Figure 2: An idealized representation for finding the center of a tropical
cyclone based upon peripheral wind observations. Two ship observations
(indicated by the red wind barbs) roughly indicate the tropical cyclone
center (where the two black lines cross) assuming cyclonic flow with
a 20o inflow angle.
Table 1: Sources utilized by Partagas and Diaz in their original
work:
Ship reports published in The New York Times, The Times (London) and
Gaceta de la Habana, the Monthly Weather Review individual storm and
seasonal summaries, the Historical Weather Maps series, reports of the
Chief of the Weather Bureau (U.S.), Academia de Ciencias (1970), Alexander
(1902), Cline (1926), Dunn and Miller (1960), Garcia-Bonnelly (1958),
Garriott (1900), Gutierrez-Lanza (1904), Ho et al. (1987), Instituto
Cubano de Geodesia y Cartografia (1978), Ludlum (1963), Martinez-Fortun
(1942), Mitchell (1924), Neumann et al. (1993), Ortiz-Hector (1975),
Rappaport and Partagas (1995), Rodriguez-Demorizi (1958), Rodriguez-Ferrer
(1876), Salivia (1972), Sarasola (1928), Simpson and Riehl (1981), Sullivan
(1986), Tannehill (1938), Tucker (1982), Vines (1877), and Vines (1895).
Sources utilized in the re-analysis effort beyond those listed above:
Abraham et al. (1998), Barnes (1998a, 1998b), Boose et al. (2001, 2002),
Coch and Jarvinen (2000), Connor (1956), Doehring et al. (1994), Ellis
(1988), Hebert and McAdie (1997), Ho (1989), Hudgins (2000), Jarvinen
(1990), Jarrell et al. (1992), Neumann et al. (1999), Parkes et al.
(1998), Perez et al. (2000), Roth (1997a, 1997b), Roth and Cobb (2000,
2001), Sandrik (2002), and Sandrik and Jarvinen (1999).
Table 2a: "Center fix" intensity measurement data for Storm 1, 1856.
____________________________________________________________
1856/01 (Synoptic/intensity):
| Date | Time | Wind/Dir. | Pressure1 | Location | Source2 |
| 8/10/1856 | ???? UTC | 40 kt/?? | ???? mb | 29.3N 89.9W | Fort Livingston |
| 8/10/1856 | ???? UTC | 60 kt/?? | ???? mb | 30.3N 91.4W | Iberville Parish |
| 8/10/1856 | 0900 UTC | 70 kt/N-S | 955 mb | 28.6N 90.2W | "C.D. Mervin" |
| 8/10/1856 | 1400 UTC | 40 kt/E | ???? mb | 30.0N 90.1W | New Orleans |
| 8/10/1856 | 2100 UTC | 70 kt/?? | ???? mb | 29.0N 90.9W | Last Island |
| 8/10/1856 | 2200 UTC | 70 kt/?? | ???? mb | 29.7N 91.2W | Bayou Boeuf |
| 8/11/1856 | ???? UTC | 40 kt/?? | ???? mb | 30.4N 91.2W | Baton Rouge |
| 8/11/1856 | ???? UTC | 40 kt/?? | ???? mb | 32.2N 91.1W | New Carthage |
| 8/11/1856 | ???? UTC | 60 kt/?? | ???? mb | 31.6N 91.4W | Natchez |
1) If the sea level pressure measurement was determined to be a "central
pressure", a "C" was indicated after the value. Otherwise, the pressure
value was considered to be a peripheral (either eyewall or rainband
environment of the storm) observation.
2) Sources are either from coastal or inland station data or from ship
data (in quotation marks).
Table 2b. "Center fix" intensity position data for Storm 5, 1852.
____________________________________________________________
1852/05 (Center positions):
| Date | Time | Location | Source1 |
| 10/09/1852 | ???? UTC | 25.6N 86.5W | "Hebe" |
____________________________________________________________
1) Sources are either from coastal or inland station data or from ship
data (in quotation marks).
Table 3: The Beaufort Wind Scale (Fitzpatrick 1999).
____________________________________________________________
| Beaufort Number | Knots | Description | Specifications at Sea |
| 0 | < 1 | Calm | Sea like a mirror |
| 1 | 1-3 | Light air | Ripples with the appearance of scales are formed, but without foam crest |
| 2 | 4-6 | Light breeze | Small wavelets, still short but more pronounced; crests have a glassy appearance and do not break |
| 3 | 7-10 | Gentle breeze | Large wavelets; crests begin to break; foam of glassy appearance; perhaps scattered white horses |
| 4 | 11-16 | Moderate breeze | Small waves, becoming longer; fairly frequent white horses |
| 5 | 17-21 | Fresh breeze | Moderate waves, taking a more pronounced long form; many white horses are formed (chance of some spray) |
| 6 | 22-27 | Strong breeze | Large waves begin to form; the white foam crests are more extensive everywhere (probably some spray) |
| 7 | 28-33 | Near gale | Sea heaps up and white foam from breaking waves begins to be blown in streaks in the direction of the wind |
| 8 | 34-40 | Gale | Moderately high waves of greater length; edges of crests begin to break into spindrift; foam is blown in well-markedstreaks along the direction of the wind |
| 9 | 41-47 | Strong gale | High waves; dense streaks of foam along the direction of the wind; crests of waves begin to topple, tumble, and roll over; spray may affect visibility |
| 10 | 48-55 | Storm | Very high waves with long overhanging crests; the resulting foam, in great patches, is blown in dense white streaks along the direction of the wind; on the whole, the surface of the sea takes on a white appearance; the tumbling of the sea becomes heavy and shock-like; visibility affected |
| 11 | 56-63 | Violent storm | Exceptionally high waves (small and medium-sized ships might be for a time lost to view behind the waves); the sea completely covered with long white patches of foam lying along the direction of the wind; everywhere the edges of wave crests are blown into froth; visibility affected |
| 12 | > 63 | Hurricane | The air is filled with foam and spray; sea completely white with driving spray; visibility very seriously affected |
Table 4: The Smithsonian Institute and Military Fort Wind Force Scale (Ludlum 1963, Ho
1989, M. Chenoweth, personal communication, 2001). Values are estimates of the highest
gusts.
| 1 | Very light breeze | 2 mph (2 kt) |
| 2 | Gentle breeze | 4 mph (4 kt) |
| 3 | Fresh breeze | 12 mph (10 kt) |
| 4 | Strong breeze | 25 mph (22 kt) |
| 5 | High breeze | 35 mph (30 kt) |
| 6 | Gale | 45 mph (39 kt) |
| 7 | Strong gale | 60 mph (51 kt) |
| 8 | Violent gale | 75 mph (65 kt) |
| 9 | Hurricane | 90 mph (78 kt) |
| 10 | Most violent | 100 mph (87 kt) |
Table 5: Newly developed regionally-based wind-pressure relationships for the Atlantic basin. Winds are maximum sustained surface winds in knots and pressures are central pressures in mb at sea level.
| P(MB) | GMEX | <25N | 25-35N | 35-45N | KRAFT | DVORAK |
| 1000 | 45 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 45 |
| 990 | 62 | 64 | 63 | 63 | 67 | 61 |
| 980 | 76 | 78 | 75 | 73 | 80 | 76 |
| 970 | 89 | 89 | 85 | 82 | 92 | 90 |
| 960 | 100 | 100 | 94 | 90 | 102 | 102 |
| 950 | 110 | 110 | 103 | 97 | 111 | 113 |
| 940 | 119 | 119 | 110 | 103 | 120 | 122 |
| 930 | 128 | 127 | 117 | --- | 128 | 132 |
| 920 | 137 | 135 | 124 | --- | 135 | 141 |
| 910 | 145 | 143 | --- | --- | 142 | 151 |
| 900 | 153 | 150 | --- | --- | 149 | 161 |
| 890 | --- | 157 | --- | --- | --- | 170 |
Table 6: Best track information for Storm 1, 1856 in the standard
HURDAT format (a) and in an "easy-to-read" version (b).
(a)
00820 08/09/1856 M= 4 1 SNBR= 29 NOT NAMED XING=1 SSS=4 00825 08/09*250 839 70 0*257 851 80 0*263 865 90 0*270 878 100 0 00830 08/10*277 891 110 0*282 898 120 0*287 905 130 0*292 911 130 934 00835 08/11*297 916 110 0*300 918 80 0*303 919 60 0*306 918 50 0 00840 08/12*309 916 40 0*313 910 40 0* 0 0 0 0* 0 0 0 0 00845 HR LA4(b)
Month Day Hour Lat. Long. Dir. ______Speed_____ _____Wind________ Pressure Type 8 9 0 UTC 25.0N 83.9W deg mph/ km/hr 80 mph/130 km/hr mb H-Cat. 1 8 9 6 UTC 25.7N 85.1W 305 deg 13 mph/ 22 km/hr 90 mph/150 km/hr mb H-Cat. 1 8 9 12 UTC 26.3N 86.5W 295 deg 14 mph/ 24 km/hr 100 mph/170 km/hr mb H-Cat. 2 8 9 18 UTC 27.0N 87.8W 300 deg 14 mph/ 24 km/hr 120 mph/190 km/hr mb MH-Cat. 3 8 10 0 UTC 27.7N 89.1W 300 deg 14 mph/ 24 km/hr 130 mph/200 km/hr mb MH-Cat. 3 8 10 6 UTC 28.2N 89.8W 310 deg 8 mph/ 12 km/hr 140 mph/220 km/hr mb MH-Cat. 4 8 10 12 UTC 28.7N 90.5W 310 deg 8 mph/ 12 km/hr 150 mph/240 km/hr mb MH-Cat. 4 8 10 18 UTC 29.2N 91.1W 315 deg 8 mph/ 12 km/hr 150 mph/240 km/hr 934 mb MH-Cat. 4Lndfll 8 11 0 UTC 29.7N 91.6W 320 deg 6 mph/ 11 km/hr 130 mph/200 km/hr mb MH-Cat. 3 8 11 6 UTC 30.0N 91.8W 330 deg 3 mph/ 5 km/hr 90 mph/150 km/hr mb H-Cat. 1 8 11 12 UTC 30.3N 91.9W 345 deg 3 mph/ 5 km/hr 70 mph/110 km/hr mb TS 8 11 18 UTC 30.6N 91.8W 15 deg 3 mph/ 5 km/hr 60 mph/ 90 km/hr mb TS 8 12 0 UTC 30.9N 91.6W 30 deg 3 mph/ 5 km/hr 50 mph/ 70 km/hr mb TS 8 12 6 UTC 31.3N 91.0W 50 deg 6 mph/ 11 km/hr 50 mph/ 70 km/hr mb TS
Table 7: Estimated average position and intensity errors in best track for the years 1851-1910.
Negative bias errors indicate an underestimation of the true intensity.
_____________________________________________________________________________
| Situation | Dates | Position Error | Intensity Error (absolute) | Intensity Error (bias) |
| Open ocean | 1851-1885 | 120 nmi/220 km | 25 kt/13 m s-1 | -15 kt/-8 m s-1 |
| 1886-1910 | 100 nmi/185 km | 20 kt/10 m s-1 | -10 kt/-5 m s-1 | |
| Landfall at sparsely | 1851-1885 | 120 nmi/220 km | 25 kt/13 m s-1 | -15 kt/-8 m s-1 |
| populated area | 1886-1910 | 100 nmi/185 km | 20 kt/10 m s-1 | -10 kt/-5 m s-1 |
| Landfall at settled | 1851-1885 | 60 nmi/110 km | 15 kt/8 m s-1 | 0 kt/0 m s-1 |
| area | 1886-1910 | 60 nmi/110 km | 12 kt/6 m s-1 | 0 kt/0 m s-1 |
Table 8: Continental United States Hurricanes: 1851-1910. Updated August 27, 2003.
____________________________________________________________________________
#/Date
Time Lat Lon Max Saffir- RMW
Storm Central Environ. States
Winds Simpson Surge Pressure
Pressure Affected
1-6/25/1851$ 1200Z 28.5N 96.5W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ BTX1
4-8/23/1851$ 2100Z 30.1N 85.7W 100kt 3 --- 12'% (960mb) ------ AFL3,GA1
1-8/22/1852$* 1200Z 23.8N 81.3W
80kt 1 --- --- (977mb) ------ BFL1
1-8/26/1852 0600Z 30.2N 88.6W 100kt 3 30nmi 12'%
961mb ------ AL3,MS3,LA2,AFL1
3-9/12/1852$ 0000Z 28.0N 82.8W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ BFL1
5-10/9/1852$ 2100Z 29.9N 84.4W 90kt 2 --- 7'% (969mb) ------ AFL2,GA1
8-10/21/1853* 0600Z 30.9N 80.9W
70kt 1 --- --- (965mb) ------ GA1
2-9/8/1854 2000Z 31.7N 81.1W 100kt 3 40nmi ---
950mb ------ GA3,SC2,DFL1
3-9/18/1854 2100Z 28.9N 95.3W 90kt 2 --- --- (969mb) ------ BTX2
6-9/16/1855$ 0300Z 29.2N 89.5W 110kt 3 --- 10-15'% (950mb) ------ LA3,MS3
1-8/10/1856$ 1800Z 29.2N 91.1W 130kt 4 12nmi 11-12'% 934mb ------ LA4
5-8/31/1856$ 0600Z 30.2N 85.9W 90kt 2 --- 6'% (969mb) ------ AFL2,AL1,GA1
2-9/13/1857& 1100Z 35.2N 75.7W 80kt 1 --- --- 961mb ------ NC1
3-9/16/1858 1700Z 40.9N 72.2W 80kt 1 45nmi ---
(976mb) ------ NY1
3-9/16/1858 1800Z 41.3N 72.0W 70kt 1 45nmi ---
979mb ------ CT1,RI1,MA1
5-9/16/1859 0000Z 30.3N 88.1W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ AL1
1-8/11/1860$ 2000Z 29.2N 90.0W 110kt 3 --- 12'% (950mb) ------ LA3,MS3,AL2
4-9/15/1860$ 0400Z 29.3N 89.6W 90kt 2 --- 10'% (969mb) ------ LA2,MS2,AL1
6-10/2/1860$ 1700Z 29.5N 91.4W 90kt 2 --- --- (969mb) ------ LA2
2-8/16/1861$* 0000Z 24.2N 82.0W
70kt 1 --- --- (970mb) ------ BFL1
5-9/27/1861 1700Z 34.5N 77.4W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ NC1
8-11/2/1861 1000Z 34.7N 76.6W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ NC1
4-9/13/1865$ 2100Z 29.8N 93.4W 90kt 2 --- --- (969mb) ------ LA2,CTX1
7-10/23/1865$ 1000Z 24.6N 81.7W
90kt 2 --- --- (969mb) ------ BFL2
7-10/23/1865$ 1400Z 25.4N 81.1W
90kt 2 --- ---
(969mb) ------ BFL2,CFL1
1-7/15/1866 1200Z 28.5N 96.5W 90kt 2 --- --- (969mb) ------ BTX2
1-6/22/1867 1400Z 32.9N 79.7W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ SC1
7-10/2/1867$# 1500Z 25.4N 97.1W
70kt 1 --- --- (969mb) ------ ATX1
7-10/4/1867$ 1500Z 29.2N 91.0W 90kt 2 --- 7'% (969mb) ------ LA2,CTX1
7-10/6/1867$ 1500Z 29.6N 83.4W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ AFL1
2-8/17/1869 0700Z 28.1N 96.8W 90kt 2 ---
--- (969mb) ------ BTX2
5-9/5/1869$ 1200Z 29.2N 90.0W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ LA1
6-9/8/1869& 2100Z 41.0N 71.9W 80kt 1 30nmi ---
963mb ------ NY1
6-9/8/1869 2200Z 41.4N 71.7W 100kt 3 30nmi 8'%
965mb
------
RI3,MA3,CT1
10-10/4/1869& 1900Z 41.3N 70.5W
80kt 1 30nmi ---
(965mb) ------ MA1
10-10/4/1869& 2000Z 41.7N 70.4W
80kt 1 30nmi ---
(965mb) ------ MA1
10-10/4/1869 2300Z 43.7N 70.1W 90kt 2 --- --- (968mb) ------ ME2
1-7/30/1870 1800Z 30.5N 88.0W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ AL1
6-10/10/1870$*
0500Z 24.6N 80.8W 70kt 1
--- --- (970mb) ------ BFL1,CFL1
9-10/20/1870$ 1400Z
24.7N 82.8W 80kt 1
--- --- (977mb) ------ BFL1
9-10/20/1870$ 2000Z 26.0N 81.6W
80kt 1 --- --- (977mb) ------ BFL1
3-8/17/1871$ 0200Z 27.1N 80.2W 100kt 3 30nmi ---
955mb 1016mb CFL3,DFL1,AFL1
4-8/25/1871$ 0500Z 27.6N 80.3W 90kt
2 --- --- (965mb) ------ CFL2,DFL1
6-9/6/1871$ 1400Z 29.2N 83.0W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ AFL1
3-9/19/1873$ 1500Z 29.9N 84.4W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ AFL1
5-10/7/1873$ 0100Z 26.5N 82.2W 100kt 3 26nmi 14'%
959mb
1014mb
BFL3,CFL2,DFL1
6-9/28/1874$ 0300Z 29.1N 82.9W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ AFL1
6-9/28/1874 1800Z 32.8N 80.0W 80kt 1 --- --- 981mb ------ SC1,NC1
3-9/16/1875 2100Z 27.7N 97.2W 100kt 3 --- 15'% (960mb) ------ BTX3,ATX2
2-9/17/1876 1400Z 34.4N 77.6W 80kt 1 --- --- 980mb ------ NC1,VA1
5-10/20/1876$ 0500Z 25.8N 81.4W
90kt 2 --- --- 973mb ------ BFL2,CFL1
2-9/18/1877$ 1600Z 29.2N 91.0W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ LA1
2-9/19/1877$ 2000Z 30.4N 86.6W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ AFL1
4-10/3/1877$ 0500Z 30.0N 85.5W 100kt 3 --- 12'% (960mb) ------ AFL3,GA1
5-9/10/1878$ 1100Z 28.6N 82.6W 90kt 2 --- --- (970mb) 1010mb BFL2,DFL1
5-9/12/1878 1200Z 32.5N 80.4W 80kt 1 --- --- (976mb) ------ NC1,SC1,GA1
11-10/23/1878 0400Z 34.8N 77.1W
90kt 2 --- 12’% (963mb) ------ NC2,VA1,MD1,DE1,NJ1,PA1
2-8/18/1879 1200Z 34.7N 76.7W 100kt 3 16nmi 7’ 971mb 1014mb NC3,VA2
2-8/19/1879& 0600Z 41.4N 70.8W 60kt TS --- --- 984mb ------ (None)
3-8/23/1879 0200Z 29.4N 94.4W 90kt 2 --- --- 964mb ------ CTX2,LA2
4-9/1/1879$ 1600Z 29.5N 91.4W 110kt 3 --- --- (950mb) ------ LA3
2-8/13/1880# 0100Z 25.8N 97.0W 110kt 3 12nmi ---
931mb ------ ATX3
4-8/29/1880$ 1200Z 28.2N 80.6W 90kt 2 --- ---
972mb
------
CFL2,DFL1
4-8/31/1880 0400Z 29.7N 84.8W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ AFL1
6-9/9/1880 1000Z 34.7N 77.1W 70kt 1 --- --- 987mb ------ NC1
9-10/8/1880 1900Z 28.9N 82.7W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ AFL1
5-8/28/1881 0200Z 31.7N 81.1W 90kt 2 15nmi ---
970mb ------ GA2,SC1
6-9/9/1881 1600Z 33.9N 78.1W 90kt 2 15nmi ---
975mb ------ NC2
2-9/10/1882 0200Z 30.4N 86.8W 100kt 3 --- --- 949mb ------ AFL3,AL1
3-9/15/1882 0500Z 29.8N 93.7W 90kt 2 --- --- (969mb) ------ LA2,CTX1
6-10/11/1882 0400Z 29.5N 83.3W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ AFL1
3-9/11/1883 1300Z 33.9N 78.5W 90kt 2
--- --- (965mb) ------ NC2,SC1
2-8/25/1885 0900Z 32.2N 80.7W 100kt 3 --- --- (953mb) ------ SC3,NC2,GA1,DFL1
1-6/14/1886 1600Z 29.6N 94.2W 85kt 2 --- 7'% (973mb) ------ CTX2,LA2
2-6/21/1886 1100Z 30.1N 84.0W 85kt
2 --- --- (973mb) ------ AFL2,GA1
3-6/30/1886 2100Z 29.7N 85.2W 85kt 2 --- --- (973mb) ------ AFL2
4-7/19/1886 0100Z 28.8N 82.7W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ AFL1
5-8/20/1886 1300Z 28.1N 96.8W 135kt 4 15nmi 15'
925mb
------ BTX4
8-9/23/1886# 0700Z 26.0N 97.2W 80kt 1 --- --- (973mb) ------ ATX1,BTX1
10-10/12/1886 2200Z 29.8N 93.5W
105kt 3 --- 12'% (955mb) ------ LA3,CTX2
4-7/27/1887
1500Z 30.4N 86.6W 75kt 1 --- --- (981mb) ------ AFL1
6-8/20/1887* 1200Z 35.0N 75.0W 65kt 1 --- --- (946mb) ------ NC1
9-9/21/1887 1700Z 26.1N 97.2W 85kt 2 --- --- 973mb ------ ATX2
13-10/19/1887
0200Z 29.1N 90.4W 75kt
1 --- --- (981mb) ------ LA1
1-6/17/1888 0600Z 28.7N 95.7W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ BTX1
3-8/16/1888$ 1900Z 25.8N 80.1W 110kt 3 --- 14'% (945mb) ------ CFL3,BFL1
3-8/19/1888 1600Z 29.1N 90.7W 95kt 2 --- --- (964mb) ------ LA2
6-9/26/1888& 1300Z 41.6N 69.9W 55kt TS --- --- 985mb ------ (None)
7-10/11/1888 0100Z 29.2N 83.1W 95kt 2 11nmi 9' 970mb ------ AFL2,DFL1
6-9/23/1889 0400Z 29.1N 89.8W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ LA1
1-7/5/1891 2200Z 28.8N 95.5W 80kt 1 --- --- (977mb) ------ BTX1,CTX1
3-8/24/1891$ 1500Z 25.4N 80.2W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ CFL1
4-8/24/1893 1200Z 40.6N 73.9W 75kt 1 30nmi ---
986mb ------ NY1,VA1
6-8/28/1893 0500Z 31.7N 81.1W 100kt 3 23nmi 9-10'
954mb 1010mb GA3,SC3,NC1,DFL1
8-9/7/1893 1400Z 29.2N 91.1W 85kt 2 --- --- 973mb ------ LA2
10-10/2/1893 0800Z 29.3N 89.8W 115kt 4 12nmi ---
948mb ------ LA4
10-10/2/1893 1600Z 30.3N 88.9W 95kt 2 17nmi 10-12'% 970mb ------
MS2,AL2
9-10/13/1893 1300Z 33.0N 79.5W 105kt 3 15nmi 14'%
955mb ------ SC3,NC2,VA1
4-9/25/1894$ 1100Z 24.7N 82.0W 80kt 1 --- --- 985mb ------ BFL1
4-9/25/1894$ 1900Z 26.5N 82.0W 90kt 2 --- --- (975mb) ------ BFL2,DFL1
4-9/27/1894 0700Z 32.3N 80.7W 80kt 1 --- 10'% (976mb) ------ SC1
4-9/29/1894* 1200Z 37.0N 75.0W 70kt 1 --- --- (978mb) ------ VA1
5-10/9/1894 0300Z 30.2N 85.5W 105kt 3 --- --- (955mb) ------ AFL3,GA1
5-10/10/1894 1500Z 40.7N 72.9W 75kt 1 --- --- (978mb) ------ NY1,RI1
2-8/30/1895# 0400Z 25.0N 97.6W 65kt 2 --- --- (973mb) ------ ATX1
1-7/7/1896 1700Z 30.4N 86.5W 85kt 2 --- --- (973mb) ------ AFL2
2-9/10/1896 1300Z 41.2N 70.6W 70kt 1 30nmi ---
(985mb) ------ RI1,MA1
4-9/29/1896 1100Z 29.2N 83.1W 110kt 3 15nmi ---
960mb 1014mb AFL3,DFL3,GA2,SC1,NC1,VA1
2-9/13/1897 0500Z 29.7N 93.8W 75kt
1 --- 6'% (981mb) ------ LA1,CTX1
1-8/2/1898 2300Z 29.7N 84.8W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) ------ AFL1
2-8/31/1898 0700Z 32.1N 80.8W 75kt 1 --- --- (980mb) ------ GA1,SC1
7-10/2/1898 1600Z 30.9N 81.4W 115kt 4 18nmi 16'
938mb
1010mb GA4,DFL2
2-8/1/1899 1700Z 29.7N 84.7W 85kt 2 --- --- 979mb 1017mb AFL2
3-8/18/1899 0100Z 35.2N 75.8W 105kt 3 --- --- (945mb) 1012mb NC3
8-10/31/1899 0900Z 33.6N 79.0W 95kt
2 35nmi 9'% 955mb 1012mb NC2,SC2
1-9/9/1900 0140Z 29.1N 95.1W 125kt 4 14nmi 20'%
931mb 1012mb CTX4
3-7/11/1901 0720Z 36.0N 75.8W 70kt 1 --- --- (983mb) 1016mb NC1
4-8/14/1901 2110Z 29.3N 89.6W 80kt
1 --- 8'% (973mb) 1013mb LA1
4-8/15/1901 1700Z 30.4N 88.8W 80kt 1 33nmi 8'%
973mb 1013mb MS1,AL1
3-9/11/1903 2250Z 26.1N 80.1W 75kt 1 43nmi 8'%
976mb 1016mb CFL1
3-9/13/1903 2330Z 30.1N 85.6W 80kt
1 --- 10'% (977mb) 1016mb AFL1
4-9/16/1903 1120Z 39.1N 74.7W 70kt 1 --- --- 990mb 1020mb NJ1,DE1
2-9/14/1904 1320Z 33.1N 79.2W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) 1017mb SC1
3-10/17/1904 0750Z 25.3N 80.3W 70kt
1 --- --- (985mb) 1016mb CFL1
2-6/17/1906 0240Z 24.7N 81.1W 70kt 1 --- --- (986mb) 1013mb BFL1,CFL1
2-6/17/1906 0750Z 25.2N 80.7W 75kt 1 26nmi ---
979mb 1013mb CFL1
5-9/17/1906 2140Z 33.3N 79.2W 80kt
1 30nmi --- 977mb 1018mb SC1,NC1
6-9/27/1906 1100Z 30.2N 88.6W 95kt 2 43nmi 14'%
958mb 1013mb MS2,AL2,AFL2,LA1
8-10/18/1906 0930Z 24.7N 81.1W 105kt 3 12nmi ---
953mb 1010mb BFL3,CFL3
8-10/18/1906 1130Z 25.2N 80.8W 105kt 3 12nmi ---
953mb 1010mb CFL3,BFL1
2-5/29/1908& 2100Z 35.2N 75.6W 55kt TS --- --- 989mb 1015mb (None)
3-7/31/1908 1130Z 34.6N 77.1W 70kt 1 --- --- (985mb) 1017mb NC1
2-6/29/1909 1700Z 26.1N 97.2W 85kt 2 --- 7'% 972mb 1012mb ATX2
4-7/21/1909 1650Z 28.9N 95.3W 100kt 3 19nmi 10'%
959mb 1015mb CTX3
6-8/27/1909# 2140Z 23.7N 97.7W 65kt 1 --- --- (955mb) 1014mb ATX1
8-9/21/1909 0000Z 29.5N 91.3W 105kt 3 28nmi 15'%
952mb 1012mb LA3,MS2
10-10/11/1909
1800Z 24.7N 81.0W 100kt 3 22nmi --- 957mb 1009mb BFL3,CFL3
3-9/14/1910 2200Z 26.9N 97.4W 95kt 2 --- --- (965mb) 1011mb ATX2
5-10/17/1910* 1900Z 24.6N 82.6W
90kt 2 28nmi ---
941mb 1008mb BFL2
5-10/18/1910 0600Z 26.5N 82.0W 95kt 2 28nmi 15'%
955mb 1008mb BFL2
____________________________________________________________________________
Notes:
Date/Time: Day and time when the circulation center crossed the U.S. coastline (including barrier islands). Time was estimate to the nearest hour for the period of 1851 to 1899 and to the nearest ten minutes for the period of 1900 to 1910.
Lat/Lon: Location was estimated to the nearest 0.1 degrees latitude and longitude (about 6 nmi).
Max Winds: Estimated maximum sustained 1-min surface (10 m) winds to occur along the U. S. coast. Winds are estimated to the nearest 10 kt for the period of 1851 to 1885 and to the nearest 5 kt for the period of 1886 to 1910.
Saffir-Simpson: The estimated Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale at landfall based upon maximum sustained surface winds. "TS" indicates that the hurricane's center made landfall, but that hurricane force wind remained offshore.
RMW: The radius of maximum winds at the surface (primarily for the right front quadrant of the hurricane), if available.
Storm surge: Maximum observed storm surge, if available. Though a higher value may have occurred, it might not have been recorded.
Central Pressure: The observed (or analyzed from peripheral pressure measurements) minimum central pressure of the hurricane at landfall. Central pressure values in parentheses indicate that the value was a simple estimation (based upon a wind-pressure relationship) and not directly observed or calculated.
Environmental Pressure: The sea level pressure at the outer limits of the hurricane circulation determined by moving outward from the storm center to the first anticyclonically turning isobar in four equally spaced directions and averaging the four pressures thus obtained.
States Affected: The impact of the hurricane on individual U.S. states based upon the Saffir-Simpson Scale (again through the estimate of the maximum sustained surface winds at each state). (ATX-South Texas, BTX-Central Texas, CTX-North Texas, LA-Louisiana, MS-Mississippi, AL-Alabama, AFL-Northwest Florida, BFL-Southwest Florida, CFL-Southeast Florida, DFL-Northeast Florida, GA-Georgia, SC-South Carolina, NC-North Carolina, VA-Virginia, MD-Maryland, DE-Delaware, NJ-New Jersey, NY-New York, PA-Pennsylvania, CT-Connecticut, RI-Rhode Island, MA-Massachusetts, NH-New Hampshire, ME-Maine. In Texas, south refers to the area from the Mexican border to Corpus Christi; central spans from north of Corpus Christi to Matagorda Bay and north refers to the region from north of Matagorda Bay to the Louisiana border. In Florida, the north-south dividing line is from Cape Canaveral [28.45N] to Tarpon Springs [28.17N]. The dividing line between west-east Florida goes from 82.69W at the north Florida border with Georgia, to Lake Okechobee and due south along longitude 80.85W.)
$ - Indicates that the hurricane may not have been reliably estimated for intensity (both central pressure and maximum sustained wind speed) because of landfall in a relatively uninhabited region. Errors in intensity are likely to be underestimates of the true intensity.
* - Indicates that the hurricane center did not make a U.S. landfall, but did produce hurricane force winds over land. The position indicated is the point of closest approach. In this table, maximum winds refer to the strongest winds estimated to impact the United States. In this case, central pressure is given for the hurricane's point of closest approach.
& - Indicates that the hurricane center did make a direct landfall, but that the strongest winds likely remained offshore. Thus the winds indicated here are lower than in HURDAT.
# - Indicates that the hurricane made landfall over Mexico, but also caused hurricane winds in Texas. The position given is that of the Mexican landfall. The strongest winds at landfall impacted Mexico, while the weaker maximum sustained winds indicated here were conditions estimated to occur in Texas. Indicated central pressure given is that at Mexican landfall.
% - Indicates that the value listed is a "storm tide" observation rather than a "storm surge", which removes the astronomical tide component.
Table 9: Continental United States Tropical Storms: 1851-1910. Updated August 27, 2003.
____________________________________________________________________________
#/Date Time Lat Lon Max
Landfall
Winds State
6-10/19/1851 1500Z
41.1N 71.7W 50kt NY
3- 8/19/1856 1100Z
34.8 76.4 50 NC
4- 9/30/1857$
1000Z 25.8 97.0 50 TX
3- 9/14/1858$
1500Z 27.6 82.7 60 FL
3- 9/16/1858*
0300Z 35.2 75.2 50 NC
7-10/17/1859$
1600Z 26.4 80.1 60 FL
7-10/ 7/1861 1200Z
35.3 75.3 50 NC
8-11/ 1/1861$
0800Z 26.0 81.8 60 FL
8-11/ 3/1861 0800Z
41.0 72.3 60 NY
8-11/ 3/1861 0900Z
41.2 72.0 50 CT
6- 9/18/1863 1300Z
34.6 77.1 60 NC
9- 9/29/1863$
1200Z 29.3 94.8 60 TX
2- 6/30/1865$
1800Z 26.0 97.5 50 TX
3- 8/22/1865*
1800Z 34.5 74.6 40 NC
5- 9/ 7/1865$
0000Z 29.7 92.0 60 LA
7-10/30/1866 0800Z
39.5 74.3 60 NJ
2- 8/ 2/1867*
0100Z 34.9 75.0 60 NC
2- 8/ 2/1867*
2200Z 40.9 69.3 50 MA
2-10/ 4/1868$
1600Z 29.9 85.4 60 FL
2- 9/ 3/1870*
1800Z 40.5 68.8 40 MA
1- 6/ 4/1871 0700Z
29.1 95.1 50 TX
2- 6/ 9/1871 1700Z
29.2 95.0 50 TX
3-8/23/1871 0000Z
31.2 81.3 60 GA
7-10/ 5/1871$
1600Z 30.0 83.9 60 FL
1- 7/11/1872 0500Z
29.1 89.1 50 LA
1- 7/11/1872 0800Z
30.2 89.0 50 MS
5-10/23/1872$
0800Z 27.9 82.7 50 FL
5-10/25/1872 0100Z
34.4 77.7 50 NC
1- 6/ 2/1873 1100Z
30.8 81.4 40 GA
4- 9/23/1873$
1000Z 27.8 82.8 50 FL
1- 7/ 4/1874 2000Z
28.5 96.2 50 TX
4- 9/ 4/1874$#
1200Z 25.0 97.6 40 TX
4- 9/27/1875$
1300Z 30.1 85.7 50
FL
2- 9/16/1876$*
1500Z 25.5 79.7 40 FL
7-10/26/1877$
2100Z 29.3 83.2 40 FL
1- 7/ 2/1878$
1500Z 26.0 81.8 40 FL
5- 9/ 7/1878$
2100Z 24.7 80.9 60 FL
5- 9/ 8/1878$
0200Z 25.2 81.0 60 FL
8-10/10/1878$
2100Z 29.9 85.4 50 FL
11-10/22/1878$* 0000Z 25.9
79.8 50 FL
2-8/19/1879& 0600Z
41.4 70.8 60 MA
5-10/ 7/1879 0500Z
29.0 89.2 50 LA
6-10/16/1879$
0800Z 30.4 86.6 50 FL
7-10/27/1879$
2100Z 29.0 82.7 60 FL
1- 6/24/1880 1500Z
28.7 95.7 40 TX
6- 9/ 8/1880 1600Z
29.8 83.6 50 FL
11-10/23/1880
0800Z 41.3 70.0 60 MA
11-10/23/1880
1300Z 44.0 68.8 60 ME
1- 8/ 3/1881 1300Z
30.2 88.3 50 AL
2- 8/13/1881 2100Z
28.0 96.9 40 TX
4- 9/22/1882 2200Z
34.7 77.0 50 NC
4- 9/24/1882 0500Z
40.7 72.8 40 NY
3- 9/11/1884 0100Z
31.6 81.2 40 GA
3- 8/22/1885 2300Z
30.1 85.7 50 FL
4- 9/21/1885 0300Z
29.0 89.4 50 LA
4- 9/21/1885 1200Z
30.0 85.6 50 FL
4- 9/23/1885*
0300Z 41.6 69.7 50 MA
6- 9/26/1885 0400Z
29.6 89.0 60 LA
6-10/ 2/1885*
1500Z 35.0 74.8 50 NC
8-10/11/1885 2200Z
29.4 83.2 60 FL
5-8/18/1886*$
0100Z 23.9 81.9 55 FL
3-6/14/1887 0700Z 30.2
88.7 35 MS
7-8/25/1887* 0600Z
35.0 74.4 50 NC
16-10/30/1887$
0100Z 26.8 82.3 40 FL
2-7/5/1888 1600Z 28.8
95.6 50 TX
4-9/6/1888*$ 0000Z
23.0 81.9 50 FL
5-9/8/1888$ 0000Z 26.7
80.0 45 FL
6-9/26/1888& 1300Z
41.6 69.9 55 MA
7-10/11/1888 1600Z
33.9 78.1 60 NC
9-11/25/1888*
1800Z 35.3 74.2 60 NC
2-6/17/1889 1500Z 29.1
82.9 45 FL
4-9/11/1889* 2100Z
38.4 72.7 60 NJ
6-9/23/1889 1300Z 30.3
87.7 60 FL
9-10/5/1889$ 2300Z
24.7 81.1 40 FL
9-10/6/1889$ 0100Z
25.2 80.9 40 FL
2-8/27/1890 1600Z 29.1
90.8 50 LA
7-10/7/1891$ 0000Z 25.0
81.2 45 FL
8-10/9/1891$ 1400Z 25.8
81.7 45 FL
9-10/12/1891* 0600Z 35.0
74.1 60 NC
1-6/10/1892$ 2300Z
25.7 81.3 40 FL
4-9/12/1892 0700Z 29.0
90.6 50 LA
9-10/24/1892$
1900Z 27.6 82.8 45 FL
1-6/15/1893 2300Z 29.9
83.7 60 FL
11-10/23/1893
0300Z 35.2 75.6 50 NC
11-10/23/1893
1100Z 38.1 75.6 45 VI
12-11/8/1893*
1800Z 35.6 74.6 55 NC
2-8/7/1894 1800Z 30.3
87.6 50 AL
4-9/28/1894 1200Z 34.7
76.7 60 NC
1-8/15/1895 1900Z 29.3
89.6 50 LA
1-8/16/1895 1300Z 30.2
88.8 45 MS
4-10/7/1895 0400Z 29.3
94.8 35 TX
6-10/16/1895$
1300Z 25.7 81.3 35 FL
5-10/9/1896$ 0200Z
26.4 82.0 50 FL
5-10/13/1896*
1200Z 40.0 67.2 60 RI
2-9/10/1897$& 1800Z
24.4 81.9 50 FL
3-9/21/1897$ 0200Z
26.7 82.3 60 FL
3-9/23/1897& 1000Z
35.2 75.7 50 NC
3-9/24/1897 1100Z 40.8
72.7 50 NY
3-9/24/1897 1300Z 41.3
72.2 45 CT
5-10/20/1897 2000Z
35.2 75.5 55 NC
6-10/25/1897 2300Z
36.1 75.8 55 NC
1-8/2/1898$ 0300Z 27.1
80.1 35 FL
5-9/20/1898 1100Z 29.6
92.8 50 LA
6-9/28/1898 0700Z 29.4
94.7 50 TX
8-9/26/1898$ 0600Z
25.1 80.8 40 FL
9-10/11/1898$&
1200Z 24.5 80.0 40 FL
1-6/27/1899 0900Z 29.1
95.1 35 TX
2-7/30/1899$ 1000Z
24.9 80.6 40 FL
3-8/13/1899* 1200Z
27.0 78.6 60 FL
6-10/5/1899$ 1000Z 27.9
82.8 50 FL
4-9/13/1900 0630Z 29.2 89.5
40 LA
4-9/13/1900 1500Z 30.3 88.8
35 MS
6-10/12/1900 0250Z
29.5 83.3 40 FL
1-6/13/1901 2050Z 29.9
84.6 35 FL
2-7/10/1901 1010Z 28.6
96.0 45 TX
3-7/12/1901 2210Z 34.0
77.9 35 NC
4-8/10/1901 2130Z 26.3
80.1 40 FL
7-9/17/1901 1930Z 30.4
86.6 50 FL
9-9/28/1901 0250Z 29.9
84.6 40 FL
1-6/14/1902 2310Z 29.8
83.7 50 FL
2-6/26/1902 2110Z 27.7
97.2 60 TX
4-10/10/1902 2120Z
30.3 87.3 50 FL
3-10/20/1904 1010Z
25.5 81.2 35 FL
5-11/3/1904 1230Z 30.5
86.4 35 FL
3-9/29/1905 0940Z 29.6
92.6 45 LA
5-10/9/1905 1720Z 29.5
91.4 45 LA
1-6/12/1906 2030Z 30.1
85.6 45 FL
8-10/21/1906 0930Z 30.0
81.4 50 FL
1-6/28/1907 2340Z 30.3
85.9 50 FL
2-9/21/1907 1700Z 30.4 88.9
40 MS
3-9/28/1907 2020Z 30.1
85.7 45 FL
2-5/29/1908& 2100Z
35.2 75.6 55 NC
2-5/30/1908 2250Z 41.3
72.0 35 CT
4-9/1/1908 0900Z 34.7
76.5 45 NC
3-6/28/1909 2010Z 26.0
80.1 45 FL
3-6/30/1909 1400Z 30.1
84.1 35 FL
7-8/29/1909 0900Z 26.4
80.1 45 FL
2-8/21/1910# 0000Z
25.7 97.2 40 TX
____________________________________________________________________________
Notes:
Date/Time: Day and time when the circulation center crossed the U.S. coastline (including barrier islands). Time was estimated to the nearest hour for the period of 1851 to 1899 and to the nearest ten minutes for the period of 1900 to 1910.
Lat/Lon: Location was estimated to the nearest 0.1 degrees latitude and longitude (about 6 nmi).
Max Winds: Estimated maximum sustained 1-min surface (10 m) winds to occur along the U. S. coast. Winds are estimated to the nearest 10 kt for the period of 1851 to 1885 and to the nearest 5 kt for the period of 1886 to 1910.
Landfall States: TX- Texas, LA-Louisiana, MS-Mississippi, AL-Alabama, FL- Florida, GA-Georgia, SC-South Carolina, NC-North Carolina, VA-Virginia, MD-Maryland, DE-Delaware, NJ-New Jersey, NY-New York, CT-Connecticut, RI-Rhode Island, MA-Massachusetts, NH-New Hampshire, ME-Maine.
$ - Indicates that the tropical storm may not have been reliably estimated for intensity (maximum sustained wind speed) because of landfall in a relatively uninhabited region. Errors in intensity are likely to be underestimates of the true intensity.
# - Indicates that the tropical storm or hurricane made landfall over Mexico, but also caused tropical storm force winds in Texas. The position given is that of the Mexican landfall. The strongest winds at landfall impacted Mexico, while the weaker maximum sustained winds indicated here were conditions estimated to occur in Texas.
* - Indicates that the tropical storm or hurricane center did not make a U.S. landfall, but did produce tropical storm force winds over land. The position indicated is the point of closest approach. In this table, maximum winds refer to the strongest winds estimated to impact the United States.
& - Indicates that the tropical storm or hurricane center did make a direct landfall, but that the strongest winds likely remained offshore. Thus the winds indicated here are lower than in HURDAT.
Table 10: Estimated dates when accurate tropical cyclone records began for specified regions of the United States based upon U.S Census reports and other historical analyses. Years in parenthesis indicate possible starting dates for reliable records before the 1850s that may be available with additional research.
| State | Date |
| Texas - south | 1880 |
| Texas - central | 1850 |
| Texas - north | 1860 |
| Louisiana | 1880 |
| Mississippi | 1850 |
| Alabama | < 1851 (1830) |
| Florida – northwest | 1880 |
| Florida – southwest | 1900 |
| Florida – southeast | 1900 |
| Florida – northeast | 1880 |
| Georgia | < 1851 (1800) |
| South Carolina | < 1851 (1760) |
| North Carolina | < 1851 (1760) |
| Virginia | < 1851 (1700) |
| Maryland | < 1851 (1760) |
| Delaware | < 1851 (1700) |
| New Jersey | < 1851 (1760) |
| New York | < 1851 (1700) |
| Connecticut | < 1851 (1660) |
| Rhode Island | < 1851 (1760) |
| Massachusetts | < 1851 (1660) |
| New Hampshire | < 1851 (1660) |
| Maine | < 1851 (1790) |