; . . . frogs; . . . marine mammals; . . . . dolphins; . . . . seals; . . . . whales; . . . nekton; . . . periphyton; . . . plankton; . . . . bacterioplankton; . . . . krill; . . . . phytoplankton; . . . . zooplankton; . . . . . ichthyoplankton; . . beneficial organisms; . . . beneficial arthropods; . . . . beneficial insects; . . . . . pollinating insects; . . . pollinators; . . . . alternative pollinators; . . . . pollinating insects; . . coprophilous organisms; . . . dung beetles; . . . dung flies; . . hosts; . . . alternative hosts; . . . host plants; . . . . food plants; . . . . weed hosts; . . . intermediate hosts; . . . . paratenic hosts; . . . sentinel animals; . . indicator species; . . . bioindicators; . . microorganisms; . . . airborne microorganisms; . . . bacteria; . . . . acetic acid bacteria; . . . . animal pathogenic bacteria; . . . . coliform bacteria; . . . . denitrifying bacteria; . . . . entomopathogenic bacteria; . . . . Gram-negative bacteria; . . . . Gram-positive bacteria; . . . . lactic acid bacteria; . . . . nitrogen-fixing bacteria; . . . . phylloplane bacteria; . . . . plant pathogenic bacteria; . . . . propionic acid bacteria; . . . . psychrophilic bacteria; . . . . . psychrotrophic bacteria; . . . . rhizosphere bacteria; . . . . seed-borne bacteria; . . . . soil bacteria; . . . . . plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria; . . . . spore-forming bacteria; . . . . sulfate-reducing bacteria; . . . . thermoduric bacteria; . . . . thermophilic bacteria; . . . cellulolytic microorganisms; . . . denitrifying microorganisms; . . . . denitrifying bacteria; . . . fungi; . . . . animal pathogenic fungi; . . . . . entomopathogenic fungi; . . . . aquatic fungi; . . . . . marine fungi; . . . . decay fungi; . . . . . brown-rot fungi; . . . . . soft-rot fungi; . . . . . white-rot fungi; . . . . edible fungi; . . . . . mushrooms; . . . . . truffles (edible fungi); . . . . hallucinogenic fungi; . . . . keratinophilic fungi; . . . . mildews; . . . . molds (fungi); . . . . nematophagous fungi; . . . . oleaginous fungi; . . . . phylloplane fungi; . . . . plant pathogenic fungi; . . . . poisonous fungi; . . . . psychrophilic fungi; . . . . rhizosphere fungi; . . . . seed-borne fungi; . . . . soil fungi; . . . . . mycorrhizal fungi; . . . . stain fungi; . . . . . blue-stain fungi; . . . . . sapstain fungi; . . . . thermophilic fungi; . . . . yeasts; . . . . . bakers yeast; . . . . . brewers yeast; . . . . . wine yeasts; . . . . . . flor yeasts; . . . . . yeast extract; . . . inoculum; . . . . inoculum density; . . . intestinal microorganisms; . . . ligninolytic microorganisms; . . . methanogens; . . . methanotrophs; . . . nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria; . . . rickettsia-like organisms; . . . rumen microorganisms; . . . . rumen bacteria; . . . . rumen fungi; . . . . rumen protozoa; . . . soil microorganisms; . . . . soil bacteria; . . . . . plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria; . . . . soil fungi; . . . . . mycorrhizal fungi; . . . thermophilic microorganisms; . . . . thermophilic actinomycetes; . . . . thermophilic bacteria; . . . . thermophilic fungi; . . . viruses; . . . . arboviruses; . . . . bacteriophages; . . . . invertebrate viruses; . . . . . cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses; . . . . . insect viruses; . . . . . . bee viruses; . . . . mycoviruses; . . . . . Agaricus bisporus virus 1; . . . . oncogenic viruses; . . . . plant viruses; . . . . proviruses; . . . . vertebrate viruses; . . . . viroids; . . . xylanolytic microorganisms; . . nontarget organisms; . . pathogens; . . . animal pathogens; . . . . animal pathogenic bacteria; . . . . animal pathogenic fungi; . . . . . entomopathogenic fungi; . . . . entomopathogens; . . . . . entomopathogenic bacteria; . . . . . entomopathogenic fungi; . . . . . entomopathogenic nematodes; . . . . . entomopathogenic protozoa; . . . . . insect viruses; . . . . . . bee viruses; . . . . invertebrate viruses; . . . . . cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses; . . . . . insect viruses; . . . . . . bee viruses; . . . . keratinophilic fungi; . . . . vertebrate viruses; . . . enteropathogens; . . . food pathogens; . . . plant pathogens; . . . . plant pathogenic bacteria; . . . . plant pathogenic fungi; . . . . plant viruses; . . pests; . . . arthropod pests; . . . . insect pests; . . . . . bagworms; . . . . . bark beetles; . . . . . boring insects; . . . . . bot flies; . . . . . carpenter ants; . . . . . carpenter bees; . . . . . carpet beetles; . . . . . cutworms; . . . . . dampwood termites; . . . . . drywood termites; . . . . . fire ants; . . . . . fungus gnats; . . . . . hematophagous insects; . . . . . leaf skeletonizers; . . . . . leafminers; . . . . . locusts; . . . . . rootworms; . . . . . sawflies; . . . . . scale insects; . . . . . storage insects; . . . . . subterranean termites; . . . . . warble flies; . . . forest pests; . . . household pests; . . . invasive species; . . . marine borers; . . . parasites; . . . . ectoparasites; . . . . . lice; . . . . . ticks; . . . . endoparasites; . . . . . helminths; . . . . . . animal parasitic nematodes; . . . . . . . gastrointestinal nematodes; . . . . . . flukes; . . . . . . . liver flukes; . . . . . . . lung flukes; . . . . . . heartworms; . . . . . . hookworms; . . . . . . lungworms; . . . . . . tapeworms; . . . . . plant parasitic nematodes; . . . . . . cyst nematodes; . . . . . . ring nematodes; . . . . . . root lesion nematodes; . . . . . . root-knot nematodes; . . . . gregarines; . . . . mycoparasites; . . . . parasitic plants; . . . . parasitoids; . . . . . hyperparasitoids; . . . plant pests; . . . storage pests; . . . . storage insects; . . . . storage mites; . . . vertebrate pests; . . . weeds; . . . . annual weeds; . . . . aquatic weeds; . . . . broadleaf weeds; . . . . grass weeds; . . . . herbicide-resistant weeds; . . . . noxious weeds; . . . . perennial weeds; . . . . weed hosts; . . . . woody weeds; . . plants; . . . algae and seaweeds; . . . . macroalgae; . . . . microalgae; . . . alpine plants; . . . aquatic plants; . . . . aquarium plants; . . . . aquatic weeds; . . . . benthic plants; . . . . macrophytes; . . . . . emergent plants; . . . . . . water lilies; . . . . . free-floating plants; . . . . . macroalgae; . . . . . submerged aquatic plants; . . . . phytoplankton; . . . . sea vegetables; . . . broadleaved evergreens; . . . C3 plants; . . . C4 plants; . . . cacti and succulents; . . . calcicoles; . . . calcifuges; . . . carnivorous plants; . . . conifers; . . . conservation plants; . . . container-grown plants; . . . . potted flowering plants; . . . . potted foliage plants; . . . crops; . . . . alternative crops; . . . . break crops; . . . . cash crops; . . . . catch crops; . . . . cover crops; . . . . field crops; . . . . . drug crops; . . . . . fiber crops; . . . . . forage crops; . . . . . grain crops; . . . . . oil crops; . . . . . starch crops; . . . . . sugar crops; . . . . food crops; . . . . green manures; . . . . horticultural crops; . . . . . floriculture crops; . . . . . fruit crops; . . . . . nursery crops; . . . . . nut crops; . . . . . vegetable crops; . . . . . . cole crops; . . . . new crops; . . . . specialty crops; . . . . . essential oil crops; . . . . trap crops; . . . . tropical and subtropical crops; . . . cryptogams; . . . disease-free plants; . . . dye plants; . . . epiphytes; . . . ferns and fern allies; . . . . tree ferns; . . . forbs; . . . gametophytes; . . . grasses; . . . . cool season grasses; . . . . forage grasses; . . . . ornamental grasses; . . . . turf grasses; . . . . warm season grasses; . . . ground cover plants; . . . halophytes; . . . herbaceous plants; . . . host plants; . . . . food plants; . . . . weed hosts; . . . hyperaccumulators; . . . introduced plants; . . . lawns and turf; . . . lichens; . . . mature plants; . . . medicinal plants; . . . . antibacterial plants; . . . mosses and liverworts; . . . nectar plants; . . . nursery stock; . . . . balled stock; . . . . bare root stock; . . . oilseed plants; . . . ornamental plants; . . . . bedding plants; . . . . house plants; . . . . ornamental bulbs, corms and tubers; . . . . ornamental grasses; . . . . ornamental woody plants; . . . . . ornamental trees; . . . . potted flowering plants; . . . . potted foliage plants; . . . . topiary; . . . parasitic plants; . . . pasture plants; . . . pesticidal plants; . . . plantlets; . . . poisonous plants; . . . roadside plants; . . . rootstocks; . . . scions; . . . seedlings; . . . shrubs; . . . sporophytes; . . . stimulant plants; . . . transgenic plants; . . . trees; . . . . forest trees; . . . . fruit trees; . . . . hazard trees; . . . . nut trees; . . . . ornamental trees; . . . . saplings; . . . . shade trees; . . . . street trees; . . . vines; . . . virus-free plants; . . . weeds; . . . . annual weeds; . . . . aquatic weeds; . . . . broadleaf weeds; . . . . grass weeds; . . . . herbicide-resistant weeds; . . . . noxious weeds; . . . . perennial weeds; . . . . weed hosts; . . . . woody weeds; . . . wetland plants; . . . . salt marsh plants; . . . wild flowers; . . . wild plants; . . . woody plants; . . . . ornamental woody plants; . . . . . ornamental trees; . . . . woody weeds; . . . xerophytes; . paleontology; . . fossils; . . paleobotany; . . paleozoology; . parasitology; . . veterinary parasitology; . physiology; . . animal physiology; . . . animal development; . . . . adult development; . . . . insect development; . . . . . pupal development; . . . . larval development; . . . . mammary development; . . . . ovarian development; . . . . . follicular development; . . . . . . follicular atresia; . . . . postnatal development; . . . . . neonatal development; . . . . prenatal development; . . . . . fetal development; . . . . rumen development; . . . . skeletal development; . . . . smoltification; . . . . testicular development; . . . animal growth; . . . . insect growth; . . . animal reproduction; . . . . acrosome reaction; . . . . anautogeny; . . . . animal fertility; . . . . . cytoplasmic incompatibility; . . . . . egg fertility; . . . . . . egg hatchability; . . . . . female fertility; . . . . . . calving rate; . . . . . . farrowing rate; . . . . . . kidding rate; . . . . . . lambing rate; . . . . . . male effect; . . . . . . . ram effect; . . . . . . parturition interval; . . . . . . . calving interval; . . . . . . . . days open; . . . . . male fertility; . . . . . . sperm competition; . . . . . reproductive efficiency; . . . . autogeny; . . . . breeding season; . . . . capacitation; . . . . clutch size; . . . . conception; . . . . copulation; . . . . egg shell formation; . . . . ejaculation; . . . . embryonic mortality; . . . . estrous cycle; . . . . . anestrus; . . . . . diestrus; . . . . . estrus; . . . . . metestrus; . . . . . proestrus; . . . . estrus detection; . . . . fecundity; . . . . gestation period; . . . . . gestational age; . . . . hatching; . . . . human reproduction; . . . . . childbirth; . . . . . human fertility; . . . . incubation; . . . . insect reproduction; . . . . . choriogenesis; . . . . . gonotrophic cycle; . . . . . larviposition; . . . . . sex allocation; . . . . insemination; . . . . litter size; . . . . litter weight; . . . . luteinization; . . . . luteolysis; . . . . maternal-fetal transfer; . . . . oogenesis; . . . . . vitellogenesis; . . . . ovipary; . . . . oviposition; . . . . . egg masses; . . . . ovulation; . . . . . anovulation; . . . . parity (reproduction); . . . . parturition; . . . . . calving; . . . . . ease of birth; . . . . . farrowing; . . . . . foaling; . . . . . kidding; . . . . . lambing; . . . . . multiple births; . . . . . premature birth; . . . . . whelping; . . . . perinatal period; . . . . . postpartum period; . . . . . prepartum period; . . . . postpartum interval; . . . . pregnancy; . . . . . pregnancy outcome; . . . . . pregnancy rate; . . . . preovulatory period; . . . . serving capacity; . . . . sperm motility; . . . . sperm transport; . . . . spermiation; . . . . uterine involution; . . . . vivipary (animals); . . . circulatory system physiology; . . . . blood circulation; . . . . . hemodynamics; . . . . . . blood flow; . . . . . . blood pressure; . . . . . . . diastolic blood pressure; . . . . . . . systolic blood pressure; . . . . . . blood viscosity; . . . . . . blood volume; . . . . . . cardiac output; . . . . . . heart rate; . . . . . . heart sounds; . . . . . . renin-angiotensin system; . . . . . . vasoconstriction; . . . . . . vasodilation; . . . . . hemostasis; . . . . . . platelet activation; . . . . . . . platelet aggregation; . . . . blood coagulation; . . . . blood composition; . . . . . blood cell counts; . . . . . . blood platelet count; . . . . . . erythrocyte count; . . . . . . leukocyte count; . . . . . . . lymphocyte count; . . . . . blood chemistry; . . . . . . blood gases; . . . . . . blood glucose; . . . . . . blood lipids; . . . . . . blood pH; . . . . . . . acid-base balance; . . . . . . . alkali reserve; . . . . . . blood proteins; . . . . . . . acute phase proteins; . . . . . . . . C-reactive protein; . . . . . . . blood coagulation factors; . . . . . . . . platelet-activating factor; . . . . . . . . prothrombin; . . . . . . . . thrombin; . . . . . . . . thromboplastin; . . . . . . . ferritin; . . . . . . . fibrin; . . . . . . . fibrinogen; . . . . . . . gamma-globulins; . . . . . . . glycohemoglobin; . . . . . . . haptoglobins; . . . . . . . hemoglobin; . . . . . . . immunoglobulins; . . . . . . . . immunoglobulin A; . . . . . . . . immunoglobulin E; . . . . . . . . immunoglobulin G; . . . . . . . . immunoglobulin M; . . . . . . . macroglobulins; . . . . . . . serum albumin; . . . . . . . . bovine serum albumin; . . . . . . . . prealbumin; . . . . . . . transferrin; . . . . . . . vitamin D-binding protein; . . . . fibrinolysis; . . . . hematopoiesis; . . . . . erythropoiesis; . . . . lymph flow; . . . digestive physiology; . . . . appetite; . . . . . anorexia; . . . . . craving; . . . . . hunger; . . . . . thirst; . . . . deglutition; . . . . digestion; . . . . . rumen fermentation; . . . . gastrointestinal motility; . . . . . gastric emptying; . . . . . gastrointestinal transit; . . . . . peristalsis; . . . . . rumen motility; . . . . ingestion; . . . . . drinking; . . . . intestinal absorption; . . . . . iron absorption; . . . . liver function; . . . . . bile secretion; . . . . mastication; . . . . rumen development; . . . . rumination; . . . . salivation; . . . . satiety; . . . endocrine system physiology; . . . . hormonal regulation; . . . . . gonadotropin release; . . . . hormone secretion; . . . . . insulin secretion; . . . . insulin resistance; . . . . mammary gland function; . . . . . dry period; . . . . . lactation; . . . . . . human lactation; . . . . . . lactation duration; . . . . . . lactation stage; . . . . . . . early lactation; . . . . . . . late lactation; . . . . . . milk ejection; . . . . . mammary involution; . . . . . milk secretion; . . . . . milk synthesis; . . . . thyroid function; . . . excretory system physiology; . . . . diuresis; . . . . excretion; . . . . . defecation; . . . . . drug excretion; . . . . . urination; . . . . renal function; . . . . . glomerular filtration rate; . . . . . renal clearance; . . . insect physiology; . . . . eclosion; . . . . insect development; . . . . . pupal development; . . . . insect flight; . . . . insect growth; . . . . insect reproduction; . . . . . choriogenesis; . . . . . gonotrophic cycle; . . . . . larviposition; . . . . . sex allocation; . . . . metamorphosis; . . . . . precocious metamorphosis; . . . . . pupariation; . . . . . pupation; . . . integumentary system physiology; . . . . keratinization; . . . . sclerotization; . . . . shedding; . . . . skin temperature; . . . . sweating; . . . molting; . . . . apolysis; . . . . ecdysis; . . . musculoskeletal system physiology; . . . . bone metabolism; . . . . . bone formation; . . . . . . bone mineralization; . . . . . bone resorption; . . . . bone strength; . . . . chondrogenesis; . . . . flight; . . . . gait; . . . . muscle development; . . . . muscle physiology; . . . . . muscle contraction; . . . . . muscle fatigue; . . . . physical activity; . . . . . exercise; . . . . . . strength training; . . . . . jumping; . . . . . lifting (movement); . . . . . locomotion; . . . . . running; . . . . . trotting; . . . . . walking; . . . . skeletal development; . . . neurophysiology; . . . . blood-brain barrier; . . . . evoked potentials; . . . . innervation; . . . . myelination; . . . . neurosecretion; . . . . reflexes; . . . . sensation; . . . . . hearing; . . . . . pain; . . . . . . colic; . . . . . . headache; . . . . . proprioception; . . . . . smell; . . . . . taste; . . . . . . taste sensitivity; . . . . . touch; . . . . . vision; . . . . sleep; . . . . speech; . . . . synaptic transmission; . . . respiratory physiology; . . . . breathing; . . . . bronchoconstriction; . . . . pulmonary gas exchange; . . . . respiratory gases; . . . . respiratory quotient; . . . . tidal volume; . . body composition; . . . body fat; . . . . body fat distribution; . . . . . abdominal fat; . . . . . subcutaneous fat; . . . . . visceral fat; . . . . skinfold thickness; . . . body protein; . . . . liver protein; . . . . muscle protein; . . . body water; . . . fat free mass; . . . lean body mass; . . electrophysiology; . . . bioelectrical impedance; . . . evoked potentials; . . . membrane potential; . . . . action potentials; . . exudation; . . . guttation; . . fungus physiology; . . growth and development; . . . allometry; . . . biological development; . . . . cognitive development; . . . . . language development; . . . . early development; . . . . embryogenesis; . . . . . androgenesis; . . . . . cell cleavage; . . . . . embryo implantation; . . . . . gynogenesis; . . . . . ovolarvipary; . . . . . ovovivipary; . . . . . polyembryony; . . . . . somatic embryogenesis; . . . . encystment; . . . . morphogenesis; . . . . . organogenesis; . . . . motor development; . . . . . psychomotor development; . . . . . . speech development; . . . . regeneration; . . . . . in vitro regeneration; . . . . . liver regeneration; . . . . . tissue repair; . . . . schizogony; . . . . seasonal development; . . . . sexual development; . . . . . gametogenesis; . . . . . . megasporogenesis; . . . . . . microsporogenesis; . . . . . . oogenesis; . . . . . . . vitellogenesis; . . . . . . spermatogenesis; . . . . . . . spermiogenesis; . . . . . sexual maturity; . . . . . . dichogamy; . . . . . . . protandry; . . . . . . . protogyny; . . . . . . puberty; . . . . sporogony; . . . . zoosporogenesis; . . . compensatory growth; . . . developmental stages; . . . . adolescence; . . . . adult animals; . . . . . adult insects; . . . . amastigotes; . . . . bloodstream forms; . . . . bradyzoites; . . . . cercariae; . . . . cysticercoids; . . . . cysts (developmental stages); . . . . . oocysts; . . . . . sarcocysts; . . . . epimastigotes; . . . . fingerlings; . . . . fish fry; . . . . gametocytes; . . . . gametophytes; . . . . immatures; . . . . infancy; . . . . instars; . . . . juveniles; . . . . larvae; . . . . . chiggers; . . . . . fish larvae; . . . . . . alevins; . . . . . microfilariae; . . . . . nauplii; . . . . . nematode larvae; . . . . . . muscle larvae; . . . . . oncospheres; . . . . . schistosomula; . . . . . sporocysts (Trematoda); . . . . . tadpoles; . . . . mature plants; . . . . maturity stage; . . . . . puberty; . . . . meronts; . . . . merozoites; . . . . metacercariae; . . . . metacestodes; . . . . . cysticerci; . . . . . hydatids; . . . . . protoscoleces; . . . . metacyclic forms; . . . . miracidia; . . . . neonates; . . . . nymphs; . . . . ookinetes; . . . . parr; . . . . plerocercoids; . . . . prepupae; . . . . procyclic forms; . . . . promastigotes; . . . . pupae; . . . . saplings; . . . . schizonts; . . . . seedlings; . . . . smolts; . . . . sporocysts (Protozoa); . . . . sporophytes; . . . . sporozoites; . . . . tachyzoites; . . . . trophozoites; . . . . trypomastigotes; . . . dormancy breaking; . . . growth promotion; . . . growth retardation; . . . . dwarfing; . . . regrowth; . . . resting periods; . . . . diapause; . . . . dormancy; . . . . . seed dormancy; . . . . estivation; . . . . hibernation; . . . . overwintering; . . . seasonal growth; . . human physiology; . . . human growth; . . . . child growth; . . . . . infant growth; . . . human reproduction; . . . . childbirth; . . . . human fertility; . . . menstrual cycle; . . . . amenorrhea; . . . . menarche; . . . . menopause; . . . . menstruation; . . metabolism; . . . biosynthesis; . . . carbohydrate metabolism; . . . . gluconeogenesis; . . . . glucose tolerance; . . . . glycemic control; . . . . glycogenolysis; . . . . glycolysis; . . . . glyconeogenesis; . . . . photosynthesis; . . . . . C3 photosynthesis; . . . . . C4 photosynthesis; . . . . . Calvin cycle; . . . . . Crassulacean acid metabolism; . . . . . light harvesting complex; . . . . . . phycobilisome; . . . . . photoinhibition; . . . . . photophosphorylation; . . . . . photorespiration; . . . . . photosynthetic reaction centers; . . . . . . D1 protein; . . . . . . D2 protein; . . . . . photosystem I; . . . . . photosystem II; . . . . . . oxygen evolving complex; . . . energy metabolism; . . . . aerobiosis; . . . . anaerobiosis; . . . . . fermentation; . . . . . . alcoholic fermentation; . . . . . . batch fermentation; . . . . . . . silage fermentation; . . . . . . continuous fermentation; . . . . . . Crabtree effect; . . . . . . lactic fermentation; . . . . . . malolactic fermentation; . . . . . . solid state fermentation; . . . . . . submerged fermentation; . . . . basal metabolism; . . . . electron transport chain; . . . . . oxidative phosphorylation; . . . . photosynthesis; . . . . . C3 photosynthesis; . . . . . C4 photosynthesis; . . . . . Calvin cycle; . . . . . Crassulacean acid metabolism; . . . . . light harvesting complex; . . . . . . phycobilisome; . . . . . photoinhibition; . . . . . photophosphorylation; . . . . . photorespiration; . . . . . photosynthetic reaction centers; . . . . . . D1 protein; . . . . . . D2 protein; . . . . . photosystem I; . . . . . photosystem II; . . . . . . oxygen evolving complex; . . . hormone metabolism; . . . lipid metabolism; . . . . biohydrogenation; . . . . cholesterol metabolism; . . . . lipogenesis; . . . . lipolysis; . . . metabolic detoxification; . . . metabolic sequestration; . . . mineral metabolism; . . . nitrogen metabolism; . . . . nitrogen balance; . . . . urea cycle enzymes; . . . oxygen consumption; . . . pharmacokinetics; . . . protein metabolism; . . . . amino acid metabolism; . . . . protein depletion; . . . . protein deposition; . . . . protein synthesis; . . . . . fractional synthesis rate; . . . . . post-translational modification; . . . steroid metabolism; . . . . steroidogenesis; . . . vitamin metabolism; . . . water metabolism; . . microbial physiology; . . . fermentation; . . . . alcoholic fermentation; . . . . batch fermentation; . . . . . silage fermentation; . . . . continuous fermentation; . . . . Crabtree effect; . . . . lactic fermentation; . . . . malolactic fermentation; . . . . solid state fermentation; . . . . submerged fermentation; . . . quorum sensing; . . nutrition physiology; . . . antinutritional factors; . . . assimilation (physiology); . . . . net assimilation rate; . . . energy requirements; . . . nutrient balance; . . . nutrient partitioning; . . . nutrient requirements; . . . . feed requirements; . . . . . feed rations; . . . . protein requirement; . . . . . amino acid requirements; . . . nutrient reserves; . . . nutrient resorption (physiology); . . . nutrient retention; . . . nutrient transport; . . . nutrient uptake; . . . nutrient utilization; . . . . feed conversion; . . . . food conversion; . . . nutrient-nutrient interactions; . . . nutrition-genotype interaction; . . oxygen requirement; . . physiological regulation; . . . homeostasis; . . . hormonal regulation; . . . . gonadotropin release; . . . hypothalamic regulation; . . . osmoregulation; . . . thermoregulation; . . physiological response; . . . dose response; . . . postprandial state; . . physiological transport; . . . active transport; . . . cytoplasmic streaming; . . . endocytosis; . . . . phagocytosis; . . . exocytosis; . . . ion transport; . . . membrane potential; . . . . action potentials; . . . nutrient transport; . . . nutrient uptake; . . . osmosis; . . . protein transport; . . . uptake mechanisms; . . . water uptake; . . plant physiology; . . . abscission; . . . . fruit drop; . . . . leaf abscission; . . . apical dominance; . . . callus formation; . . . caulogenesis; . . . chilling requirement; . . . cyanogenesis; . . . dehiscence; . . . dry matter accumulation; . . . . dry matter partitioning; . . . ethylene production; . . . foliar uptake; . . . light requirement; . . . lignification; . . . nastic movement; . . . nectar secretion; . . . nodulation; . . . nutation; . . . nutrient use efficiency; . . . plant development; . . . . abortion (plants); . . . . . seed abortion; . . . . branching; . . . . bud initiation; . . . . etiolation; . . . . fasciation; . . . . filling period; . . . . flowering; . . . . . bolting; . . . . . heading; . . . . fruiting; . . . . . alternate bearing; . . . . . fruit set; . . . . . . parthenocarpy; . . . . germination; . . . . . pollen germination; . . . . . . pollen tubes; . . . . . seed germination; . . . . . . grain sprouting; . . . . . spore germination; . . . . . vivipary (plants); . . . . juvenility; . . . . leaf development; . . . . . leaf emergence; . . . . ripening; . . . . rooting; . . . . seed development; . . . . . seed dispersal; . . . . . seed maturation; . . . . . . after-ripening; . . . . . seed set; . . . . . seed shattering; . . . . seedling emergence; . . . . sprouting; . . . . . tuber sprouting; . . . . suckering; . . . . tillering; . . . . vegetative growth; . . . plant growth; . . . . budbreak; . . . . epinasty; . . . . growth habit; . . . . . annuals; . . . . . biennials; . . . . . determinate growth; . . . . . indeterminate growth; . . . . . perennials; . . . . root growth; . . . . seedling growth; . . . . stem elongation; . . . . tree growth; . . . . vegetative growth; . . . plant reproduction; . . . . apomixis; . . . . . autogamy; . . . . plant fertility; . . . . . cytoplasmic male sterility; . . . . pollination; . . . . . cross pollination; . . . . . insect pollination; . . . . . open pollination; . . . . . pollen flow; . . . . . self-pollination; . . . . . . cleistogamy; . . . . . wind pollination; . . . plant response; . . . plant-water relations; . . . . imbibition; . . . . leaf water potential; . . . . root hydraulic conductivity; . . . . root pressure; . . . . root water potential; . . . . transpiration; . . . . . leaf conductance; . . . . . stomatal conductance; . . . . turgor; . . . . wilting; . . . . xylem water potential; . . . postharvest physiology; . . . radiation use efficiency; . . . rhizogenesis; . . . seed dormancy; . . . source-sink relationships; . . . stomatal movement; . . . suberization; . . . translocation (plant physiology); . . . . phloem loading; . . . . sap flow; . . . tree physiology; . . . . tree growth; . . . water use efficiency; . . reproduction; . . . asexual reproduction; . . . . parasexual cycle; . . . parthenogenesis; . . . . arrhenotoky; . . . . thelytoky; . . . reproductive traits; . . . sexual reproduction; . . . . fertilization; . . . . . polyspermy; . . . sexual systems; . . . . androdioecy; . . . . dioecy; . . . . gynodioecy; . . . . hermaphroditism; . . . . . protogyny; . . . . . pseudohermaphroditism; . . . . heterothallism; . . . . monoecy; . . . . monogamy; . . . . monogyny; . . . . polygamy; . . . . . polyandry; . . . . . polygyny; . . . . protandry; . . . sporulation; . . . . spore discharge; . . . . spore dispersal; . . . . sporogony; . . . . zoosporogenesis; . . secretion; . . . bile secretion; . . . hormone secretion; . . . . insulin secretion; . . . hypersecretion; . . . milk secretion; . . . neurosecretion; . . . protein secretion; . . taxis (physiology); . . . chemotaxis; . . . geotaxis; . . . phonotaxis; . . . phototaxis; . . tissue distribution; . . tropisms; . . . chemotropism; . . . gravitropism; . . . heliotropism; . . . hydrotropism; . . . phototropism; . . . thigmotropism; . . water requirement; . psychology; . . behavior; . . . abnormal behavior; . . . . stereotyped behavior; . . . . vices; . . . . . feather pecking; . . . agonistic behavior; . . . . aggression; . . . . . fighting; . . . . defensive behavior; . . . . . colony defense; . . . altruism; . . . animal behavior; . . . . aggregation behavior; . . . . animal communication; . . . . . insect communication; . . . . . . bee dances; . . . . . . stridulation; . . . . . vocalization; . . . . animal preferences; . . . . brood rearing; . . . . broodiness; . . . . burrowing; . . . . cannibalism; . . . . dispersal behavior; . . . . displacement activities; . . . . drifting (animal behavior); . . . . dust bathing; . . . . escape behavior; . . . . feeding behavior; . . . . . biting rates; . . . . . browsing; . . . . . coprophagy; . . . . . engorgement; . . . . . feeding frequency; . . . . . feeding preferences; . . . . . foraging; . . . . . functional response; . . . . . hematophagy; . . . . . nectar feeding; . . . . . scavenging behavior; . . . . . . necrophagy; . . . . . sugar feeding; . . . . . trophallaxis; . . . . . wildlife food habits; . . . . grooming (animal behavior); . . . . . preening; . . . . group effect; . . . . host seeking; . . . . imprinting behavior; . . . . insect behavior; . . . . . antennating; . . . . . insect communication; . . . . . . bee dances; . . . . . . stridulation; . . . . . swarming; . . . . . trophallaxis; . . . . . wing fanning; . . . . kin recognition; . . . . . nestmate recognition; . . . . marking behavior; . . . . migration behavior; . . . . . seasonal migration; . . . . mimicry (behavior); . . . . nesting; . . . . parental behavior; . . . . pecking; . . . . predation; . . . . . seed predation; . . . . reproductive behavior; . . . . robbing; . . . . . nectar robbing; . . . . searching behavior; . . . . social dominance; . . . . soil ingestion; . . . . stinging; . . . . temperament; . . . . territoriality; . . . antisocial behavior; . . . . juvenile delinquency; . . . attachment behavior; . . . behavior change; . . . behavior problems; . . . conditioned behavior; . . . . avoidance conditioning; . . . . behavior modification; . . . . operant conditioning; . . . coping strategies; . . . diurnal activity; . . . fearfulness; . . . human behavior; . . . . assertiveness; . . . . compliance; . . . . . conservation compliance; . . . . . patient compliance; . . . . eating habits; . . . . . binging; . . . . . dietary restriction; . . . . . . fasting; . . . . . dieting; . . . . . eating out; . . . . . overeating; . . . . . religious dietary laws; . . . . . undereating; . . . . emotional barriers; . . . . hand washing; . . . . lifestyle; . . . . participation; . . . . risk behavior; . . . . social barriers; . . . . suicide; . . . . tampering; . . . learning; . . . . adult learning; . . . . memory; . . . maternal behavior; . . . motivation; . . . nocturnal activity; . . . play; . . . problem solving; . . . sexual behavior; . . . . flehmen; . . . . homosexuality; . . . . mating behavior; . . . . . copulation; . . . . . courtship; . . . . . libido; . . . . . mating frequency; . . . . . spawning; . . . . standing reflex; . . . social behavior; . . . . group behavior; . . . . social dominance; . . . . social facilitation; . . . . social partnerships; . . cognition; . . . consciousness; . . death and dying; . . emotions; . . . anxiety; . . . depression; . . knowledge; . . . indigenous knowledge; . . mental health; . . psychological stress; . . psychosocial factors; . . . perceptions (cognitive); . . . . body image; . . psychotherapy; . . self-esteem; . . . self-efficacy; . taxonomy; . . animal taxonomy; . . biological nomenclature; . . . new combination; . . . nomen novum; . . chemotaxonomy; . . descriptions; . . . redescriptions; . . holotypes; . . insect taxonomy; . . molecular systematics; . . neotypes; . . new status; . . new taxa; . . . new family; . . . new genus; . . . new order; . . . new species; . . . new subfamily; . . . new subgenus; . . . new subspecies; . . . new tribe; . . . new variety; . . numerical taxonomy; . . plant taxonomy; . . taxonomic keys; . . taxonomic revisions; . . type collections; . zoology; . . acarology; . . animal anatomy; . . . animal organs; . . . . animal glands; . . . . . endocrine glands; . . . . . . adrenal glands; . . . . . . . adrenal cortex; . . . . . . . adrenal medulla; . . . . . . gonads; . . . . . . . ovaries; . . . . . . . . corpus luteum; . . . . . . . . . luteal cells; . . . . . . . . ovarian follicles; . . . . . . . . . cumulus oophorus; . . . . . . . . . follicular fluid; . . . . . . . . . Graafian follicles; . . . . . . . . . granulosa cells; . . . . . . . . ovarioles; . . . . . . . . thecal cells; . . . . . . . testes; . . . . . . . . Leydig cells; . . . . . . . . rete testis; . . . . . . . . seminiferous tubules; . . . . . . . . . seminiferous epithelium; . . . . . . . . Sertoli cells; . . . . . . islets of Langerhans; . . . . . . parathyroid glands; . . . . . . pineal body; . . . . . . pituitary gland; . . . . . . . anterior pituitary; . . . . . . . posterior pituitary; . . . . . . prothoracic glands; . . . . . . thymus gland; . . . . . . thyroid gland; . . . . . exocrine glands; . . . . . . anal glands; . . . . . . Dufour's gland; . . . . . . mammary glands; . . . . . . pheromone glands; . . . . . . prostate gland; . . . . . . salivary glands; . . . . . . . mandibular glands; . . . . . . . maxillary glands; . . . . . . . parotid gland; . . . . . . sebaceous glands; . . . . . . . scent glands; . . . . . . shell gland; . . . . . . silk glands; . . . . . . sweat glands; . . . . . . uropygial gland; . . . . brain; . . . . . antennal lobe; . . . . . brain stem; . . . . . cerebellum; . . . . . . amygdala; . . . . . cerebrum; . . . . . . cerebral cortex; . . . . . . cerebral ventricles; . . . . . hippocampus; . . . . . hypothalamus; . . . . . . paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus; . . . . . . preoptic area; . . . . . medulla oblongata; . . . . . mushroom bodies; . . . . . olfactory bulb; . . . . . optic lobe; . . . . . thalamus; . . . . gall bladder; . . . . gills; . . . . heart; . . . . . heart atrium; . . . . . heart valves; . . . . . heart ventricle; . . . . . myocardium; . . . . hepatopancreas; . . . . kidneys; . . . . . nephrons; . . . . . . kidney glomerulus; . . . . . . renal tubules; . . . . . . . proximal tubules; . . . . liver; . . . . lungs; . . . . . bronchi; . . . . . pulmonary alveoli; . . . . sense organs; . . . . . antennae; . . . . . ears; . . . . . . guttural pouch; . . . . . eyes; . . . . . . compound eyes; . . . . . . . ommatidia; . . . . . . conjunctiva; . . . . . . cornea; . . . . . . eye lens; . . . . . . iris (eyes); . . . . . . lacrimal apparatus; . . . . . . ocelli; . . . . . . retina; . . . . . nose; . . . . . . nasal cavity; . . . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . . . olfactory organs; . . . . . palps; . . . . . sensilla; . . . . spleen; . . . . sting apparatus; . . . . stomach; . . . . . gastric fundus; . . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . . pylorus; . . . . . ruminant stomach; . . . . . . abomasum; . . . . . . forestomach; . . . . . . . omasum; . . . . . . . reticulum; . . . . . . . rumen; . . . . . . . . rumen epithelium; . . . . . . . . rumen fluids; . . . . tonsils; . . . animal tissues; . . . . animal tissue extracts; . . . . cell membranes; . . . . . egg membranes; . . . . . . vitelline membrane; . . . . . lipid bilayers; . . . . . microvilli; . . . . . mucosa; . . . . . . digestive tract mucosa; . . . . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . . . . intestinal mucosa; . . . . . . . . intestinal crypts; . . . . . . . . villi; . . . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . . . . vaginal mucosa; . . . . . nuclear membrane; . . . . . plasma membrane; . . . . . thylakoids; . . . . . tonoplast; . . . . connective tissues; . . . . . adipose tissue; . . . . . . brown adipose tissue; . . . . . . fat body; . . . . . . white adipose tissue; . . . . . bones; . . . . . . bone density; . . . . . . bone marrow; . . . . . . bone types; . . . . . . . capitulum (bone); . . . . . . . jaws; . . . . . . . . mandible (bone); . . . . . . . keel bone; . . . . . . . limb bones; . . . . . . . . carpus; . . . . . . . . femur; . . . . . . . . fibula; . . . . . . . . humerus; . . . . . . . . metacarpus; . . . . . . . . metatarsus; . . . . . . . . phalanges; . . . . . . . . radius (bone); . . . . . . . . tibia; . . . . . . . . ulna; . . . . . . . maxilla bone; . . . . . . . patella; . . . . . . . periosteum; . . . . . . . ribs; . . . . . . . scapula; . . . . . . . sesamoid bones; . . . . . . . skull; . . . . . . . . orbits; . . . . . . . spine; . . . . . . . . cervical spine; . . . . . . . . intervertebral disks; . . . . . . . . lumbar spine; . . . . . . . . sacral spine; . . . . . . . . . pelvis; . . . . . . . . thoracic spine; . . . . . . . . vertebrae; . . . . . . . sternum; . . . . . . . tarsus (bone); . . . . . . epiphyses; . . . . . . . growth plate; . . . . . cartilage; . . . . . . intervertebral disks; . . . . . fascia; . . . . . ligaments; . . . . . tendons; . . . . epithelium; . . . . . basement membrane; . . . . . endothelium; . . . . . epidermis (animal); . . . . . mucosa; . . . . . . digestive tract mucosa; . . . . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . . . . intestinal mucosa; . . . . . . . . intestinal crypts; . . . . . . . . villi; . . . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . . . . vaginal mucosa; . . . . . rumen epithelium; . . . . . seminiferous epithelium; . . . . gingiva; . . . . imaginal discs; . . . . laminae (animals); . . . . muscle tissues; . . . . . muscle fibers; . . . . . myocardium; . . . . . myofibrils; . . . . . . sarcomeres; . . . . . skeletal muscle; . . . . . . sarcoplasmic reticulum; . . . . . smooth muscle; . . . . . striated muscle; . . . . nerve tissue; . . . . serosa; . . . . . pericardium; . . . . . peritoneum; . . . . . . mesentery; . . . . . . omentum; . . . . . pleura; . . . . splanchnic tissues; . . . . uterine tissue; . . . . . endometrium; . . . . . myometrium; . . . bodily secretions and exudates; . . . . bile; . . . . colostrum; . . . . . cow colostrum; . . . . . human colostrum; . . . . defensive secretions; . . . . gastric juice; . . . . . gastric acid; . . . . lac; . . . . maternal milk; . . . . . breast milk; . . . . . . human milk fat; . . . . . buffalo milk; . . . . . camel milk; . . . . . ewe milk; . . . . . goat milk; . . . . . mare milk; . . . . . milk; . . . . . . low fat milk; . . . . . . skim milk; . . . . . . whole milk; . . . . . sow milk; . . . . mucus; . . . . . cervical mucus; . . . . pancreatic juice; . . . . royal jelly; . . . . saliva; . . . . sebum; . . . . semen; . . . . . milt; . . . . . seminal plasma; . . . . sweat; . . . . tears; . . . . venoms; . . . body fluids; . . . . allantoic fluid; . . . . amniotic fluid; . . . . blood; . . . . . blood cells; . . . . . . blood platelets; . . . . . . erythrocytes; . . . . . . . reticulocytes; . . . . . . leukocytes; . . . . . . . granulocytes; . . . . . . . . basophils; . . . . . . . . eosinophils; . . . . . . . . heterophils; . . . . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . . . . lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . B-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . plasma cells; . . . . . . . . immunocytes; . . . . . . . . melanocytes; . . . . . . . . natural killer cells; . . . . . . . . thymocytes; . . . . . . . . T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . CD4-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . CD8-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . . cytotoxic T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . suppressor cells; . . . . . . . monocytes; . . . . . . thrombocytes; . . . . . blood plasma; . . . . . . blood serum; . . . . body water; . . . . cerebrospinal fluid; . . . . digesta; . . . . extracellular fluids; . . . . follicular fluid; . . . . lymph; . . . . oviductal fluids; . . . . synovial fluid; . . . circulatory system; . . . . cardiovascular system; . . . . . blood; . . . . . . blood cells; . . . . . . . blood platelets; . . . . . . . erythrocytes; . . . . . . . . reticulocytes; . . . . . . . leukocytes; . . . . . . . . granulocytes; . . . . . . . . . basophils; . . . . . . . . . eosinophils; . . . . . . . . . heterophils; . . . . . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . . . . . lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . B-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . . plasma cells; . . . . . . . . . immunocytes; . . . . . . . . . melanocytes; . . . . . . . . . natural killer cells; . . . . . . . . . thymocytes; . . . . . . . . . T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . . CD4-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . . CD8-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . . . cytotoxic T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . . suppressor cells; . . . . . . . . monocytes; . . . . . . . thrombocytes; . . . . . . blood plasma; . . . . . . . blood serum; . . . . . blood vessels; . . . . . . arteries; . . . . . . . aorta; . . . . . . . carotid arteries; . . . . . . . coronary vessels; . . . . . . . . ductus arteriosus; . . . . . . . hepatic artery; . . . . . . . iliac artery; . . . . . . . mesenteric arteries; . . . . . . . pulmonary artery; . . . . . . . umbilical arteries; . . . . . . blood capillaries; . . . . . . blood veins; . . . . . . . coronary vessels; . . . . . . . . ductus arteriosus; . . . . . . . jugular vein; . . . . . . . portal vein; . . . . . . . saphenous vein; . . . . . . . umbilical veins; . . . . . . . vena cava; . . . . . endothelium; . . . . . heart; . . . . . . heart atrium; . . . . . . heart valves; . . . . . . heart ventricle; . . . . . . myocardium; . . . . hemolymph; . . . . . hemocytes; . . . . lymphatic system; . . . . . bursa of Fabricius; . . . . . lymph; . . . . . lymph nodes; . . . . . Peyer's patches; . . . . . reticuloendothelial system; . . . . . . phagocytes; . . . . . . . macrophages; . . . . . . . . foam cells; . . . . . . . . histiocytes; . . . . . . . . Kupffer cells; . . . . . . . monocytes; . . . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . . spleen; . . . . . thoracic duct; . . . . . thymus gland; . . . . . tonsils; . . . cocoons; . . . digestive system; . . . . biliary tract; . . . . . bile; . . . . . bile ducts; . . . . . gall bladder; . . . . cloaca; . . . . crop (digestive system); . . . . digestive juices; . . . . . bile; . . . . . digestive enzymes; . . . . . . alpha-amylase; . . . . . . chymosin; . . . . . . chymotrypsin; . . . . . . pancreatin; . . . . . . pepsin; . . . . . . triacylglycerol lipase; . . . . . . trypsin; . . . . . gastric juice; . . . . . . gastric acid; . . . . . pancreatic juice; . . . . . rumen fluids; . . . . . saliva; . . . . digestive tract; . . . . digestive tract mucosa; . . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . . intestinal mucosa; . . . . . . intestinal crypts; . . . . . . villi; . . . . esophagus; . . . . . esophageal sphincter; . . . . foregut; . . . . gastrointestinal system; . . . . . intestines; . . . . . . intestinal mucosa; . . . . . . . intestinal crypts; . . . . . . . villi; . . . . . . large intestine; . . . . . . . cecum; . . . . . . . colon; . . . . . . . rectum; . . . . . . . . anus; . . . . . . small intestine; . . . . . . . duodenum; . . . . . . . ileum; . . . . . . . jejunum; . . . . . . . villi; . . . . . stomach; . . . . . . gastric fundus; . . . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . . . pylorus; . . . . . . ruminant stomach; . . . . . . . abomasum; . . . . . . . forestomach; . . . . . . . . omasum; . . . . . . . . reticulum; . . . . . . . . rumen; . . . . . . . . . rumen epithelium; . . . . . . . . . rumen fluids; . . . . gizzard; . . . . hepatopancreas; . . . . hindgut; . . . . liver; . . . . midgut; . . . . . peritrophic membrane; . . . . mouth; . . . . . gingiva; . . . . . lips; . . . . . palate; . . . . . teeth; . . . . . . tooth enamel; . . . . . . tooth pulp; . . . . . tongue; . . . . pancreas; . . . . . islets of Langerhans; . . . . . pancreatic ducts; . . . . . pancreatic juice; . . . . pharynx; . . . . . nasopharynx; . . . . proventriculus; . . . . salivary glands; . . . . . mandibular glands; . . . . . maxillary glands; . . . . . parotid gland; . . . embryonic structures; . . . . conceptus; . . . . embryo (animal); . . . . . amniotic fluid; . . . . . blastocyst; . . . . . . blastoderm; . . . . . . trophoblast; . . . . . blastomeres; . . . . . extraembryonic membranes; . . . . . . allantois; . . . . . . amnion; . . . . . . chorioallantoic membrane; . . . . . . chorion; . . . . . . yolk sac; . . . . . limb bud; . . . . . morula; . . . . . neural crest; . . . . . umbilical cord; . . . . . urachus; . . . . fetus; . . . . placenta; . . . . . trophoblast; . . . . zygote; . . . endocrine system; . . . . endocrine glands; . . . . . adrenal glands; . . . . . . adrenal cortex; . . . . . . adrenal medulla; . . . . . gonads; . . . . . . ovaries; . . . . . . . corpus luteum; . . . . . . . . luteal cells; . . . . . . . ovarian follicles; . . . . . . . . cumulus oophorus; . . . . . . . . follicular fluid; . . . . . . . . Graafian follicles; . . . . . . . . granulosa cells; . . . . . . . ovarioles; . . . . . . . thecal cells; . . . . . . testes; . . . . . . . Leydig cells; . . . . . . . rete testis; . . . . . . . seminiferous tubules; . . . . . . . . seminiferous epithelium; . . . . . . . Sertoli cells; . . . . . islets of Langerhans; . . . . . parathyroid glands; . . . . . pineal body; . . . . . pituitary gland; . . . . . . anterior pituitary; . . . . . . posterior pituitary; . . . . . prothoracic glands; . . . . . thymus gland; . . . . . thyroid gland; . . . . neurosecretory system; . . . . . corpora allata; . . . . . corpora cardiaca; . . . . . neurosecretory cells; . . . excreta; . . . . feces; . . . . frass; . . . . honeydew; . . . . urine; . . . excretory system; . . . . cloaca; . . . . Malpighian tubules; . . . . urinary tract; . . . . . bladder; . . . . . kidneys; . . . . . . nephrons; . . . . . . . kidney glomerulus; . . . . . . . renal tubules; . . . . . . . . proximal tubules; . . . . . ureter; . . . . . urethra; . . . exuvium; . . . immune system; . . . . antigen-presenting cells; . . . . . dendritic cells; . . . . . . Langerhans cells; . . . . bone marrow; . . . . leukocytes; . . . . . granulocytes; . . . . . . basophils; . . . . . . eosinophils; . . . . . . heterophils; . . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . . lymphocytes; . . . . . . B-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . plasma cells; . . . . . . immunocytes; . . . . . . melanocytes; . . . . . . natural killer cells; . . . . . . thymocytes; . . . . . . T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . CD4-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . CD8-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . cytotoxic T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . suppressor cells; . . . . . monocytes; . . . . lymphatic system; . . . . . bursa of Fabricius; . . . . . lymph; . . . . . lymph nodes; . . . . . Peyer's patches; . . . . . reticuloendothelial system; . . . . . . phagocytes; . . . . . . . macrophages; . . . . . . . . foam cells; . . . . . . . . histiocytes; . . . . . . . . Kupffer cells; . . . . . . . monocytes; . . . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . . spleen; . . . . . thoracic duct; . . . . . thymus gland; . . . . . tonsils; . . . . mast cells; . . . insect anatomy; . . . integumentary system; . . . . exoskeleton; . . . . integument; . . . . . animal cuticle; . . . . . . insect cuticle; . . . . . claws; . . . . . comb (integument); . . . . . fleece; . . . . . fur; . . . . . hair follicles; . . . . . hairs; . . . . . hooves; . . . . . horns; . . . . . . antlers; . . . . . . . velvet antlers; . . . . . nail; . . . . . plumage; . . . . . . feathers; . . . . . . . down; . . . . . scales (integument); . . . . . setae (animal); . . . . . shell (molluscs); . . . . . wattles; . . . . skin; . . . . . dermis; . . . . . epidermis (animal); . . . . . skin glands; . . . . . . sebaceous glands; . . . . . . . scent glands; . . . . . . sweat glands; . . . musculoskeletal system; . . . . bones; . . . . . bone density; . . . . . bone marrow; . . . . . bone types; . . . . . . capitulum (bone); . . . . . . jaws; . . . . . . . mandible (bone); . . . . . . keel bone; . . . . . . limb bones; . . . . . . . carpus; . . . . . . . femur; . . . . . . . fibula; . . . . . . . humerus; . . . . . . . metacarpus; . . . . . . . metatarsus; . . . . . . . phalanges; . . . . . . . radius (bone); . . . . . . . tibia; . . . . . . . ulna; . . . . . . maxilla bone; . . . . . . patella; . . . . . . periosteum; . . . . . . ribs; . . . . . . scapula; . . . . . . sesamoid bones; . . . . . . skull; . . . . . . . orbits; . . . . . . spine; . . . . . . . cervical spine; . . . . . . . intervertebral disks; . . . . . . . lumbar spine; . . . . . . . sacral spine; . . . . . . . . pelvis; . . . . . . . thoracic spine; . . . . . . . vertebrae; . . . . . . sternum; . . . . . . tarsus (bone); . . . . . epiphyses; . . . . . . growth plate; . . . . fascia; . . . . joints (animal); . . . . . elbows; . . . . . knees; . . . . . . stifle; . . . . . shoulders; . . . . . synovial fluid; . . . . . synovial sheaths; . . . . muscle tissues; . . . . . muscle fibers; . . . . . myocardium; . . . . . myofibrils; . . . . . . sarcomeres; . . . . . skeletal muscle; . . . . . . sarcoplasmic reticulum; . . . . . smooth muscle; . . . . . striated muscle; . . . . muscles; . . . . . breast muscle; . . . . . diaphragm; . . . . . flight muscles; . . . . . longissimus dorsi; . . . . . sphincters; . . . . posture; . . . . skeleton; . . . . tendons; . . . nervous system; . . . . central nervous system; . . . . . brain; . . . . . . antennal lobe; . . . . . . brain stem; . . . . . . cerebellum; . . . . . . . amygdala; . . . . . . cerebrum; . . . . . . . cerebral cortex; . . . . . . . cerebral ventricles; . . . . . . hippocampus; . . . . . . hypothalamus; . . . . . . . paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus; . . . . . . . preoptic area; . . . . . . medulla oblongata; . . . . . . mushroom bodies; . . . . . . olfactory bulb; . . . . . . optic lobe; . . . . . . thalamus; . . . . . meninges; . . . . . spinal cord; . . . . cerebrospinal fluid; . . . . ganglia; . . . . . abdominal ganglia; . . . . . subesophageal ganglia; . . . . . thoracic ganglia; . . . . myelin sheath; . . . . nerve tissue; . . . . neural pathways; . . . . neuroglia; . . . . . astrocytes; . . . . . Schwann cells; . . . . neurons; . . . . . interneurons; . . . . . motor neurons; . . . . . nerve fibers; . . . . . . axons; . . . . . . . neurites; . . . . . . dendrites; . . . . . . . neurites; . . . . . sensory neurons; . . . . peripheral nervous system; . . . . . autonomic nervous system; . . . . . . parasympathetic nervous system; . . . . . . sympathetic nervous system; . . . . . nerve endings; . . . . . peripheral nerves; . . . . . . vagus nerve; . . . . plexus; . . . . . choroid plexus; . . . . sensory system; . . . . . sense organs; . . . . . . antennae; . . . . . . ears; . . . . . . . guttural pouch; . . . . . . eyes; . . . . . . . compound eyes; . . . . . . . . ommatidia; . . . . . . . conjunctiva; . . . . . . . cornea; . . . . . . . eye lens; . . . . . . . iris (eyes); . . . . . . . lacrimal apparatus; . . . . . . . ocelli; . . . . . . . retina; . . . . . . nose; . . . . . . . nasal cavity; . . . . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . . . . olfactory organs; . . . . . . palps; . . . . . . sensilla; . . . . . sensory receptors; . . . . . . chemoreceptors; . . . . . . mechanoreceptors; . . . . . . olfactory receptors; . . . . . . photoreceptors; . . . . synapse; . . . . ventral nerve cord; . . . puparium; . . . reproductive system; . . . . accessory sex glands; . . . . . seminal vesicles; . . . . cloaca; . . . . female reproductive system; . . . . . cervix; . . . . . . cervical mucus; . . . . . ovaries; . . . . . . corpus luteum; . . . . . . . luteal cells; . . . . . . ovarian follicles; . . . . . . . cumulus oophorus; . . . . . . . follicular fluid; . . . . . . . Graafian follicles; . . . . . . . granulosa cells; . . . . . . ovarioles; . . . . . . thecal cells; . . . . . oviducts; . . . . . . oviductal ampulla; . . . . . . oviductal isthmus; . . . . . ovipositor; . . . . . shell gland; . . . . . spermatheca; . . . . . uterus; . . . . . . uterine tissue; . . . . . . . endometrium; . . . . . . . myometrium; . . . . . vagina; . . . . . . vaginal mucosa; . . . . . vulva; . . . . male reproductive system; . . . . . bulbourethral gland; . . . . . ductus deferens; . . . . . epididymis; . . . . . . caput epididymidis; . . . . . . cauda epididymidis; . . . . . . corpus epididymidis; . . . . . penis; . . . . . . prepuce; . . . . . prostate gland; . . . . . scrotum; . . . . . spermatic cord; . . . . . spermatophores; . . . . . testes; . . . . . . Leydig cells; . . . . . . rete testis; . . . . . . seminiferous tubules; . . . . . . . seminiferous epithelium; . . . . . . Sertoli cells; . . . respiratory system; . . . . air sacs; . . . . gills; . . . . larynx; . . . . lungs; . . . . . bronchi; . . . . . pulmonary alveoli; . . . . nose; . . . . . nasal cavity; . . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . . paranasal sinuses; . . . . pleura; . . . . spiracles; . . . . swim bladder; . . . . trachea (vertebrates); . . . . tracheae (invertebrates); . . . webs; . . animal behavior; . . . aggregation behavior; . . . animal communication; . . . . insect communication; . . . . . bee dances; . . . . . stridulation; . . . . vocalization; . . . animal preferences; . . . brood rearing; . . . broodiness; . . . burrowing; . . . cannibalism; . . . dispersal behavior; . . . displacement activities; . . . drifting (animal behavior); . . . dust bathing; . . . escape behavior; . . . feeding behavior; . . . . biting rates; . . . . browsing; . . . . coprophagy; . . . . engorgement; . . . . feeding frequency; . . . . feeding preferences; . . . . foraging; . . . . functional response; . . . . hematophagy; . . . . nectar feeding; . . . . scavenging behavior; . . . . . necrophagy; . . . . sugar feeding; . . . . trophallaxis; . . . . wildlife food habits; . . . grooming (animal behavior); . . . . preening; . . . group effect; . . . host seeking; . . . imprinting behavior; . . . insect behavior; . . . . antennating; . . . . insect communication; . . . . . bee dances; . . . . . stridulation; . . . . swarming; . . . . trophallaxis; . . . . wing fanning; . . . kin recognition; . . . . nestmate recognition; . . . marking behavior; . . . migration behavior; . . . . seasonal migration; . . . mimicry (behavior); . . . nesting; . . . parental behavior; . . . pecking; . . . predation; . . . . seed predation; . . . reproductive behavior; . . . robbing; . . . . nectar robbing; . . . searching behavior; . . . social dominance; . . . soil ingestion; . . . stinging; . . . temperament; . . . territoriality; . . animal exploration and collection; . . . insect collection; . . animal genetics; . . . insect genetics; . . animal physiology; . . . animal development; . . . . adult development; . . . . insect development; . . . . . pupal development; . . . . larval development; . . . . mammary development; . . . . ovarian development; . . . . . follicular development; . . . . . . follicular atresia; . . . . postnatal development; . . . . . neonatal development; . . . . prenatal development; . . . . . fetal development; . . . . rumen development; . . . . skeletal development; . . . . smoltification; . . . . testicular development; . . . animal growth; . . . . insect growth; . . . animal reproduction; . . . . acrosome reaction; . . . . anautogeny; . . . . animal fertility; . . . . . cytoplasmic incompatibility; . . . . . egg fertility; . . . . . . egg hatchability; . . . . . female fertility; . . . . . . calving rate; . . . . . . farrowing rate; . . . . . . kidding rate; . . . . . . lambing rate; . . . . . . male effect; . . . . . . . ram effect; . . . . . . parturition interval; . . . . . . . calving interval; . . . . . . . . days open; . . . . . male fertility; . . . . . . sperm competition; . . . . . reproductive efficiency; . . . . autogeny; . . . . breeding season; . . . . capacitation; . . . . clutch size; . . . . conception; . . . . copulation; . . . . egg shell formation; . . . . ejaculation; . . . . embryonic mortality; . . . . estrous cycle; . . . . . anestrus; . . . . . diestrus; . . . . . estrus; . . . . . metestrus; . . . . . proestrus; . . . . estrus detection; . . . . fecundity; . . . . gestation period; . . . . . gestational age; . . . . hatching; . . . . human reproduction; . . . . . childbirth; . . . . . human fertility; . . . . incubation; . . . . insect reproduction; . . . . . choriogenesis; . . . . . gonotrophic cycle; . . . . . larviposition; . . . . . sex allocation; . . . . insemination; . . . . litter size; . . . . litter weight; . . . . luteinization; . . . . luteolysis; . . . . maternal-fetal transfer; . . . . oogenesis; . . . . . vitellogenesis; . . . . ovipary; . . . . oviposition; . . . . . egg masses; . . . . ovulation; . . . . . anovulation; . . . . parity (reproduction); . . . . parturition; . . . . . calving; . . . . . ease of birth; . . . . . farrowing; . . . . . foaling; . . . . . kidding; . . . . . lambing; . . . . . multiple births; . . . . . premature birth; . . . . . whelping; . . . . perinatal period; . . . . . postpartum period; . . . . . prepartum period; . . . . postpartum interval; . . . . pregnancy; . . . . . pregnancy outcome; . . . . . pregnancy rate; . . . . preovulatory period; . . . . serving capacity; . . . . sperm motility; . . . . sperm transport; . . . . spermiation; . . . . uterine involution; . . . . vivipary (animals); . . . circulatory system physiology; . . . . blood circulation; . . . . . hemodynamics; . . . . . . blood flow; . . . . . . blood pressure; . . . . . . . diastolic blood pressure; . . . . . . . systolic blood pressure; . . . . . . blood viscosity; . . . . . . blood volume; . . . . . . cardiac output; . . . . . . heart rate; . . . . . . heart sounds; . . . . . . renin-angiotensin system; . . . . . . vasoconstriction; . . . . . . vasodilation; . . . . . hemostasis; . . . . . . platelet activation; . . . . . . . platelet aggregation; . . . . blood coagulation; . . . . blood composition; . . . . . blood cell counts; . . . . . . blood platelet count; . . . . . . erythrocyte count; . . . . . . leukocyte count; . . . . . . . lymphocyte count; . . . . . blood chemistry; . . . . . . blood gases; . . . . . . blood glucose; . . . . . . blood lipids; . . . . . . blood pH; . . . . . . . acid-base balance; . . . . . . . alkali reserve; . . . . . . blood proteins; . . . . . . . acute phase proteins; . . . . . . . . C-reactive protein; . . . . . . . blood coagulation factors; . . . . . . . . platelet-activating factor; . . . . . . . . prothrombin; . . . . . . . . thrombin; . . . . . . . . thromboplastin; . . . . . . . ferritin; . . . . . . . fibrin; . . . . . . . fibrinogen; . . . . . . . gamma-globulins; . . . . . . . glycohemoglobin; . . . . . . . haptoglobins; . . . . . . . hemoglobin; . . . . . . . immunoglobulins; . . . . . . . . immunoglobulin A; . . . . . . . . immunoglobulin E; . . . . . . . . immunoglobulin G; . . . . . . . . immunoglobulin M; . . . . . . . macroglobulins; . . . . . . . serum albumin; . . . . . . . . bovine serum albumin; . . . . . . . . prealbumin; . . . . . . . transferrin; . . . . . . . vitamin D-binding protein; . . . . fibrinolysis; . . . . hematopoiesis; . . . . . erythropoiesis; . . . . lymph flow; . . . digestive physiology; . . . . appetite; . . . . . anorexia; . . . . . craving; . . . . . hunger; . . . . . thirst; . . . . deglutition; . . . . digestion; . . . . . rumen fermentation; . . . . gastrointestinal motility; . . . . . gastric emptying; . . . . . gastrointestinal transit; . . . . . peristalsis; . . . . . rumen motility; . . . . ingestion; . . . . . drinking; . . . . intestinal absorption; . . . . . iron absorption; . . . . liver function; . . . . . bile secretion; . . . . mastication; . . . . rumen development; . . . . rumination; . . . . salivation; . . . . satiety; . . . endocrine system physiology; . . . . hormonal regulation; . . . . . gonadotropin release; . . . . hormone secretion; . . . . . insulin secretion; . . . . insulin resistance; . . . . mammary gland function; . . . . . dry period; . . . . . lactation; . . . . . . human lactation; . . . . . . lactation duration; . . . . . . lactation stage; . . . . . . . early lactation; . . . . . . . late lactation; . . . . . . milk ejection; . . . . . mammary involution; . . . . . milk secretion; . . . . . milk synthesis; . . . . thyroid function; . . . excretory system physiology; . . . . diuresis; . . . . excretion; . . . . . defecation; . . . . . drug excretion; . . . . . urination; . . . . renal function; . . . . . glomerular filtration rate; . . . . . renal clearance; . . . insect physiology; . . . . eclosion; . . . . insect development; . . . . . pupal development; . . . . insect flight; . . . . insect growth; . . . . insect reproduction; . . . . . choriogenesis; . . . . . gonotrophic cycle; . . . . . larviposition; . . . . . sex allocation; . . . . metamorphosis; . . . . . precocious metamorphosis; . . . . . pupariation; . . . . . pupation; . . . integumentary system physiology; . . . . keratinization; . . . . sclerotization; . . . . shedding; . . . . skin temperature; . . . . sweating; . . . molting; . . . . apolysis; . . . . ecdysis; . . . musculoskeletal system physiology; . . . . bone metabolism; . . . . . bone formation; . . . . . . bone mineralization; . . . . . bone resorption; . . . . bone strength; . . . . chondrogenesis; . . . . flight; . . . . gait; . . . . muscle development; . . . . muscle physiology; . . . . . muscle contraction; . . . . . muscle fatigue; . . . . physical activity; . . . . . exercise; . . . . . . strength training; . . . . . jumping; . . . . . lifting (movement); . . . . . locomotion; . . . . . running; . . . . . trotting; . . . . . walking; . . . . skeletal development; . . . neurophysiology; . . . . blood-brain barrier; . . . . evoked potentials; . . . . innervation; . . . . myelination; . . . . neurosecretion; . . . . reflexes; . . . . sensation; . . . . . hearing; . . . . . pain; . . . . . . colic; . . . . . . headache; . . . . . proprioception; . . . . . smell; . . . . . taste; . . . . . . taste sensitivity; . . . . . touch; . . . . . vision; . . . . sleep; . . . . speech; . . . . synaptic transmission; . . . respiratory physiology; . . . . breathing; . . . . bronchoconstriction; . . . . pulmonary gas exchange; . . . . respiratory gases; . . . . respiratory quotient; . . . . tidal volume; . . animal taxonomy; . . entomology; . . . crop entomology; . . . forensic entomology; . . . medical and veterinary entomology; . . . . medical entomology; . . . . veterinary entomology; . . herpetology; . . ichthyology; . . malacology; . . mammalogy; . . nematology; . . . nematode biology; . . ornithology; . . paleozoology

botany

: : Biological Sciences; : Plant Science and Plant Products; botany; . algology; . bryology; . ethnobotany; . herbaria; . paleobotany; . palynology; . plant biology; . . plant anatomy; . . . aerial parts; . . . buds; . . . corn ears; . . . fruits (plant anatomy); . . . . bolls; . . . . pericarp; . . . . . albedo (citrus fruit); . . . . . endocarp; . . . . . exocarp; . . . . . mesocarp; . . . . pods; . . . inflorescences; . . . . bracts; . . . . curds (plant); . . . . flowers; . . . . . androecium; . . . . . . anthers; . . . . . . pollen; . . . . . . pollinia; . . . . . . stamens; . . . . . female flowers; . . . . . florets; . . . . . flower primordia; . . . . . gynoecium; . . . . . . carpels; . . . . . . ovules; . . . . . . . embryo sac; . . . . . . stigma; . . . . . . styles; . . . . . male flowers; . . . . . nectaries; . . . . . perianth; . . . . . . calyx; . . . . . . corolla; . . . . seed cones; . . . leaves; . . . . conifer needles; . . . . leaf blade; . . . . leaf meristems; . . . . . leaf primordia; . . . . petioles; . . . . pulvinus; . . . pedicel; . . . peduncle; . . . plant organs; . . . . plant glands; . . . . . nectaries; . . . . storage organs; . . . . . tubers; . . . . . . seed tubers; . . . plant secretions and exudates; . . . . cutin; . . . . epicuticular wax; . . . . latex; . . . . nectar; . . . . plant exudates; . . . . . root exudates; . . . . sap; . . . plant spines; . . . plant tissues; . . . . bark; . . . . callus; . . . . collenchyma; . . . . cortex; . . . . endodermis; . . . . epidermis (plant); . . . . . guard cells; . . . . . plant cuticle; . . . . . stomata; . . . . meristems; . . . . . apical meristems; . . . . . cambium; . . . . . flower primordia; . . . . . leaf meristems; . . . . . . leaf primordia; . . . . . root meristems; . . . . . . root primordia; . . . . . shoot meristems; . . . . . . shoot primordia; . . . . mesophyll; . . . . parenchyma; . . . . . chlorenchyma; . . . . periderm; . . . . . wound periderm; . . . . sclerenchyma; . . . . . fiber cells; . . . . . sclereids; . . . . vascular tissues; . . . . . phloem; . . . . . . phloem companion cells; . . . . . . secondary phloem; . . . . . . sieve tubes; . . . . . . . sieve elements; . . . . . . . sieve plates; . . . . . xylem; . . . . . . secondary xylem; . . . . . . . growth rings; . . . . . . . . earlywood; . . . . . . . . latewood; . . . . . . . heartwood; . . . . . . . juvenile wood; . . . . . . . reaction wood; . . . . . . . . compression wood; . . . . . . . . tension wood; . . . . . . . sapwood; . . . . . . . tyloses; . . . . . . tracheary elements; . . . . . . . tracheids; . . . . . . . xylem vessels; . . . plant vascular system; . . . . stele; . . . . . pith; . . . . vascular bundles; . . . . . bundle sheath cells; . . . . . plant veins; . . . . vascular tissues; . . . . . phloem; . . . . . . phloem companion cells; . . . . . . secondary phloem; . . . . . . sieve tubes; . . . . . . . sieve elements; . . . . . . . sieve plates; . . . . . xylem; . . . . . . secondary xylem; . . . . . . . growth rings; . . . . . . . . earlywood; . . . . . . . . latewood; . . . . . . . heartwood; . . . . . . . juvenile wood; . . . . . . . reaction wood; . . . . . . . . compression wood; . . . . . . . . tension wood; . . . . . . . sapwood; . . . . . . . tyloses; . . . . . . tracheary elements; . . . . . . . tracheids; . . . . . . . xylem vessels; . . . pseudostems; . . . root crown; . . . roots; . . . . adventitious roots; . . . . root cap; . . . . root hairs; . . . . root meristems; . . . . . root primordia; . . . . root nodules; . . . . root tips; . . . seed anatomy; . . . . embryo (plant); . . . . . aleurone layer; . . . . . . aleurone cells; . . . . . coleoptiles; . . . . . cotyledons; . . . . . epicotyls; . . . . . hypocotyls; . . . . . mesocotyls; . . . . . plumule; . . . . . root radicle; . . . . . somatic embryos; . . . . endosperm; . . . . testa; . . . seeds; . . . . buried seeds; . . . shoots; . . . . adventitious shoots; . . . . fruiting spurs; . . . . shoot meristems; . . . . . shoot primordia; . . . stems; . . . . branches; . . . . bulbs; . . . . corms; . . . . floricanes; . . . . internodes; . . . . primocanes; . . . . rhizomes; . . . . stem nodes; . . . . stem nodules; . . . . stolons; . . . . tillers; . . . tree cavities; . . . tree crown; . . . tree trunk; . . . trichomes; . . . underground parts; . . . wood anatomy; . . . . resin canals; . . . . secondary phloem; . . . . secondary xylem; . . . . . growth rings; . . . . . . earlywood; . . . . . . latewood; . . . . . heartwood; . . . . . juvenile wood; . . . . . reaction wood; . . . . . . compression wood; . . . . . . tension wood; . . . . . sapwood; . . . . . tyloses; . . plant biochemistry; . . . chemical constituents of plants; . . . . essential oils; . . . . . evening primrose oil; . . . . . mustard oil; . . . . . peppermint oil; . . . . . spearmint oil; . . . . phytochemicals; . . . . . phytosterols; . . . . . . brassinosteroids; . . . . . . . brassinolide; . . . . . . campesterol; . . . . . . cucurbitacins; . . . . . . phytoecdysteroids; . . . . . . plant estrogens; . . . . . . . coumestrol; . . . . . . . formononetin; . . . . . . . glycitein; . . . . . . . matairesinol; . . . . . . plant stanols; . . . . . . sitosterols; . . . . . . . beta-sitosterol; . . . . . . solanidine; . . . . . . stigmasterol; . . . . plant pigments; . . . . . betalains; . . . . . flavonoids; . . . . . . anthocyanidins; . . . . . . . cyanidin; . . . . . . . delphinidin; . . . . . . . pelargonidin; . . . . . . betacyanins; . . . . . . bioflavonoids; . . . . . . . hesperidin; . . . . . . . naringenin; . . . . . . . naringin; . . . . . . . quercetin; . . . . . . . rutoside; . . . . . . chalcones; . . . . . . . chalcone; . . . . . . epigallocatechin; . . . . . . flavanoids; . . . . . . . flavanols; . . . . . . . . catechin; . . . . . . . . epicatechin; . . . . . . flavanones; . . . . . . . naringenin; . . . . . . flavones; . . . . . . . apigenin; . . . . . . . flavonols; . . . . . . . . isorhamnetin; . . . . . . . . kaempferol; . . . . . . . . quercetin; . . . . . . . . rutin; . . . . . . . . taxifolin; . . . . . . . luteolin; . . . . . . glycoflavonoids; . . . . . . . glycoflavones; . . . . . . . . anthocyanins; . . . . . . . . . cyanin; . . . . . . . . hesperidin; . . . . . . . . isoquercitrin; . . . . . . . . maysin; . . . . . . . . naringin; . . . . . . . . phloridzin; . . . . . . . . quercitrin; . . . . . . . . rutoside; . . . . . . isoflavans; . . . . . . isoflavonoids; . . . . . . . isoflavones; . . . . . . . . daidzein; . . . . . . . . daidzin; . . . . . . . . formononetin; . . . . . . . . genistein; . . . . . . . . genistin; . . . . . . . . medicarpin; . . . . . . . . phaseollin; . . . . . . . . pisatin; . . . . . . . . rotenoids; . . . . . . . . . rotenone; . . . . . . myricetin; . . . . . . silymarin; . . . . . phycobilin; . . . . . phytochrome; . . . . . xanthophylls; . . . . . . antheraxanthin; . . . . . . capsanthin; . . . . . . lutein; . . . . . . neoxanthin; . . . . . . zeaxanthin; . . . plant growth substances; . . . . auxins; . . . . . indole acetic acid; . . . . . indole butyric acid; . . . . . naphthaleneacetic acid; . . . . brassinosteroids; . . . . . brassinolide; . . . . chlormequat; . . . . cytokinins; . . . . gibberellins; . . . . . gibberellic acid; . . . . maleic hydrazide; . . . . mepiquat; . . . . plant hormones; . . . . . abscisic acid; . . . . . dihydrozeatin; . . . . . ethylene; . . . . . gibberellic acid; . . . . . indole acetic acid; . . . . . zeatin; . . plant genetics; . . . forest genetics; . . . ideotypes; . . plant physiology; . . . abscission; . . . . fruit drop; . . . . leaf abscission; . . . apical dominance; . . . callus formation; . . . caulogenesis; . . . chilling requirement; . . . cyanogenesis; . . . dehiscence; . . . dry matter accumulation; . . . . dry matter partitioning; . . . ethylene production; . . . foliar uptake; . . . light requirement; . . . lignification; . . . nastic movement; . . . nectar secretion; . . . nodulation; . . . nutation; . . . nutrient use efficiency; . . . plant development; . . . . abortion (plants); . . . . . seed abortion; . . . . branching; . . . . bud initiation; . . . . etiolation; . . . . fasciation; . . . . filling period; . . . . flowering; . . . . . bolting; . . . . . heading; . . . . fruiting; . . . . . alternate bearing; . . . . . fruit set; . . . . . . parthenocarpy; . . . . germination; . . . . . pollen germination; . . . . . . pollen tubes; . . . . . seed germination; . . . . . . grain sprouting; . . . . . spore germination; . . . . . vivipary (plants); . . . . juvenility; . . . . leaf development; . . . . . leaf emergence; . . . . ripening; . . . . rooting; . . . . seed development; . . . . . seed dispersal; . . . . . seed maturation; . . . . . . after-ripening; . . . . . seed set; . . . . . seed shattering; . . . . seedling emergence; . . . . sprouting; . . . . . tuber sprouting; . . . . suckering; . . . . tillering; . . . . vegetative growth; . . . plant growth; . . . . budbreak; . . . . epinasty; . . . . growth habit; . . . . . annuals; . . . . . biennials; . . . . . determinate growth; . . . . . indeterminate growth; . . . . . perennials; . . . . root growth; . . . . seedling growth; . . . . stem elongation; . . . . tree growth; . . . . vegetative growth; . . . plant reproduction; . . . . apomixis; . . . . . autogamy; . . . . plant fertility; . . . . . cytoplasmic male sterility; . . . . pollination; . . . . . cross pollination; . . . . . insect pollination; . . . . . open pollination; . . . . . pollen flow; . . . . . self-pollination; . . . . . . cleistogamy; . . . . . wind pollination; . . . plant response; . . . plant-water relations; . . . . imbibition; . . . . leaf water potential; . . . . root hydraulic conductivity; . . . . root pressure; . . . . root water potential; . . . . transpiration; . . . . . leaf conductance; . . . . . stomatal conductance; . . . . turgor; . . . . wilting; . . . . xylem water potential; . . . postharvest physiology; . . . radiation use efficiency; . . . rhizogenesis; . . . seed dormancy; . . . source-sink relationships; . . . stomatal movement; . . . suberization; . . . translocation (plant physiology); . . . . phloem loading; . . . . sap flow; . . . tree physiology; . . . . tree growth; . . . water use efficiency; . . weed biology; . plant collections; . plant exploration and collection; . plant taxonomy

cell biology

: : Biological Sciences; cell biology; . cell adhesion; . . bacterial adhesion; . cell aggregates; . cell death; . . apoptosis; . . necrosis; . . . infarction; . cell motility; . . bacterial motility; . . sperm motility; . cell physiology; . . cell communication; . . . signal transduction; . . . . phototransduction; . . . . second messengers; . . cell cycle; . . . cell division; . . . . anaphase; . . . . asynapsis; . . . . chromosome pairing; . . . . chromosome segregation; . . . . cytokinesis; . . . . desynapsis; . . . . meiosis; . . . . . synaptonemal complex; . . . . meiotic drive; . . . . . segregation distortion; . . . . metaphase; . . . . mitosis; . . . . prophase; . . . . . pachytene stage; . . . . telophase; . . . interphase; . . cell dedifferentiation; . . cell differentiation; . . cell fusion; . . cell growth; . . cell respiration; . . . cyanide-resistant respiration; . . . cyanide-sensitive respiration; . . . photorespiration; . . cytolysis; . . . autolysis; . . . hemolysis; . . endocytosis; . . . phagocytosis; . . exocytosis; . . membrane fluidity; . . membrane permeability; . . plasmolysis; . cell proliferation; . cell structures; . . cell membranes; . . . egg membranes; . . . . vitelline membrane; . . . lipid bilayers; . . . microvilli; . . . mucosa; . . . . digestive tract mucosa; . . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . . intestinal mucosa; . . . . . . intestinal crypts; . . . . . . villi; . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . . vaginal mucosa; . . . nuclear membrane; . . . plasma membrane; . . . thylakoids; . . . tonoplast; . . cell nucleus; . . . cell nucleolus; . . . chromatin; . . . . heterochromatin; . . . . nucleosomes; . . . . sex chromatin; . . . chromosomes; . . . . acrocentric chromosomes; . . . . autosomes; . . . . bacterial artificial chromosomes; . . . . centromeres; . . . . . chromocenters; . . . . . kinetochores; . . . . chiasmata; . . . . chromatids; . . . . loci; . . . . metacentric chromosomes; . . . . nucleolus organizer region; . . . . polytene chromosomes; . . . . sex chromosomes; . . . . . W chromosome; . . . . . X chromosome; . . . . . Y chromosome; . . . . . Z chromosome; . . . . submetacentric chromosomes; . . . . telocentric chromosomes; . . . . telomeres; . . . . yeast artificial chromosomes; . . . nuclear matrix; . . . nuclear membrane; . . . pronucleus; . . cell walls; . . cilia; . . cytoplasm; . . . cytoplasmic granules; . . . . chromaffin granules; . . . cytoskeleton; . . . . intermediate filaments; . . . . microfilaments; . . . . microtubules; . . . organelles; . . . . cellulosome; . . . . centrosomes; . . . . . centrioles; . . . . coated vesicles; . . . . . endosomes; . . . . endoplasmic reticulum; . . . . . rough endoplasmic reticulum; . . . . . smooth endoplasmic reticulum; . . . . . . sarcoplasmic reticulum; . . . . Golgi apparatus; . . . . lipid bodies; . . . . lysosomes; . . . . microbodies; . . . . . glyoxysomes; . . . . . peroxisomes; . . . . mitochondria; . . . . mitotic spindle apparatus; . . . . myofibrils; . . . . . sarcomeres; . . . . neurofibrils; . . . . phagosomes; . . . . plastids; . . . . . amyloplasts; . . . . . chloroplasts; . . . . . . etioplasts; . . . . . . grana; . . . . . . thylakoids; . . . . . chromoplasts; . . . . . elaioplasts; . . . . pseudopodia; . . . . ribosomes; . . . . . polyribosomes; . . . . spliceosomes; . . . . vacuoles; . . fimbriae; . . flagellum; . . inclusion bodies; . . . cytoplasmic inclusions; . . . nuclear inclusions; . . subcellular fractions; . . . brush border membrane vesicles; . . . cell free system; . . . cytosol; . . . microsomes; . . . . liver microsomes; . . . synaptosomes; . cell wall components; . cells; . . acinar cells; . . adipocytes; . . aleurone cells; . . antigen-presenting cells; . . . dendritic cells; . . . . Langerhans cells; . . bacteriocytes; . . blood cells; . . . blood platelets; . . . erythrocytes; . . . . reticulocytes; . . . leukocytes; . . . . granulocytes; . . . . . basophils; . . . . . eosinophils; . . . . . heterophils; . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . lymphocytes; . . . . . B-lymphocytes; . . . . . . plasma cells; . . . . . immunocytes; . . . . . melanocytes; . . . . . natural killer cells; . . . . . thymocytes; . . . . . T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . CD4-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . CD8-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . cytotoxic T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . suppressor cells; . . . . monocytes; . . . thrombocytes; . . bone marrow cells; . . . erythroblasts; . . . megakaryocytes; . . bundle sheath cells; . . chondrocytes; . . chromaffin cells; . . cultured cells; . . . cell lines; . . . . human cell lines; . . . . hybridomas; . . . protoplasts; . . endothelial cells; . . epithelial cells; . . . enterocytes; . . eukaryotic cells; . . fibroblasts; . . germ cells; . . . gametocytes; . . . megaspores; . . . megasporocytes; . . . microspores; . . . microsporocytes; . . . ova; . . . . cortical granules; . . . . egg membranes; . . . . . vitelline membrane; . . . . egg quality; . . . . . egg shell quality; . . . . . . egg shell thickness; . . . . . egg weight; . . . . . egg yolk color; . . . . egg shell; . . . . egg yolk; . . . . . egg yolk color; . . . . fish eggs; . . . . oocytes; . . . . . germinal vesicle; . . . . oogonia; . . . . zona pellucida; . . . spermatids; . . . spermatocytes; . . . spermatogonia; . . . spermatozoa; . . . . acrosome; . . giant cells; . . gonadotropic cells; . . granulosa cells; . . guard cells; . . hemocytes; . . hepatocytes; . . islets of Langerhans; . . keratinocytes; . . kidney cells; . . Leydig cells; . . luteal cells; . . mast cells; . . mycetocytes; . . myocytes; . . neurosecretory cells; . . osteoblasts; . . osteoclasts; . . phagocytes; . . . macrophages; . . . . foam cells; . . . . histiocytes; . . . . Kupffer cells; . . . monocytes; . . . neutrophils; . . prokaryotic cells; . . Schwann cells; . . Sertoli cells; . . somatic cells; . . splenocytes; . . spores; . . . bacterial spores; . . . endospores; . . . fungal spores; . . . . aeciospores; . . . . ascospores; . . . . basidiospores; . . . . chlamydospores; . . . . conidia; . . . . oospores; . . . . teliospores; . . . zoospores; . . stem cells; . . . embryonic stem cells; . . teratocytes; . . thecal cells; . . vegetative cells; . cytochemistry; . cytogenetics; . . aneuploidy; . . . disomics; . . . monosomics; . . . nullisomics; . . . tetrasomics; . . . trisomics; . . cell cycle; . . . cell division; . . . . anaphase; . . . . asynapsis; . . . . chromosome pairing; . . . . chromosome segregation; . . . . cytokinesis; . . . . desynapsis; . . . . meiosis; . . . . . synaptonemal complex; . . . . meiotic drive; . . . . . segregation distortion; . . . . metaphase; . . . . mitosis; . . . . prophase; . . . . . pachytene stage; . . . . telophase; . . . interphase; . . chimerism; . . chromosome aberrations; . . . chromosome addition; . . . chromosome breakage; . . . chromosome elimination; . . . chromosome inversions; . . . . paracentric inversion; . . . . pericentric inversion; . . . chromosome substitution; . . . chromosome translocation; . . . . reciprocal translocation; . . chromosome morphology; . . chromosome number; . . chromosome transmission; . . crossing over; . . crossover interference; . . cytogenetic analysis; . . . karyotyping; . . diploidy; . . doubled haploids; . . haploidy; . . heterokaryon; . . homokaryon; . . mixoploidy; . . polyploidy; . . . allopolyploidy; . . . autopolyploidy; . . . endopolyploidy; . . . hexaploidy; . . . octaploidy; . . . tetraploidy; . . . triploidy; . extracellular space; . . extracellular fluids; . . extracellular matrix; . intercellular junctions; . . desmosomes; . . gap junctions; . . plasmodesmata; . . tight junctions; . intercellular spaces; . receptors; . . adrenergic receptors; . . cholinergic receptors; . . hormone receptors; . . ryanodine receptors; . . sensory receptors; . . . chemoreceptors; . . . mechanoreceptors; . . . olfactory receptors; . . . photoreceptors

endocrinology

: : Biological Sciences; endocrinology; . hormones and hormone-related substances; . . hormone agonists; . . hormone antagonists; . . . tamoxifen; . . . thyroid antagonists; . . . . goitrogens; . . hormone receptors; . . hormones; . . . adrenal cortex hormones; . . . . 17-ketosteroids; . . . . . androstenedione; . . . . . androsterone; . . . . . estrone; . . . . . prasterone; . . . . glucocorticoids; . . . . . corticosterone; . . . . . cortisol; . . . . . cortisone; . . . . . pregnenolone; . . . . mineralocorticoids; . . . . . aldosterone; . . . . . corticosterone; . . . . . desoxycorticosterone; . . . adrenal medulla hormones; . . . . epinephrine; . . . . norepinephrine; . . . gastrointestinal hormones; . . . . cholecystokinin; . . . . epidermal growth factor; . . . . gastric inhibitory polypeptide; . . . . gastrin-releasing peptide; . . . . gastrins; . . . . glucagon-like peptides; . . . . motilin; . . . . peptide YY; . . . . secretin; . . . . vasoactive intestinal peptide; . . . gonadotropins; . . . . chorionic gonadotropins; . . . . . equine chorionic gonadotropin; . . . . . human chorionic gonadotropin; . . . . pituitary gonadotropins; . . . . . follicle-stimulating hormone; . . . . . luteinizing hormone; . . . . . prolactin; . . . . pregnant mare serum gonadotropin; . . . hypothalamic hormones; . . . . pituitary hormone release inhibiting hormones; . . . . . somatostatin; . . . . pituitary hormone-releasing hormones; . . . . . corticotropin-releasing hormone; . . . . . gonadotropin-releasing hormone; . . . . . somatoliberin; . . . . . thyrotropin-releasing hormone; . . . insect hormones; . . . . adipokinetic hormone; . . . . diapause hormone; . . . . diuretic hormone; . . . . eclosion hormone; . . . . hypertrehalosemic hormone; . . . . juvenile hormones; . . . . pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide; . . . . prothoracicotropic hormone; . . . neurohormones; . . . pancreatic hormones; . . . . glucagon; . . . . insulin; . . . . . proinsulin; . . . . . . c-peptide; . . . . pancreatic polypeptide; . . . . somatostatin; . . . parathyroid hormone; . . . peptide hormones; . . . . adipokinetic hormone; . . . . ghrelin; . . . . leptin; . . . . pancreatic polypeptide; . . . pituitary hormones; . . . . anterior pituitary hormones; . . . . . pituitary gonadotropins; . . . . . . follicle-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . luteinizing hormone; . . . . . . prolactin; . . . . . pro-opiomelanocortin; . . . . . . corticotropin; . . . . . . . cosyntropin; . . . . . . lipotropin; . . . . . . melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . . alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . . beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . . . gamma-melanocyte-stimulating hormone; . . . . . somatotropin; . . . . . thyrotropin; . . . . posterior pituitary hormones; . . . . . oxytocin; . . . . . vasopressin; . . . . . vasotocin; . . . . . . arginine vasotocin; . . . placental hormones; . . . . choriomammotropin; . . . . chorionic gonadotropins; . . . . . equine chorionic gonadotropin; . . . . . human chorionic gonadotropin; . . . red pigment-concentrating hormone; . . . sex hormones; . . . . androgens; . . . . . androstenedione; . . . . . androsterone; . . . . . prasterone; . . . . . testosterone; . . . . anti-Mullerian hormone; . . . . corpus luteum hormones; . . . . . progesterone; . . . . . . hydroxyprogesterones; . . . . . . . 17-hydroxyprogesterone; . . . . . relaxin; . . . . estrogens; . . . . . catechol estrogens; . . . . . conjugated estrogens; . . . . . equilin; . . . . . estradiol; . . . . . estriol; . . . . . estrone; . . . . . nonsteroidal estrogens; . . . . . . diethylstilbestrol; . . . . inhibin; . . . . progestational hormones; . . . . . pregnanediol; . . . . . pregnanetriol; . . . . . pregnenolone; . . . . . progesterone; . . . . . . hydroxyprogesterones; . . . . . . . 17-hydroxyprogesterone; . . . steroid hormones; . . . thymus hormones; . . . . thymosin; . . . thyroid hormones; . . . . calcitonin; . . . . L-thyroxine; . . . . triiodothyronine; . . synthetic hormones; . . . synthetic androgens; . . . . anabolic steroids; . . . . . mibolerone; . . . . . nandrolone; . . . . . trenbolone; . . . synthetic estrogens; . . . . nonsteroidal estrogens; . . . . . diethylstilbestrol; . . . synthetic glucocorticoids; . . . synthetic mineralocorticoids; . . . synthetic progestogens; . . . . medroxyprogesterone; . . . . melengestrol; . . . . norgestomet

genetics

: : Biological Sciences; genetics; . animal genetics; . . insect genetics; . cytogenetics; . . aneuploidy; . . . disomics; . . . monosomics; . . . nullisomics; . . . tetrasomics; . . . trisomics; . . cell cycle; . . . cell division; . . . . anaphase; . . . . asynapsis; . . . . chromosome pairing; . . . . chromosome segregation; . . . . cytokinesis; . . . . desynapsis; . . . . meiosis; . . . . . synaptonemal complex; . . . . meiotic drive; . . . . . segregation distortion; . . . . metaphase; . . . . mitosis; . . . . prophase; . . . . . pachytene stage; . . . . telophase; . . . interphase; . . chimerism; . . chromosome aberrations; . . . chromosome addition; . . . chromosome breakage; . . . chromosome elimination; . . . chromosome inversions; . . . . paracentric inversion; . . . . pericentric inversion; . . . chromosome substitution; . . . chromosome translocation; . . . . reciprocal translocation; . . chromosome morphology; . . chromosome number; . . chromosome transmission; . . crossing over; . . crossover interference; . . cytogenetic analysis; . . . karyotyping; . . diploidy; . . doubled haploids; . . haploidy; . . heterokaryon; . . homokaryon; . . mixoploidy; . . polyploidy; . . . allopolyploidy; . . . autopolyploidy; . . . endopolyploidy; . . . hexaploidy; . . . octaploidy; . . . tetraploidy; . . . triploidy; . genetic relationships; . . ancestry; . . . pedigree; . . . wild relatives; . . kinship; . . parentage; . . . dams (mothers); . . . maternal lineage; . . . paternity; . . . sires; . . progeny; . . siblings; . . . litters (young animals); . . . twins; . genetic stability; . genetic vectors; . . phage vectors; . . plasmid vectors; . . retroviral vectors; . genomics; . human genetics; . immunogenetics; . . antigenic variation; . . immunoglobulin genes; . . major histocompatibility complex; . inheritance (genetics); . . allelism; . . . codominance; . . . dominance (genetics); . . . incomplete dominance; . . . overdominance; . . cytoplasmic inheritance; . . linkage (genetics); . . . linkage disequilibrium; . . . linkage groups; . . . sex linkage; . . Mendelian inheritance; . . . gene segregation; . . . . meiotic drive; . . . . . segregation distortion; . . polygenic inheritance; . . transgressive segregation; . maternal effect; . metabolomics; . microbial genetics; . . conjugation; . . genetic transduction; . . lysogeny; . . SOS response (genetics); . . transfection; . molecular genetics; . . amino acid sequences; . . . signal peptide; . . consensus sequence; . . conserved sequences; . . DNA conformation; . . DNA fragmentation; . . DNA libraries; . . . cDNA libraries; . . . expressed sequence tags; . . . genomic libraries; . . DNA probes; . . . DNA primers; . . DNA repair; . . DNA replication; . . DNA-binding domains; . . . leucine zipper; . . . zinc finger motif; . . epigenetics; . . . genomic imprinting; . . gene conversion; . . gene duplication; . . gene expression; . . . gene overexpression; . . gene expression regulation; . . . autoregulation; . . . gene activation; . . . gene amplification; . . . gene induction; . . . gene silencing; . . . . RNA interference; . . . nucleocytoplasmic interaction; . . . RNA editing; . . . RNA splicing; . . . . alternative splicing; . . . transcriptional activation; . . gene interaction; . . . epistasis; . . gene-for-gene relationship; . . genes; . . . alleles; . . . complementary genes; . . . dominant genes; . . . duplicate genes; . . . homeotic genes; . . . immunoglobulin genes; . . . lethal genes; . . . major genes; . . . major histocompatibility complex; . . . modifiers (genes); . . . multigene family; . . . oncogenes; . . . . proto-oncogenes; . . . operon; . . . pseudogenes; . . . recessive genes; . . . regulator genes; . . . reporter genes; . . . structural genes; . . . suppressor genes; . . . synthetic genes; . . . transgenes; . . genetic code; . . genetic complementation; . . genetic engineering; . . . nuclear transplantation; . . . protein engineering; . . . . site-directed mutagenesis; . . . sex preselection; . . genetic recombination; . . . crossing over; . . . genetic transformation; . . . . genetic transduction; . . . . transfection; . . . homologous recombination; . . . . intragenic recombination; . . . mitotic recombination; . . genetic techniques and protocols; . . . chromosome banding; . . . chromosome mapping; . . . . chromosome walking; . . . . physical chromosome mapping; . . . . . restriction mapping; . . . cytogenetic analysis; . . . . karyotyping; . . . diallel analysis; . . . direct DNA uptake; . . . DNA footprinting; . . . DNA profiling; . . . electroporation; . . . gene targeting; . . . gene transfer; . . . . biolistics; . . . . transfection; . . . genetic complementation test; . . . genetic markers; . . . in situ hybridization; . . . . fluorescence in situ hybridization; . . . microarray technology; . . . molecular cloning; . . . . gene fusion; . . . . two hybrid system techniques; . . . Northern blotting; . . . nucleic acid hybridization; . . . plasmid curing; . . . polymerase chain reaction; . . . . amplified fragment length polymorphism; . . . . random amplified polymorphic DNA technique; . . . . reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; . . . . simple sequence length polymorphism; . . . sequence alignment; . . . sequence analysis; . . . sexing; . . . Southern blotting; . . . virus curing; . . genetically modified organisms; . . . genetically engineered microorganisms; . . . transgenic animals; . . . . transgenic insects; . . . transgenic plants; . . molecular mimicry; . . mutation; . . . amino acid substitution; . . . base pair mismatch; . . . DNA damage; . . . frameshift mutation; . . . gene deletion; . . . genetic polymorphism; . . . . inversion polymorphism; . . . . restriction fragment length polymorphism; . . . . single nucleotide polymorphism; . . . . single-stranded conformational polymorphism; . . . missense mutation; . . . mutagenesis; . . . . insertional mutagenesis; . . . . site-directed mutagenesis; . . . nonsense mutation; . . . point mutation; . . nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions; . . nucleic acids; . . . DNA; . . . . A-DNA; . . . . antisense DNA; . . . . circular DNA; . . . . . plasmids; . . . . complementary DNA; . . . . DNA adducts; . . . . mitochondrial DNA; . . . . plastid DNA; . . . . . chloroplast DNA; . . . . recombinant DNA; . . . . ribosomal DNA; . . . . single-stranded DNA; . . . . transfer DNA; . . . . Z-DNA; . . . RNA; . . . . antisense RNA; . . . . double-stranded RNA; . . . . messenger RNA; . . . . ribosomal RNA; . . . . satellite RNA; . . . . small nuclear RNA; . . . . transfer RNA; . . nucleotide sequences; . . . codons; . . . . start codon; . . . . stop codon; . . . exons; . . . internal transcribed spacers; . . . introns; . . . open reading frames; . . . regulatory sequences; . . . . enhancer elements; . . . . leader sequence; . . . . operator regions; . . . . promoter regions; . . . . . TATA box; . . . . response elements; . . . . terminator regions; . . . repetitive sequences; . . . . microsatellite repeats; . . . . minisatellite repeats; . . . . retrotransposons; . . . . satellite DNA; . . . . tandem repeat sequences; . . . . terminal repeat sequences; . . . . transposons; . . . replicon; . . . . replication origin; . . . satellite RNA; . . oligonucleotide probes; . . pleiotropy; . . position effect (genetics); . . proliferating cell nuclear antigen; . . protein synthesis; . . . fractional synthesis rate; . . . post-translational modification; . . reverse transcription; . . RNA probes; . . sequence homology; . . transcription (genetics); . . transcription factors; . . . sigma factors; . . translation (genetics); . . transposition (genetics); . nutrigenomics; . paternal effect; . phenotype; . . albino; . . blood groups; . . gender; . . . females; . . . . cows; . . . . . beef cows; . . . . . dairy cows; . . . . ewes; . . . . gilts; . . . . gravid females; . . . . heifers; . . . . hens; . . . . . laying hens; . . . . . spent hens; . . . . mares; . . . . nannygoats; . . . . pullets; . . . . sows; . . . . virgin females; . . . gender differences; . . . males; . . . . boars; . . . . bucks; . . . . bullocks; . . . . bulls; . . . . . beef bulls; . . . . . dairy bulls; . . . . cockerels; . . . . drakes; . . . . ganders; . . . . rams; . . . . roosters; . . . . stags; . . . . stallions; . plant genetics; . . forest genetics; . . ideotypes; . population genetics; . . founder effect; . . gene flow; . . gene frequency; . . genetic distance; . . genetic drift; . . genetic polymorphism; . . . inversion polymorphism; . . . restriction fragment length polymorphism; . . . single nucleotide polymorphism; . . . single-stranded conformational polymorphism; . . mating systems; . . . assortative mating; . . . inbreeding; . . . natural mating; . . . outbreeding; . . . random mating; . . reproductive isolation; . . sex ratio; . . synthetic populations; . proteomics; . quantitative genetics; . . additive gene effects; . . breeding value; . . correlated responses; . . gene frequency; . . general combining ability; . . genetic correlation; . . genetic covariance; . . genetic distance; . . genetic improvement; . . genetic merit; . . genetic trend; . . genetic variance; . . genetic variation; . . . antigenic variation; . . . clonal variation; . . . somaclonal variation; . . genotype-environment interaction; . . heritability; . . heterosis; . . inbreeding coefficient; . . inbreeding depression; . . outbreeding depression; . . penetrance; . . phenotypic correlation; . . phenotypic variation; . . quantitative trait loci; . . quantitative traits; . . selection intensity; . . selection response; . . specific combining ability; . sex determination; . traits; . . agronomic traits; . . . maturity groups; . . double muscling; . . growth traits; . . polled trait; . . quantitative traits; . . reproductive traits; . transcriptomics

immunology

: : Biological Sciences; immunology; . immunity; . . autoimmunity; . . cell-mediated immunity; . . . antigen presentation; . . . graft versus host reactions; . . . lymphocyte proliferation; . . cross immunity; . . humoral immunity; . . immune response; . . . antibody formation; . . . antigen-antibody reactions; . . . . agglutination; . . . . . hemagglutination; . . . . cross reaction; . . . graft rejection; . . . graft versus host reactions; . . . macrophage activation; . . immunocompetence; . . immunosuppression (physiological); . . insect immunity; . . mucosal immunity; . . passive immunity; . . . maternal immunity; . . . . colostral immunity; . immunochemistry; . . immunocytochemistry; . . immunohistochemistry; . immunogenetics; . . antigenic variation; . . immunoglobulin genes; . . major histocompatibility complex; . immunologic factors; . . agglutinins; . . . hemagglutinins; . . antibodies; . . . autoantibodies; . . . monoclonal antibodies; . . . opsonins; . . . polyclonal antibodies; . . . recombinant antibodies; . . antigen-antibody complex; . . antigens; . . . allergens; . . . autoantigens; . . . bacterial antigens; . . . . tuberculin; . . . blood group antigens; . . . circulating antigens; . . . coproantigens; . . . epitopes; . . . . haptens; . . . exoantigens; . . . fungal antigens; . . . lymphocyte antigens; . . . neoplasm antigens; . . . nuclear antigens; . . . . proliferating cell nuclear antigen; . . . recombinant antigens; . . . somatic antigens; . . . superantigens; . . . surface antigens; . . . . histocompatibility antigens; . . . . . H-Y antigen; . . . viral antigens; . . antiserum; . . antitoxins; . . complement; . . cytokines; . . . chemokines; . . . colony-stimulating factors; . . . . erythropoietin; . . . . granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; . . . . granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; . . . . macrophage colony-stimulating factor; . . . lymphokines; . . . tumor necrosis factors; . . . . lymphotoxin; . . . . tumor necrosis factor-alpha; . . hemolysins; . . . melittin; . . immunoglobulins; . . . immunoglobulin A; . . . immunoglobulin E; . . . immunoglobulin G; . . . immunoglobulin M; . . immunomodulators; . . . immunostimulants; . . . immunosuppressive agents; . . . . busulfan; . . . . cyclophosphamide; . . . . cyclosporins; . . . . florfenicol; . . interferons; . . interleukins; . . . interleukin-1; . . . interleukin-10; . . . interleukin-11; . . . interleukin-12; . . . interleukin-2; . . . interleukin-3; . . . interleukin-4; . . . interleukin-5; . . . interleukin-6; . . . interleukin-7; . . . interleukin-8; . . . interleukin-9; . immunologic techniques; . . agglutination tests; . . . hemagglutination tests; . . . . hemagglutination inhibition test; . . . latex agglutination test; . . antibody detection; . . antigen detection; . . complement fixation tests; . . fluorescent antibody technique; . . immunoassay; . . . chemiluminescence immunoassays; . . . enzyme immunoassays; . . . . enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; . . . radioimmunoassay; . . immunoblotting; . . . Western blotting; . . immunodiffusion tests; . . immunomagnetic separation; . . neutralization tests; . . precipitin tests; . . ring tests; . . . milk ring tests; . . skin tests; . . . patch test

microbiology

: : Biological Sciences; microbiology; . air microbiology; . bacteriology; . industrial microbiology; . microbial activity; . . microbial colonization; . . . bacterial colonization; . . microbial growth; . . microbial resuscitation; . microbial contamination; . . bacterial contamination; . microbial load; . microbial physiology; . . fermentation; . . . alcoholic fermentation; . . . batch fermentation; . . . . silage fermentation; . . . continuous fermentation; . . . Crabtree effect; . . . lactic fermentation; . . . malolactic fermentation; . . . solid state fermentation; . . . submerged fermentation; . . quorum sensing; . microorganisms; . . airborne microorganisms; . . bacteria; . . . acetic acid bacteria; . . . animal pathogenic bacteria; . . . coliform bacteria; . . . denitrifying bacteria; . . . entomopathogenic bacteria; . . . Gram-negative bacteria; . . . Gram-positive bacteria; . . . lactic acid bacteria; . . . nitrogen-fixing bacteria; . . . phylloplane bacteria; . . . plant pathogenic bacteria; . . . propionic acid bacteria; . . . psychrophilic bacteria; . . . . psychrotrophic bacteria; . . . rhizosphere bacteria; . . . seed-borne bacteria; . . . soil bacteria; . . . . plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria; . . . spore-forming bacteria; . . . sulfate-reducing bacteria; . . . thermoduric bacteria; . . . thermophilic bacteria; . . cellulolytic microorganisms; . . denitrifying microorganisms; . . . denitrifying bacteria; . . fungi; . . . animal pathogenic fungi; . . . . entomopathogenic fungi; . . . aquatic fungi; . . . . marine fungi; . . . decay fungi; . . . . brown-rot fungi; . . . . soft-rot fungi; . . . . white-rot fungi; . . . edible fungi; . . . . mushrooms; . . . . truffles (edible fungi); . . . hallucinogenic fungi; . . . keratinophilic fungi; . . . mildews; . . . molds (fungi); . . . nematophagous fungi; . . . oleaginous fungi; . . . phylloplane fungi; . . . plant pathogenic fungi; . . . poisonous fungi; . . . psychrophilic fungi; . . . rhizosphere fungi; . . . seed-borne fungi; . . . soil fungi; . . . . mycorrhizal fungi; . . . stain fungi; . . . . blue-stain fungi; . . . . sapstain fungi; . . . thermophilic fungi; . . . yeasts; . . . . bakers yeast; . . . . brewers yeast; . . . . wine yeasts; . . . . . flor yeasts; . . . . yeast extract; . . inoculum; . . . inoculum density; . . intestinal microorganisms; . . ligninolytic microorganisms; . . methanogens; . . methanotrophs; . . nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria; . . rickettsia-like organisms; . . rumen microorganisms; . . . rumen bacteria; . . . rumen fungi; . . . rumen protozoa; . . soil microorganisms; . . . soil bacteria; . . . . plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria; . . . soil fungi; . . . . mycorrhizal fungi; . . thermophilic microorganisms; . . . thermophilic actinomycetes; . . . thermophilic bacteria; . . . thermophilic fungi; . . viruses; . . . arboviruses; . . . bacteriophages; . . . invertebrate viruses; . . . . cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses; . . . . insect viruses; . . . . . bee viruses; . . . mycoviruses; . . . . Agaricus bisporus virus 1; . . . oncogenic viruses; . . . plant viruses; . . . proviruses; . . . vertebrate viruses; . . . viroids; . . xylanolytic microorganisms; . predictive microbiology; . virology; . . virus replication; . water microbiology

nutrition

: : Biological Sciences; nutrition; . animal nutrition; . . feed conversion; . . feed intake; . . . dry matter intake; . . . voluntary intake; . . insect nutrition; . . maternal nutrition; . . ruminant nutrition; . diet; . . artificial diets; . . . meridic diets; . . diet study techniques; . . . diet history; . . . . diet recall; . . . . food frequency questionnaires; . . . . food records; . . . dietary surveys; . . . . Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals; . . . . Diet and Health Knowledge Survey; . . . . National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; . . . . Nationwide Food Consumption Survey; . . . . nutrition monitoring; . . . . Total Diet Study; . . . experimental diets; . . dietary carbohydrate; . . dietary energy sources; . . dietary fat; . . dietary fiber; . . dietary minerals; . . dietary nutrient sources; . . . protein sources; . . dietary protein; . . . animal source protein; . . . . blood source protein; . . . . dairy protein; . . . . . whey protein; . . . . egg source protein; . . . . meat protein; . . . . rennet; . . . plant source protein; . . . . grain protein; . . . . . barley protein; . . . . . corn protein; . . . . . oat protein; . . . . . rice protein; . . . . . rye protein; . . . . . wheat protein; . . . . leaf protein; . . . . oilseed protein; . . . . . coconut protein; . . . . . cottonseed protein; . . . . . rapeseed protein; . . . . . sunflower seed protein; . . . . vegetable protein; . . . . . potato protein; . . dietary supplements; . . . dietary mineral supplements; . . . ergogenic aids; . . . feed supplements; . . . prebiotics; . . . probiotics; . . . protein supplements; . . . vitamin supplements; . . . . multivitamin supplements; . . . vitamin-mineral supplements; . . energy deprivation; . . food deprivation; . . food intake; . . . portion size; . . forced feeding; . . popular diets; . . special diets; . . . carbohydrate loading; . . . diabetic diet; . . . elimination diets; . . . gluten-free diet; . . . grower diets; . . . high carbohydrate diet; . . . high energy diet; . . . high fat diet; . . . high fiber diet; . . . high protein diet; . . . hospital diet; . . . liquid diet; . . . low calorie diet; . . . . very low calorie diet; . . . low carbohydrate diet; . . . . low sugar diet; . . . low cholesterol diet; . . . low fat diet; . . . low fiber diet; . . . low protein diet; . . . low sodium diet; . . . starter diets; . . vegetarian diet; . . water deprivation; . energy deficiencies; . energy intake; . feeding methods; . . adapted feeding; . . bottle feeding; . . breast feeding; . . choice feeding; . . enteral feeding; . . . tube feeding; . . feed deprivation; . . forced feeding; . . grazing; . . . mixed grazing; . . . rotational grazing; . . individual feeding; . . overfeeding; . . parenteral feeding; . . . total parenteral nutrition; . . suckling; . . weaning; . . . early weaning; . food availability; . human nutrition; . . adolescent nutrition; . . child nutrition; . . clinical nutrition; . . diet counseling; . . dietary recommendations; . . . Adequate Intakes; . . . Dietary Reference Intakes; . . . . Tolerable Upper Intake Level; . . . Estimated Average Requirement; . . . food guides; . . . . Dietary Guidelines; . . . . exchange lists; . . . . USDA food plans; . . . . . Food Guide Pyramid; . . . . . MyPyramid; . . . Recommended Dietary Allowances; . . . Reference Daily Intakes; . . . serving size; . . . U.S. Recommended Daily Allowances; . . dietetics; . . eating habits; . . . binging; . . . dietary restriction; . . . . fasting; . . . dieting; . . . eating out; . . . overeating; . . . religious dietary laws; . . . undereating; . . elderly nutrition; . . food and nutrition programs; . . . community nutrition programs; . . . . community feeding centers; . . . . Meals on Wheels program; . . . emergency food programs; . . . . Emergency Food Assistance Program; . . . food distribution programs; . . . . food banks; . . . . USDA Food Distribution Programs; . . . . . Commodity Supplemental Food Program; . . . . . Emergency Food Assistance Program; . . . . . Food Distribution on Indian Reservations; . . . food recovery; . . . USDA food and nutrition programs; . . . . Child and Adult Care Food Program; . . . . Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program; . . . . Food Stamp Program; . . . . National School Breakfast Program; . . . . National School Lunch Program; . . . . Nutrition Education and Training program; . . . . Summer Food Service Program; . . . . USDA Food Distribution Programs; . . . . . Commodity Supplemental Food Program; . . . . . Emergency Food Assistance Program; . . . . . Food Distribution on Indian Reservations; . . . . WIC Program; . . food choices; . . . food acceptability; . . . food fads; . . . salt preference; . . foodways; . . . food beliefs; . . infant nutrition; . . . infant feeding; . . maternal nutrition; . . meal planning; . . meals (menu); . . . breakfast; . . . dinner; . . . lunch; . . . school meals; . . . . school breakfast; . . . . school lunch; . . . snacks; . . nutrition assessment; . . nutrition education; . . nutrition information; . . nutrition knowledge; . . nutrition policy; . . sports nutrition; . nutrient deficiencies; . . protein deficiencies; . . vitamin deficiencies; . nutrient excess; . . fluorosis; . . hemochromatosis; . . selenosis; . nutrient intake; . . carbohydrate intake; . . fat intake; . . protein intake; . nutrigenomics; . nutrition physiology; . . antinutritional factors; . . assimilation (physiology); . . . net assimilation rate; . . energy requirements; . . nutrient balance; . . nutrient partitioning; . . nutrient requirements; . . . feed requirements; . . . . feed rations; . . . protein requirement; . . . . amino acid requirements; . . nutrient reserves; . . nutrient resorption (physiology); . . nutrient retention; . . nutrient transport; . . nutrient uptake; . . nutrient utilization; . . . feed conversion; . . . food conversion; . . nutrient-nutrient interactions; . . nutrition-genotype interaction; . nutrition research; . nutrition science; . nutritional adequacy; . nutritional status; . . starvation; . optimal nutrition; . plant nutrition; . . fertilizer requirements; . . nutrient solutions; . . tree nutrition; . weight control; . . weight control programs

organisms

: : Biological Sciences; organisms; . aerobes; . anaerobes; . animals; . . captive animals; . . dead animals; . . desert animals; . . . desert insects; . . domestic animals; . . . livestock; . . . . buffaloes; . . . . camels; . . . . . Bactrian camels; . . . . . dromedaries; . . . . cattle; . . . . . beef cattle; . . . . . . beef bulls; . . . . . . beef cows; . . . . . . feeder cattle; . . . . . . stocker cattle; . . . . . bullocks; . . . . . bulls; . . . . . . beef bulls; . . . . . . dairy bulls; . . . . . calves; . . . . . . veal calves; . . . . . cows; . . . . . . beef cows; . . . . . . dairy cows; . . . . . dairy cattle; . . . . . . dairy bulls; . . . . . . dairy cows; . . . . . heifers; . . . . . oxen; . . . . . steers; . . . . . zebu; . . . . mithuns; . . . . monogastric livestock; . . . . . asses; . . . . . hinnies; . . . . . horses; . . . . . . colts; . . . . . . fillies; . . . . . . foals; . . . . . . geldings; . . . . . . mares; . . . . . . racehorses; . . . . . . stallions; . . . . . mules; . . . . . poultry; . . . . . . chickens; . . . . . . . broilers; . . . . . . . . broiler breeders; . . . . . . . capons; . . . . . . . cockerels; . . . . . . . hens; . . . . . . . . laying hens; . . . . . . . . spent hens; . . . . . . . pullets; . . . . . . . roosters; . . . . . . ducks; . . . . . . . drakes; . . . . . . . ducklings; . . . . . . geese; . . . . . . . ganders; . . . . . . . goslings; . . . . . . guineafowl; . . . . . . pheasants; . . . . . . pigeons; . . . . . . . racing pigeons; . . . . . . quails; . . . . . . . Japanese quails; . . . . . . turkeys; . . . . . . . poults; . . . . . . . toms; . . . . . . . turkey hens; . . . . . swine; . . . . . . barrows; . . . . . . boars; . . . . . . feeder pigs; . . . . . . gilts; . . . . . . piglets; . . . . . . sows; . . . . range livestock; . . . . small ruminants; . . . . . alpacas; . . . . . chamois; . . . . . deer; . . . . . . reindeer; . . . . . goats; . . . . . . kids; . . . . . . nannygoats; . . . . . llamas; . . . . . mouflon; . . . . . sheep; . . . . . . ewes; . . . . . . hoggets; . . . . . . lambs; . . . . . . rams; . . . . . . wethers; . . . . . vicunas; . . . . yaks; . . . pets; . . downer animals; . . farmed animal species; . . . alternative livestock; . . . farmed fish; . . . livestock; . . . . buffaloes; . . . . camels; . . . . . Bactrian camels; . . . . . dromedaries; . . . . cattle; . . . . . beef cattle; . . . . . . beef bulls; . . . . . . beef cows; . . . . . . feeder cattle; . . . . . . stocker cattle; . . . . . bullocks; . . . . . bulls; . . . . . . beef bulls; . . . . . . dairy bulls; . . . . . calves; . . . . . . veal calves; . . . . . cows; . . . . . . beef cows; . . . . . . dairy cows; . . . . . dairy cattle; . . . . . . dairy bulls; . . . . . . dairy cows; . . . . . heifers; . . . . . oxen; . . . . . steers; . . . . . zebu; . . . . mithuns; . . . . monogastric livestock; . . . . . asses; . . . . . hinnies; . . . . . horses; . . . . . . colts; . . . . . . fillies; . . . . . . foals; . . . . . . geldings; . . . . . . mares; . . . . . . racehorses; . . . . . . stallions; . . . . . mules; . . . . . poultry; . . . . . . chickens; . . . . . . . broilers; . . . . . . . . broiler breeders; . . . . . . . capons; . . . . . . . cockerels; . . . . . . . hens; . . . . . . . . laying hens; . . . . . . . . spent hens; . . . . . . . pullets; . . . . . . . roosters; . . . . . . ducks; . . . . . . . drakes; . . . . . . . ducklings; . . . . . . geese; . . . . . . . ganders; . . . . . . . goslings; . . . . . . guineafowl; . . . . . . pheasants; . . . . . . pigeons; . . . . . . . racing pigeons; . . . . . . quails; . . . . . . . Japanese quails; . . . . . . turkeys; . . . . . . . poults; . . . . . . . toms; . . . . . . . turkey hens; . . . . . swine; . . . . . . barrows; . . . . . . boars; . . . . . . feeder pigs; . . . . . . gilts; . . . . . . piglets; . . . . . . sows; . . . . range livestock; . . . . small ruminants; . . . . . alpacas; . . . . . chamois; . . . . . deer; . . . . . . reindeer; . . . . . goats; . . . . . . kids; . . . . . . nannygoats; . . . . . llamas; . . . . . mouflon; . . . . . sheep; . . . . . . ewes; . . . . . . hoggets; . . . . . . lambs; . . . . . . rams; . . . . . . wethers; . . . . . vicunas; . . . . yaks; . . food animals; . . . dairy animals; . . . . dairy cows; . . fur-bearing animals; . . game animals; . . . game birds; . . . . grouse; . . . . partridges; . . . . pheasants; . . . . quails; . . . . . Japanese quails; . . . game fish; . . germ-free animals; . . . specific pathogen-free animals; . . invertebrates; . . . animal parasitic nematodes; . . . . gastrointestinal nematodes; . . . aquatic invertebrates; . . . . aquatic arthropods; . . . . . aquatic insects; . . . . . crayfish; . . . . . lobsters; . . . . . shrimp; . . . . corals; . . . . freshwater molluscs; . . . . shellfish; . . . arthropods; . . . . aquatic arthropods; . . . . . aquatic insects; . . . . . crayfish; . . . . . lobsters; . . . . . shrimp; . . . . beneficial arthropods; . . . . . beneficial insects; . . . . . . pollinating insects; . . . . hematophagous arthropods; . . . . . hematophagous insects; . . . . . ticks; . . . . mites; . . . . . chiggers; . . . . . dust mites; . . . . . feather mites; . . . . . phytophagous mites; . . . . . predatory mites; . . . . . storage mites; . . . . . water mites; . . . . predatory arthropods; . . . . . predatory insects; . . . . . predatory mites; . . . . soil arthropods; . . . . . soil insects; . . . crabs; . . . entomopathogenic nematodes; . . . free-living nematodes; . . . macroinvertebrates; . . . molluscs; . . . . abalone; . . . . clams; . . . . freshwater molluscs; . . . . mussels; . . . . oysters; . . . . scallops; . . . . slugs; . . . . snails; . . . . squid; . . . plant parasitic nematodes; . . . . cyst nematodes; . . . . ring nematodes; . . . . root lesion nematodes; . . . . root-knot nematodes; . . . soil invertebrates; . . . . earthworms; . . . . soil arthropods; . . . . . soil insects; . . . . soil nematodes; . . laboratory animals; . . old animals; . . racing animals; . . . racehorses; . . . racing pigeons; . . stray animals; . . transgenic animals; . . . transgenic insects; . . vertebrates; . . . amphibians; . . . . caecilians; . . . . frogs; . . . . salamanders and newts; . . . . toads; . . . birds; . . . . aviary birds; . . . . . budgerigars; . . . . . canaries; . . . . . parakeets; . . . . birds of prey; . . . . . eagles; . . . . . falcons; . . . . . hawks; . . . . game birds; . . . . . grouse; . . . . . partridges; . . . . . pheasants; . . . . . quails; . . . . . . Japanese quails; . . . . ornamental birds; . . . . . peafowl; . . . . . swans; . . . . parrots; . . . . ratites; . . . . . cassowaries; . . . . . emus; . . . . . ostriches; . . . . . rheas; . . . . water birds; . . . . . penguins; . . . . . seabirds; . . . . . swans; . . . . . waterfowl; . . . . . . ducks; . . . . . . . drakes; . . . . . . . ducklings; . . . . . . geese; . . . . . . . ganders; . . . . . . . goslings; . . . . wild birds; . . . . . crows; . . . . . doves; . . . . . hummingbirds; . . . . . songbirds; . . . . . woodpeckers; . . . fish; . . . . anchovies; . . . . aquarium fish; . . . . baitfish; . . . . bass; . . . . bonito; . . . . brackish water fish; . . . . bream; . . . . carp; . . . . . goldfish; . . . . . koi; . . . . catfish; . . . . cod (fish); . . . . diadromous fish; . . . . . anadromous fish; . . . . . catadromous fish; . . . . eel; . . . . farmed fish; . . . . fatty fish; . . . . fingerlings; . . . . fish fry; . . . . fish larvae; . . . . . alevins; . . . . flounder; . . . . freshwater fish; . . . . grouper; . . . . haddock; . . . . hake; . . . . halibut; . . . . herring; . . . . lean fish; . . . . mackerel; . . . . marine fish; . . . . menhaden; . . . . minnows; . . . . mullet; . . . . ornamental fish; . . . . parr; . . . . perch; . . . . pike; . . . . poisonous fish; . . . . pollock; . . . . porgy; . . . . rockfish; . . . . salmon; . . . . sardines; . . . . shad; . . . . sharks; . . . . smolts; . . . . snapper; . . . . sole; . . . . sturgeon; . . . . tilapia (common name); . . . . tropical fish; . . . . trout; . . . . tuna; . . . . turbot; . . . . whiting; . . . mammals; . . . . asses; . . . . badgers; . . . . cats; . . . . . kittens; . . . . dingoes; . . . . dogs; . . . . . puppies; . . . . . service dogs; . . . . . . guide dogs; . . . . . therapy dogs; . . . . ferrets; . . . . foxes; . . . . hares; . . . . humans; . . . . jackals; . . . . marine mammals; . . . . . dolphins; . . . . . seals; . . . . . whales; . . . . mink; . . . . moles; . . . . monkeys; . . . . opossums; . . . . rabbits; . . . . rodents; . . . . . chinchillas; . . . . . gerbils; . . . . . gophers; . . . . . guinea pigs; . . . . . hamsters; . . . . . . Chinese hamsters; . . . . . . golden hamsters; . . . . . mice; . . . . . rats; . . . . . squirrels; . . . . . voles; . . . . shrews; . . . . skunks; . . . . small mammals; . . . . ungulates; . . . . . hinnies; . . . . . horses; . . . . . . colts; . . . . . . fillies; . . . . . . foals; . . . . . . geldings; . . . . . . mares; . . . . . . racehorses; . . . . . . stallions; . . . . . mules; . . . . . ruminants; . . . . . . antelopes; . . . . . . . gazelles; . . . . . . . wildebeest; . . . . . . bison; . . . . . . buffaloes; . . . . . . camels; . . . . . . . Bactrian camels; . . . . . . . dromedaries; . . . . . . cattle; . . . . . . . beef cattle; . . . . . . . . beef bulls; . . . . . . . . beef cows; . . . . . . . . feeder cattle; . . . . . . . . stocker cattle; . . . . . . . bullocks; . . . . . . . bulls; . . . . . . . . beef bulls; . . . . . . . . dairy bulls; . . . . . . . calves; . . . . . . . . veal calves; . . . . . . . cows; . . . . . . . . beef cows; . . . . . . . . dairy cows; . . . . . . . dairy cattle; . . . . . . . . dairy bulls; . . . . . . . . dairy cows; . . . . . . . heifers; . . . . . . . oxen; . . . . . . . steers; . . . . . . . zebu; . . . . . . elks; . . . . . . mithuns; . . . . . . small ruminants; . . . . . . . alpacas; . . . . . . . chamois; . . . . . . . deer; . . . . . . . . reindeer; . . . . . . . goats; . . . . . . . . kids; . . . . . . . . nannygoats; . . . . . . . llamas; . . . . . . . mouflon; . . . . . . . sheep; . . . . . . . . ewes; . . . . . . . . hoggets; . . . . . . . . lambs; . . . . . . . . rams; . . . . . . . . wethers; . . . . . . . vicunas; . . . . . . yaks; . . . . . swine; . . . . . . barrows; . . . . . . boars; . . . . . . feeder pigs; . . . . . . gilts; . . . . . . piglets; . . . . . . sows; . . . . . zebras; . . . . wolves; . . . reptiles; . . . . alligators; . . . . crocodiles; . . . . lizards; . . . . snakes; . . . . tortoises; . . . . turtles; . . . . . sea turtles; . . wild animals; . . . feral animals; . . . wild birds; . . . . crows; . . . . doves; . . . . hummingbirds; . . . . songbirds; . . . . woodpeckers; . . . wild boars; . . working animals; . . . draft animals; . . . service animals; . . . . service dogs; . . . . . guide dogs; . . . . therapy animals; . . . . . therapy dogs; . . young animals; . . . bullocks; . . . calves; . . . . veal calves; . . . chicks; . . . cockerels; . . . colts; . . . ducklings; . . . fawns; . . . fillies; . . . foals; . . . gilts; . . . goslings; . . . heifers; . . . hoggets; . . . kids; . . . kittens; . . . lambs; . . . piglets; . . . poults; . . . pullets; . . . puppies; . . . pups; . . . weanlings; . . . yearlings; . . zoo animals; . aquatic organisms; . . aquatic fungi; . . . marine fungi; . . aquatic invertebrates; . . . aquatic arthropods; . . . . aquatic insects; . . . . crayfish; . . . . lobsters; . . . . shrimp; . . . corals; . . . freshwater molluscs; . . . shellfish; . . aquatic plants; . . . aquarium plants; . . . aquatic weeds; . . . benthic plants; . . . macrophytes; . . . . emergent plants; . . . . . water lilies; . . . . free-floating plants; . . . . macroalgae; . . . . submerged aquatic plants; . . . phytoplankton; . . . sea vegetables; . . benthic organisms; . . . benthic plants; . . fish; . . . anchovies; . . . aquarium fish; . . . baitfish; . . . bass; . . . bonito; . . . brackish water fish; . . . bream; . . . carp; . . . . goldfish; . . . . koi; . . . catfish; . . . cod (fish); . . . diadromous fish; . . . . anadromous fish; . . . . catadromous fish; . . . eel; . . . farmed fish; . . . fatty fish; . . . fingerlings; . . . fish fry; . . . fish larvae; . . . . alevins; . . . flounder; . . . freshwater fish; . . . grouper; . . . haddock; . . . hake; . . . halibut; . . . herring; . . . lean fish; . . . mackerel; . . . marine fish; . . . menhaden; . . . minnows; . . . mullet; . . . ornamental fish; . . . parr; . . . perch; . . . pike; . . . poisonous fish; . . . pollock; . . . porgy; . . . rockfish; . . . salmon; . . . sardines; . . . shad; . . . sharks; . . . smolts; . . . snapper; . . . sole; . . . sturgeon; . . . tilapia (common name); . . . tropical fish; . . . trout; . . . tuna; . . . turbot; . . . whiting; . . frogs; . . marine mammals; . . . dolphins; . . . seals; . . . whales; . . nekton; . . periphyton; . . plankton; . . . bacterioplankton; . . . krill; . . . phytoplankton; . . . zooplankton; . . . . ichthyoplankton; . beneficial organisms; . . beneficial arthropods; . . . beneficial insects; . . . . pollinating insects; . . pollinators; . . . alternative pollinators; . . . pollinating insects; . coprophilous organisms; . . dung beetles; . . dung flies; . hosts; . . alternative hosts; . . host plants; . . . food plants; . . . weed hosts; . . intermediate hosts; . . . paratenic hosts; . . sentinel animals; . indicator species; . . bioindicators; . microorganisms; . . airborne microorganisms; . . bacteria; . . . acetic acid bacteria; . . . animal pathogenic bacteria; . . . coliform bacteria; . . . denitrifying bacteria; . . . entomopathogenic bacteria; . . . Gram-negative bacteria; . . . Gram-positive bacteria; . . . lactic acid bacteria; . . . nitrogen-fixing bacteria; . . . phylloplane bacteria; . . . plant pathogenic bacteria; . . . propionic acid bacteria; . . . psychrophilic bacteria; . . . . psychrotrophic bacteria; . . . rhizosphere bacteria; . . . seed-borne bacteria; . . . soil bacteria; . . . . plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria; . . . spore-forming bacteria; . . . sulfate-reducing bacteria; . . . thermoduric bacteria; . . . thermophilic bacteria; . . cellulolytic microorganisms; . . denitrifying microorganisms; . . . denitrifying bacteria; . . fungi; . . . animal pathogenic fungi; . . . . entomopathogenic fungi; . . . aquatic fungi; . . . . marine fungi; . . . decay fungi; . . . . brown-rot fungi; . . . . soft-rot fungi; . . . . white-rot fungi; . . . edible fungi; . . . . mushrooms; . . . . truffles (edible fungi); . . . hallucinogenic fungi; . . . keratinophilic fungi; . . . mildews; . . . molds (fungi); . . . nematophagous fungi; . . . oleaginous fungi; . . . phylloplane fungi; . . . plant pathogenic fungi; . . . poisonous fungi; . . . psychrophilic fungi; . . . rhizosphere fungi; . . . seed-borne fungi; . . . soil fungi; . . . . mycorrhizal fungi; . . . stain fungi; . . . . blue-stain fungi; . . . . sapstain fungi; . . . thermophilic fungi; . . . yeasts; . . . . bakers yeast; . . . . brewers yeast; . . . . wine yeasts; . . . . . flor yeasts; . . . . yeast extract; . . inoculum; . . . inoculum density; . . intestinal microorganisms; . . ligninolytic microorganisms; . . methanogens; . . methanotrophs; . . nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria; . . rickettsia-like organisms; . . rumen microorganisms; . . . rumen bacteria; . . . rumen fungi; . . . rumen protozoa; . . soil microorganisms; . . . soil bacteria; . . . . plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria; . . . soil fungi; . . . . mycorrhizal fungi; . . thermophilic microorganisms; . . . thermophilic actinomycetes; . . . thermophilic bacteria; . . . thermophilic fungi; . . viruses; . . . arboviruses; . . . bacteriophages; . . . invertebrate viruses; . . . . cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses; . . . . insect viruses; . . . . . bee viruses; . . . mycoviruses; . . . . Agaricus bisporus virus 1; . . . oncogenic viruses; . . . plant viruses; . . . proviruses; . . . vertebrate viruses; . . . viroids; . . xylanolytic microorganisms; . nontarget organisms; . pathogens; . . animal pathogens; . . . animal pathogenic bacteria; . . . animal pathogenic fungi; . . . . entomopathogenic fungi; . . . entomopathogens; . . . . entomopathogenic bacteria; . . . . entomopathogenic fungi; . . . . entomopathogenic nematodes; . . . . entomopathogenic protozoa; . . . . insect viruses; . . . . . bee viruses; . . . invertebrate viruses; . . . . cytoplasmic polyhedrosis viruses; . . . . insect viruses; . . . . . bee viruses; . . . keratinophilic fungi; . . . vertebrate viruses; . . enteropathogens; . . food pathogens; . . plant pathogens; . . . plant pathogenic bacteria; . . . plant pathogenic fungi; . . . plant viruses; . pests; . . arthropod pests; . . . insect pests; . . . . bagworms; . . . . bark beetles; . . . . boring insects; . . . . bot flies; . . . . carpenter ants; . . . . carpenter bees; . . . . carpet beetles; . . . . cutworms; . . . . dampwood termites; . . . . drywood termites; . . . . fire ants; . . . . fungus gnats; . . . . hematophagous insects; . . . . leaf skeletonizers; . . . . leafminers; . . . . locusts; . . . . rootworms; . . . . sawflies; . . . . scale insects; . . . . storage insects; . . . . subterranean termites; . . . . warble flies; . . forest pests; . . household pests; . . invasive species; . . marine borers; . . parasites; . . . ectoparasites; . . . . lice; . . . . ticks; . . . endoparasites; . . . . helminths; . . . . . animal parasitic nematodes; . . . . . . gastrointestinal nematodes; . . . . . flukes; . . . . . . liver flukes; . . . . . . lung flukes; . . . . . heartworms; . . . . . hookworms; . . . . . lungworms; . . . . . tapeworms; . . . . plant parasitic nematodes; . . . . . cyst nematodes; . . . . . ring nematodes; . . . . . root lesion nematodes; . . . . . root-knot nematodes; . . . gregarines; . . . mycoparasites; . . . parasitic plants; . . . parasitoids; . . . . hyperparasitoids; . . plant pests; . . storage pests; . . . storage insects; . . . storage mites; . . vertebrate pests; . . weeds; . . . annual weeds; . . . aquatic weeds; . . . broadleaf weeds; . . . grass weeds; . . . herbicide-resistant weeds; . . . noxious weeds; . . . perennial weeds; . . . weed hosts; . . . woody weeds; . plants; . . algae and seaweeds; . . . macroalgae; . . . microalgae; . . alpine plants; . . aquatic plants; . . . aquarium plants; . . . aquatic weeds; . . . benthic plants; . . . macrophytes; . . . . emergent plants; . . . . . water lilies; . . . . free-floating plants; . . . . macroalgae; . . . . submerged aquatic plants; . . . phytoplankton; . . . sea vegetables; . . broadleaved evergreens; . . C3 plants; . . C4 plants; . . cacti and succulents; . . calcicoles; . . calcifuges; . . carnivorous plants; . . conifers; . . conservation plants; . . container-grown plants; . . . potted flowering plants; . . . potted foliage plants; . . crops; . . . alternative crops; . . . break crops; . . . cash crops; . . . catch crops; . . . cover crops; . . . field crops; . . . . drug crops; . . . . fiber crops; . . . . forage crops; . . . . grain crops; . . . . oil crops; . . . . starch crops; . . . . sugar crops; . . . food crops; . . . green manures; . . . horticultural crops; . . . . floriculture crops; . . . . fruit crops; . . . . nursery crops; . . . . nut crops; . . . . vegetable crops; . . . . . cole crops; . . . new crops; . . . specialty crops; . . . . essential oil crops; . . . trap crops; . . . tropical and subtropical crops; . . cryptogams; . . disease-free plants; . . dye plants; . . epiphytes; . . ferns and fern allies; . . . tree ferns; . . forbs; . . gametophytes; . . grasses; . . . cool season grasses; . . . forage grasses; . . . ornamental grasses; . . . turf grasses; . . . warm season grasses; . . ground cover plants; . . halophytes; . . herbaceous plants; . . host plants; . . . food plants; . . . weed hosts; . . hyperaccumulators; . . introduced plants; . . lawns and turf; . . lichens; . . mature plants; . . medicinal plants; . . . antibacterial plants; . . mosses and liverworts; . . nectar plants; . . nursery stock; . . . balled stock; . . . bare root stock; . . oilseed plants; . . ornamental plants; . . . bedding plants; . . . house plants; . . . ornamental bulbs, corms and tubers; . . . ornamental grasses; . . . ornamental woody plants; . . . . ornamental trees; . . . potted flowering plants; . . . potted foliage plants; . . . topiary; . . parasitic plants; . . pasture plants; . . pesticidal plants; . . plantlets; . . poisonous plants; . . roadside plants; . . rootstocks; . . scions; . . seedlings; . . shrubs; . . sporophytes; . . stimulant plants; . . transgenic plants; . . trees; . . . forest trees; . . . fruit trees; . . . hazard trees; . . . nut trees; . . . ornamental trees; . . . saplings; . . . shade trees; . . . street trees; . . vines; . . virus-free plants; . . weeds; . . . annual weeds; . . . aquatic weeds; . . . broadleaf weeds; . . . grass weeds; . . . herbicide-resistant weeds; . . . noxious weeds; . . . perennial weeds; . . . weed hosts; . . . woody weeds; . . wetland plants; . . . salt marsh plants; . . wild flowers; . . wild plants; . . woody plants; . . . ornamental woody plants; . . . . ornamental trees; . . . woody weeds; . . xerophytes

physiology

: : Biological Sciences; physiology; . animal physiology; . . animal development; . . . adult development; . . . insect development; . . . . pupal development; . . . larval development; . . . mammary development; . . . ovarian development; . . . . follicular development; . . . . . follicular atresia; . . . postnatal development; . . . . neonatal development; . . . prenatal development; . . . . fetal development; . . . rumen development; . . . skeletal development; . . . smoltification; . . . testicular development; . . animal growth; . . . insect growth; . . animal reproduction; . . . acrosome reaction; . . . anautogeny; . . . animal fertility; . . . . cytoplasmic incompatibility; . . . . egg fertility; . . . . . egg hatchability; . . . . female fertility; . . . . . calving rate; . . . . . farrowing rate; . . . . . kidding rate; . . . . . lambing rate; . . . . . male effect; . . . . . . ram effect; . . . . . parturition interval; . . . . . . calving interval; . . . . . . . days open; . . . . male fertility; . . . . . sperm competition; . . . . reproductive efficiency; . . . autogeny; . . . breeding season; . . . capacitation; . . . clutch size; . . . conception; . . . copulation; . . . egg shell formation; . . . ejaculation; . . . embryonic mortality; . . . estrous cycle; . . . . anestrus; . . . . diestrus; . . . . estrus; . . . . metestrus; . . . . proestrus; . . . estrus detection; . . . fecundity; . . . gestation period; . . . . gestational age; . . . hatching; . . . human reproduction; . . . . childbirth; . . . . human fertility; . . . incubation; . . . insect reproduction; . . . . choriogenesis; . . . . gonotrophic cycle; . . . . larviposition; . . . . sex allocation; . . . insemination; . . . litter size; . . . litter weight; . . . luteinization; . . . luteolysis; . . . maternal-fetal transfer; . . . oogenesis; . . . . vitellogenesis; . . . ovipary; . . . oviposition; . . . . egg masses; . . . ovulation; . . . . anovulation; . . . parity (reproduction); . . . parturition; . . . . calving; . . . . ease of birth; . . . . farrowing; . . . . foaling; . . . . kidding; . . . . lambing; . . . . multiple births; . . . . premature birth; . . . . whelping; . . . perinatal period; . . . . postpartum period; . . . . prepartum period; . . . postpartum interval; . . . pregnancy; . . . . pregnancy outcome; . . . . pregnancy rate; . . . preovulatory period; . . . serving capacity; . . . sperm motility; . . . sperm transport; . . . spermiation; . . . uterine involution; . . . vivipary (animals); . . circulatory system physiology; . . . blood circulation; . . . . hemodynamics; . . . . . blood flow; . . . . . blood pressure; . . . . . . diastolic blood pressure; . . . . . . systolic blood pressure; . . . . . blood viscosity; . . . . . blood volume; . . . . . cardiac output; . . . . . heart rate; . . . . . heart sounds; . . . . . renin-angiotensin system; . . . . . vasoconstriction; . . . . . vasodilation; . . . . hemostasis; . . . . . platelet activation; . . . . . . platelet aggregation; . . . blood coagulation; . . . blood composition; . . . . blood cell counts; . . . . . blood platelet count; . . . . . erythrocyte count; . . . . . leukocyte count; . . . . . . lymphocyte count; . . . . blood chemistry; . . . . . blood gases; . . . . . blood glucose; . . . . . blood lipids; . . . . . blood pH; . . . . . . acid-base balance; . . . . . . alkali reserve; . . . . . blood proteins; . . . . . . acute phase proteins; . . . . . . . C-reactive protein; . . . . . . blood coagulation factors; . . . . . . . platelet-activating factor; . . . . . . . prothrombin; . . . . . . . thrombin; . . . . . . . thromboplastin; . . . . . . ferritin; . . . . . . fibrin; . . . . . . fibrinogen; . . . . . . gamma-globulins; . . . . . . glycohemoglobin; . . . . . . haptoglobins; . . . . . . hemoglobin; . . . . . . immunoglobulins; . . . . . . . immunoglobulin A; . . . . . . . immunoglobulin E; . . . . . . . immunoglobulin G; . . . . . . . immunoglobulin M; . . . . . . macroglobulins; . . . . . . serum albumin; . . . . . . . bovine serum albumin; . . . . . . . prealbumin; . . . . . . transferrin; . . . . . . vitamin D-binding protein; . . . fibrinolysis; . . . hematopoiesis; . . . . erythropoiesis; . . . lymph flow; . . digestive physiology; . . . appetite; . . . . anorexia; . . . . craving; . . . . hunger; . . . . thirst; . . . deglutition; . . . digestion; . . . . rumen fermentation; . . . gastrointestinal motility; . . . . gastric emptying; . . . . gastrointestinal transit; . . . . peristalsis; . . . . rumen motility; . . . ingestion; . . . . drinking; . . . intestinal absorption; . . . . iron absorption; . . . liver function; . . . . bile secretion; . . . mastication; . . . rumen development; . . . rumination; . . . salivation; . . . satiety; . . endocrine system physiology; . . . hormonal regulation; . . . . gonadotropin release; . . . hormone secretion; . . . . insulin secretion; . . . insulin resistance; . . . mammary gland function; . . . . dry period; . . . . lactation; . . . . . human lactation; . . . . . lactation duration; . . . . . lactation stage; . . . . . . early lactation; . . . . . . late lactation; . . . . . milk ejection; . . . . mammary involution; . . . . milk secretion; . . . . milk synthesis; . . . thyroid function; . . excretory system physiology; . . . diuresis; . . . excretion; . . . . defecation; . . . . drug excretion; . . . . urination; . . . renal function; . . . . glomerular filtration rate; . . . . renal clearance; . . insect physiology; . . . eclosion; . . . insect development; . . . . pupal development; . . . insect flight; . . . insect growth; . . . insect reproduction; . . . . choriogenesis; . . . . gonotrophic cycle; . . . . larviposition; . . . . sex allocation; . . . metamorphosis; . . . . precocious metamorphosis; . . . . pupariation; . . . . pupation; . . integumentary system physiology; . . . keratinization; . . . sclerotization; . . . shedding; . . . skin temperature; . . . sweating; . . molting; . . . apolysis; . . . ecdysis; . . musculoskeletal system physiology; . . . bone metabolism; . . . . bone formation; . . . . . bone mineralization; . . . . bone resorption; . . . bone strength; . . . chondrogenesis; . . . flight; . . . gait; . . . muscle development; . . . muscle physiology; . . . . muscle contraction; . . . . muscle fatigue; . . . physical activity; . . . . exercise; . . . . . strength training; . . . . jumping; . . . . lifting (movement); . . . . locomotion; . . . . running; . . . . trotting; . . . . walking; . . . skeletal development; . . neurophysiology; . . . blood-brain barrier; . . . evoked potentials; . . . innervation; . . . myelination; . . . neurosecretion; . . . reflexes; . . . sensation; . . . . hearing; . . . . pain; . . . . . colic; . . . . . headache; . . . . proprioception; . . . . smell; . . . . taste; . . . . . taste sensitivity; . . . . touch; . . . . vision; . . . sleep; . . . speech; . . . synaptic transmission; . . respiratory physiology; . . . breathing; . . . bronchoconstriction; . . . pulmonary gas exchange; . . . respiratory gases; . . . respiratory quotient; . . . tidal volume; . body composition; . . body fat; . . . body fat distribution; . . . . abdominal fat; . . . . subcutaneous fat; . . . . visceral fat; . . . skinfold thickness; . . body protein; . . . liver protein; . . . muscle protein; . . body water; . . fat free mass; . . lean body mass; . electrophysiology; . . bioelectrical impedance; . . evoked potentials; . . membrane potential; . . . action potentials; . exudation; . . guttation; . fungus physiology; . growth and development; . . allometry; . . biological development; . . . cognitive development; . . . . language development; . . . early development; . . . embryogenesis; . . . . androgenesis; . . . . cell cleavage; . . . . embryo implantation; . . . . gynogenesis; . . . . ovolarvipary; . . . . ovovivipary; . . . . polyembryony; . . . . somatic embryogenesis; . . . encystment; . . . morphogenesis; . . . . organogenesis; . . . motor development; . . . . psychomotor development; . . . . . speech development; . . . regeneration; . . . . in vitro regeneration; . . . . liver regeneration; . . . . tissue repair; . . . schizogony; . . . seasonal development; . . . sexual development; . . . . gametogenesis; . . . . . megasporogenesis; . . . . . microsporogenesis; . . . . . oogenesis; . . . . . . vitellogenesis; . . . . . spermatogenesis; . . . . . . spermiogenesis; . . . . sexual maturity; . . . . . dichogamy; . . . . . . protandry; . . . . . . protogyny; . . . . . puberty; . . . sporogony; . . . zoosporogenesis; . . compensatory growth; . . developmental stages; . . . adolescence; . . . adult animals; . . . . adult insects; . . . amastigotes; . . . bloodstream forms; . . . bradyzoites; . . . cercariae; . . . cysticercoids; . . . cysts (developmental stages); . . . . oocysts; . . . . sarcocysts; . . . epimastigotes; . . . fingerlings; . . . fish fry; . . . gametocytes; . . . gametophytes; . . . immatures; . . . infancy; . . . instars; . . . juveniles; . . . larvae; . . . . chiggers; . . . . fish larvae; . . . . . alevins; . . . . microfilariae; . . . . nauplii; . . . . nematode larvae; . . . . . muscle larvae; . . . . oncospheres; . . . . schistosomula; . . . . sporocysts (Trematoda); . . . . tadpoles; . . . mature plants; . . . maturity stage; . . . . puberty; . . . meronts; . . . merozoites; . . . metacercariae; . . . metacestodes; . . . . cysticerci; . . . . hydatids; . . . . protoscoleces; . . . metacyclic forms; . . . miracidia; . . . neonates; . . . nymphs; . . . ookinetes; . . . parr; . . . plerocercoids; . . . prepupae; . . . procyclic forms; . . . promastigotes; . . . pupae; . . . saplings; . . . schizonts; . . . seedlings; . . . smolts; . . . sporocysts (Protozoa); . . . sporophytes; . . . sporozoites; . . . tachyzoites; . . . trophozoites; . . . trypomastigotes; . . dormancy breaking; . . growth promotion; . . growth retardation; . . . dwarfing; . . regrowth; . . resting periods; . . . diapause; . . . dormancy; . . . . seed dormancy; . . . estivation; . . . hibernation; . . . overwintering; . . seasonal growth; . human physiology; . . human growth; . . . child growth; . . . . infant growth; . . human reproduction; . . . childbirth; . . . human fertility; . . menstrual cycle; . . . amenorrhea; . . . menarche; . . . menopause; . . . menstruation; . metabolism; . . biosynthesis; . . carbohydrate metabolism; . . . gluconeogenesis; . . . glucose tolerance; . . . glycemic control; . . . glycogenolysis; . . . glycolysis; . . . glyconeogenesis; . . . photosynthesis; . . . . C3 photosynthesis; . . . . C4 photosynthesis; . . . . Calvin cycle; . . . . Crassulacean acid metabolism; . . . . light harvesting complex; . . . . . phycobilisome; . . . . photoinhibition; . . . . photophosphorylation; . . . . photorespiration; . . . . photosynthetic reaction centers; . . . . . D1 protein; . . . . . D2 protein; . . . . photosystem I; . . . . photosystem II; . . . . . oxygen evolving complex; . . energy metabolism; . . . aerobiosis; . . . anaerobiosis; . . . . fermentation; . . . . . alcoholic fermentation; . . . . . batch fermentation; . . . . . . silage fermentation; . . . . . continuous fermentation; . . . . . Crabtree effect; . . . . . lactic fermentation; . . . . . malolactic fermentation; . . . . . solid state fermentation; . . . . . submerged fermentation; . . . basal metabolism; . . . electron transport chain; . . . . oxidative phosphorylation; . . . photosynthesis; . . . . C3 photosynthesis; . . . . C4 photosynthesis; . . . . Calvin cycle; . . . . Crassulacean acid metabolism; . . . . light harvesting complex; . . . . . phycobilisome; . . . . photoinhibition; . . . . photophosphorylation; . . . . photorespiration; . . . . photosynthetic reaction centers; . . . . . D1 protein; . . . . . D2 protein; . . . . photosystem I; . . . . photosystem II; . . . . . oxygen evolving complex; . . hormone metabolism; . . lipid metabolism; . . . biohydrogenation; . . . cholesterol metabolism; . . . lipogenesis; . . . lipolysis; . . metabolic detoxification; . . metabolic sequestration; . . mineral metabolism; . . nitrogen metabolism; . . . nitrogen balance; . . . urea cycle enzymes; . . oxygen consumption; . . pharmacokinetics; . . protein metabolism; . . . amino acid metabolism; . . . protein depletion; . . . protein deposition; . . . protein synthesis; . . . . fractional synthesis rate; . . . . post-translational modification; . . steroid metabolism; . . . steroidogenesis; . . vitamin metabolism; . . water metabolism; . microbial physiology; . . fermentation; . . . alcoholic fermentation; . . . batch fermentation; . . . . silage fermentation; . . . continuous fermentation; . . . Crabtree effect; . . . lactic fermentation; . . . malolactic fermentation; . . . solid state fermentation; . . . submerged fermentation; . . quorum sensing; . nutrition physiology; . . antinutritional factors; . . assimilation (physiology); . . . net assimilation rate; . . energy requirements; . . nutrient balance; . . nutrient partitioning; . . nutrient requirements; . . . feed requirements; . . . . feed rations; . . . protein requirement; . . . . amino acid requirements; . . nutrient reserves; . . nutrient resorption (physiology); . . nutrient retention; . . nutrient transport; . . nutrient uptake; . . nutrient utilization; . . . feed conversion; . . . food conversion; . . nutrient-nutrient interactions; . . nutrition-genotype interaction; . oxygen requirement; . physiological regulation; . . homeostasis; . . hormonal regulation; . . . gonadotropin release; . . hypothalamic regulation; . . osmoregulation; . . thermoregulation; . physiological response; . . dose response; . . postprandial state; . physiological transport; . . active transport; . . cytoplasmic streaming; . . endocytosis; . . . phagocytosis; . . exocytosis; . . ion transport; . . membrane potential; . . . action potentials; . . nutrient transport; . . nutrient uptake; . . osmosis; . . protein transport; . . uptake mechanisms; . . water uptake; . plant physiology; . . abscission; . . . fruit drop; . . . leaf abscission; . . apical dominance; . . callus formation; . . caulogenesis; . . chilling requirement; . . cyanogenesis; . . dehiscence; . . dry matter accumulation; . . . dry matter partitioning; . . ethylene production; . . foliar uptake; . . light requirement; . . lignification; . . nastic movement; . . nectar secretion; . . nodulation; . . nutation; . . nutrient use efficiency; . . plant development; . . . abortion (plants); . . . . seed abortion; . . . branching; . . . bud initiation; . . . etiolation; . . . fasciation; . . . filling period; . . . flowering; . . . . bolting; . . . . heading; . . . fruiting; . . . . alternate bearing; . . . . fruit set; . . . . . parthenocarpy; . . . germination; . . . . pollen germination; . . . . . pollen tubes; . . . . seed germination; . . . . . grain sprouting; . . . . spore germination; . . . . vivipary (plants); . . . juvenility; . . . leaf development; . . . . leaf emergence; . . . ripening; . . . rooting; . . . seed development; . . . . seed dispersal; . . . . seed maturation; . . . . . after-ripening; . . . . seed set; . . . . seed shattering; . . . seedling emergence; . . . sprouting; . . . . tuber sprouting; . . . suckering; . . . tillering; . . . vegetative growth; . . plant growth; . . . budbreak; . . . epinasty; . . . growth habit; . . . . annuals; . . . . biennials; . . . . determinate growth; . . . . indeterminate growth; . . . . perennials; . . . root growth; . . . seedling growth; . . . stem elongation; . . . tree growth; . . . vegetative growth; . . plant reproduction; . . . apomixis; . . . . autogamy; . . . plant fertility; . . . . cytoplasmic male sterility; . . . pollination; . . . . cross pollination; . . . . insect pollination; . . . . open pollination; . . . . pollen flow; . . . . self-pollination; . . . . . cleistogamy; . . . . wind pollination; . . plant response; . . plant-water relations; . . . imbibition; . . . leaf water potential; . . . root hydraulic conductivity; . . . root pressure; . . . root water potential; . . . transpiration; . . . . leaf conductance; . . . . stomatal conductance; . . . turgor; . . . wilting; . . . xylem water potential; . . postharvest physiology; . . radiation use efficiency; . . rhizogenesis; . . seed dormancy; . . source-sink relationships; . . stomatal movement; . . suberization; . . translocation (plant physiology); . . . phloem loading; . . . sap flow; . . tree physiology; . . . tree growth; . . water use efficiency; . reproduction; . . asexual reproduction; . . . parasexual cycle; . . parthenogenesis; . . . arrhenotoky; . . . thelytoky; . . reproductive traits; . . sexual reproduction; . . . fertilization; . . . . polyspermy; . . sexual systems; . . . androdioecy; . . . dioecy; . . . gynodioecy; . . . hermaphroditism; . . . . protogyny; . . . . pseudohermaphroditism; . . . heterothallism; . . . monoecy; . . . monogamy; . . . monogyny; . . . polygamy; . . . . polyandry; . . . . polygyny; . . . protandry; . . sporulation; . . . spore discharge; . . . spore dispersal; . . . sporogony; . . . zoosporogenesis; . secretion; . . bile secretion; . . hormone secretion; . . . insulin secretion; . . hypersecretion; . . milk secretion; . . neurosecretion; . . protein secretion; . taxis (physiology); . . chemotaxis; . . geotaxis; . . phonotaxis; . . phototaxis; . tissue distribution; . tropisms; . . chemotropism; . . gravitropism; . . heliotropism; . . hydrotropism; . . phototropism; . . thigmotropism; . water requirement

psychology

: : Biological Sciences; : Rural and Agricultural Sociology; psychology; . behavior; . . abnormal behavior; . . . stereotyped behavior; . . . vices; . . . . feather pecking; . . agonistic behavior; . . . aggression; . . . . fighting; . . . defensive behavior; . . . . colony defense; . . altruism; . . animal behavior; . . . aggregation behavior; . . . animal communication; . . . . insect communication; . . . . . bee dances; . . . . . stridulation; . . . . vocalization; . . . animal preferences; . . . brood rearing; . . . broodiness; . . . burrowing; . . . cannibalism; . . . dispersal behavior; . . . displacement activities; . . . drifting (animal behavior); . . . dust bathing; . . . escape behavior; . . . feeding behavior; . . . . biting rates; . . . . browsing; . . . . coprophagy; . . . . engorgement; . . . . feeding frequency; . . . . feeding preferences; . . . . foraging; . . . . functional response; . . . . hematophagy; . . . . nectar feeding; . . . . scavenging behavior; . . . . . necrophagy; . . . . sugar feeding; . . . . trophallaxis; . . . . wildlife food habits; . . . grooming (animal behavior); . . . . preening; . . . group effect; . . . host seeking; . . . imprinting behavior; . . . insect behavior; . . . . antennating; . . . . insect communication; . . . . . bee dances; . . . . . stridulation; . . . . swarming; . . . . trophallaxis; . . . . wing fanning; . . . kin recognition; . . . . nestmate recognition; . . . marking behavior; . . . migration behavior; . . . . seasonal migration; . . . mimicry (behavior); . . . nesting; . . . parental behavior; . . . pecking; . . . predation; . . . . seed predation; . . . reproductive behavior; . . . robbing; . . . . nectar robbing; . . . searching behavior; . . . social dominance; . . . soil ingestion; . . . stinging; . . . temperament; . . . territoriality; . . antisocial behavior; . . . juvenile delinquency; . . attachment behavior; . . behavior change; . . behavior problems; . . conditioned behavior; . . . avoidance conditioning; . . . behavior modification; . . . operant conditioning; . . coping strategies; . . diurnal activity; . . fearfulness; . . human behavior; . . . assertiveness; . . . compliance; . . . . conservation compliance; . . . . patient compliance; . . . eating habits; . . . . binging; . . . . dietary restriction; . . . . . fasting; . . . . dieting; . . . . eating out; . . . . overeating; . . . . religious dietary laws; . . . . undereating; . . . emotional barriers; . . . hand washing; . . . lifestyle; . . . participation; . . . risk behavior; . . . social barriers; . . . suicide; . . . tampering; . . learning; . . . adult learning; . . . memory; . . maternal behavior; . . motivation; . . nocturnal activity; . . play; . . problem solving; . . sexual behavior; . . . flehmen; . . . homosexuality; . . . mating behavior; . . . . copulation; . . . . courtship; . . . . libido; . . . . mating frequency; . . . . spawning; . . . standing reflex; . . social behavior; . . . group behavior; . . . social dominance; . . . social facilitation; . . . social partnerships; . cognition; . . consciousness; . death and dying; . emotions; . . anxiety; . . depression; . knowledge; . . indigenous knowledge; . mental health; . psychological stress; . psychosocial factors; . . perceptions (cognitive); . . . body image; . psychotherapy; . self-esteem; . . self-efficacy

zoology

: : Animal Science and Animal Products; : Biological Sciences; zoology; . acarology; . animal anatomy; . . animal organs; . . . animal glands; . . . . endocrine glands; . . . . . adrenal glands; . . . . . . adrenal cortex; . . . . . . adrenal medulla; . . . . . gonads; . . . . . . ovaries; . . . . . . . corpus luteum; . . . . . . . . luteal cells; . . . . . . . ovarian follicles; . . . . . . . . cumulus oophorus; . . . . . . . . follicular fluid; . . . . . . . . Graafian follicles; . . . . . . . . granulosa cells; . . . . . . . ovarioles; . . . . . . . thecal cells; . . . . . . testes; . . . . . . . Leydig cells; . . . . . . . rete testis; . . . . . . . seminiferous tubules; . . . . . . . . seminiferous epithelium; . . . . . . . Sertoli cells; . . . . . islets of Langerhans; . . . . . parathyroid glands; . . . . . pineal body; . . . . . pituitary gland; . . . . . . anterior pituitary; . . . . . . posterior pituitary; . . . . . prothoracic glands; . . . . . thymus gland; . . . . . thyroid gland; . . . . exocrine glands; . . . . . anal glands; . . . . . Dufour's gland; . . . . . mammary glands; . . . . . pheromone glands; . . . . . prostate gland; . . . . . salivary glands; . . . . . . mandibular glands; . . . . . . maxillary glands; . . . . . . parotid gland; . . . . . sebaceous glands; . . . . . . scent glands; . . . . . shell gland; . . . . . silk glands; . . . . . sweat glands; . . . . . uropygial gland; . . . brain; . . . . antennal lobe; . . . . brain stem; . . . . cerebellum; . . . . . amygdala; . . . . cerebrum; . . . . . cerebral cortex; . . . . . cerebral ventricles; . . . . hippocampus; . . . . hypothalamus; . . . . . paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus; . . . . . preoptic area; . . . . medulla oblongata; . . . . mushroom bodies; . . . . olfactory bulb; . . . . optic lobe; . . . . thalamus; . . . gall bladder; . . . gills; . . . heart; . . . . heart atrium; . . . . heart valves; . . . . heart ventricle; . . . . myocardium; . . . hepatopancreas; . . . kidneys; . . . . nephrons; . . . . . kidney glomerulus; . . . . . renal tubules; . . . . . . proximal tubules; . . . liver; . . . lungs; . . . . bronchi; . . . . pulmonary alveoli; . . . sense organs; . . . . antennae; . . . . ears; . . . . . guttural pouch; . . . . eyes; . . . . . compound eyes; . . . . . . ommatidia; . . . . . conjunctiva; . . . . . cornea; . . . . . eye lens; . . . . . iris (eyes); . . . . . lacrimal apparatus; . . . . . ocelli; . . . . . retina; . . . . nose; . . . . . nasal cavity; . . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . . olfactory organs; . . . . palps; . . . . sensilla; . . . spleen; . . . sting apparatus; . . . stomach; . . . . gastric fundus; . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . pylorus; . . . . ruminant stomach; . . . . . abomasum; . . . . . forestomach; . . . . . . omasum; . . . . . . reticulum; . . . . . . rumen; . . . . . . . rumen epithelium; . . . . . . . rumen fluids; . . . tonsils; . . animal tissues; . . . animal tissue extracts; . . . cell membranes; . . . . egg membranes; . . . . . vitelline membrane; . . . . lipid bilayers; . . . . microvilli; . . . . mucosa; . . . . . digestive tract mucosa; . . . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . . . intestinal mucosa; . . . . . . . intestinal crypts; . . . . . . . villi; . . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . . . vaginal mucosa; . . . . nuclear membrane; . . . . plasma membrane; . . . . thylakoids; . . . . tonoplast; . . . connective tissues; . . . . adipose tissue; . . . . . brown adipose tissue; . . . . . fat body; . . . . . white adipose tissue; . . . . bones; . . . . . bone density; . . . . . bone marrow; . . . . . bone types; . . . . . . capitulum (bone); . . . . . . jaws; . . . . . . . mandible (bone); . . . . . . keel bone; . . . . . . limb bones; . . . . . . . carpus; . . . . . . . femur; . . . . . . . fibula; . . . . . . . humerus; . . . . . . . metacarpus; . . . . . . . metatarsus; . . . . . . . phalanges; . . . . . . . radius (bone); . . . . . . . tibia; . . . . . . . ulna; . . . . . . maxilla bone; . . . . . . patella; . . . . . . periosteum; . . . . . . ribs; . . . . . . scapula; . . . . . . sesamoid bones; . . . . . . skull; . . . . . . . orbits; . . . . . . spine; . . . . . . . cervical spine; . . . . . . . intervertebral disks; . . . . . . . lumbar spine; . . . . . . . sacral spine; . . . . . . . . pelvis; . . . . . . . thoracic spine; . . . . . . . vertebrae; . . . . . . sternum; . . . . . . tarsus (bone); . . . . . epiphyses; . . . . . . growth plate; . . . . cartilage; . . . . . intervertebral disks; . . . . fascia; . . . . ligaments; . . . . tendons; . . . epithelium; . . . . basement membrane; . . . . endothelium; . . . . epidermis (animal); . . . . mucosa; . . . . . digestive tract mucosa; . . . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . . . intestinal mucosa; . . . . . . . intestinal crypts; . . . . . . . villi; . . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . . . vaginal mucosa; . . . . rumen epithelium; . . . . seminiferous epithelium; . . . gingiva; . . . imaginal discs; . . . laminae (animals); . . . muscle tissues; . . . . muscle fibers; . . . . myocardium; . . . . myofibrils; . . . . . sarcomeres; . . . . skeletal muscle; . . . . . sarcoplasmic reticulum; . . . . smooth muscle; . . . . striated muscle; . . . nerve tissue; . . . serosa; . . . . pericardium; . . . . peritoneum; . . . . . mesentery; . . . . . omentum; . . . . pleura; . . . splanchnic tissues; . . . uterine tissue; . . . . endometrium; . . . . myometrium; . . bodily secretions and exudates; . . . bile; . . . colostrum; . . . . cow colostrum; . . . . human colostrum; . . . defensive secretions; . . . gastric juice; . . . . gastric acid; . . . lac; . . . maternal milk; . . . . breast milk; . . . . . human milk fat; . . . . buffalo milk; . . . . camel milk; . . . . ewe milk; . . . . goat milk; . . . . mare milk; . . . . milk; . . . . . low fat milk; . . . . . skim milk; . . . . . whole milk; . . . . sow milk; . . . mucus; . . . . cervical mucus; . . . pancreatic juice; . . . royal jelly; . . . saliva; . . . sebum; . . . semen; . . . . milt; . . . . seminal plasma; . . . sweat; . . . tears; . . . venoms; . . body fluids; . . . allantoic fluid; . . . amniotic fluid; . . . blood; . . . . blood cells; . . . . . blood platelets; . . . . . erythrocytes; . . . . . . reticulocytes; . . . . . leukocytes; . . . . . . granulocytes; . . . . . . . basophils; . . . . . . . eosinophils; . . . . . . . heterophils; . . . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . . . lymphocytes; . . . . . . . B-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . plasma cells; . . . . . . . immunocytes; . . . . . . . melanocytes; . . . . . . . natural killer cells; . . . . . . . thymocytes; . . . . . . . T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . CD4-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . CD8-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . cytotoxic T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . suppressor cells; . . . . . . monocytes; . . . . . thrombocytes; . . . . blood plasma; . . . . . blood serum; . . . body water; . . . cerebrospinal fluid; . . . digesta; . . . extracellular fluids; . . . follicular fluid; . . . lymph; . . . oviductal fluids; . . . synovial fluid; . . circulatory system; . . . cardiovascular system; . . . . blood; . . . . . blood cells; . . . . . . blood platelets; . . . . . . erythrocytes; . . . . . . . reticulocytes; . . . . . . leukocytes; . . . . . . . granulocytes; . . . . . . . . basophils; . . . . . . . . eosinophils; . . . . . . . . heterophils; . . . . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . . . . lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . B-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . plasma cells; . . . . . . . . immunocytes; . . . . . . . . melanocytes; . . . . . . . . natural killer cells; . . . . . . . . thymocytes; . . . . . . . . T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . CD4-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . CD8-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . . cytotoxic T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . . . suppressor cells; . . . . . . . monocytes; . . . . . . thrombocytes; . . . . . blood plasma; . . . . . . blood serum; . . . . blood vessels; . . . . . arteries; . . . . . . aorta; . . . . . . carotid arteries; . . . . . . coronary vessels; . . . . . . . ductus arteriosus; . . . . . . hepatic artery; . . . . . . iliac artery; . . . . . . mesenteric arteries; . . . . . . pulmonary artery; . . . . . . umbilical arteries; . . . . . blood capillaries; . . . . . blood veins; . . . . . . coronary vessels; . . . . . . . ductus arteriosus; . . . . . . jugular vein; . . . . . . portal vein; . . . . . . saphenous vein; . . . . . . umbilical veins; . . . . . . vena cava; . . . . endothelium; . . . . heart; . . . . . heart atrium; . . . . . heart valves; . . . . . heart ventricle; . . . . . myocardium; . . . hemolymph; . . . . hemocytes; . . . lymphatic system; . . . . bursa of Fabricius; . . . . lymph; . . . . lymph nodes; . . . . Peyer's patches; . . . . reticuloendothelial system; . . . . . phagocytes; . . . . . . macrophages; . . . . . . . foam cells; . . . . . . . histiocytes; . . . . . . . Kupffer cells; . . . . . . monocytes; . . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . spleen; . . . . thoracic duct; . . . . thymus gland; . . . . tonsils; . . cocoons; . . digestive system; . . . biliary tract; . . . . bile; . . . . bile ducts; . . . . gall bladder; . . . cloaca; . . . crop (digestive system); . . . digestive juices; . . . . bile; . . . . digestive enzymes; . . . . . alpha-amylase; . . . . . chymosin; . . . . . chymotrypsin; . . . . . pancreatin; . . . . . pepsin; . . . . . triacylglycerol lipase; . . . . . trypsin; . . . . gastric juice; . . . . . gastric acid; . . . . pancreatic juice; . . . . rumen fluids; . . . . saliva; . . . digestive tract; . . . digestive tract mucosa; . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . intestinal mucosa; . . . . . intestinal crypts; . . . . . villi; . . . esophagus; . . . . esophageal sphincter; . . . foregut; . . . gastrointestinal system; . . . . intestines; . . . . . intestinal mucosa; . . . . . . intestinal crypts; . . . . . . villi; . . . . . large intestine; . . . . . . cecum; . . . . . . colon; . . . . . . rectum; . . . . . . . anus; . . . . . small intestine; . . . . . . duodenum; . . . . . . ileum; . . . . . . jejunum; . . . . . . villi; . . . . stomach; . . . . . gastric fundus; . . . . . gastric mucosa; . . . . . pylorus; . . . . . ruminant stomach; . . . . . . abomasum; . . . . . . forestomach; . . . . . . . omasum; . . . . . . . reticulum; . . . . . . . rumen; . . . . . . . . rumen epithelium; . . . . . . . . rumen fluids; . . . gizzard; . . . hepatopancreas; . . . hindgut; . . . liver; . . . midgut; . . . . peritrophic membrane; . . . mouth; . . . . gingiva; . . . . lips; . . . . palate; . . . . teeth; . . . . . tooth enamel; . . . . . tooth pulp; . . . . tongue; . . . pancreas; . . . . islets of Langerhans; . . . . pancreatic ducts; . . . . pancreatic juice; . . . pharynx; . . . . nasopharynx; . . . proventriculus; . . . salivary glands; . . . . mandibular glands; . . . . maxillary glands; . . . . parotid gland; . . embryonic structures; . . . conceptus; . . . embryo (animal); . . . . amniotic fluid; . . . . blastocyst; . . . . . blastoderm; . . . . . trophoblast; . . . . blastomeres; . . . . extraembryonic membranes; . . . . . allantois; . . . . . amnion; . . . . . chorioallantoic membrane; . . . . . chorion; . . . . . yolk sac; . . . . limb bud; . . . . morula; . . . . neural crest; . . . . umbilical cord; . . . . urachus; . . . fetus; . . . placenta; . . . . trophoblast; . . . zygote; . . endocrine system; . . . endocrine glands; . . . . adrenal glands; . . . . . adrenal cortex; . . . . . adrenal medulla; . . . . gonads; . . . . . ovaries; . . . . . . corpus luteum; . . . . . . . luteal cells; . . . . . . ovarian follicles; . . . . . . . cumulus oophorus; . . . . . . . follicular fluid; . . . . . . . Graafian follicles; . . . . . . . granulosa cells; . . . . . . ovarioles; . . . . . . thecal cells; . . . . . testes; . . . . . . Leydig cells; . . . . . . rete testis; . . . . . . seminiferous tubules; . . . . . . . seminiferous epithelium; . . . . . . Sertoli cells; . . . . islets of Langerhans; . . . . parathyroid glands; . . . . pineal body; . . . . pituitary gland; . . . . . anterior pituitary; . . . . . posterior pituitary; . . . . prothoracic glands; . . . . thymus gland; . . . . thyroid gland; . . . neurosecretory system; . . . . corpora allata; . . . . corpora cardiaca; . . . . neurosecretory cells; . . excreta; . . . feces; . . . frass; . . . honeydew; . . . urine; . . excretory system; . . . cloaca; . . . Malpighian tubules; . . . urinary tract; . . . . bladder; . . . . kidneys; . . . . . nephrons; . . . . . . kidney glomerulus; . . . . . . renal tubules; . . . . . . . proximal tubules; . . . . ureter; . . . . urethra; . . exuvium; . . immune system; . . . antigen-presenting cells; . . . . dendritic cells; . . . . . Langerhans cells; . . . bone marrow; . . . leukocytes; . . . . granulocytes; . . . . . basophils; . . . . . eosinophils; . . . . . heterophils; . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . lymphocytes; . . . . . B-lymphocytes; . . . . . . plasma cells; . . . . . immunocytes; . . . . . melanocytes; . . . . . natural killer cells; . . . . . thymocytes; . . . . . T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . CD4-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . CD8-positive T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . . cytotoxic T-lymphocytes; . . . . . . suppressor cells; . . . . monocytes; . . . lymphatic system; . . . . bursa of Fabricius; . . . . lymph; . . . . lymph nodes; . . . . Peyer's patches; . . . . reticuloendothelial system; . . . . . phagocytes; . . . . . . macrophages; . . . . . . . foam cells; . . . . . . . histiocytes; . . . . . . . Kupffer cells; . . . . . . monocytes; . . . . . . neutrophils; . . . . spleen; . . . . thoracic duct; . . . . thymus gland; . . . . tonsils; . . . mast cells; . . insect anatomy; . . integumentary system; . . . exoskeleton; . . . integument; . . . . animal cuticle; . . . . . insect cuticle; . . . . claws; . . . . comb (integument); . . . . fleece; . . . . fur; . . . . hair follicles; . . . . hairs; . . . . hooves; . . . . horns; . . . . . antlers; . . . . . . velvet antlers; . . . . nail; . . . . plumage; . . . . . feathers; . . . . . . down; . . . . scales (integument); . . . . setae (animal); . . . . shell (molluscs); . . . . wattles; . . . skin; . . . . dermis; . . . . epidermis (animal); . . . . skin glands; . . . . . sebaceous glands; . . . . . . scent glands; . . . . . sweat glands; . . musculoskeletal system; . . . bones; . . . . bone density; . . . . bone marrow; . . . . bone types; . . . . . capitulum (bone); . . . . . jaws; . . . . . . mandible (bone); . . . . . keel bone; . . . . . limb bones; . . . . . . carpus; . . . . . . femur; . . . . . . fibula; . . . . . . humerus; . . . . . . metacarpus; . . . . . . metatarsus; . . . . . . phalanges; . . . . . . radius (bone); . . . . . . tibia; . . . . . . ulna; . . . . . maxilla bone; . . . . . patella; . . . . . periosteum; . . . . . ribs; . . . . . scapula; . . . . . sesamoid bones; . . . . . skull; . . . . . . orbits; . . . . . spine; . . . . . . cervical spine; . . . . . . intervertebral disks; . . . . . . lumbar spine; . . . . . . sacral spine; . . . . . . . pelvis; . . . . . . thoracic spine; . . . . . . vertebrae; . . . . . sternum; . . . . . tarsus (bone); . . . . epiphyses; . . . . . growth plate; . . . fascia; . . . joints (animal); . . . . elbows; . . . . knees; . . . . . stifle; . . . . shoulders; . . . . synovial fluid; . . . . synovial sheaths; . . . muscle tissues; . . . . muscle fibers; . . . . myocardium; . . . . myofibrils; . . . . . sarcomeres; . . . . skeletal muscle; . . . . . sarcoplasmic reticulum; . . . . smooth muscle; . . . . striated muscle; . . . muscles; . . . . breast muscle; . . . . diaphragm; . . . . flight muscles; . . . . longissimus dorsi; . . . . sphincters; . . . posture; . . . skeleton; . . . tendons; . . nervous system; . . . central nervous system; . . . . brain; . . . . . antennal lobe; . . . . . brain stem; . . . . . cerebellum; . . . . . . amygdala; . . . . . cerebrum; . . . . . . cerebral cortex; . . . . . . cerebral ventricles; . . . . . hippocampus; . . . . . hypothalamus; . . . . . . paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus; . . . . . . preoptic area; . . . . . medulla oblongata; . . . . . mushroom bodies; . . . . . olfactory bulb; . . . . . optic lobe; . . . . . thalamus; . . . . meninges; . . . . spinal cord; . . . cerebrospinal fluid; . . . ganglia; . . . . abdominal ganglia; . . . . subesophageal ganglia; . . . . thoracic ganglia; . . . myelin sheath; . . . nerve tissue; . . . neural pathways; . . . neuroglia; . . . . astrocytes; . . . . Schwann cells; . . . neurons; . . . . interneurons; . . . . motor neurons; . . . . nerve fibers; . . . . . axons; . . . . . . neurites; . . . . . dendrites; . . . . . . neurites; . . . . sensory neurons; . . . peripheral nervous system; . . . . autonomic nervous system; . . . . . parasympathetic nervous system; . . . . . sympathetic nervous system; . . . . nerve endings; . . . . peripheral nerves; . . . . . vagus nerve; . . . plexus; . . . . choroid plexus; . . . sensory system; . . . . sense organs; . . . . . antennae; . . . . . ears; . . . . . . guttural pouch; . . . . . eyes; . . . . . . compound eyes; . . . . . . . ommatidia; . . . . . . conjunctiva; . . . . . . cornea; . . . . . . eye lens; . . . . . . iris (eyes); . . . . . . lacrimal apparatus; . . . . . . ocelli; . . . . . . retina; . . . . . nose; . . . . . . nasal cavity; . . . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . . . olfactory organs; . . . . . palps; . . . . . sensilla; . . . . sensory receptors; . . . . . chemoreceptors; . . . . . mechanoreceptors; . . . . . olfactory receptors; . . . . . photoreceptors; . . . synapse; . . . ventral nerve cord; . . puparium; . . reproductive system; . . . accessory sex glands; . . . . seminal vesicles; . . . cloaca; . . . female reproductive system; . . . . cervix; . . . . . cervical mucus; . . . . ovaries; . . . . . corpus luteum; . . . . . . luteal cells; . . . . . ovarian follicles; . . . . . . cumulus oophorus; . . . . . . follicular fluid; . . . . . . Graafian follicles; . . . . . . granulosa cells; . . . . . ovarioles; . . . . . thecal cells; . . . . oviducts; . . . . . oviductal ampulla; . . . . . oviductal isthmus; . . . . ovipositor; . . . . shell gland; . . . . spermatheca; . . . . uterus; . . . . . uterine tissue; . . . . . . endometrium; . . . . . . myometrium; . . . . vagina; . . . . . vaginal mucosa; . . . . vulva; . . . male reproductive system; . . . . bulbourethral gland; . . . . ductus deferens; . . . . epididymis; . . . . . caput epididymidis; . . . . . cauda epididymidis; . . . . . corpus epididymidis; . . . . penis; . . . . . prepuce; . . . . prostate gland; . . . . scrotum; . . . . spermatic cord; . . . . spermatophores; . . . . testes; . . . . . Leydig cells; . . . . . rete testis; . . . . . seminiferous tubules; . . . . . . seminiferous epithelium; . . . . . Sertoli cells; . . respiratory system; . . . air sacs; . . . gills; . . . larynx; . . . lungs; . . . . bronchi; . . . . pulmonary alveoli; . . . nose; . . . . nasal cavity; . . . . nasal mucosa; . . . paranasal sinuses; . . . pleura; . . . spiracles; . . . swim bladder; . . . trachea (vertebrates); . . . tracheae (invertebrates); . . webs; . animal behavior; . . aggregation behavior; . . animal communication; . . . insect communication; . . . . bee dances; . . . . stridulation; . . . vocalization; . . animal preferences; . . brood rearing; . . broodiness; . . burrowing; . . cannibalism; . . dispersal behavior; . . displacement activities; . . drifting (animal behavior); . . dust bathing; . . escape behavior; . . feeding behavior; . . . biting rates; . . . browsing; . . . coprophagy; . . . engorgement; . . . feeding frequency; . . . feeding preferences; . . . foraging; . . . functional response; . . . hematophagy; . . . nectar feeding; . . . scavenging behavior; . . . . necrophagy; . . . sugar feeding; . . . trophallaxis; . . . wildlife food habits; . . grooming (animal behavior); . . . preening; . . group effect; . . host seeking; . . imprinting behavior; . . insect behavior; . . . antennating; . . . insect communication; . . . . bee dances; . . . . stridulation; . . . swarming; . . . trophallaxis; . . . wing fanning; . . kin recognition; . . . nestmate recognition; . . marking behavior; . . migration behavior; . . . seasonal migration; . . mimicry (behavior); . . nesting; . . parental behavior; . . pecking; . . predation; . . . seed predation; . . reproductive behavior; . . robbing; . . . nectar robbing; . . searching behavior; . . social dominance; . . soil ingestion; . . stinging; . . temperament; . . territoriality; . animal exploration and collection; . . insect collection; . animal genetics; . . insect genetics; . animal physiology; . . animal development; . . . adult development; . . . insect development; . . . . pupal development; . . . larval development; . . . mammary development; . . . ovarian development; . . . . follicular development; . . . . . follicular atresia; . . . postnatal development; . . . . neonatal development; . . . prenatal development; . . . . fetal development; . . . rumen development; . . . skeletal development; . . . smoltification; . . . testicular development; . . animal growth; . . . insect growth; . . animal reproduction; . . . acrosome reaction; . . . anautogeny; . . . animal fertility; . . . . cytoplasmic incompatibility; . . . . egg fertility; . . . . . egg hatchability; . . . . female fertility; . . . . . calving rate; . . . . . farrowing rate; . . . . . kidding rate; . . . . . lambing rate; . . . . . male effect; . . . . . . ram effect; . . . . . parturition interval; . . . . . . calving interval; . . . . . . . days open; . . . . male fertility; . . . . . sperm competition; . . . . reproductive efficiency; . . . autogeny; . . . breeding season; . . . capacitation; . . . clutch size; . . . conception; . . . copulation; . . . egg shell formation; . . . ejaculation; . . . embryonic mortality; . . . estrous cycle; . . . . anestrus; . . . . diestrus; . . . . estrus; . . . . metestrus; . . . . proestrus; . . . estrus detection; . . . fecundity; . . . gestation period; . . . . gestational age; . . . hatching; . . . human reproduction; . . . . childbirth; . . . . human fertility; . . . incubation; . . . insect reproduction; . . . . choriogenesis; . . . . gonotrophic cycle; . . . . larviposition; . . . . sex allocation; . . . insemination; . . . litter size; . . . litter weight; . . . luteinization; . . . luteolysis; . . . maternal-fetal transfer; . . . oogenesis; . . . . vitellogenesis; . . . ovipary; . . . oviposition; . . . . egg masses; . . . ovulation; . . . . anovulation; . . . parity (reproduction); . . . parturition; . . . . calving; . . . . ease of birth; . . . . farrowing; . . . . foaling; . . . . kidding; . . . . lambing; . . . . multiple births; . . . . premature birth; . . . . whelping; . . . perinatal period; . . . . postpartum period; . . . . prepartum period; . . . postpartum interval; . . . pregnancy; . . . . pregnancy outcome; . . . . pregnancy rate; . . . preovulatory period; . . . serving capacity; . . . sperm motility; . . . sperm transport; . . . spermiation; . . . uterine involution; . . . vivipary (animals); . . circulatory system physiology; . . . blood circulation; . . . . hemodynamics; . . . . . blood flow; . . . . . blood pressure; . . . . . . diastolic blood pressure; . . . . . . systolic blood pressure; . . . . . blood viscosity; . . . . . blood volume; . . . . . cardiac output; . . . . . heart rate; . . . . . heart sounds; . . . . . renin-angiotensin system; . . . . . vasoconstriction; . . . . . vasodilation; . . . . hemostasis; . . . . . platelet activation; . . . . . . platelet aggregation; . . . blood coagulation; . . . blood composition; . . . . blood cell counts; . . . . . blood platelet count; . . . . . erythrocyte count; . . . . . leukocyte count; . . . . . . lymphocyte count; . . . . blood chemistry; . . . . . blood gases; . . . . . blood glucose; . . . . . blood lipids; . . . . . blood pH; . . . . . . acid-base balance; . . . . . . alkali reserve; . . . . . blood proteins; . . . . . . acute phase proteins; . . . . . . . C-reactive protein; . . . . . . blood coagulation factors; . . . . . . . platelet-activating factor; . . . . . . . prothrombin; . . . . . . . thrombin; . . . . . . . thromboplastin; . . . . . . ferritin; . . . . . . fibrin; . . . . . . fibrinogen; . . . . . . gamma-globulins; . . . . . . glycohemoglobin; . . . . . . haptoglobins; . . . . . . hemoglobin; . . . . . . immunoglobulins; . . . . . . . immunoglobulin A; . . . . . . . immunoglobulin E; . . . . . . . immunoglobulin G; . . . . . . . immunoglobulin M; . . . . . . macroglobulins; . . . . . . serum albumin; . . . . . . . bovine serum albumin; . . . . . . . prealbumin; . . . . . . transferrin; . . . . . . vitamin D-binding protein; . . . fibrinolysis; . . . hematopoiesis; . . . . erythropoiesis; . . . lymph flow; . . digestive physiology; . . . appetite; . . . . anorexia; . . . . craving; . . . . hunger; . . . . thirst; . . . deglutition; . . . digestion; . . . . rumen fermentation; . . . gastrointestinal motility; . . . . gastric emptying; . . . . gastrointestinal transit; . . . . peristalsis; . . . . rumen motility; . . . ingestion; . . . . drinking; . . . intestinal absorption; . . . . iron absorption; . . . liver function; . . . . bile secretion; . . . mastication; . . . rumen development; . . . rumination; . . . salivation; . . . satiety; . . endocrine system physiology; . . . hormonal regulation; . . . . gonadotropin release; . . . hormone secretion; . . . . insulin secretion; . . . insulin resistance; . . . mammary gland function; . . . . dry period; . . . . lactation; . . . . . human lactation; . . . . . lactation duration; . . . . . lactation stage; . . . . . . early lactation; . . . . . . late lactation; . . . . . milk ejection; . . . . mammary involution; . . . . milk secretion; . . . . milk synthesis; . . . thyroid function; . . excretory system physiology; . . . diuresis; . . . excretion; . . . . defecation; . . . . drug excretion; . . . . urination; . . . renal function; . . . . glomerular filtration rate; . . . . renal clearance; . . insect physiology; . . . eclosion; . . . insect development; . . . . pupal development; . . . insect flight; . . . insect growth; . . . insect reproduction; . . . . choriogenesis; . . . . gonotrophic cycle; . . . . larviposition; . . . . sex allocation; . . . metamorphosis; . . . . precocious metamorphosis; . . . . pupariation; . . . . pupation; . . integumentary system physiology; . . . keratinization; . . . sclerotization; . . . shedding; . . . skin temperature; . . . sweating; . . molting; . . . apolysis; . . . ecdysis; . . musculoskeletal system physiology; . . . bone metabolism; . . . . bone formation; . . . . . bone mineralization; . . . . bone resorption; . . . bone strength; . . . chondrogenesis; . . . flight; . . . gait; . . . muscle development; . . . muscle physiology; . . . . muscle contraction; . . . . muscle fatigue; . . . physical activity; . . . . exercise; . . . . . strength training; . . . . jumping; . . . . lifting (movement); . . . . locomotion; . . . . running; . . . . trotting; . . . . walking; . . . skeletal development; . . neurophysiology; . . . blood-brain barrier; . . . evoked potentials; . . . innervation; . . . myelination; . . . neurosecretion; . . . reflexes; . . . sensation; . . . . hearing; . . . . pain; . . . . . colic; . . . . . headache; . . . . proprioception; . . . . smell; . . . . taste; . . . . . taste sensitivity; . . . . touch; . . . . vision; . . . sleep; . . . speech; . . . synaptic transmission; . . respiratory physiology; . . . breathing; . . . bronchoconstriction; . . . pulmonary gas exchange; . . . respiratory gases; . . . respiratory quotient; . . . tidal volume; . animal taxonomy; . entomology; . . crop entomology; . . forensic entomology; . . medical and veterinary entomology; . . . medical entomology; . . . veterinary entomology; . herpetology; . ichthyology; . malacology; . mammalogy; . nematology; . . nematode biology; . ornithology; . paleozoology

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S Biological Sciences