Laffoley, D., Baxter, J. M., Bleakley, R. J., and Richards, M. 1995. Marine Protected Areas in the United Kingdom: Past Experience and Future Opportunities Pages 174-182 in N.L. Shackell, and J.H. Martin Willison (editors). Marine Protected Areas and Sustainable Fisheries. Published by Science and Management.

This paper reviews experience in establishing marine protected areas in the UK, focusing on the designation of statutory sites for marine nature conservation purposes. It highlights the problems that have been encountered and that have been responsible for the slow progress to date. Future progress is likely toward the turn of the century possibly through the implementation of the UK Biodiversity Action Plan and with the establishment of multiple use marine reserves under the European Community Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Flora and Fauna.

Langton, R.W., R.S. Steneck, V. Gotceitas, F. Juanes, and P. Lawton. 1996. The interface between fisheries research and habitat management. North Am. J. Fish. Mang. 16:1-7.

Lee, T.N. 1975. Florida current spin-off eddies. Deep-sea Research 22: 753-763.

Lee, T.N. 1986. Coastal circulation in the Key Largo Coral Reef Marine Sanctuary. Pages 178-198 in M.J. Bowman, M.J. Barber, and N.K. Mooers (eds). Physics of Shallow Estuaries and Bays. Springer- Verlag, Berlin 280 p.

Lee, T.N., C. Rooth, E. Williams, M. McGowan, A.F. Szmant, and M.E. Clarke. 1992. Continental Shelf Research 12: 971-1002.

Lee, T.N., M.E. Clarke, E. Williams, A.F. Szmant, and T. Berger. 1994. Evolution of the Tortugas Gyre and its influence on recruitment in the Florida Keys. Bulletin of Marine Science 54(3):621-646.

Moored current measurements, satellite-tracked drifters, shipboard hydrography and a time sequence of satellite derived surface thermal images are used to show the formation and evolution of cold, cyclonic gyres coupled to large offshore meanders of the Florida Current in the southern Straits of Florida (SSF). Gyre formation is dependent upon the orientation of the Loop Current as it enters the SSF causing the formation of a cold recirculation off the Dry Tortugas, approximately 200 km in size, that persists over time scales of about 100 days. The demise of the gyre occurs as it moves to the east at about 5 km.d-1, reducing to half its original size off Big Pine and Marathon Keys and unobservable off the northern keys. Previously observed local gyres between Key West and Islamorada, FL (Lee et at., 1992) are identified as a latter stage in the downstream evolution of the gyres formed off the Tortugas. When the Loop Current in not developed, flow from the Acetin Channel turns anticyclonically into the SSF, causing strong eastward flow over the slope off the Dry Tortugas and lower Florida Keys, and gyre formation does not occur. Gyre formation provides enhanced food supply, retention and shoreward transports for successful recruitment in the western and lower Florida Keys of locally spawned snapper and grouper larvae. A previously unknown potential retention area for larval invertebrates and fish on the southwest Florida shelf has been identified from a satellite tracked drifter trajectory, and a local lobster recruitment pathway combining adjective influences from the Tortugas gyre, Loop Current and shelf circulation are proposed.

Leis, J.M. 1991. The pelagic stage of reef fishes: the larval biology of coral reef fishes. Pp. 183-230 in P.F. Sale, ed. The ecology of fishes on coral reefs. Academic Press San Diego, CA.

Limouzy-Paris, C., M.F. McGowan, W.J. Richards, J.P. Umaran, and S.S. Cha. 1994. Diversity of fish larvae in the Florida Keys: Results from SEFCAR. Bull. Mar. Sci. 54: 857-870.

Lindholm, J., M. Ruth, L. Kaufman, and P. Auster. In press. A modeling approach to the design of marine refugia for fishery management. In: Linking Protected Areas With Working Landscapes. SAMPAA, Wolfville, Nova Scotia.

Lozano-Alvarez, E., P. Briones-Fourzan, and B.F. Phillips. 1991. Fishery characteristics, growth, and movements of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus in Bahia de la Ascension, Mexico. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 89: 79-89. Concludes that a deep water reserves protects lobster stocks.

Lozano-Alvarez, E., P. Briones-Fourzan, and F. Negrete-Soto. 1993. Occurrence and seasonal variations of spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus (Latreille), on the shelf outside Bahia de la Ascension, Mexico. Fishery Bulletin, U.S. 91:808-815. Concludes that a deep water reserve protects lobster stocks.