214 MONTHLY W E A m R REVIEW. APRIL, 1914
1812.
June 6, eruption
June 10, h e ... fAIter June15 ...... ,=dore .... June 16.. .........
i).g:j&:: June 20. twilight.. June23, vapra voil. June 23, twllighl.. June 23.. ......... June 27.. ......... June27 ........... June24 ........... June 23.. ......... June 24-27.. ...... June 24.. June 28.. ......... June%.. ......... June28.. ......... June 25-29.. ...... June29 ........... June 26.. .........
.........
Iuneg(7) ........
mission following cloudiness would in general be carried on by all three portions, but the evidence here presented ests that the first portion, added to the third, both fee ly absorbed, is of reat importance. Since completing t is paper the writer has read an interesting account by Nipher, in the Proceedings of the Saint Louis Academy of Sciences, 1913, of local magnetic storms whose origin he believes to have traccd to the influence of clouds. He finds also n, period of magnetic disturbances coinciding with the well- known twilight fluctuations in radio transmission. Prof. Nipher sug ests
a variation in the ionization of the lower levels cause % bg variations in the sunlight as the nature of this influence. There seems to be an ultimate connection between these phenomena and the variations in radiotransmission.
% sY
1912.
.................................................................................................................. .................................................................... {~~~~~,'$$~;&::: }July 4 ................. No ................
} ...............................................................................................................
Between June174ulyl No .................... July 1-28. ................................ -1.1.. ................
I July 6.. ............... No.. .................. July 11.. .......... July 11-20.. ........... No.. ..............
July 11 ................ Sept. 15.. ............. Absent ............ Absent ................ Absent ..... ......I
July 12-16 ............. No. .................... Indfiuite (9 ). .... Aug. 5 (T ).. ........... No. ...............
............................................................................................... Aug. 15.. .........
!
July 6-11.. ............ No .................... July 19.. .......... July 20-25 ............. i No ................ July E.. ..................................... _:. .............................................................. .I
............................................................................................................... .i July 11.. .............. Yes; end of July.. .... July 21.. .......... July 22: July 28.. ..... July 11.. .......... 1
June27 ................ Ju y 2 ................ July22 ............ July23 ................ June27 ........... July9-12 .............. No .................... July24 ............ July27 ................ Yes ............... July 6-12, or later.. ... No. ................... Absent ............ Absent ................ Absent ........... July 10-15 ............. Yes; like late summer.] July 28.. .......... July 28; Aug. 1 ........ Like July 10 ...... ................ ................... ....... No.. .............. July 13 Yes I Jul 28 (?). (1)
July 11-15 ............. Yes ................... i Absent ............ Absent ................ Absent. .......... Julv 15 ................ No .................... July24 ............ July24 ................ Yes ............... Julj 12-18 ............. Yes; bug. 1 .. ......... July 28.. .......... July 2bAug. 1. ....... Yes; July ......... July21 ................ Yes ................... Absent ........................................................ July 26, alter gaps ..... Yes; Aug. 32-Oct. 1 .. . Aug. 2. ........... Aug. 2-22. ............ July 2bOct. 1.. ... July 26 ................ Yes ................... Absent ............ Absent ................ Absent ............
i
-
li B
s -
1
a
3
4
5
0
7 8 9 10 11 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
#)
21
aa !a 24
!?J6 28
-
Longi-
1
tude. Stetlrm.
I 1
Iiatmai. .....................
Mount Wllson.. .............
Washington ..................
West Qreenland ..............
Iceland.. ....................
Algiers.. .....................
Heldelberg. .................. Zurich. ...................... Hamburg. ................... Denmark. ................... Pavia.. ...................... salo.. ........................ Ischia.. ...................... Imsbruck ................... Potsdam.. ................... Mest.. ...................... DonnEiSberg. ................ Tetschm.. ................... Flume. ...................... vlenaa... .................... BEIrlnge.. ................... WSKaW.. .................... P m l n y ................... sohi8 ....................... A ttens.. ..................... Egypt.. .....................
p t ;
155 0
119 10
77 0
5 0 0
21 52
Jiiwf.
4 0
8 42 8 3 3 10 0 10 0 9 10 10 31 13 50 11 25 13 0 13 60 13 50 14 15 14 2.5
16 25 17 19 21 01 22 48 23 15 23 43 31 0
MATERIAL.
The first ste in the discussion was to collect the records of the Camp ! ell-Stokes sunshine recorders for those days of 1912 which yielded well-defined traces. These
corresponding days of average or normal ears; the best years ininiediately preceding 1912 were c i osen as theso standards of comparison. Of course there had been considerahlo variations in judgment of what constituted the beginning of the daily record-trace, in exposures and in instrumental peculiarities among so inany contributing institutions. Particular difficulty arose in endeavoring to estimate the effects of low-lying haze and fog upon the Italian records. Eventually, however, the coniparisons
were compared with t h e records for the same localities on
I SECOND PEASE. I FIBST PEASE.
Junem ........................................................................................................................... June 17.. ......... Increasing to Aug. 5... Oct. 1 ................. Aug. 5 .. .......... Aug. 5. ............... Ort. 1 ............. June28.. ......... July 3 ................. No .................... Aug. 8. ........... Aug. 8.. .............. Sept. 9 ...........
MAURER & DORNO ON T m PROGRESS AND GEO- C+BAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF TBE ATMOSPHERIC- OP!CICAL DISTURBANCE OF 1912-18.'
1 Summarized from: dimwcr, J.. & Dorno. C. ober den Verlauf und die geogra h- der stmosphPrlsch-optien Sttirung, 1912-13. Met. Z&.,
a see Lte-olagIm?tle d*-& P. raunschweig, -. Febnuu, lSl3,80. Jhrg, p. 92.
bche Verbreltun Braumhweig, ref. 1914 81. Jhr
yielded a quantity of differences in the times of be inning of each day's record for 1912 as compared with t % e cor- responding data for averawe years. These differences were then carefully reworkea graphically by Dorno. Then the actinometric and polarization observations were gone over in an equally careful, critical manner. The actinonieter records were st,udied by comparing the daily maxima t,hroughout 1912 with the average maxima for corresponding days and the resultin differences were
the minimum values of the antisolar distance of Arago's Point for 1912 were similarly coni ared with the avera e
lished notes on the sky were carefully compared with the plotted curves; the curves obtained from the sunshine recorders were supplemented by those from the photo- recordin station at Tetschen and b the curves from
tories of the world. In all 36 such curves were repared and studied; selections from them are repro c r uced as figure 1 of the article noticed, but must be omitted here.
plotted. In the polarization records t f e masimum and
values for normal years. Finally a P 1 manuscripta andpu Q -
practica a .y all the actinometric and PO T arimetric obsenw
h~, 1914. MONTHLY WZATHER REMEW. 215
TRmD PUB. FOUBTH PHASE.
Princlpal maximum. Arrival. ILaxlmum. Pr&?clpal Arrival. Maximum. maxmum.
8 a 10 11 19 18
JulJ .......................................
~a l g -2 6 .............. Aug.2 ................ Yes ............... End of August .... Reported .......... No ................ ................................................ AUg. 15 ....................................................................... ............................................ ................ Aug. 7-16 ............. Yes ............... Sept. 9 ............ Sept. 9 ............ No ................
Aw. 1 ................. Ang. 8 ................ Yes ............... About Sept. 10 ._..I Ci-st ..................................
Aug.10 ................ Aug.20 ............... Yes ............... Sept. 12 ........... Sept. 12 ........... No ................
Absent ................. Absent ................ Abwnt ............ Sept. 15 ........... Sept.18 ........... No ................ Absent ................. Aug. 29.. ............. Sept. 15 ........... Sept. 14 ........... Sept. 15 ........... July 12-Aug. 29... Aug. 16 ................ .lug. R ................ Absent ............ Absent ............ Ahseat ............ Absent ............ Aag. 18 ................ bug. 1$; Aug. 30 ....... No ................ Sept. 17.. ......... Sept. 17 ........... No ................ Absfmt ................. Absent ................ Absent ............ Sept.18 ........... Sept.22-23 ........ Ycs ............... Absent in part ......... Aug. 28 ............... No ................ Sept. 13 ........... Sept. 12 ........... No ................
Baginning ia absent .... Sept. 9... ............. Yes. .............. Sept. 24 (gaps). ... Sept. 24 (gaps). ... NQ ................ A u g .~ ................ Aug. 18 ............... No ................ Absent ............ Absent ............ Absent ............ .............. Sept. 15 lug. 15 absent in part.. Sept. 6.. (3 ........... Sept. 15 ........... No ................ Aug. !a)'................ Aug. 20 ............... No? ............... Absent ............ Absent ............ lbsent ............
Sept. E? ............... Sept. 12 ............... No? ............... Sept. 29 Sept. 20 ........... Aug. 2-22 ......... bug. 25.. .............. Sept. 15.. ............. No.. ............. _I Not reeognlzable.. Not recognlzable.. Not recognlzable..
Incmsinp Sept. 1-30 ... Sept. 30 ............... Aug. 5 ............ ! .................... Sept. 30 ........... Aug. 5 ............ bug. 23-Sept. 8 ......... Sept. 8 ................ Yes ............... Sept. 23 ........... Sept. 23 ........... No ................
............................................
AUK. IS? ............... (7) Absent ............ Absent ............ Absent ............
............................................ ...........
.............................................
I
BESULTB OF COMPARISONS.
The resultg of the whole study are succinctly resented
only those that may with certainty be ascribed to the em tion of Katmai volcano. So far as the incomplete
an8 variable character of the material permitted, the phenomena have been correlated and arranged to show the sequence of events and the different phases. It was
often difficult to properly distinguish the different phases because of locally veiling influences, and also owing to the discontinuous character of the high, bright clouds which formed the principal characteristic of the phenom- enon. However, it seem ossible to distinguish five
in Table 1. This list of phenomena includes, l!il owever,
phases in the development o f the disturbance.
CLEASmI3 OFF. NEW HAZINB&Y.
al P
B 2 14 15
-
1
Noreport ................................. 2
Sept. 15-0Ct. 15 ........................... 3
4
OCt. 1-16 ............ 0.16-25,reportstops. 6
Ci-st.Sept.16-0ct.27. {0 ~~~7 ;~~~; "8
Oct.9-15 ............ Dec. 20 ..............
9 Oct.9-20 .................................. 10 Ahseot .................................... 11 Absent .................................... 13 Absent .................................... 13 0ct.i-23 .................................. 14 Oct. 4-Nov. 1 ....... Nov. Dec. IO.. 15 Gaps to Oct. 17 .......................... 16 Oct. 5-11 .................................. 17 Oct.21 .................................... 18 Oct. 5-15 .................................. 19 Absent .................................... 20 21 Oct. 5-Nov. 4.. Nov. 4 Nov. 26, etc. 22
24 Oct. 1-31 ............ No change. 31ght 25
2u
oct. 11 .................................... 4
..... Not recognizable .... Not &ognisable .... 23
Clear, lept. 30 ....... 1 dect.
above North America. Their arrival above Europe was well observed at Heidelberg on June 20-21, a t the obser- vatory on the Zu pitze (lat. 47' 25' N., long. 10' 59' E., alt. 2964 m.) on F une 22, and a t Zurich on the 23d. At their front they were so delicate that the Cam bell- Stokes recorders were not affected until greater t ?l ick- nesses of the haze began arriving several days later. Column 2 of the table shows the dates of arrival of the advancing front, and the maximum of the first phase is shown in column 3.
Second pha.se.-The second wave of the phenomenon appeared over the northern Pacific coast of the United States on June 18. On June 31 it reached Mount Wil- son in southern California, thus indicating that it was
spreading farther south than did the h t phase. Again
First phase.-Immediately succeeding the first eruption of Katmai on June 6, 1912, the sea was pumice-covered in the vicinity of the volcano, there occurred an ash fall of 30 cm. de th even to a distance of 150 km. (93 mis.),
sulphuric acid in the air destroyed vegetation at a ds- tance of 700 h. (435 mis.) and was still perceptible a t 1,400 km. (870 mis.). An unusual haze due to large numbers of condensation nuclei floatin at low and intermediate levels was observed at Madison, *is., on June 9 and 10, at Helena, Mont., and at Washington, D. C., on the 10th. As early as June 8,
Madison, Wis., observed and described a very high cloud of vapor travelin ra idly eastward and having all the
but it was brokan up like a dissolving jet or stream and had not et taken on ita more compact form. Thus it
appears &e high, bright clouds were formed immediately u on the h t eruption, and they best enable us to follow
tically WNW-ESE movement. The velocity of the clouds agreed with the observed wind velocities prevailing
and traces o P ash fell at 1,500 km. (933 rnis.). Corroding
characteristics of t %P e c oud later more generally observed;
t l e course of the optical disturbance in its characteris-
its first character was that of very delicate, bright high vapor clouds barely able to exert any noticeable. influence upon insolation intensities, and i t was not until 8 or 10 days later that this element was strongly affected. The wave was characterized by a double crest of but a few days' interval, the second crest being higher [that is, the cloud was denser] than the first. Third phase.-The third phase, represented by the data collected in columns 8, 9, and 10 of Table 1, might be regarded as the result of superposin phases 1 and 2.
other localities might be said to point to a new eruption if one is disinclined to assume that upper air currents had drifted the masses together and just in this direc- tion. Localities thnt are least subject to disturbing weather conditions have their principal maximum during this phase instead of the first phase, as did other places. Fourth phnse.-Many stations reported that there were signs of a clearing off in progress during the days just Tha disso-
Pution of the high, bright clouds seemed to be well ad-
The striking peak in the curves for !i celand and many
revious to the dates entered in column 11.
216 MONTHLY WEATKER REVIEW. APRIL, 1914
vanced when they were reinforced by the eruption of August 19 [SI. drop in the various curves marks the appear- ance A of t is new cloudy condensation whose effects con- tinuad until mid-October. The time of ita final disap- earance depends upon the longitude of the respective Lcalities. Actinometric and optical observations show that a
strongly absorptive foreign stratum ersisted for some time after even mid-October. It thus 1 econies necessary when considering the phenomenon ns n whole to distin- guish between the visible, high, bright, cloudy conclensa- tion of hy oscopic origin a t altitudes between 10 and 13
kin., and t Tl e invisible absorbing stratum which consisted of the finest volcanic. dust driven farther up into strat.0- sphere levels which are less favorable to the hygroscopic. growth of cirrus-like clouds. The Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorclris seem to lime clearly demonstrated their general reliabilit,y, a t any rate, in so far as the principal features of this disturbance were concerned.
Extent and intensity of the distu.rbarwe.
It ap ears that the disturbance of 1913-13 scarcely
low as the Azores in about 40’ N., where tho Horse Lati- tudes seem to have called a sharp halt to the spreading c.loud. It seenis certain that in 1ongit.ude th; disturbance. estended a.s far as central and northern Asia after cross-
ing Europe. Reports from India leave us in doubt as to its further eastward extension, but, t-lie low int.ensities nt Mount Wilson August 10-20, 1913, beep t,liis c uest.ion
gentine Republic, and Chile show definitely that thew was no eneral cosmic disturbanc.e affecting the wholc globe. 80 far as it is possible to correlate and compare the various measurenicnta of decreased insolation, t,hey agree with the general cliarncters of the distnrbmce ns
outlined above. The intensity of insolation sufferecl least at such marginal oints as Mount Wilson, Cal., and Bss-
attaine ir latitudes as high as 80’ N. in Greenland, or ns
open. Additional raports from Batavia, Austril \ in, Ar-
sour, Egypt, wh iF e the greatest weakening lay near the
&xis of the “shadow” as a t Hafringe, Sweden, and Po&- dam-Berlin, Germany.
WAS KAThKAI ALONE RESPONSIBLE 1
As has just been noted, there is no evidence of any general cosmic disturbance such as must have affected both hemispheres. It appears certain that tliere were disturbances pre- ceding the outbreak of Icatmai on June G . Stations in Egypt, Athens, Hungary, Poland, and Hafringe, all lying w h i n narrow lon itudinal limits, report disturbances
shorter from .the south northward. ft wems possib e to
t’race small forerunners of this wholly inde endent re- 1Ltm:ti disturbance in the reports from benna, $et- schcm, Potsdani, Tog enburg (Switzerland), Fiunie, Pavia,
niuch weight. Some eruption in the. %hilippines st about this tinie, though reported subsequently, niay here fur- niah an underlying cause. St.ellar photometric. work at the Vicmia Ast.ronomica1 Obsdvntory was seriously inter- rupted during the eriod June 6-13, 1912, and this is
7
between Mag 31 anc Ei June 6 , which le wenkcn, and row
etc., but it seems a % visable not to wive these 1iint.s too
c.ertainlg to be corre P ated with those eruptions.
CONDITIONS IN
Dorno’s estensii-e Davos observations on sky polar- ization, twilight phenomenn and Bishop’s Ring, show plainly t-hat the more pronounced c1isturb:mce endured through January, 1913. He found no distinct recovery of nornial insolation intensities at. Davos unt,il Ft>bniary
9, 19 13. Sky-light polarization, twilight nnd notably the frequent glorious purple n
November and December, 1913, occurrences Ring, and of peculiar glares about t.he sun, showed that conditions were not yet normal over Europe at the close of 1913.
These conditions emphasize the necessity for compil- in and transmitting to the Solar Radiation Coniniission
observations through 1914.-[c. A., jr.] fu K reports to the close of 1913, and for continued careful