JANUARY, 1894. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 7 sion (U. S. series No. S V I I I ) that had passed over the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on the 25th and moved rapidly northeast- ward stretched as a long oval from Iceland to North Cape, while a following depression, F, was central a t N. 50°, IY. 5O@, near the coast of Labrador and Ne\\ foundlaiid. Thr barom- eter was a t this time quite lo\{ over all of Europe north of N. 50°, but high over the Atlantic: ~n d the United States bollth of N. 40'. F. This area (U . S. series No. S I X ) sewis to have developed on the 26th off the coast of the south Atlantic States as the result of the flow of cold northwest wincls over the w~rni waters of the Gulf Stream ; i t hac1 had a previous existelice as an unimportant whirl in the Gulf southwest C J ~ Florida, having apparently been started 011 the soutlieast side of tlir norther that swept over the nestern portion of the Gulf O J ~ the 84th and 85th. On the 27th the center was about N. 4lo, W. 6S0; %th, N. Go, W. 5 0 O ; 29tli, i t \\as north of our &,a- tioiis and reports, but on the 30th the center iiinst haw horn, approximately, N. Go, I\'. 8'. G. On the 29th, a. ni., R clepression ( U. S. series No. S S I ) \vas east of the south Atlantic coast iiioviiig northward ; this also had a previous existence as an unimportant depression iii the Gulf, having originated on the southeast side of the northerly winds that prevailed in the western Chlf on the 2htli; i t passed inward over Chesapeake Bay on the 29tli, and by the 30th, noon, it had united wit11 2% depression coming froin the west and constituted a violent storm central a little east of Boston ; 31st, noon, the center \vas near the southern coast of Newfoundland, while the prececding area, F, 11 as central near the southern coast of Norway. At this tiair, the isohar of 29.9 passed froiii St. Petersbnrg southwest to northern S p i n and Portugal, thence iiortlinrst to N. Xio, \\'. %@, tliriice southwest to N. 3'To, M'. 5so :ind thelice llorth\vest tu Quebec, and the entire region north of this line was doiii- inated by the low areas I" in thp Past and G in the west. It has often been pointed out tliat the formation of a norther in Texas and the Gulf of h3esico is due sometinies to the unusual coldness and density of the air that is flowing sonthwarcl from the hlexican and [Tiiitecl Stater Rocky hlouu- tniri plateau region, hut that sometimes nlsci it iiiwt I J ~ due tu a slight deficit of pressure in regions far to the soiith, as a gradient of 0.01 of an inch per degree suffices to set the niobile ntnioq)here in rapid motion. In this connection the few reports that we have received from the southern portion of the C'aribhean Sea are interesting, a s they indicate that the prt-ssure was aljout 0.1 of ail iiicli, or 0.05 IJelow the n o p a l , in that region froiii Jtinuary 15-22, hut had risen to normal Iy the eiid of tlie month. A daily baronietric report froin the coaets of Venezuela, C!entral America, Ch~teniala, and hlesicu would uiidouhtedly give a satisfactory Imsis for pre- dicting the iiortliers of the Gulf and the Caribbean Sea. OCEAN ICE IN JANITARY. The liniits of the regions \yithin which field ice or icebergs were reported for January, 1694, are showii on Chart I by croases. Thy southerinnost ice reported ww in N. 44O 27', W. No 15', on tlie 18tli, and the psitioil of the easternmost ice was reported in N. 14O 4S', \Y. 4 6 O 14', on thr 21st. More ice \\'as reported during January, 1894, than in any corres- I)oiiding nionth during the past 12 years. In 1893, on Jan- iiarv 5, a large Iterg was noted in N. .iso %', 11'. 4fi0 34'; 011 the Sth a long, lo\+ berg wii9 ohservrd in N. 4S0 lo', W. 4 7 O 26' : 011 the lsth a tJWg \vas noted in N. 4S0, W. 46O. In 1859 and IS92 no ice \vas repctrted. In 1891, oil the %th, 3 large icelwrgs were olwrvecl in N. i(i@ 30', \V. 5 2 O 46', arid clii the 31st patclirs of soft ice were enconntered in N. 45O 50', W. 59O 20'. In 1690 vast fields of ice and eiioriiioiis icebergs were en- countered over and near the Grand Banks, north of the forty- third parnllel. I l l 18SB tu 1888, iiicliisive, Arctic ice in sniall qumtities was reported east of Newfoundland, but in no case was it sighted south of the forty-thircl parallel. WEAN FOG I N JANUARY. The liiiiitn of fog helts west of the fortieth meridian, a8 repurted by navigators, are sliown on Chart I by clotted shading. Near the Banks of Newfnuntl1:tud fog was reported on 9 dates : hetween the fifty-fifth and bixty-fifth nieridians o ~i 5 datrs, am1 nest of the Histy-fifth iiieridinii on 4 dates. C'OliilJ"ll.ed \I ith the corresponding iiioiitli of the last sis years tlie rltttrs of occurrwwe of fl ig Past of the fifty-fifth iiieridiaii iiiiml,ered 2 iiiore than the average ; 1)etween the fifty-fifth aiid Yisty-fifth iiieridiaiis 4 less than tlip average; and west of tlie sixty-fifth nieridinn 2 less than the average. country occupied hy our O I J S ~~V ~~S ; in niountaiuous regioils such isothernis are controlled largely by tlie topography, and i t is, therefore, not practicalile to accurately present tlie temperature data in this niaiiiier uiiless ti contour iiiap 011 u large scale is pu1Jlislied as a hase chart. NOR nl AL TEhI 1% Et AT V R E, In the table of nieteorological data from voluntary olmrv- ers only the mean temperatiire is given for each station, Imt in the tables of cliniatological data for the regular stations of the Weather Bureau both the iiiwii temperatures and the de- partures froiii the nornial a r ~ given. In the latter t d ~l e the stations are grouped IJY geographical districts, for each of which is given the average temperature and departure from the iiorriial. The iiornial for any district or station niny he coniputatioii is necrssarily' allowec1, as s~iow"ii by the notes appeiided t u tlie tahle of iiirteorolugicnl data. During January, 1594, tlir iiieaii teiii ratiire was highest at Key \Vest, Fln. (71.0), ailcl was nl~ove iii the Florida Peii- iiisuln :tnd rstreiiia soathenstern coast of Louisiana and the rstreiiie southern portion of Testis. The teniperatnre aver- d 32 in a zone passing froiii C'ap C ' c ~l , Nitss., through Long nd Soiiiid, li(JrtherU New Jersey, ceii tral Pennsylvania, nc trtherii 0 l i i c 1 and Indiana, struthern hlichigan, central Illi- iioir and RIissouri, southern Kansas, iiortherii Texas, New Mt. s i c o. Ar izon a, port i oil s (J f Ne vatda, Oregoii, a iid Wash iiig- ton. The lowest average teiiiperatiires ill the 1Tnited States w r e 1JPt\Ve?ll zero and 4 .7 in the F:ed River Valley between hliiinrsota and K'ortli Dakota. Tlie isotherin of -10 passes through ?h i l i toha and Saskatchewan. 8 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. JANUARY, 1894. DEPARTURES FROM NORMAL TEMPERATURE. As compared with the normal for this month temperaturee were slightly deficient a t the mouth of the St. Lawrence River and more so in North and South Dakota and still more so in Arizona and California; the maximum deficits were -4.2 a t Tucson and San Diego. Excepting these small regions the greater portion of the country had a inem tem- perature decidedly above the normal; the niasimuni excesses were in the Mississippi and Ohio valleys and lower Lake region, where they ranged from +8.6 a t Meniphis, Tenn., to +4.2 a t New Orleans, La.; 4-5.5 a t Toronto, Ont.; +4.0 a t Duluth, RIinn. ; +4.7 a t Denver, Colo. ; the temperatures in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Assiniboia were also from 6 to 4 above the nornial. The following table shows for certain stations, as reported by voluntary observers, (1) the nornial temperature for Jan- uary for a series of years; (2) the length of record during which the observations have heen taken, and froin which the normal has been computed; (3 ) the mean temperature for January, 1894; (4) the clepnrture of the current month from the nornial ; (5) the extreme monthly nieans for January and the years of their occurrence during the period of obser- vation : State und station. Al'izmu. FortA ache Fort &have::: : ::: 1: 1: Whipple Barracks ..... Keesees Ferry ......... Riverside.. ............ mor&. Las Aninins ........... Fluridn. Merritts 1slnii.d. ....... Georgtn. Forsyth ............... Blnho. Boise Bnrrncks ........ Fort Slieriiinn.. ........ Indinnu. Lnfnyette .............. Cresco ................. Iinnsw. Eurekn Ranch ......... Independence. ......... Lutiiainnn. Grnnd Coten!i .......... Xnine. Orono .................. A f i m lnnd Cumberlniii ... .: ...... Jiicli ignn. Eularnnzoo ............ Nusouti. Sednliu ................ dmllnlln. Fort Curl.er. ........... N~(,~.cI&I. Fort Robinson ......... Qenon (nenr ). .......... Neunrh. Brouns. ............... Carson City ............ h'eu Hni,qiahiw Ewiover ............... New dle.rieo. Deming ................ Fort Winwts .......... Cooperstoun.. ........ PlattshlirgB:irri~cl~s .. , ATkfiMfib. (,h!ifJ,'nlfl. rown. IVe"l0 Ymk. Norlh Cnruliiin. Lenoir ................. Fort Reno .............. E'ort $i l l .............. Fort SUIWIY .........., Oklnhwllfi. .. 0,'egOn. Bandon ................ Dyberry ............... Pentwyl unnin. Grnm Wells\oro.. inn .......... ............. 0 34.9 51.5 35.4 33.3 50.8 24.2 62. I 47.8 2s. 3 25. 2 23: 5 9.5 23.9 29. I 51.6 15.7 29.7 21.7 24.6 12.5 21.8 16.4 31.3 30.4 17.3 42.8 30. I 20. I 16.5 35.9 32.6 36.0 29.7 43.5 21.4 22.8 24.7 - 2 0 L, 0 2 5 F 2 I - e n u 22 21 21 I2 I 2 I 2 I2 20 20 10 I4 22 I1 22 I1 19 23 18 11 14 9 IS 23 I7 23 I1 23 23 23 22 11 22 15 I O 23 23 I4 - d 2; -. L m 5" a - 0 - - 0 32.8 .... 31.8 39.3 47.3 31.4 65.9 52.7 32.2 32.0 15.0 26.0 32.3 55.4 12.4 35.0 28. 8 30.9 19.4 20.4 17.9 .... .... 32.0 20.3 41.9 31.2 25.5 19.2 41.3 37.7 30. a 46. o 26.6 30. z 28.6 .... 0 - 2.1 - 3.6 + 6.0 - 3.5 + 7.2 + 3.8 + 4.9 + 3.9 + 8.5 + 5.5 + 2.1 + 3.2 + 3.8 + 5.3 + 7.1 + 6.3 + 6.9 + 1.5 ........ - 3.3 - 1.4 ....... + 1.6 + 3.0 + 2 .1 + 1.1 + 5.4 + 5.4 + 2.7 ....... + 1.7 + 0 .5 + 2.5 + 5.2 + 7.4 + 3.9 ~ ~ (5 ) Extreme monthly mean8 for January. 4 I L: M .- 31 0 39.8 45.4 54.6 31.6 69.8 59.4 39.2 34.4 41.3 26. I 31.0 45.8 64.0 24.7 40.7 36.0 50.4 40.7 35.6 2s. 6 20.4 29.2 39.6 37.0 25.4 50.4 36. 8 31.6 27.4 46.5 4 0 . z 4s. I 37.2 43.8 31.6 35.0 35.8 lSS2 IS7%93 1s7J.93 1890 1893 1993 1882 IS80 1374 IS91 IS80 I880 I893 ISSO Isgo is89 Isgo ISSO 1SSg 1S9 I IS93 ISSO Is73 is81 1869 1993 1577 IS90 ISSO 1% rS53 '693 I sso is91 Is90 0 27.4 44.0 27.5 24.2 43.0 16.4 55.4 40.3 17.7 Ib. s '3.5 - 1.3 14.7 18.6 47.2 8.2 21. 8 I 4 .C 13.6 2. 2 15.7 5.0 19.0 18.9 6.8 36.8 23.8 12.3 s. s 27.3 23.0 25.7 '9.7 39.6 14. I I 5 .C 15.8 L b a * ISi4 rS?o IPSS IS% Isgo I SS5 1556 1894 ISSS 1sgc '893 1883 1886 1866 1892 IS75 I s93 1 3 1 1%; ISS6 1sgc 1SS6 IS54 isgo 1sse 1883 1S7S 1F75 1 W Is93 lSS6 1875 rS7: ISSF 1Rg: 1sgj 1893 Devarttires .from normal temverature-Continued. Surrlh Cnrolinn. I ' 0 9tntesIiiirz .............. 44.7 Fort Sully .............. 12.3 Austin .................. 47.5 Silver Falls ............ 41.0 I ermce.. ............... zz. 6 Strafforrl ................ 16.0 Dale Enterprise ........ 32.0 SJrrfh fklkoln. r-0.s. Ulnh. Vernrotif. J.ir!iiirin: Wn.lo., 57 ; Iirokuk, Iown. and Hannild, Mo., 85. S'mallmt ttioiithly rcinyeu.-Key Irest, Fla., 1H ; Fort (_'aiihp, Wash., 21; San Francisco, Cal., 22; Hatteras, N. C'., 29; Tatoosh Island, \\'ash., 30. LIMITS O F FREEZING TEhlPERATUKE. The southern limit of the region within which the air has had it freezing temperature a t sonit: time during the iiiontli is approximately sho~vn hy tlie full arid dotted lines 0 1 1 ('hnrt V, joining the places a t which the niinimuni trmperatiires (i f 3'?O and 4O0, respectively, occurred within the inHtruiiiriit ~1 ~1 - tors of the Weather B U ~F ~U : the latter niininiuiii is usually accompanied by a iiiore or less severe frost 911 the ground outside of the shelter. During January, 1 9 4 , the line of minimum 40° crosse8 the northern portion uf the peiiinsula of Florida just above the stations of Tampa and Titusville; i t does iiot reappear either on the Cfulf or tlie California coast within the limits of the United States. The line of niiniinuiii 320 passes from Savs~innli, Ga., southwest to near A1)alachi- cola, i n northerii Florida; i t reappears on the Pacific coast a t Sail Diepo, and leaves that coast between Snn Francisco and Eureka, Cal., a t N. 40O. PERIODS O F HIGH TEMPERATVRE. The most interesting period of high teniperaturt: 1 q a n on the 11th and 12th in Oregon and Washington ; it exteiided eastward 011 the 13th over Iclaho, hlontana. and North Da- kota ; on the 14th and 15th i t prevailed over Lake Superior, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado ; un the 16th the highest. teni- peratures of the inunth occurred in northern Texas, Oklti- hoina, Arkansas, Kansas, Nebraska, and Ion a ; on the lytli, in Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and hlichigan ; this irarin 2 period disappeared on the 18th with a few rnaxinia in Louisi- ana and Pennsylvania. PERIODS O F LOW TEMPERATURE. The first part of January was remarkahly cold in California ; the ii~ii~iniuni teinperatnres generally occurred on the 6th, but a few on the 5th or 7th. The most extrnsire period of low temperature began on the %kI, in Montana ; thp niiniiiiuni for the iiiouth occurred on tlie 24th in North :md 8outh r)aklJta, hlinnesota, Nebraska, I h i s a s , C)lilahoiiia, an11 northern Texas ; on the 25th in Upper and Lower hlichigail. U'isconsin. Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alahanin, Rlississippi, Louisiana, and buutliern Tekas ; 36tl1, in n estrrn New Turk, Pennsylvania, Ptlaryland, Delaware, New Jersey, i'irginia, North ancl Sontli C'arolina ; this cold wave tlisaliprared on the 37th and 28th on the south Atlantic coast. A special Imlletin was puh- lished hy order of the Chief of the Wenthrr Bureau on Jan- nary 24, at 10.45 a. In., as follou e : ,. 1 he ccilil wa\e \\Iiich wnc repioi ted i n t i l e e\trenie Nni thweqt on Snturilay I a h t ha\ mii\t.il 4 0 ~~l y to the zorltlleast, a l i i 1 IIIIW C I J \~' I S the Mi niiil tlie repion we,twmd t o the ltocky Jluiinlsin.;. Tbr LI\V trin1wi;ttuit.z. attending thi, coli1 \t d \ e .II e uii~~uutzi. e+peciallg I I I the Si,iithue,t. iiicluding noi thrrn 7'e\~t.. ( )hlnlionin. Intli,iil l'eriitory. and 11t.w the teini~erntnie ia 1 1 1 ~e r t i i i , 11101 tiing than i t has i w e ~~ for rlow aeiv i n Oklahoina. I t is So alio\e LPI'CI nt I'alestine, TP\, It i z I,rlinw fitr~iiig 011 the Texas coast. It is 10' iwlow /em a t St. IAJII~S, Mi)., and thr tviiiprratuie hnz f ~l l e n tiuni 25' tu) 4;' i n J I i w n i i i ill the p,t ~~r r n t u i e is ri~iiig i i i hlontniis. ~a \e \\ill e\tend rn.t\\aid I I ~~T the .itiontic c8,a.t 't%tn~,lay, pve- 111 o i \IIUW, uiil t i ~l l u \~w l 1 1 \ f i i i i i i r l \ cc,lcl wewtllrr 'Tlillrrrlag 2-1 11llUl'\. I t I \ fKllll .ioo t o 45" hellb\t lel.11 i l l tile slJrth\Vl24t, IJllt Ihe tenl- .iEEai* OF ?Uo FALL I N T\\ ESTT-FOUR HOURS. d fall of 10c or more iii trniperature in twenty-four hours is kilo\\ 11 ill the M'c.nther Burran forecasts as n cold ware, pro- vided the teiupersturr falls helo\\ 40' I?. Thesc. f d l s in tein- perat lire are ~oiii1mted from o1)serv;itioiis twenty-four hours nl)art and are, therefor?. largely i~iclel~entlrii t of the regular cliuriial variation of temperature ; they niity br divided into 2 classes : ( 1 ) those due to the clearing away of cluudy skies and the fall of teinperature clue to the consequent local radiation a t the station ; (e ) thow due to the advent of cold winds usually called a cdcl wave ; tlie latter areas of low temperature are usu- ally persistelit for several days ; tlwy form on the east side of the Itoc.ky hlomtains in British Amrrica and advance south- \\ arc1 and eastward owr the country with a well-defined front, sciiiietinies attended by mots squalls, when they are called 111 izzards, and sonietinirs by severe dry northerly winds, \vlirii tliey are called northers. The cold layer of air is often comparatively sl~alli~w ; i t clues uot, ra8ily push up over the Rocky hlountain plateaus of tlie ['nited States or Mexico, Ijnt frequently surmotunts the loner pcirtions of the Appa- lachian range and descendfi upon the middle a i d east At- lantic coasts. The follnwing list gives all t,lie regions inclosed l y heavy clotted lines 0 1 1 the pnblishd Daily \Venther Maps for Jan- uary as having experiencecl falls of 2CIo in tu enty-four hours. The rea covered in each caw is sho~s~11 by the tliniensions in miles; when one of the dirnen~ioris is left blank i t will be understood that the region fxtended beyond the h i i t s of 0111 stations : (A) lst, S p. iii., over an area 500 by 250 niiles in western hlontanu, Alberta, a i d Assinihoia. %i, S a. in., about 600 miles in diamrter. the southeastern edge heing in the western por- tion (i f South Dakota ; 8 1). ni., a h i t SO0 by 400 miles. the southern edgtl k i n g in westmi and central Nebraska. 3d, 5 a . in., hrc~ken up into two hillall area5 of 300 hy 200 miles, the southern t3dp h i n g still in Neliraska ; 8 p. in., one small area left, 300 by 200 miles, the southern edge covering central 10 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. JANUARY, 1894. Kansas. 4th, 8 a. ni., 300 by 150 miles, in southeast hlinne- sota and western Wieconsin. (B) 4th, 8 11. m., 250 by 200 miles, in western Montana and southern Alberta. 5th, 8 a. ni., 500 by 300 miles, in western Alberta aiid Assiniboia ; 8 11. in., SO0 ky 300 miles, froni Manitoba south to Colorado aiicl western Nebraska. Cith, 8 a. ni., 250 by 400 miles, over Colorado, northern Texas, westeru Kansas, aiid Nebraska; 8 p. in., 350 by 200 miles, over Ok1;ihoma aiid northeastern Texas. 5th, 8 p. ni., 300 by - miles, covering New Brunswick and the mouth of the St. Lawrence. 6th, 8 a . in., 300 by 400 niiles, covering Maine, Nova Scotia, and Neb$ Brunswic,li. (D) 5th, 8 p. ni., 400 IJY 100 miles, in the Ohio Yalley. (E ) Bth, S a. ni., 350 IJY - niiles, in Alberta and Sas- katchewan. Bth, 8 11. in., the cold area was partly annulled by warm weather and then immediately followed hy n decidecl fall. 7th, 8 a. ni., 700 hy :300 miles, covering Rlinnrsota, Wisconsin, ancl northern Illinois. (F ) 8th, 8 a. ni., about 200 by 400 miles, over nestern Vir- ginia, North Carolina, and northern Georgia. ((3) 9th, 8 p. ni., 300 by 250 miles, over Oklalionia ancl northeastern Texas. (H) 10th, S a. ni., 300 1iy - miles, over New Brunswick and the uioutli of the St. Lawrence Rivrr. (I) loth, 8 p. in., 300 hy 900 miles, over northnest Rlon- tana and southern Alberta. l l t h , 8 a. ni., 650 hy 450 miles, covering Montana, eastern JVyoniing, and western Nel,raska ; 8 p. ni., 400 by 300 miles, over soutliern BIiiinesota atid north- ern Iowa. (J) l l t h , 8 11. in., 700 lis - niiles, over hIallit(J1Ja mid northern Lake Superior. 12th. S a. in., 500 by - miles, over Lake Huron aiicl northward ; x p. ni., 600 by - miles, over the St. Lawrence J'alley and New Eiigland. 13tli, 8 a. in., :-NO by 900 miles, over RIaine and the lower Ht. Lawrence Valley. (I() ldth, 8 a. in., 400 by - miles, over Alberta and webt- ern Assiniboia ; S p. m. 1,100 I J ~ - miles, over Allrertu to hlanitoba and northward. 15th, 8 a. m., in h1:initoba : S 11. m., 300 by - miles, iiortli of Lake Superior. lrjth, 8 a . in., north of Lake Superior and Lake Huron ; 8 p. in., ll(Jrth of lakes Huron and Ontario. 17th, S a. n i ., 800 by - miles, covering nortlierii New Engl;iiid, Nova Scotia, Chpe Breton, New Brnnswick. the St. Lawrence. and northward. (C ) 5tl1, 8 a. m., 500 by - miles, covering Ontario. Lake Huron ant1 Iwyond ; 8 p. ni., 100 Iiy 400 iiiiles over iiorth- ern New Euglaiid and New l3runswick. 30th, S a. in., SO0 by 300 miles over eastern New York, Verniont, N w Hanipahire, Maine, New Brunswick, and the Bt. Lawrence Viilley. (M ) 19th, Sr a. in., 500 l)y 300 miles over Lilberta, Assini- boia, Saskatchenan ; 8 11. 111.. 300 11y 200 miles over \\estrrii Montnna, Assiiiilmia. and Blnnitoba ; '70th. P a. 111.. 200 l y 400 miles over Manitoh ; S 1). in., 100 hy - niiles over RIan- i toba. Texas ; 100 Iiy 200 niiles over Missouri and Illinois ; 700 by - miles over Ontario and Quehec. 23~1, 8 a. in., 700 11y - iiiiles over the St. Lawrence &lid New Brunswick. (0) Zlst, 8 a. in., 800 hy 400 miles in the lower Missis- sippi valley. (P ) 22~1, 8 p. 111.. 100 by 200 miles in western hluntana. 33~1, S a. in., 100 Ly 600 miles over westrrn hluiitaiirt and cell- tral Ji'yomiilg; S 11. in., 400 by 1,100 miles o ~e r \\'yoniing, Idaho, eastern C'olorado, western Nebraska, western Rlis- souri, Icansns, Oklahoma, slid northern Texas. 34th, 8 a. in., 1,400 by 700 miles over eastern ('dOrad(J aiicl New Mexico, iiurtlieasterii Rlesico, Tesas, C~klahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, portions of I,vuisiann, I<:iiisas, ancl Ionn. '74th, p. in., 1,500 I J ~ 500 miles over southern Texas, i~urtheaat Rlexico, the wertc~rii portion of the Gulf of Mexico, Louisiana, Rlis- bissippi, Alalxmia, Arkansas, Teniirsbee, l. 10th. Ilth, lzttli, ant1 18th; mean moiit.hly teniperatiire AlJOllt, tlie same as lart year; comparatively few entirely foggy 11a.v~; p a i n is not i n r i c h , it'any, fiirtliei advanced than last year. biit is i n better conilitioii. Tehachnpi.-The tirst Veiitara.--'The colilrst n i t m t h Enown i n this county; there \vas more fralst th:tn i i s i i a l , but not nf the killing kind. IUhok-A severe cold wave prevailed over t.he State on the 24th and 25th. but owing to the snow that had fallen daring the t,wo preceding days the wheat was well prvtected frutn the intense cold. Iowa.-Blizzards were reported at Grand Meaduw on the 11th: at C'nrri Greenfield, ani1 Rockwell City, on the 2:Sd; the lowest teiulieratare i m u r at Amana on the %th. Lnui~inriu.-I'he marked feature of the weather of January. IW4, \vas the cold wave of the 24th to 33th that caiised teml~erature falls of SOo t i ) -IIP i n all portions of the State ; this had heen heralded by wariiitigs sent Iir(iad- cast by telegraph, telephone, nnrl mail. The lowest tenilicratiire iii niirthern Lociisiana was lao, in southeastern Louisiana, at Pnrt End.<, 40°q ant1 at New Orleans, 2Po. Garden vegetables were iti.jiirer1 and possi1Jly snnie slight i r i - jury to orange trees, but. severe injriry was sometimes pri~ventetl by smiulge fires and other preparations for the expected freeze. The colil wavr was ushered i n by a northwest wind of nbcilct :;I) miles lier Iintir at New Orleniir on the 24th and 25th. and a velocity of 34 miles ~i e r hour? [ireceiletl Iiy ~i i i i and thunder at Port Eads on the 24th. At \\'itllnce, ut 7. I5 a. in. of the 24tl1, the observer experienced first a dense fog Iiank aiid calm :md then ilistiiictly heard a sound like that of a tOrlI~llfJ nioviiig from the southwest toward the northeast, after which the winil at his station snildenly became very high mill hail fell for a few seconds. [The gt?neral weather map show that. at this time the front of the cold wave \vas passing nrer the station at Wallacr and the noise heard hy t.he observer was very likely dne t o a whirl i n the cI4,icd region above him. since the front is gencrdly characterizerl I J ~ a serie.5 lit swall violent. whirls, sonietimes h~~rizont:tl, sonir.tinies verticnl.] Mititiesofa.--Blizznr(ls were reported ~)I I the "st at111 2:sd at Milan; 11 t h and and 2lst, Rarrett; at Belle I'lnine nil the iiigbt nf the IO-11th; Warren oil the 20t.h. Miidsissipp,i.-lhe ccililcst. day mas the '75th, ewry station recording its lowest temperatiire on t,hat, dat,e; this cold wave was the princilial tnetwiro- logical feature of the month: timely nntice of its aliproacli was given hy the Weat,her Bureau i n warnings telegraphed IJrnadcast fhroug~iont. the State. Molostana.--Cold waves nccurreil on the ?(I, i i i the eastern pirtiiin of tlie State; on the 5th geiieral cold weather prevailed, follawed by a decided warin wave that remained until the 'Llst; 21st-%d, a getieral cold wave: sl~~wly rising temperature i n western Montana from tlie 2Sd to the eiid of the inonth. Ne/(, Eiigland-The month was 2' to 5 O above n c ~r n i d tetuperatnre i n the aouthern, liut several degrees crililer in the extreme nrrrtherii p:irt. 'rhr (ili- server at Fort Kent. i n nort.hern Jlaine rr:prJrth: ' I we have had extremely cold weather diiring Jananry awl my niinin~uni tliernionieter lias failell t n record it.; it is graduated only to -%O, and freqiiently I h:rve f i )u n r l the index in the bulh while all tlie other thernir~nieters i n town rr:cordrd 45O to ZOO below zero." OPl~tAomn.-~I)lrlabomn.--The second cold period prevailetl from the 251 to the 27th; the lowest temperature was So below zei'o i i t l thr moriiing of the 24th; this culd wave mas accniiipanierl I J ~ possiilily the wlnrpt I J i z z d ever experienced i n this region. Lehigh. (3uct:iw Nation.-The tirst Iilizzuril of the winter occnrred on the 24th. (~wendnle, Cherokee N;ition.--A regular ard suddenly visited 11s 011 the 23d and 24th: the night of the ittie of' the coldest ever experienced here, the nii~iiniiini was :io above zero; the brisk winds drifted the ~iiow AO bn~ll!~ t h a t i t was inilv~s~il,le tn get an accurate mea~urenient. Clifton.--The storm of the 2:3d was a fnrioiis blizzard, and fir the first two or three hnnra the precipitatiiin was snlid icz, deet, or hail. Atiadarko, Iiiowa Nation.-The snow on the 2:3d was very dry, with a hard northeast wind, estimated al)oiit 4 inches. Heddton, Chicka- Raw Nation.-High sout.11 wind on the 31d ft~llowed by a blizzard tin t.he 24th. Kemp--Light snow on the '3:hl. temperature fell ralid1.v with the :rliproach of the norther of the 24th. Ohio.-lhe ~a r n i ware from the 1st to 11th culiniiiatetl oii the 4th. ai111 that ofthe 13th to 2:3d culminate~l on tlie 18th and "1st with the highest mean daily tem eratures of the nionth. On the 24th :md 25th temperatiires had fallen witein twenty-four hours by frcini SOo to 50' iiiider the advance of the Santa Cricz.--Grouiid fi.ozen slightly on t. of an inch it1 thickness: call:^ lil art of this month was the coldest for years. most severe cold wave of the season. This cold wave first appeared to the n0rt.h of Montana on Friday, l!lt.h, and timely warnings were issued to all stations throughout the central valleys and Atlantic ctisst states. Z'cti//t.sstv.-The cold wave of the 24-2Oth was t.he most iievere since 1886; warnings {bf its approach were widely distrihited throughout the State; it. was more heiieficial than damagin~. Cfah.-The coldest d:iys mere generally the 5th, {Jth, 9th. and 10th, a ~d the warnlest day WAS generally either the 16th or the 2ilth. liirsiciri~totr.--l':rkin~ the State as n wlivle the iiieaii teniperatnre has IJeen 111-irnial. \Jilt the. rainfaI1 has heen the greatpst since 1810, and t,he number of rainy dnys IIRX Iwen greater tliitn fiir.sereral years past; there was a cold snap from tltr 4th tCJ f;th atid a very war111 \~e r i ~i ~l from the 12th to 14th. Ili'nro/rsi/i.--Trhe first twenty-twn days wwe u n u s ~~a l l ~- wnrni: a severe cold wavr entrred tbe State diiring the night of the 2lst-?%l, a i d al)nornial'y low tenil~er:~tnres prrrailcrl froin the 231 to the end of the month. ~i ~//~~//t ~t ~~.-~' l i e ninnth has been ntItetl for storms it1 the mountains; the ii1)server at sheridan reports stoniis from the northwest on the 18th and 23d. FROST. The fullowing tnljle sliows the dates of t,lie occurrence of the! first light frost, t,lie first heavy frost, and the first, mow- Odes nf.first. light mid hea.vy.fiosfs and SIIOU), Jtoiirarj/. 1834. fall :it the resl)ect,ire st a t ' 1011s : 1 First frost.1 (( 1 First frost.1 I At ii bnirm. Itmrk ................... Riwn ................... Highlansl.. 2.3 23 Mountnin Y p r i n p .. Wentherfortl Wichitn Falls. .......... I... ...I... ... i m e ~i n .................. I ...... ' t3r ' ..... 30 ! ..... ~l L ' 1 2 l l t l ..................I ...... I 3llfitlll:l ................. I.. . ...I.. ... hr,linn Twritory. 1 ~ i -1 1 24 ;, l; veget.~lrles iiilured. $h t ~ 1 ~l i r r 1 1 ~s inlured COLD WAVES. The folluniiig s~wcial notes l)y \Yeather Bureau ohservers -~Iative to the cold wave of January 93-24 are arranged :r~~grapliically and chriinologically YO as to give an approxi- n n t r idea of the progrrss of the front of the cold wave : s'+mfh Utckofu.-Hicron. 2:jd. S I I I )W begail duriiiy the early morning and Trains delajed by ~ontinried u n t i l >.40 p. in., with brick northwest winds. Irifting snnw. 12 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. JANUARY, 1894. Kunsm-Dodge City, 23d-24th, the most severe norther that has visited I general throughout Texas. and in some places the weather was the coldest on this section in several years. A t 8 p. rn. of the 2.3~1 the temperatore had record. Ahilene, f-lth, severe cold wave, with snow and high nrinds rearhing fallen to -4, and by the morning of the 24th to -15. I a masininin velocity of 30 miles northwest: stock frozen. Terrell, 23d-24th, Missouri.-St. Charles, 24-25th, the cold wave reported injitrious to heal!. rain began the afternoon of the 23d aid changed to sleet at night; peaches. At Olden the temperature fell tu -11. Fifty per cent of the peach 1 the wind Llew a gale frum the north; minor damage reported, Bouham, buds killed. 1 the blizzard strnck this place at 5 p. IU., %d; rain and sleet fell, with high IUinois.-Springfield. L;>d-Sdth, snow began at 12.41) p. III , 23d, and con- airid, aid I J ~ the inoriiing of the 24th the temperature fell to zero. At tinued until 4 a. in., 2&h, daring which time 5.6 inches fell. The ntrwm was I Whjtewright a deet and snoustnrni began at 5.30 p. 111. and lasted one hour; the heaviest in years, and owing to high wind drifted badly. The niihight the wind continued all night from 30 to 40 miles per hour; minor damage. train of the lllinois Central Railroad did not leave until 8 a. n~., 24th. 1)ela)- I,llling, %th, severe cold wave; oats and \egetaldes killed. 8an Antonio, was caused to traffic. Ath, a wveie cold WH.W, with high north winds: temperaturP fell to 18: Indiaaa.-Laconitt, 24-25tb, thr cold wave killed all peaches. fruit hers and early vegetables h i l l : damaged, and stoch 011 ranges periqhed. Michigar$.-Grand Haven, %th, the heaviest snowstorm of the winter pre- Galvestnu, 24th. a severe norther occurred in the early morning with a maxi- railed all day, the snow falling a t tintes i n blinding 4eets driven hv a high niwn ielocity of 50 uiiles per hour: a few l1:tilstones fell at 3 a. m.; the first northwest wind, which set in shortly hefore noun. The snow drifted in nian) heavy frost of the season uccurred i n the niorning. corpus Christi, 24th, a places to a depth of nearly 2 feet. , seiere norther strock here abinit midnight, followed by rain and freezing Ohio.-Cincinnati, 24th, rain b ~g a n i n the early morning and changeil to tenij)eratnre: the temperatare fell 46 from 8 1). in., 28d. to 8 a. m., 24th; snow at 7.50 a. in., with ralidly falling temperature; snnw ended at 12.55 the cold cotitinned until the PRth, ~n d thr minimnni at 8 a. m. of that date 1). 111. The suddenness and severity cxitspd innch suffering, and birsinrss was wa> '24, tbe coldest sirice January. ISBN; all fruits, vegetables, and flowers partially paralyzed. Iiilleil: 110 e\tim:ite rnade of damage. Ten,iessee.--Nash~ille. 24th, rain 1ieg:in at 3 a. 111.: sleet lwgnn itt 7.45 Louisiicna.--State Weather Service, the cult1 aave of the 24-2Ath, ininred a. in., and changed to snow at 9.55 B in., ending at 11 a. 111.: beginning again garilen vegetaL1t:y and strawberries, and caused slight damage to cane; some at 11.40 and ending a t 4.15 1,. 111. Fiom 4 to 11 a. 111. the teni~w~ature fell fall sown oats reported hilled i n uoithern portion. Sbheville. 34-27th, fhp 43; considerable damage to telephone wires 1 9 7 sleet. Florence, 24th, the sebpre ct)ld fruzc garden plants aud injured fruits. Roselat~d, SSth, a severe cold wave damaged wheat and winter oats. C'oiington, 25th, the temperatnre freeze: radishes, +trawberries, and sl'ruuts on fig trees hilled. Coushatta, fell tu zero; peach crop serinusly dan1agt.J. At Nunnelly the teiuperature W h , heavy fro