Project Publications (and publications in press`)-: 1. Lederberg, J., Sutherland, G.L., Buchanan, B.C., FeigenbJum, E.A., Robertson, A.V., Duffield, A.M., and Djerassi, C., "Applications for Artificial Intelligence for Chemical Inference I. The Number of Possible Organic Compounds: Ai:;:-ciic Structures Containing C,H,O and N!'. Journal of tht: American Chemical Society --_ ,_~---- May 1969. 2. Duffield, A.M., Robertson, A.V., Djerassi, C., Buchanan, B.G., Sutherland, G.L., Feigenbaum, E.A., and Lederberg, J., "Applications of Artificial Intelligence for Chemica! Inference II. Interpretation of Low Resolution 3s.s Spectra of Ketones". Journal of the American Chemical Sticiety May l$,;. 30 Schroll, G., Duffield, A.M., Djerassi, C., Buchanan, B.G., Sutherland, G.L., Feigenbaum, E.A., and Lederberg, J., "Applications of Artificial Intelligence for Chemical Inference III. Aliphatic Ethers Diagnosed by Their Low Resolution Mass Spectra and NMR Ddta". Submitted to the Journal of the American Chemical Society. 4. Sutherland, G.L., Heuristic DENDRAL: "A Family of LISP Programs". To appear in D. Bobrow (ed.), LISP Applications. Also, Stanford Artificial Intelligence Project Memo AI-SO. 5. Churchman, C.W. and Buchanan, B.G., "On the Design of Inductive Systems: Some Philosophical Problems". British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, to appear Autumn I-363 (in press). 6. Lederberg, J., "Topology of Molecules". In The Mathematical Sciences, published for the National Academy of Sciences--National Research Council by MIT Press, Cambridge, 1962, pp. J-i-51. 7. Buchanan, B.G., Sutherland, G.L., and Feigenbaum, E.A., "Heuristic DENDRAL: A Program for Generating Explanatory Hypotheses in Organic Chemistry". In 0. Michie (ed), Machine Intelligence 1-1 University of Edinburgh Press, 1.963. (Also, Stanford Artificial Intelligence Project Memo ~1-62.) 8. Feigenbaum, E.A., "Artificial Intelligence: Themes in the Sound Decade". In Final Supplement to Proceedinps of the IFIP68 International Congress, Edinburgh, August 1968. (Also Artif Intelligence Project Memo AI-67.) 9* Lederberg, J., and Feigenbaum, E.A. 1. "Mechanization of Inductive , ic ial Inference in Organic Chemistry". In B. Kleinmuntz (ed) Formal Representations for Human Judgment, Wiley, 1368. (Also Stanford Artificial Intelligence Project Memo AI-54.) 10. Lederberg, J., "Hamilton Circuits of Convex Trivalent Polyhedra". American Mathematical Monthly 74, 522 (1967). 11. Lederberg, J., "'I'opological Mapping of Organic Molecules", Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, U.S. 53, 134 (1965). REPORTS A. Lederberg J. DENDRAL 64 - A system for computer construction, enumeration and notation of organic molecules as tree structures and cyclic graphs. A.l. Part I, Notational algorithm for tree structures, NASA CR-57029 and STAR ~65-13158. A.2. Part II, Topology of cyclic graphs, NASA CR-68898 and STAR N66-14074. A.3. Part III, A general outline of the DENDRAL system. Systematics of organic molecules, graph topology and Hamilton circuits, NASA ~~-68899 and STAR N66-14075. B. Sutherland, G.L., "A Computer Program for Generating and Filtering Chemical Structures. Stanford Artificial Intelligence Project Memo AI-49. 52 6.2 Language Research There are a number of problems relating to the automatic processing of natural language which are continuing to be of interest. This is divided into three major sub-areas: associative data structures, models of cognitive structures and grammatical inference. We have been studying the problems of associative memory in conventional computers for several years. The most recent development is the abiility to have several independent, parallel programs all sharing the same associative structure. We hope to study the problems of controlling access to a global structure in the context of hand-eye tasks. Another important tope to be studied is the addition of deductive inference cap bilities to the associative retrieval mechanisms. One of the most interesting and difficult problems in artificial intelligence is the modeling of human cognitive structures. We have developed such a model [2] and are studying several problems in language processing and understanding with this model. The model is unique in that it uses the notion of consequence (temporal, causal, etc.) as a central element. We are developing theories of analogy, generalization over instances and the relation between perception and understanding using this model. Work on grammatical inference continues to be fruitful. The theoretical work on decidability is complete [3] and we are looking at questions of optimal learning and teaching strategies. Many of these results will be directly converted into program heuristics. We are also studying the extension of these techniques to other problems of generalization. 53 REFERENCES 1. Feldman, J., and Rovner, P., "An Algal-Based Associative Language", Stanford Artificial Intelligence Memo AI-66, Stanford University, Stanford, California, August 1968. 2. Feldman, J.A., "First Thoughts on Grammatical Inference", Stanford Artificial Intelligence Memo AI-55, Stanford University, Stanford, California, August 1967. 3. Feldman, J.A., Gips, J., Horning, J., and Reder, S., "Grammatical Inference and Complexity", Stanford Artificial Intelligence Memo AI-89, Stanford University, Stanford, California, June 1969. 4. Becker, J.D., "The Modeling of Simple Analogic and Inductive Process= In a Semantic Memory System", Stanford Artificial Intelligence Memo AI-77, Stanford University, Stanford, California, January 1-969. 6.3 Higher Mental Functions The Higher Mental Functions Project is an affiliated project under the direction of Dr. Kenneth Mark Colby, who is supported by N.I.H, as a Research Career Scientist. This project is working on two problem areas: (1) The Study of credibility functions in humans as well as in aritificial systems, (2) Question-asking or interviewing programs which operate in natural language. In the first area of interest the problem is to understand how a system, living or artificial, judges the credibility of new information based on information it already possesses. Descriptions of work already done on this problem can be found in Reference (1, 2, 3). Because the relevant variables are difficult to control in humans, it is considered necessary to develop artificial belief systems in which the belief processes under study can be brought under maximum control. In the second domain of interest, the problem consists of machine understanding of natural language. We have have considerable experience in this area (See Reference 4) and we are currently developing a program which conceptually analyzes natural language input. (See Reference 5). Once the input is "understood" the program can generate questions based on information it has received thus far rather than being limited to a fixed set of questions. 55 1. Colby, K.M., "Computer Simulation of Change in Personal Belief Systems", Behavorial Science, 12, 248-253 (1967). 2. Tesler, L., Colby, K.M., and Enea, H., "A Directed Graph for Computer Simulation of Belief Systems", Mathematical Biosciences, 2, 19-40 (1968). 3. Colby, K.M., Tesler, L., Enea, H., "Search Experiments with the Data Base of Human Belief Structure", Proc. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Washington, D.C., May 1969. 4. Colby, K.M., and Enea, H., "Heuristic Methods for Computer Understanding of Natural Language in Context-Restricted On-Line Dialogues", Mathematical Biosciences, 1, l-25, 1967. 56 79 Budget $1,95,859 is needed to support the research program described above for the eighteen month period beginning 1 January 1969. The budget below is divided into an initial six month period ($613,527 from 1 January through 30 June 140) and following twelve month period ($1,362,332 from 1 July 140 through 30 June 191). Separate budgets are given for the Heuristic Dentral Project (H.D.) and the other artificial intelligence projects (A.I.) in each period. The Higher Mental Functions Project is separately supported so no funds are needed for it. The bulk of the funds requested are for salaries and personnel support costs. $20,000 per year is needed for test equipment, mostfy in support of the visual perception and control projects. $80,000 is budgeted in the second period for additional displays consoles. The existing 6 console display system is currently in saturated use about 18 hours per day and the utilization is increasing. 57 Budget Item Salaries Staff Benefits University Overhead Travel Capital Equipment Equipment Rental WI CD Equipment Maintenance Computer Time Communications Publications Costs Other Operating Expenses Subtotal by Project Total by Period BmG; `7 SUMMARY For Continuation of SD 183 1 Jan 1979 - 30 Jun 1971 1 Jan 1970 - 30 Jun 1970 A.I. H.D. $240,483 $31,588 29,579 3,885 137,075 18,005 8,900 2,250 10,000 28,176 2,520 25,000 2,000 36,000 7,500 1,000 4,125 441 1 Jul l%O - 30 Jun 1911 A.I. H.D. $509,825 $66 2 967 62,708 8,237 2go,600 38,171 17&o 4,500 100,000 56,352 5,040 50,000 4,000 72,000 15,000 2,000 8,250 882 22,250 2,750 44,500 5,500 $515,088 $W+39 $Ll59,035 $203,297 $613,527 $13362,332 Total $%8,%3 104,4og 483,851 33,450 110,000 92,088 75,000 114,000 25,500 13,698 75,000 $1,975,859 $l,P75,859 BUDGET FOR CONTINUATION (1 Jan 70 - 30 Jun 71) SD 183 I. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE 1 Jan 70 - 1 Jul 70 - 30 Jun 70 30 Jun 71 Faculty Adams, J.L., Assoc. Prof. of Mech. $2,216 $4,698 Engr., l/6 time acad, yr., l/2 time summer Feldman, J., Assoc. Prof. of Computer Science, l/2 time acad. yr., full time suimner 5,391 11,429 Floyd, R., Assoc. Prof. of Computer 7,291 15,457 Science, l//2 time acad. yr., full time summer Knuth, I)., Prof. of Computer Science - Manna, Z., Assist. Prof. of Com- 4,628 9,811 puter Science, 1/2,time acad. yr., full time summer McCarthy, J., Prof. of Computer Science, Principal Investi- gator, l/2 time acad. yro, full time summer 8,333 17,666 Reddy, D.R., Assist. Prof. of Computer Science, l/2 time acad. yr., full time summer 5,168 956 lo, TOTAL FACULTY SALARIES $33,027 $70,017 Research Staff Ashcroft, E.A. Research Assoc. $ 6,600 $13,992 Baumgart, B., Systems Programmer 4,800 lo, 176 Beauchamp, J. Research ASSOC. 6,300 13,356 59 Research Staff cont'd. 1 Jan 70 - 1 Jul 70 - 30 Jun 70 30 Jun 71 Earnest, L., Research Assoc., Executive Officer Feldman, G., Research Programmer l/2 time acad. yr., full time summer Gleason, G., Computer Systems Engineer Grape, G., Research Programmer Hueckel, M., Research Assoc. Kay, A-, Research Assoc. 3/4 time Luckham, D. Research Assoc. McGuire,E., Systems Progrannner Moorer, J., Systems Programmer Paul, R., Research Programmer Pingle, K., Research Programmer Poole, D., Systems Programmer Samuel, A., Senior Research Assoc., 3/4 time Singer, J., Systems Programmer, Group Leader Smith, D., Systems Programmer l/5 time Sproul, R., Systems Programmer Weiher, W., Systems Programmer TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF $11,500 $24,380 3,694 7,831 6,630 14,056 5,400 11,448 6,600 13,992 6,000 12,720 8,010 16,981 4,800 10,176 5,160 10 9 939 6,780 14,374 5,940 12,593 5,550 11,766 10,000 21,200 7,650 16,218 1,080 2,290 4,800 10,176 5,400 11,448 $122,694 $260,112 60 Student Research Assistants (20) 1 Jan 70 20 Jun 70 lJul70 - 30 Jun 71 J. Allen, R. Bajcsyova, J. Becker, J. Buchanan, L. Erman, G. Falk, R. Goodman, M. Kelly, R. Neely, P. Petit, L. Quam, J. Ryder, R. Schmidt, I. Sobel, D. Swinehart, J. Tenebaum,plus 4 unnamed: TOTAL STUDENT RESEARCH ASSISTANTS $47 9 000 $99&o Other Staff Baur, Q., Secretary, l/2 time Down, K., Research Coordinator, p/l0 time Panofsky, E., Electronics Technician Roark, D., Secretary Zingheim, T., Electronics Technician -----, Electronics Technician Semi-monthly Technicians TQTAL OTHER STAFF SUBTOTAL A.I. PROJECT SALARIES Allowance for 6$ Salary Increase TOTAL A.I. PRQJECT SALARIES II. Staff Benefits (12.3$ Provisional through 31 August 1970) III. University Overhead (57%) IV. Travel 2 foreign trips, $1,200 ea. 9 trips east, $450 ea. 2 professional staff moves to Stanford, $750 ea. Local travel 1,500 5,400 3,900 3,000 4,350 3,600 2,400 $24,150 $226,871 13,612 $240,483 $29,579 8,268 6,360 9,222 7,632 5,088 $51,198 $48~9967 28,858 $509,825 $62,708 $137,075 $290,600 $2,400 4,050 1,500 950 $8,~ 3,180 11,448 61 IV. Travel (continued) 1 Jan 70 - 1 Ju.1 70 - 30 Jun 70 30 Jun 71 5 foreign trips, $1,200 ea. $6,000 16 trips east, $450 ea. 7,200 4 professional staff moves to Stanford, $750 ea. 3,000 Local travel 1,600 v. Capital Equipment Test Equipment (Oscilloscopes, arm $10,000 and camera instrumentation, misc.) Display generator and 6 display units (Similar to Data Disc Units) $20,000 8Q,ooo TOTAL CAPITAL EQUIPMENT $10,000 VI. Equipment Rental IBM Disc File and Packs $28,176 VII. Equipment Maintenance (Based on past $25,000 experience) $100,000 $56,352 $50,000 VIII. Computer Time (IBM 360-67) 3 hours day rate, $500/hr $1,500 Supporting Services -SE $2,000 ~u~~~:~i~~s~~:~~e~5001hr $3,000 1,000 IX. Communications (Telephones, data- $7,500 phones, teletype) $4,000 $15,000 s. Publications Costs $4,125 XI. other Operating Expenses $22,250 $8,250 $Ji!LzQ TOTAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE $515,088 $W59>035 62 XII. HEURISTIC DENDRAL Faculty Feigenbaum, E., Prof. of Computer Science, 65 $ time acad. yr., full time summer Lederberg, J., Prof. of Genetics, 5 4 time TOTAL FACULTY SALARIES Research Staff Buchanan, B., Research Associate Delfino, A., Research Programmer Sutherland, G., Research Associate 2/3 time Brown, D., Student Research Asst., l/2 time acad. yr., full time summer Semimonthly wages (undergraduate student) TOTAL RESEARCH STAFF Other Staff -----, Secretary, l/2 time SUBTOTAL HEURISTIC DENDRAL SALARIES Allowance for 6s Salary Increase TOTAL HEURISTIC DENDRAL SALARIES XIII. Staff Benefits (12.3s Provisional through 31 August 19'70) 1 Jan 70 - 1Jul 70 - 30 Jun 70 30 Jun 71 $3,500 $18,020 1,000 2,120 $9,500 $20,140 $6,800 $14,416 6,000 12,720 3,750 7,950 1,500 3,180 150 1,590 $18,800 $39 9 8% $1,500 $3,180 $29&o $63,176 $1,788 4YLD.L $31,588 $66,967 $3,885 $8,237 XIV. IJniversity Overhead (57s) $18,005 $38,171 63 xv. Travel 1 Jan 70 - 1 Jul 70 - 30 Jun 70 30 Jun 71 1 foreign trip, $1,200 ea. $1,200 2 trips east, $450 ea. 900 Local travel 150 $2,250 2 foreign trips, $1,200 ea. $;,42: 4 trips east, $450 ea. Local travel '300 XVI. Equipment Rental (Wylbur Terminals) $2,520 XVII. Computer Time (IBM 360-67) $4,500 $5,040 60 hours day rate, $500/hr $30,000 Supporting Services 6,000 $36,000 120 hours day rate, $SOO/hr $60,000 Supporting Services 12,000 $72,000 XVIII. Communications (Telephones, data- $1,000 $2,000 phones, teletype) XIX. Publications Costs $441 $882 XX. Other Operating Expenses $2,750 $5,500 TCI'AL HEURISTIC DENDRAL $Wm $203,297 XXI. Associated Groups - Non-Direct Support A. Higher Mental Functions Colby, K., Principal Investigator, Senior Research Associate Hilf, F., Research Associate Schank, R., Programmer Tesler, L., Programmer Smith, D., Research Programmer, 4/5 time 64 A. Higher Mental Functions (Continued) Weber, S., Student Research Assistant, l/2 time acad. yr., full time summer Down, K., Research Coordinator, l/10 time Baur, Q., Secretary, l/2 time 65 8. Cognizant Personnel: For contractual matters, including overhead and patent questions: Elwood C. Pierce Office of the Research Administrator Stanford University Stanford, California $305 For technical and scientific matters: Professor John McCarthy, Principal Investigator Professor Edward Feigenbaum, Associate Investigator Dr. Arthur Samuel, Associate Investigator Mr. Lester Earnest, Executive Officer Computer Science Department Stanford University Stanford, California 94305 Telephone (415) 321-2300, extension 4971 For administrative matters, including questions relating to the budget, property acquisition and handling, etc: Mr. Lester Earnest, Executive Officer Mr. Kenneth Down, Research Coordinator Computer Science Department Stanford University Stanford, California 94-305 Telephone (415) 321-2300, extension 4971 66 APPENDIX A PUBLICATIONS OF PROJECT MEMBERS Articles and books by members of the Stanford Artificial Intelli- gence Project are listed here by year. Only publications subsequent to the individual's affiliation with the Project are given. 1. J. 2. J. 3. J. 4. J. McCarthy, "A Basis for a Mathematical Theory of Computation", in P. Biaffort and D. Hershberg (eds), Computer Programming and Formal Systems, North-Holland, Amsterdam 1963. McCarthy, "Towards a Mathematical Theory of Computation" in Proc. IFIP Conpress 62, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1963. McCarthy (with S. Boilen, E. Fredkin, and J.C.R. Licklider), "A Time-Sharing Debugging System for a Small Computer" in Proc. AFIPS Conf. (SJCC), Vol. 23, 1963. McCarthy (with F. Corbato and M. Daggett), "The Linking Segment Subprogram Language and Linking Loader Programming Languages", Comm. ACM, July 1963. 1. J. McCarthy, "Problems in the Theory of Computation", in Proc. IFIP Congress 65, Spartan, Washington, D.C., 1965. 1. A. Hearn, "Computation of Algebraic Properties of Elementary Particle Reactions Using a Digital Computer", Comm. ACM, 9, pp. 573-577, August 1966. 2. J. McCarthy, "A Formal Description of a Subset of Algal" in T. Steele (ed), Formal Language Description Languages, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1966. 3* J. McCarthy, "Information", Scientific American, September 1966. 4. D. Reddy, "Segmentation of Speech Sounds", J. Acoust. Sot. Amer., August 1966. A-l 2. 4. 5. 6. 8. 3. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14 . J. Campbell, "Algebraic CcmputatioIl of Kzd:i.ative CorrectiorLs for Electron-Proton Scattt:ricg", Nuclear- Ph%!sics Vol.. Bl, pp* 238- 300, lS/. -~.--LL----~ J. Goodman, "?I-igi-tal Tmage Formation from Electronically Detected Holograms" ,w~,_h-pLlied Physics Letters ..- . . -.- ..--.-I --_.-I-- - 1 1 August 1.96'7 . D. Reddy, Computes T:erognition of Connected Speech", J. Acoust. -- SOC. Aiii~, , A Li gii 1; :r 3.96'7 # A. Samuel, "Studic,, is, Mschi-iic: Learning Using the Game of Checkers, II-Recer~t Progress", IBM Journal, November 196'7. G. Sutherland (~i??~ G.14. E-i/ails and G.F. Wallace), S'Lmu1atitil.l Using D i.P.ita iCot"_r~~ Prentice-Hall, Engelwooz Cliffs, N.J., I!%7 * A -2 1. 2. 39 4. 6. 7. 8. 9* 10. 11. 12. 13 o 14 . 15 o E. Feigenbaum, J. Lederberg and B. Buchanan, "Heuristic Dendral",, Proc. International Conference on System Sciences, University of Hawaii and IEEE, University of Hawaii Press, 1968. 'E. Feigenbaum, "Artificial Intelligence: Themes in the Second Decade", Proc. IFIP Congress 1968. J. Feldman (with D. Gries), "Translator Writing Systems", Comm. a, February 1968. J. Feldman (with P. Rovner), '*rhe Leap Language Data Structure", Proc. IFIP Congress 1968. R. Gruen and W. Weiher, "Rapid Program Generation", Proc. DECUS Symposium, Fall 1968. A. Hearn, "The Problem of Substitution", Proc. IBM Summer Institute on Symbolic Mathematics by Computer, July 1968. D. Kaplan, "Some Completeness Results in the Mathematical Theory of Computation", ACM Journal, January 1968. J. Lederberg and E. Feigenbaum, "Mechanization of Inductive In- ference in Organic Chemistry", in B. Kleinmuntz (ed.), Formal Representation of Human Judgment, John Wiley, New York, 1968. J. McCarthy, "Programs with Cormnon Sense" in M. Minsky (ed.), Semantic Information Processing, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1968. J. McCarthy, L. Earnest, D. Reddy, and P. Vicens, "A Computer with Hands, Eyes, and Ears", Proc. AFIPS Conf. (FJCC), 1968. K. Pingle, J. Singer, and W. Wichman, "Computer Control of a Mechanical Arm through Visual Input", Proc. IFIP Conpress 68, 1968. D. Reddy, and Ann Robinson, "Phoneme-to-Grapheme Translation of English", IEEE Trans. Audio and Electroacoustics, June 1968. D. Reddy, "Computer Transcription of Phonemic Symbols", J. Acoust. Sot. Amer., August 1968 D. Reddy, and P. Vicens, "Procedure for Segmentation of Connected Speech", J. Audio Eng. Sot., October 1968. D. Reddy, "Consonantal Clustering and Connected Speech Recognition", Proc. Sixth International Congress on Acoustics, Vol. 2, pp. C-57 to c-60, Tokyo, 1968. A-3 1968 (cont.) 16. A. Silvestri and J. Goodman, 'bigital Reconstruction of Holographic Images", '68, NEREM Record, IEEE, Vol. 10, pp. 118-113, 1968. 17. L. Tesler, H. Enea, and K. Colby, "A Directed Graph Representation for Computer Simulation of Belief Systems", Math. Bio. 2, 1968. A-4 1969 (to date) 1. 2. 3* 4. 5. 6. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. J. J. B. B. K. K. A. J. J. T. J. J. Beauchamp (with H. Von Foerster) (eds), Music by Computers, John Wiley, New York, 1969. Becker, 'The Modeling of Simple Analogic and Inductive Processes in a Semantic Memory System," Proc. International Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Washington, D.C., 1969. Buchanan and G. Sutherland, "Heuristic Dendral: A Program for Generating Hypotheses in Organic Chemistry", in D. Michie (ed.), Machine Intelligence 4, American Elsevier, New York, 1969. Buchanan (with C. Churchman), "On the Design of Inductive Systems: Some Philosophical Problems"; British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, Autumn 1969 (in press). Colby, L. Tesler, and H. Enea, "Experiments with a Search Algorithm for the Data Base of a Human Belief System", Proc. International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, WaGgton, D.C., 1969. Colby and D.C. Smith, "Dialogues between Humans and Artificial Belief Systems", Proc. International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Washington, D.C., 1969. Duffield, A. Robertson, C. Djerassi, B. Buchanan, G. Sutherland, E. Feigenbaum, and J. Lederberg, "Application of Artificial Intelligence for Chemical Inference II. Interpretation of Low Resolution Mass Spectra of Ketones", J. of American Chemical Society, May 1969. Feldman, G. Feldman, G. Falk, G. Grape, J. Pearlman, I. Sobel, and J. Tenenbaum, "The Stanford Hand-Eye Project", Proc.Inter- national Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Washington, D.C., ???? o Feldman (with P. Rovner), "An Algol-based Associative Language", Comrn. ACM, August 1969. Ito, "Note on a Class of Statistical Recognition Functions", IEEE Trans. Computers, January 1969. Lederberg, 'CTopology of Organic Molecules", National Academy of Science, The Mathematical Sciences: a Collection of Essays, MIT Press, Cambridge 1969. Lederberg, G. Sutherland, B. Buchanan, E. Feigenbaum, A. Robertson, A. Duffield, and C. Djerassi, "Applications of Artificial Intell- igence for Chemical Inference I. The Number of Possible Organic Compounds: Acyclic Structures Containing C,H,O, and N", J. Amer. Chem. Sot., May 1969. A-5 13. 14 . 15 o 16. 17 o 18. 19. 20. 21. (cont.) 1969 D. Luckham, "Refinement Theorems in Resolution Theory", Proc. 1968 IRIA Symposium in Automatic Deduction, Versailles, France, (in press). Zohar Manna, "Properties of Programs and the First Order Predicate Calculus", J. ACM, April 1969. Zohar Manna, "Formalization of Properties of Programs", J. System and Computer Sciences, May 1969. Zohar Manna and Amir Pnueli, "Formalization of Properties of Re- cursively Defined Functions", Proc. ACM Symposium on Computing Theory, May 1969. J. McCarthy and P. Hayes, "Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence", in D. Michie (ed), Machine Intelligence 4, American Elsevier, New York, 1$9. N. Nilsson, "A Mobile Automaton: An Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques", Proc. International Conf. on Artificial Intelligence, Washington, D.C., 1969. R. Paul, G. Falk, J. Feldman, "The Computer Representation of Simply Described Scenes", Proc. Illinois Graphics Conference, April 1969. R. Schank and L. Tesler, "A Conceptual Parser for Natural Language", Proc. International Joint Conference On Artificial Intelligence, Washington, D.C., 1969. G. Schroll, A. Duffield, C. Djerassi, B. Buchanan, G. Sutherland, E. Feigenbaum, and J. Lederberg, "Applications of Artificial Intelligence for Chemical Inference III. Aliphatic Ethers Diagnosed by Their Low Resolution Mass Spectra and NMR Data", J. American Chemical Society (in press). , A-6 APPENDIX B THESES Theses that have been published as Stanford Artificial Intelli- gence Memos are listed below. Several earned degrees `It institutions other than Stanford. Abstracts of all A.I. Memos are given in Appendix D. Memo AI-43 ~I-46 AI-47 AI-44 ~1-56 ~1-58 ~1-63 ~1-65 AI-75 AI-74 R. Reddy, "An Approach to Coaputcr Speech Recognition by Direct Analysis of the Speech Wave", Ph.D. Thesis in Computer Science, Stanford University, September 1966. S. Persson, "Some Sequence Extrapolating Programs: A Study of Representation and Modeling in Inquiring Systems," Ph.D. Thesis in Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, September 1966. B. Buchanan, "Logics of Scientific Discovery", Ph.D. Thesis in Philosophy, University of California, Berkeley, December 1966. J. Painter, "Semantic Correctness of a Compiler for an Algol- like Language," Ph.D. Thesis in Computer Science, Stanford University, March 1967. W. Wichman, "Use of Optical Feedback in the Computer Control of an Arm", Eng. Thesis in Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, August 1967. M. Callero, "An Adaptive Command and Control System Utilizing Heuristic Learning Processes", Ph.D. Theses in Operations Research, Stanford University, December 1967. D. Kaplan, "Regular Expressions and the Equivalence of Pro- grams", Ph.D. Thesis in Computer Science, Stanford University, July 1968. B. Huberman, "A Program to Play Chess End Games", Ph.D. Thesis in Computer Science, Stanford University, August 1968. D. Pieper, "The Kinematics of Manipulators uncer Computer Control", Ph.D. Thesis in Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, October 1968. D. Waterman, "Machine Learning of Heuristics", Ph.D. Thesis in Computer Science, Stanford University, December 1968. B-l THESES (cont.) Memo ~1-83 R. Schank, "A Conceptual Dependency Representation for a Computer Oriented Semantics", Ph.D. Thesis in Linguistics, University of Texas, March 1969. ~1-85 P. Vicens, "Aspects of Speech Recognition by Computer", Ph.D. Thesis in Computer Science, Stanford University, March 1969. B-2