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CONTENTS Chapter 1 Fundamentals of the Technology: Concepts and Definitions 1.1 Fundamental Definitions 1.2 Dedicated, Switched, and Virtual Circuits 1.2.1 Dedicated Circuits 1.2.2 Switched Circuits 1.2.3 Virtual Circuits 1.3 Two-Wire versus Four-Wire Circuits 1.3.1 Two-Wire Circuits 1.3.2 Four-Wire Circuits 1.4 Bandwidth 1.4.1 Carrier 1.4.2 Hertz (Hz) 1.4.3 Baud 1.4.4 Bits and Bytes per Second (bps and Bps) 1.4.5 Narrowband, Wideband, and Broadband 1.5 Analog versus Digital 1.5.1 Analog Sine Waves: The Starting Point 1.5.2 Digital Bit Streams: Ones and Zeros 1.5.3 Analog versus Digital Transmission 1.6 Loading Coils, Amplifiers and Repeaters 1.6.1 Loading Coils 1.6.2 Amplifiers (Analog) 1.6.3 Repeaters (Digital) 1.7 The Conversion Process: Modems and Codecs 1.7.1 Digital-to-Analog: Modems 1.7.2 Analog-to-Digital: Codecs 1.8 Multiplexers (Muxes) 1.8.1 Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 1.8.2 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) 1.8.3 Statistical Time Division Multiplexing (STDM) 1.8.4 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 1.8.5 Inverse Multiplexers 1.8.6 Data over Voice and Voice over Data 1.9 Switches and Switching: The Basics?and Then Some 1.9.1 Circuit Switching: Optimized for Voice 1.9.2 Packet Switching: Optimized for Data 1.9.3 Frame Switching: Optimized for LAN Internetworking 1.9.4 Cell Switching: Optimized for Everything 1.9.5 Softswitches: Optimized for Flexibility 1.9.6 Photonic Switches: Optimized for Optics 1.10 Signaling and Control 1.11 References Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Transmission Systems: Technologies and Applications 2.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum 2.2 Transmission Media Selection Criteria 2.2.1 Transmission Characteristics 2.2.1.1 Propagation Delay 2.2.1.2 Security 2.2.1.3 Mechanical Strength 2.2.1.4 Physical Dimensions 2.2.1.5 Speed of Deployment 2.2.1.6 Cost 2.3 Twisted-Pair: An Introduction to Telephone Wire 2.3.1 The Twisting Process 2.3.2 Gauge 2.3.3 Configuration 2.3.4 Bandwidth 2.3.5 Error Performance 2.3.6 Distance 2.3.7 Security 2.3.8 Cost 2.3.9 Applications 2.4 Shielded Copper 2.5 Coaxial Cable 2.5.1 Configuration 2.5.2 Gauge 2.5.3 Bandwidth 2.5.4 Error Performance 2.5.5 Distance 2.5.6 Security 2.5.7 Cost 2.5.8 Applications 2.6 Microwave Radio 2.6.1 Configuration 2.6.2 Bandwidth 2.6.3 Error Performance 2.6.4 Distance 2.6.5 Security 2.6.6 Cost 2.6.7 Regulation 2.6.8 Applications 2.7 Satellite Radio 2.7.1 Uplinks & Downlinks 2.7.2 Footprints 2.7.3 Configuration 2.7.4 VSATs 2.7.5 Bandwidth 2.7.6 Error Performance 2.7.7 Distance 2.7.8 Propagation Delay and Response Time 2.7.9 Access Control 2.7.10 Security 2.7.11 Cost 2.7.12 Regulation 2.7.13 Applications 2.8 Free Space Optics (FSO) 2.9 Fiber Optics 2.9.1 Wavelengths and Windows 2.9.2 Configuration 2.9.2.1 Light Sources 2.9.2.2 Optical Fiber 2.9.2.2.1 MultiMode Fiber (MMF) 2.9.2.2.1.1 LED and Step-Index MMF 2.9.2.2.1.2 VCSEL and Graded-Index MMF 2.9.2.2.1.3 Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) 2.9.2.2.1.4 Non Dispersion Shifted Fiber (NDSF) 2.9.2.2.1.5 Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF 2.9.2.2.1.6 Zero-Water-Peak Fiber (ZWPF) 2.9.2.2.2 Plastic Optical Fiber (POF) 2.9.2.2.3 Cords and Cables 2.9.2.3 Light Detectors 2.9.2.4 Amplifiers and Repeaters 2.9.2.5 Optical Switching 2.9.2.6 Analog or Digital? 2.9.3 Bandwidth 2.9.4 Error Performance 2.9.5 Distance 2.9.6 Security 2.9.7 Cost 2.9.8 Durability 2.9.9 Applications: Bandwidth-Intensive 2.10 Powerline Carrier (PLC) 2.10.1 Access BPL 2.10.2 In-House BPL 2.10.3 Interference and Other Issues 2.11 Hybrid Transmission Systems 2.12 References Chapter 3 Voice Communications Systems: KTS, PBX, Centrex, and ACD 3.1 Key Telephone System (KTS) 3.1.1 1A1 and 1A2 KTS 3.1.2 Electronic and Hybrid KTS 3.2 Private Branch Exchange (PBX) 3.2.1 PBX Components 3.2.1.1 Common Control 3.2.1.2 Switching Matrix 3.2.1.3 Trunk and line Interfaces 3.2.1.4 Station Interfaces 3.2.1.5 Terminal Equipment 3.2.2 System Configuration and Capacity 3.2.2.1 Centralized or Distributed 3.2.2.2 System Capacity and Engineering 3.2.2.2.1 Non-Blocking Switch 3.2.2.2.2 Blocking Switch 3.2.2.3 Application Processors (APs) 3.2.3 PBX Enhancements and Trends 3.2.3.1 PBX-to-Host/LAN 3.2.3.2 Data Communications 3.2.3.3 Wireless 3.2.3.4 Fax Messaging 3.2.3.5 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 3.2.3.6 Internet Protocol (IP) 3.2.3.7 Security 3.3 Centrex 3.3.1 Centrex Features 3.3.2 Centrex Advantages 3.3.3 Centrex Disadvantages 3.3.4 Centrex CPE 3.3.5 Centrex Applications 3.3.6 Centrex Trends and Futures 3.4 Automatic Call Distributors (ACDs) 3.4.1 ACD Benefits 3.4.2 ACD Enhancements and Trends 3.5 Computer Telephony (CT) 3.5.1 Technology, Standards, and Specifications 3.5.2 Forums and Consortia 3.6 IP Systems 3.6.1 IP-Enabled PBX 3.6.2 IP PBX 3.6.3 Hybrid TDM/IP PBX 3.6.3.1 IPBX Features and Benefits 3.6.3.2 IPBX Issues 3.6.4 IP Call Centers 3.6.5 IP Centrex 3.7 Futures 3.8 References Chapter 4 Messaging Systems 4.1 Facsimile (Fax) Systems 4.1.1 Technology Basics 4.1.2 Compression 4.1.3 Computerized Fax 4.1.4 Fax-On-Demand (FOD) 4.1.5 Conventional Fax Standards 4.1.5.1 T.30 4.1.5.2 T.434 4.1.6 Fax over Internet Protocol (FoIP) 4.1.6.1 T.37 4.1.6.2 T.38 4.1.7 Fax Features 4.1.8 Fax Applications 4.1.9 The Future of Fax 4.2 Voice Processing Systems 4.2.1 The Technology 4.2.2 The Applications 4.2.2.1 Audiotex 4.2.2.2 Voice mail 4.2.2.3 Call Processing 4.2.2.4 Database Access: Interactive Voice Response (IVR) 4.2.3 Voice Processing Developments and Futures 4.3 Electronic Mail (E-Mail) 4.3.1 The Technology 4.3.1.1 Networking 4.3.2 Protocols 4.3.2.1 Message-Handling and Document Exchange 4.3.2.2 Directory Protocols 4.3.2.3 Access Protocols 4.3.2.4 Application Protocols 4.3.2.4.1 Simple Mail Transport Protocol (SMTP) 4.3.2.4.2 Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) 4.3.2.5 Proprietary Systems and Protocols 4.3.3 Features 4.3.4 Internet E-mail in Practice 4.3.5 The Applications 4.3.6 Spam and Freedom of Speech 4.3.7 Scams and Frauds and Viruses ? and The List Goes On 4.4 Instant Messaging (IM) 4.4.1 Features 4.4.2 Standards and Interconnectivity 4.5 Mobile Messaging: SMS and MMS 4.5.1 Short Message Service (SMS) 4.5.2 Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) 4.6 Unified Messaging & Unified Communications 4.7 References Chapter 5 Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 5.1 Network Characteristics 5.1.1 Voice (Primarily) 5.1.2 Switched (and Dedicated) 5.1.3 Analog (and Digital) 5.1.4 Interconnected 5.1.5 Wired (and Wireless) 5.2 Numbering Plan Administration (NPA) 5.3 Domains 5.3.1 Functional Domains 5.3.1.1 Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) 5.3.1.2 Inside Wire 5.3.1.3 Switches 5.3.1.3.1 Central Offices (COs) 5.3.1.3.2 Tandem Switches 5.3.1.3.3 Access Tandem Switches 5.3.1.3.4 International Gateway Facilities (IGFs) 5.3.1.4 Transmission Facilities 5.3.1.4.1 Access 5.3.1.4.2 Transport 5.3.1.5 Signaling and Control 5.3.1.6 Services 5.3.2 Regulatory Domains 5.3.2.1 International 5.3.2.2 Regional 5.3.2.3 National 5.3.2.4 State or Province 5.3.2.5 Local 5.3.3 Rates and Tariffs 5.3.4 Carrier Domains and Network Topology 5.3.4.1 Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) 5.3.4.2 Demarcation point (demarc) 5.3.4.3 Local Exchange Carriers (LECS) 5.3.4.4 IntereXchange Carriers (IXCs or IECs) 5.3.4.5 Competitive Access Providers (CAPS) 5.3.4.6 International Carriers 5.3.4.7 Overlay Carriers 5.4 Signaling and Control: An Expanded View 5.4.1 In-Band Signaling and Control 5.4.2 Out-of-Band Signaling and Control 5.4.3 Common Channel Signaling and Control (CCS) 5.5 Network Services 5.5.1 Access Services 5.5.5.1 Residential lines 5.5.1.2 Business lines 5.5.1.3 PBX Trunks 5.5.1.4 Dedicated Transport Services 5.5.1.5 Foreign Exchange (FX or FEX) 5.5.1.6 Tie Lines and Tie Trunks 5.5.1.7 Off-Premises Extension (OPX) 5.5.2 Switched Transport Services 5.5.2.1 Message Telecommunications Service (MTS) 5.5.2.2 Wide Area Telecommunications Service (WATS) 5.5.2.3 In-WATS 5.5.2.4 500 Services 5.5.2.5 900/976 Services 5.5.3 Virtual Private Network (VPN) Services 5.5.4 Value-Added Services 5.6 Portability: A Special Issue 5.7 Equal Access: Another Special Issue 5.8 VoIP: The Next-Generation PSTN 5.9 References Chapter 6 Fundamentals of Data Communications 6.1 Functional Domains 6.1.1 Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) 6.1.2 Data Communications Equipment (DCE) 6.1.3 Communications Software 6.1.4 Networks 6.1.5 Switches 6.2 DCE: An Expanded View 6.2.1 Modems 6.2.1.1 Line Drivers 6.2.1.2 Short-Haul (Limited-Distance) Modems 6.2.1.3 Conventional Modems 6.2.1.3.1 Amplitude Modulation (AM) 6.2.1.3.2 Frequency Modulation (FM) 6.2.1.3.3 Phase Modulation (PM) 6.2.1.3.4 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 6.2.1.3.5 Trellis-Coded Modulation (TCM) 6.2.1.3.6 General Modem Characteristics 6.2.1.4 56 kbps Modems: V.90 and V.92 6.2.2 Codecs 6.2.3 Terminal Adapters (TAs) and NT-Xs 6.2.4 Channel Service Units & Digital Service Units 6.2.4.1 Channel Service Unit (CSU) 6.2.4.2 Data Service Unit (DSU) 6.2.5 Front-End Processors (FEPs) 6.3 Protocol Basics 6.3.1 Line Set-Up: Connectivity 6.3.1.1 Simplex Transmission 6.3.1.2 Half-duplex (HDX) transmission 6.3.1.3 Full-duplex (FDX) Transmission 6.3.2 Transmission Mode: Transmission Method 6.3.2.1 Asynchronous 6.3.2.2 Synchronous 6.3.2.3 Isochronous (Isoc) 6.3.2.4 Plesiochronous 6.3.3 Code Sets 6.3.3.1 Baudot Code (ITA #2) 6.3.3.2 Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) 6.3.3.3 American (National) Standard Code for Information Interchange (ANSCII or ASCII) 6.3.3.4 Universal Code (Unicode) 6.3.4 Data Format 6.3.5 Error Control: Data Transmission Integrity 6.3.5.1 Echo Checking 6.3.5.2 Parity Checking 6.3.5.3 Block Parity 6.3.5.4 Forward Error Correction (FEC) 6.3.6 Data Compression 6.3.7 Asynchronous Data Link Control (DLC) Protocols 6.3.8 Bit- Versus Byte-Oriented Synchronous Protocols 6.3.8.1 Binary Synchronous Protocol (Bisync or BSC) 6.3.8.2 Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) 6.3.8.3 High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) 6.4 Network Architectures 6.4.1 Systems Network Architecture (SNA) 6.4.2 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model 6.5 Security 6.5.1 Physical Security 6.5.2 Authentication 6.5.3 Authorization 6.5.4 Port Security 6.5.5 Transmission Security 6.5.6 Encryption 6.5.7 Firewalls 6.6 References Chapter 7 Conventional Digital and Data Networks 7.1 Dataphone Digital Service (DDS) 7.2 Switched 56 7.3 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): In the Classic Sense 7.4 Digital Carrier Systems and Networks 7.4.1 T-Carrier Concept 7.4.2 Channelized T1 7.4.3 Unchannelized T1 7.4.4 Encoding 7.4.4.1 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) 7.4.4.2 Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) 7.4.4.3 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) 7.4.4.4 Digital Speech Interpolation (DSI) 7.4.4.5 Quantizing Variations 7.4.5 Framing 7.4.6 Transmission 7.4.6.1 Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) 7.4.6.2 Bipolar with Eight-Zeros Substitution (B8ZS) 7.4.6.3 Transmission Media 7.4.7. Hardware 7.4.7.1 Channel Banks 7.4.7.2 Channel Service Units (CSUs) and Digital Service Units (DSUs) 7.4.7.3 Multiplexers (Muxes) 7.4.7.4 Nodal Multiplexers 7.4.7.5 Digital Access Cross-Connect System (DACS or DCCS) 7.4.8 Variations on the Theme 7.4.8.1 E-carrier 7.4.8.2 J-carrier 7.4.9 T2 and Above: The Rest of the Hierarchy 7.4.10 Fractional T1 7.4.11 Digital Carrier Applications 7.5 X.25 and Packet Switching 7.5.1 The Concept of Packet Switching 7.5.2 X.25 Protocol Suite 7.5.2 1 Packet Layer Protocol (PLP) 7.5.2.2 Link Access Procedure, Balanced (LAPB) 7.5.2.3 X.21bis 7.5.3 Error Control 7.5.4 Datagram Mode: Connectionless 7.5.5 Virtual Circuits: Connection-Oriented 7.5.5.1 Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCS) 7.5.5.2 Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCS) 7.5.6 Protocol Conversion 7.5.7 Latency 7.5.8 Access 7.5.9 Network Interconnection: X.75 7.5.10 Packet-Switching Hardware 7.5.11 Packet-Switching Standards 7.5.12 Packet-Switching Applications and Futures 7.6 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 7.6.1 ISDN Devices and Reference Points 7.6.1.1 Terminal Equipment (TE) 7.6.1.2 Terminal Adapters (TAs) 7.6.1.3 Network Terminations (NTs) 7.6.1.4 Reference Points 7.6.2 Standard Interfaces and Channel Types 7.6.2.1 Basic Rate Interface (BRI) 7.6.2.1.1 Line Coding 7.6.2.1.2 Framing 7.6.2.2 Primary Rate Interface (PRI) 7.6.2.2.1 Line Coding 7.6.2.2.2 Framing 7.6.2.3 H Channels (Nx64) 7.6.2.4 Inverse Muxes 7.6.2.5 D-Channel Contention Devices 7.6.3 Link Access Procedure, D Channel (LAPD) 7.6.4 ISDN Characteristics and Benefits 7.6.5 ISDN Characteristics and Drawbacks 7.6.6 ISDN Standards 7.6.7 ISDN Applications 7.6.8 Variations on the Theme 7.6.9 Always On/Dynamic ISDN (AODI) 7.7 References Chapter 8 Local Area Networks (LANs) 8.1 LANs Defined 8.2 LAN Dimensions 8.2.1 Transmission Media 8.2.1.1 Coaxial Cable 8.2.1.2 Twisted Pair 8.2.1.3 Fiber Optic Cable 8.2.1.4 Wireless 8.2.2 Topology: Physical and Logical Configurations 8.2.2.1 Bus Topologies 8.2.2.2 Ring Topologies 8.2.2.3 Star Topologies 8.2.2.4 Physical versus Logical Topology 8.2.3 Baseband versus Broadband 8.2.3.1 Broadband LANs 8.2.3.2 Baseband LANs 8.2.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) 8.2.4.1 Centralized Control 8.2.4.2 Decentralized Control 8.2.4.3 Deterministic Access 8.2.4.4 Non-Deterministic Access 8.2.4.4.1 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) 8.2.4.4.2 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) 8.3 LAN Equipment 8.3.1 Network Interface Cards (NICs) 8.3.2 Bridges 8.3.3 Hubs 8.3.4 Switches 8.3.5 Routers 8.3.6 Gateways 8.4 LAN Operating Systems 8.5 Virtual LANs (VLANs) 8.6 Remote LAN Access 8.7 LAN Standards and Standards Bodies 8.8 Life in the Fast LAN: The Need for Speed 8.8.1 100Base-T, or Fast Ethernet 8.8.2 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) 8.8.3 Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) 8.8.4 10 Gigabit Ethernet (10 GbE) 8.9 Wireless LANs (WLANs) 8.9.1 IEEE 802.11 8.9.1.1 IEEE 802.11a (Wi-Fi5) 8.9.1.2 IEEE 802.11b (Wi-Fi) 8.9.1.2.1 Operational Mode 8.9.1.2.2 Mesh Networking 8.9.1.2.3 Power over Ethernet 8.9.1.2.4 Security 8.9.1.2.5 Public Hotspots 8.9.1.3 IEEE 802.11g 8.9.1.4 IEEE 802.11n 8.9.1.5 Voice over Wi-Fi (VoWiFi) 8.9.1.5.1 Quality of Service (QoS) 8.9.1.5.2 Configuration Considerations 8.9.1.5.3 VoWiFi Futures 8.9.2 HiperLAN 8.9.3 Bluetooth 8.9.3.1 Piconets and Scatternets 8.9.3.2 Packet Format 8.9 4 ZigBee 8.9.5 Software-Defined Radio 8.10 Minding Your Ps and Qs 8.11 IEEE 1394 and FireWire 8.12 Nonstandard LANs 8.13 Broadband over Power Line (BPL) 8.14 Storage Area Networks (SANs) 8.14.1 Fibre Channel 8.14.2 Internet Small Computer Systems Interface (iSCSI) 8.15 References Chapter 9 Broadband Network Infrastructure 9.1 Access Technologies 9.1.1 xDSL (Generic Digital Subscriber Line) 9.1.1.1 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) 9.1.1.1.1 ADSL2 9.1.1.1.2 ADSL2+ 9.1.1.2 G.lite 9.1.1.3 ISDN Digital Subscriber Line (IDSL) 9.1.1.4 Very-High-Data-Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) 9.1.1.5 High Bit-Rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL) 9.1.1.6 Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) 9.1.1.7 Symmetric High-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (SHDSL) 9.1.1.8 Voice over DSL (VoDSL) 9.1.2 Community Antenna TeleVision (CATV) 9.1.3 Wireless Local Loop (WLL) 9.1.3.1 Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) 9.1.3.2 Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Services (MMDS) 9.1.3.3 IEEE 802.16 and Wireless Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) 9.1.3.3.1 Technical Specifics 9.1.3.3.2 Quality of Service (QoS) 9.1.3.3.3 Strengths and Weaknesses 9.1.3.3.4 Applications and Futures 9.1.3.4 Licensed Microwave 9.1.3.5 Personal Communications Services (PCS) 9.1.3.6 Free Space Optics (FSO) 9.1.3.7 Wi-Fi Hotspots 9.1.3.8 Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) 9.1.4 Passive Optical Network (PON) 9.1.4.1 PON Elements and Configurations 9.1.4.2 PON Standards 9.1.4.3 Deployment Options 9.1.4.4 PON in Practice 9.1.5 Access Broadband over Power Line (BPL) 9.1.5.1 BPL Elements and Configurations 9.1.5.2 Standards, Rules, and Regulations 9.2 SONET/SDH 9.2.1 SONET Standards Development 9.2.2 SONET/SDH Transmission Hierarchy 9.2.3 SONET/SDH Topology 9.2.4 Paths, Tributaries, and Containers 9.2.5 SONET Frame Format 9.2.5.1 Section Overhead 9.2.5.2 Line Overhead 9.2.5.3 Path Overhead 9.2.6 SONET/SDH Hardware 9.2.7 SONET Advantages and Disadvantages 9.2.8 SONET Applications 9.2.9 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 9.2.10 Packet over SONET (POS) 9.3 IEEE 802.17, Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) 9.4 References Chapter 10 Broadband Network Services 10.1 Frame Relay 10.1.1 Frame Relay Defined 10.1.2 Frame Relay Standards 10.1.3 Frame Relay Access 10.1.4 Frame Relay Network 10.1.5 Frame Relay Equipment 10.1.6 Frame Relay Protocol: Frame Structure 10.1.7 Local Management Interface (LMI) Protocol 10.1.8 Congestion Management 10.1.9 How Frame Relay Networks Work 10.1.10 Voice over Frame Relay (VoFR) 10.1.10.1 VoFR Theory: Compression Is the Key 10.1.11 Frame Relay Costs 10.1.12 Frame Relay Attributes and Issues 10.1.12.1 Frame Relay Advantages 10.1.12.2 Frame Relay Issues 10.1.13 Frame Relay Applications 10.2 Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) 10.3 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 10.3.1 ATM Defined 10.3.2 ATM Standards 10.3.3 ATM Access 10.3.4 ATM Network and Equipment 10.3.4.1 Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) 10.3.4.2 Broadband Switching Systems (BSSs) 10.3.4.3 Transmission Facilities 10.3.5 ATM Protocols and Cell Structure 10.3.5.1 Physical Layer (PHY) 10.3.5.2 ATM Layer (ATM) 10.3.5.3 ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) 10.3.5.4 ATM Service Categories 10.3.5.5 ATM Quality of Service (QoS) Parameters 10.3.5.6 ATM Traffic Contract 10.3.5.7 Higher Layer Protocols and Functions 10.3.6 LAN Emulation (LANE) 10.3.7 MultiProtocol over ATM (MPOA) 10.3.8 Frame-Based ATM Transport over Ethernet (FATE) 10.3.9 Framed ATM over SONET/SDH Transport (FAST) 10.3.10 ATM Attributes, Issues and Applications 10.4 Metropolitan Ethernet 10.5 Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) 10.5.1 Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN) Defined 10.5.2 B-ISDN Access 10.5.3 B-ISDN Services 10.5.4 B-ISDN Equipment 10.5.5 B-ISDN Attributes and Issues 10.6 Advanced Intelligent Networks (AINs) 10.6.1 AIN Defined 10.6.2 Service Creation Environment (SCE) 10.6.3 AIN Architecture 10.6.4 AIN Services 10.6.5 AIN Futures 10.7 References Chapter 11 Wireless Networking: Emphasis on Mobility 11.1 Wireless Defined 11.2 Standards and Regulations 11.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wireless 11.4 The Cell Concept: Frequency Reuse 11.4.1 Cell Categories 11.4.2 Cells, Vectors and Beams 11.5 Multiplexing and Access Techniques 11.5.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 11.5.2 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 11.5.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 11.5.4 FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA Compared: It?s Party Time! 11.6 Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR) 11.7 Paging 11.7.1 Paging Networks 11.7.2 Paging Equipment 11.7.3 Paging Applications: Contemporary and Developing 11.8 Cordless Telephony and Wireless Office Telecommunications Systems (WOTS) 11.9 Cellular Radio 11.9.1 Cellular Standards 11.9.1.1 Generation 1 (1G): Analog Cellular 11.9.1.1.1 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) 11.9.1.1.2 Narrowband AMPS (N-AMPS) 11.9.1.1.3 Total Access Communications System (TACS) 11.9.1.1.4 Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) 11.9.1.2 Generation 2 (2G): Digital Cellular 11.9.1.2.1 Digital-AMPS (D-AMPS), 11.9.1.2.2 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 11.9.1.2.3 Personal Communications System (PCS) 11.9.1.2.4 Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) 11.9.1.3 Cellular Data Communications: The Early Years 11.9.1.4 Generation 2.5 (2.5G) & 3 (3G), and Beyond 11.9.1.4.1 High-Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD) 11.9.1.4.2 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 11.9.1.4.3 Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) 11.9.1.4.4 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) 11.9.1.4.5 Code Division Multiple Access 2000 (CDMA2000) 11.9.1.4.6 Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA) 11.9.1.5 Multimode Cellular 11.9.2 Terminal Equipment 11.9.3 The Present and Future of Cellular Radio 11.9.3.1 Social Implications 11.9.3.2 Religious Repercussions 11.9.3.3 Safety Issues 11.10 Packet Data Radio Networks 11.11 Satellite Systems: LEOs, MEOs, & GEOs 11.11.1 How LEOs Work: Iridium 11.11.2 How LEOs Don?t Work: Teledesic 11.11.3 GEOs Work, Too: Inmarsat 11.12 And That?s Not All 11.13 References Chapter 12 Video and Multimedia Networking 12.1 Video Communications: Defined and Evolved 12.2 Video Basics 12.3 Analog TV Standards 12.4 Digital TV (DTV) and High Definition TV (HDTV) 12.5 Bandwidth and Compression 12.6 Video Standards 12.6.1 Px64 12.6.2 Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) 12.6.3 Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) 12.7 Internet Protocol Television (IPTV) 12.8 The H.320 Family of Multimedia Standards 12.8.1 H.320 12.8.2 H.321 12.8.3 H.322 12.8.4 H.323 12.8.5 H.324 12.8.6 T.120 12.9 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 12.10 H.248: Media Gateway Control (Megaco) 12.11 Videoconferencing Systems 12.12 Videoconferencing Equipment 12.13 WAN Videoconferencing Networks 12.14 Video over IP 12.15 Multimedia Conferencing 12.15.1 Video and Multimedia Conferencing: Applications and Benefits 12.16 References Chapter 13 The Internet and World Wide Web 13.1 The Internet Defined 13.2 Internet Physical Topology 13.3 Internet Access 13.3.1 Dial-Up Access 13.3.2 xDSL Access 13.3.3 Cable Modem Access 13.3.4 Satellite TV Access 13.3.5 Dedicated Access 13.3.6 Access Anywhere 13.4 Internet Standards, Administration, and Regulation 13.5 IP Addressing 13.6 Domain Name System (DNS) 13.6.1 Unsponsored Domains 13.6.2 Sponsored TLDs 13.6.3 Country Codes 13.6.4 Regional Country Codes 13.6.5 Internet Registry 13.6.5.1 IP Number Assignment 13.6.5.2 TLD Assignment 13.6.5.3 Language 13.6.6. Address Translation: Domain Name to IP Address, and Vice Versa 13.7 Internet Protocols 13.7.1 TCP/IP 13.7.1.1 Internet Protocol (IP): Connectionless Datagram Delivery 13.7.1.1.1 Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) 13.7.1.1.2 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 13.7.1.2 Internet Protocol version 6 (IPV6): Better Yet 13.7.1.3 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 13.7.1.4 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 13.7.1.5 Transmission Framing 13.7.2 Application-Level Protocols 13.7.2.1 Telecommunications Network (TELNET) 13.7.2.2 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 13.7.2.3 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 13.7.2.4 Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 13.7.3 The Quest for IP QoS 13.7.3.1 Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) 13.7.3.2. Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) 13.7.3.3 Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) 13.7.3.4 Differentiated Services (DiffServ) 13.7.3.5 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 13.7.3.5.1 MPLS in Operation 13.7.3.5.2 MPLS Header Structure 13.7.3.5.3 Congestion Management 13.7.3.5.4 Class of Service (CoS) 13.7.3.5.5 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) 13.7.3.5.6 Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) 13.8 Internet Applications 13.8.1 E-Mail 13.8.2 File Transfer 13.8.3 Bulletin Board Systems 13.8.4 Library Catalogs 13.8.5 Real-Time Applications 13.8.6 Financial Services 13.8.7 Video 13.8.8 Radio 13.8.9 Internet Telephony 13.10 Internet2 13.11 World Wide Web (WWW) 13.11.1 Web Sites and Home Pages 13.11.2 Uniform Resource Locator (URL) 13.11.3 Standards 13.11.4 Applications 13.11.5 Advertising: Home Page Sponsorship 13.11.5.1 Personal Home Pages and Blogs 13.11.6 E-Commerce 13.11.7 Search Mechanisms and Browsers 13.11.8 Access Anywhere Revisited 13.12 Intranets and Extranets 13.13 Internet Security: A Special Issue 13.13.1 Security Risks and Countermeasures 13.13.1 1 Encryption 13.13.1.2 Data encryption standards 13.13.1.3 Authentication 13.13.1.4 Authorization 13.13.1.5 Firewalls 13.13.2 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) 13.13.2.1 Authentication 13.13.2.2 Encryption 13.13.2.3 Tunneling 13.13.2.4 Applications Scenarios 13.14 Misuse and Content 13.15 Internet Oddities, Screwball Applications, and Some Really Good Ideas 13.16 The Dark Side: An Editorial 13.17 References Chapter 14 Network Convergence 14.1 Convergence Defined 14.1.1 Applications 14.1.2 WAN Technologies 14.1.3 LAN Technologies 14.1.4 Terminal Technologies 14.2 Driving Forces 14.2.1 Deregulation and Competition 14.2.1.1 Cost 14.2.1.2 Applications 14.2.1.2.1 Voice Communications 14.2.1.2.2 Data Communications 14.2.1.2.3 Internet Access 14.2.1.2.4 Television 14.2.1.2.5 Multimedia 14.2.1.2.6 Videoconferencing 14.2.1.2.7 Music-on-Demand (MOD) 14.3 Conventional Convergence: Wireline Networks 14.4 The Race Is On: Mergers and Acquisitions (M&As) 14.4.1 The Evolution of the Bell System 14.4.2 The BOCs Break Out of the Box 14.4.3 So What Was AT&T Up To? 14.5 One Potato, Two Potato, Three Potatoe, Four ... 14.6 NexGen Convergence: Wireline and Wireless Networks 14.7 References Chapter 15 Regulation: Issues and (Some) Answers 15.1 Telecommunications Act of 1996 15.1.1 Lines of Business 15.1.2 Mergers and Acquisitions 15.1.3 Rules and Implementation 15.1.3.1 Universal Service 15.1.3.2 LEC Long Distance 15.1.3.3 Interconnection: The Quid Pro Quo 15.1.3.3.1 Telco Local Loops 15.1.3.3.2 CATV Local Loops 15.1.3.4 Right-of-Way 15.2 Rates and Tariffs 15.3 The Internet 15.4 Number Portability 15.5 Laws and Sausages 15.6 References
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Telecommunication -- Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Digital communications -- Handbooks, manuals, etc.