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Analytical Methods
Contaminants of Emerging Concern
Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) Methods Development
Other PPCP Links
Since the first reports that Contaminants of Emerging Concern such as pharmaceuticals were occurring in surface waters, a number of questions have been raised regarding their presence in sewage influent, effluent and sludge. At the time of these first reports, no suitable methods were available for sewage influent, effluent and sludge. The Environmental Protection Agency has developed two new state-of-the-art analytical methods to identify and measure certain contaminants of emerging concern, specifically; pharmaceuticals and, steroids and hormones in sewage influent, effluent and sludge.
| Number | Method Title |
|---|---|
| 1694 | Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Water, Soil, Sediment, and Biosolids by HPLC/MS/MS (PDF) (77 pages, 330 K) |
| 1698 | Steroids and Hormones in Water, Soil, Sediment, and Biosolids by HRGC/HRMS (PDF) (69 pages, 290 K) |
These methods currently cover over 100 chemicals: 74 pharmaceuticals and personal care products and 27 steroids-hormones; and three wastewater matrices: raw and treated sewage water and sludge.
In addition to the new CEC-related methods developed for this study, EPA has single lab validated a new pesticide method and revised the existing flame retardants (PBDE) method in order to more accurately detect CECs in wastewater samples:
| Number | Method Title |
|---|---|
| 1614 | Brominated Diphenyl Ethers in Water Soil, Sediment and Tissue by HRGC/HRMS (PDF) (87 pp., 417 K) |
| 1699 | Pesticides in Water, Soil, Sediment, Biosolids, and Tissue by HRGC/HRMS (PDF) (96 pp., 598 K) |
Methods Status
These methods have been peer-reviewed and tested in a single lab. The contaminants in these methods are not currently regulated, nor have the methods been promulgated at 40 CFR Part 136.
Laboratories familiar with environmental analysis should be consulted regarding their ability to perform these methods.
For More Information
- Brian Englert (englert.brian@epa.gov) at 202-566-0754
Contaminants of Emerging Concern in EPA Methods 1694 and 1698
| PPCP | CAS # | Classification |
|---|---|---|
| Ibuprofen | 15687-27-1 | Analgesic |
| Cimetidine | 51481-61-9 | Anti-acid reflux |
| Ranitidine | 66357-35-5 | Anti-acid reflux |
| Albuterol | 18559-94-9 | antiasthmatic |
| Warfarin | 81-81-2 | anticoagulant |
| Carbamazepine | 298-46-4 | Anticonvulsant |
| Metformin | 657-24-9 | anti-diabetic drug |
| Miconazole | 22916-47-8 | antifungal agent |
| Diphenhydramine | 58-73-1 | Antihistamine |
| Diltiazem | 42399-41-7 | antihypertensive |
| Gemfibrozil | 25812-30-0 | Antilipemic |
| Triclocarban | 101-20-2 | antimicrobial, disinfectant |
| Triclosan | 3380-34-5 | antimicrobial, disinfectant |
| Acetaminophen | 103-90-2 | Antipyretic, Analgesic |
| 1,7-Dimethylxanthine | 611-59-6 | Antispasmodic, caffeine metabolite |
| Digoxin | 20830-75-5 | cardiac glycoside |
| Cefotaxime | 63527-52-6 | Cephalosporin antibiotic |
| Anhydrochlortetracycline (ACTC) | 13803-65-1 | chlorotetracycline degradate |
| Anhydrotetracycline (ATC) | 4496-85-9 | chlorotetracycline degradate |
| 4-Epianhydrochlortetracycline (EACTC) | 158018-53-2 | chlorotetracycline degradate |
| 4-Epianhydrotetracycline (EATC) | 4465-65-0 | chlorotetracycline degradate |
| 4-Epichlortetracycline (ECTC) | 14297-93-9 | chlorotetracycline degradate |
| Isochlortetracycline (ICTC) | 514-53-4 | chlorotetracycline degradate |
| Sarafloxacin | 98105-99-8 | Fluoroquinolone antibiotic |
| Thiabendazole | 148-79-8 | fungicide and parasiticide |
| Norgestimate | 35189-28-7 | Hormonal contraceptives |
| Digoxigenin | 1672-46-4 | Immunohistochemical Marker Steroid |
| Lincomycin | 154-21-2 | lincosamide antibiotic |
| Azithromycin | 83905-01-5 | Macrolide Antibiotic |
| Clarithromycin | 81103-11-9 | Macrolide antibiotic |
| Erythromycin | 114-07-8 | Macrolide antibiotic |
| Ormetoprim | 6981-18-6 | Macrolide antibiotic |
| Roxithromycin | 80214-83-1 | Macrolide antibiotic |
| Tylosin | 1401-69-0 | Macrolide antibiotic |
| Virginiamycin | 11006-76-1 | Macrolide antibiotic |
| Erythromycin anhydrate | 59319-72-1 | macrolide antibiotic |
| Cotinine | 486-56-6 | nicotine metabolite |
| Dehydronifedipine | 67035-22-7 | Nifedipine metabolite |
| Naproxen | 22204-53-1 | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| Codeine | 76-57-3 | opiate |
| 4-Epioxytetracycline (EOTC) | 14206-58-7 | oxytetracycline degradate |
| Trimethoprim | 738-70-5 | Pyrimidine antibiotic |
| Ciprofloxacin | 85721-33-1 | Quinoline antibiotic |
| Clinafloxacin | 105956-97-6 | Quinoline antibiotic |
| Enrofloxacin | 93106-60-6 | Quinolone antibiotic |
| Flumequine | 42835-25-6 | Quinolone antibiotic |
| Lomefloxacin | 98079-51-7 | Quinoline antibiotic |
| Norfloxacin | 70458-96-7 | Quinoline antibiotic |
| Ofloxacin | 82419-36-1 | Quinoline antibiotic |
| Oxolinic acid | 14698-29-4 | Quinolone antibiotic |
| Carbadox | 6804 07 05 | Quinoxaline Antibiotic |
| Ampicillin | 69-53-4 | β-lactam antibiotics |
| Cloxacillin | 61-72-3 | β-lactam antibiotics |
| Oxacillin | 66-79-5 | β-lactam antibiotics |
| Penicillin V | 87-08-1 | β-lactam antibiotics |
| Penicillin G | 61-33-6 | β-lactam antibiotics |
| Fluoxetine | 54910-89-3 | SSRI Antidepressant |
| Caffeine | 58-08-2 | Stimulant |
| Sulfachloropyridazine | 80-32-0 | Sulfonamide antibiotic |
| Sulfadiazine | 68-35-9 | Sulfonamide antibiotic |
| Sulfadimethoxine | 122-11-2 | Sulfonamide antibiotic |
| Sulfamerazine | 127-79-7 | Sulfonamide antibiotic |
| Sulfamethazine | 57-68-1 | Sulfonamide antibiotic |
| Sulfamethoxazole | 723-46-6 | Sulfonamide antibiotic |
| Sulfanilamide | 63-74-1 | Sulfonamide antibiotic |
| Sulfathiazole | 72-14-0 | Sulfonamide antibiotic |
| Sulfamethizole | 144-82-1 | Sulfonamide antibiotic |
| Chlortetracycline (CTC) | 57-62-5 | Tetracycline antibiotic |
| Demeclocycline | 127-33-3 | Tetracycline antibiotic |
| Doxycycline | 564-25-0 | Tetracycline antibiotic |
| Minocycline | 10118-91-8 | Tetracycline antibiotic |
| Oxytetracycline (OTC) | 79-57-2 | Tetracycline antibiotic |
| Tetracycline (TC) | 60-54-8 | Tetracycline antibiotic |
| 4-Epitetracycline (ETC) | 23313-80-6 | Tetracycline degradate |
| Steroid/Hormone | CAS # | Classification |
|---|---|---|
| Androstenedione | 63-05-8 | anabolic agent |
| Androsterone | 53-41-8 | hormone metabolite |
| Equilenin | 517-09-9 | hormone replacement |
| Equilin | 474-86-2 | hormone replacement |
| 17a-Ethynyl Estradiol (EE2) | 57-63-6 | ovulation inhibitor |
| Desogestrel | 54024-22-5 | ovulation inhibitor |
| Mestranol | 72-33-3 | ovulation inhibitor |
| Norethindrone | 68-22-4 | ovulation inhibitor |
| Norgestrel | 6533-00-2 | ovulation inhibitor |
| Campesterol | 474-62-4 | Phytosterol (plant sterol) |
| beta-Sitosterol | 83-46-5 | Phytosterol (plant sterol) |
| Stigmasterol | 83-48-7 | Phytosterol (plant sterol) |
| Beta-Stigmastanol | 83-45-4 | Phytosterol (plant sterol) |
| 17a-Estradiol | 57-91-0 | Sex Hormone |
| 17b-Estradiol (E2) | 50-28-2 | Sex Hormone |
| Estriol (E3) | 50-27-1 | Sex Hormone |
| Estrone (E1) | 53-16-7 | Sex Hormone |
| Progesterone | 57-83-0 | Sex Hormone |
| Testosterone | 58-22-0 | Sex Hormone |
| 17a-Dihydroequilin | 651-55-8 | Sterol |
| Cholestanol | 80-97-7 | Sterol |
| Cholesterol | 57-88-5 | Sterol |
| Desmosterol | 313-04-2 | Sterol |
| Ergosterol | 57-87-4 | Sterol |
| b-Estradiol-3-benzoate | 50-50-0 | Sterol |
| Coprostanol | 360-68-9 | Sterol |
| Epi-Coprostanol | 516-92-7 | Sterol |