Catalogue Query Results

Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell)

NOMENCLATURE:

Dactylopius segregatus Cockerell, 1893j: 254. Type data: JAMAICA: East Street, on grass. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 183. Notes: Type material probably lost (see Wiliams & Granara de Willink, 1992).

Dactylopius virgatus Cockerell, 1893n: 178. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Notes: Type material probably lost (see Williams, 1985).

Dactylopius virgatus farinosus Cockerell, 1893n: 178. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on Propsis juliflora. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 93.

Dactylopius virgatus humilis Cockerell, 1893n: 179. Type data: JAMAICA: Kingston, on Tribulus cistoides. Syntypes, nymphal stages. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: immature. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 93.

Dactylopius ceriferus Newstead, 1894c: 24. Type data: INDIA: Nungumbaukum, on Croton sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 79. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Cockerell, 1898r: 240.

Dactylopius talini Green, 1896: 7. Type data: SRI LANKA: Paradeniya, on Talinum. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Watson, 1988a: 79. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Synonymy by Cockerell, 1899a: 391.

Dactylopius dasylirii Cockerell, 1896o: 202. Type data: U.S.A.: New Mexico, Organ, on Dasylirion wheeleri. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1953a: 362.

Dactylopius setosus Hempel, 1900a: 386. Type data: BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, on Ficus sp. Lectotype female, by subsequent designation Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 183. Type depository: Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Described: female. Synonymy by Costa Lima, 1939: 3.

Pseudococcus virgatus; Kirkaldy, 1902: 103. Change of combination.

Dactylopius magnolicida King, 1902g: 616. Type data: BRAZIL: Location and hostplant not indicated. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992: 183. Notes: Type material probably lost, see Williams and Granara de Willink (1992).

Pseudococcus magnolicida; Cockerell, 1902p: 252. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus virgatus farinosus; Cockerell, 1902p: 252. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus dasylirii; Fernald, 1903b: 101. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus segregatus; Fernald, 1903b: 109. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus virgatus humilis; Fernald, 1903b: 111. Change of combination.

Dactylopius virgatus madagascariensis Newstead, 1908: 7. Type data: MADAGASCAR: Tamatave, on undetermined plant. Syntypes, female. Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Mamet, 1951: 216.

Pseudococcus marchali Vayssiere, 1912: 366. Type data: GUINEA: on mango. Syntypes, female. Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France. Described: female. Synonymy by Ferris, 1950: 93.

Pseudococcus virgatus madagascariensis; Lindinger, 1913: 68. Change of combination.

Pseudococcus bicaudatus Keuchenius, 1915: 49. Type data: JAVA: on coffee. Syntypes, female. Described: female. Synonymy by Green, 1916d: 51. Notes: Type material probably lost according to D. Matile-Ferrero, 1989, personal communication to Y. Ben-Dov.

Ferrisia virgata; Fullaway, 1923: 308. Change of combination.

Ferrisiana virgata; Takahashi, 1929a: 429. Change of combination.

Heliococcus malvastrus McDaniel, 1962: 323. Type data: U.S.A.: Texas, Brownsville, on Malvastrum sp. Holotype female. Type depository: Davis: The Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, California, USA. Described: female. Synonymy by McKenzie, 1967: 181.

Ferrisiana setosus; Ali, 1970a: 108. Change of combination.

Ferrisia neovirgata Khalid & Shafee, 1988b: 71. Type data: INDIA: Assam, Dispur, on Psidium guajava. Holotype female. Type depository: Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, Department of Zoology, India. Described: female. Illust. Synonymy by Williams, 2004a: 268.

Dactylopius cerciferus; Tao, 1999: 14. Misspelling of species name.

COMMON NAMES: grey mealybug [LitCa1994a, LitCaCa1998]; guava mealybug [Schmut1969]; striped mealybug [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, Koszta1996]; white-tailed mealybug.



FOES: COLEOPTERA Coccinellidae: Exochomus melanocephalus (Zoubkoff) [LePell1968], Exochomus nigromaculatus (Goeze) [MayneGh1934], Nephus regularis Sic. [RawatMo1968, RawatMo1970], Pullus coccidivora Ayyar [RawatMo1970], Scymnus ochroderus Mulsant [BennetSi1964]. DIPTERA Cecidomyidae: Coccodiplosis coffeae (Barnes) [Barnes1939], Diadiplosis coccidivora (Felt) [BalakrSrVe1991]. Syrphidae: Allograpta javana (Weidemann) [BalakrSrVe1991], Xanthogramma javanna [RawatMo1970]. HETEROPTERA Lygaeidae: Geocoris tricolor Fab. [RawatMo1970]. HYMENOPTERA Encyrtidae: Achrysopophagus aegyptiacus Mercet [Risbec1949], Aenasius advena Compere [RawatMo1968a, RawatMo1970, BalakrSrVe1991], Aenasius chilecito V. Trjapitsin & S. Trjapitsin [TrjapiTr1999], Aenasius ianthinus Compere [Comper1937a], Anagyrus coccidivorus Dozier [Dozier1932a], Anagyrus kamali Moursi [AbdRab2001d], Anagyrus quadri Hayat, Alam & Agarwal [BalakrSrVe1991], Anagyrus subproximus Silvestri [Risbec1949], Anathrix argyrus Burks [Burks1952], Anicetus annulatus Timberlake [BalakrSrVe1991], Anusioptera aureocincta Brues [Rosen1981b], Blepyrus insularis (Cameron) [BalakrSrVe1991, ManiKr1991b, AbdRab2001d, AwadalIbMo1999], Gyranusoidea indica Shafee, Alam & Agarwal [AbdRab2001d], Homalotylus vicinus Silvestri [AbdRab2001d], Leptomastidea abnormis (Girault) [AbdRab2001d], Leptomastix dactylopii Howard [AbdRab2001d], Leptomastix longipennis Mercet [Risbec1949], Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus (Mercet) [AbdRab2001d], Pseudaphycus debachi Rosen [Rosen1981a], Pseudaphycus ferrisianae Bennett [Bennet1955, Rosen1981a]. Signiphoridae: Chartocerus subaeneus (Foerster) [AbdRab2001d]. HYMNOPTERA Encyrtidae: Gyranusoidea citrina (Compere) [Comper1938].

HOSTS: Acanthaceae: Graptophyllum [CockerRo1915, BenDov1994]. Agavaceae: Agave [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Cordyline terminalis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Dasylirion wheeleri [Cocker1896o, BenDov1994], Dracaena terminalis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Polianthes tuberosa [Willia2004a]. Amaranthaceae: Achyranthes indica [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Althernanthera amabilis [James1933a, BenDov1994], Althernanthera versicolor [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Amaranthus [Willia1985, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Amaranthus caudatus [Willia2004a], Amaranthus oblitum [Willia2004a], Amaranthus viridis [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Cyathula prostrata [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Iresine [Willia2004a]. Anacardiaceae: Anacardium occidentale [DeLott1964, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Mangifera indica [Vayssi1912, Beards1966, Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, KinjoNaHi1996, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Rhoeidum microphyllum [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Spondias purpurea [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Toxicodendron radicans [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Annonaceae: Annona [WilliaWa1988a], Annona cherimola [BenDov1994], Annona muricata [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Annona reticulata [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Annona squamosa [Strick1947a, Ali1968, Willia1985, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Apiaceae: Hydrocotyle asiatica [Willia2004a]. Apocynaceae: Holarrhena antidysenterica [Willia2004a], Mandevilla [James1933a, BenDov1994], Nerium indicum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Plumeria alba [Willia2004a], Plumeria rubra [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Pongamia glabra [Willia2004a], Thevetia neriifolia [Willia2004a]. Araceae: Alocasia [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Anthurium [Willia2005], Colocasia esculenta [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cyrtosperma chamissonis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Nephthytis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Spathiphyllum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Syngonium [Willia2004a], Xanthosoma sagittifolium [CockerRo1915, Strick1947a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Araliaceae: Dieffenbachia [Beards1966, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Arecaceae: Areca catechu [Willia2004a], Cocos nucifera [Beards1966, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, LitCaLa2006], Elaeis guineensis [KondoRaVe2008], Phoenix dactylifera [Matile1988, BenDov1994]. Asclepiadaceae: Hoya [Willia2004a]. Asteraceae: Ageratum mexicana [Willia2004a], Gochnatia pulchra [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hymenopappus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Parthenium hysterophorus [Willia1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Synedrella nodiflora [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Tagetes minuta [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]. Basellaceae: Basella alba [Saxena1974]. Bignoniaceae: Amphilophium paniculatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Crescentia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Jacaranda [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Spathodea nilotica [James1933a, BenDov1994], Tabebuia [Granar1991, BenDov1994]. Bixaceae: Bixa orellana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Bombacaceae: Durio kutjensis [Willia2004a], Matisia paraensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Boraginaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Brassicaceae: Brassica oleraceae [Saxena1974]. Bromeliaceae: Ananas comosus [Beards1966, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Cactaceae [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Cannaceae: Canna indica [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Caricaceae: Carica papaya [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Caryophyllaceae: Plumaria acutifolia [Beards1966, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Casuarinaceae: Casuarina equisetifolia [Takaha1928, Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Casuarina oligodon [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Cleomaceae: Cleome rutidosperma [LitCaCa1998]. Clusiaceae: Calophyllum inophyllum [Willia2004a], Vismia baccifera [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Combretaceae: Laguncularia racemosa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Terminalia catappa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Terminalia superba [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Commelinaceae: Commelina nudiflora [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Convolvulaceae: Cuscuta [Willia2004a]. Convulvulaceae: Ipomoea hederacea [Ali1968]. Cucurbitaceae: Coccinea indica [Willia2004a], Coccinia [LitCaCa1998], Cucumis melo [Saxena1974], Cucurbita maxima [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Cucurbita pepo [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Trichosanthes dioica [Willia2004a]. Cyperaceae: Cyperus rotundus [Saxena1974], Rhynchospora cephalotes [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Dilleniaceae [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Dioscoreaceae: Discorea esculenta [Saxena1974]. Ebenaceae: Diospyros melanoxylon [Willia2004a]. Ehretiaceae: Coldenia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Erythroxylaceae: Erythroxylum tortuosum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Euphorbiaceae: Acalypha [Laing1933, James1933a, Strick1947a, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Acalypha grandis [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Acalypha hispida [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Acalypha indica [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Codiaeum [Laing1933, DeLott1964, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Codiaeum variegatum [CockerRo1915, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Croton [Takaha1928, McKenz1967, Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Emblica officinalis [Willia2004a], Euphorbia pulcherrima [DeLott1964, Willia1985], Hevea brasiliensis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Hippomane [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Jatropha [Strick1947a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Macaranga heudolotii [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Manihot aesculifolia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Manihot carthaginensis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Manihot esculenta [James1933a, Willia1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Manihot glaziovii [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994], Phyllanthus niruri [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Phyllanthus pulcher [Willia2004a], Poinsettia [Willia2004a], Ricinodendron africanum [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Fabaceae: Acacia farnesiana [McKenz1967, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Acacia pennata [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Albizia [Ali1968, WilliaWa1988a, Moghad2004a], Albizia cariba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Albizia lebek [Willia2004a], Albizia saman [Willia2004a], Amphimas pterocarpoides [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Andira inermis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Arachis hypogaea [Willia2004a], Bauhinia [Takaha1928, Ali1968, BenDov1994], Caesalpinia crista [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Caesalpinia pulcherrima [CockerRo1915, BenDov1994], Cajanus cajan [GautamSa1986, AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Calliandra haematocephala [Takaha1928, BenDov1994], Calpurnia [James1933a, BenDov1994], Cassia [Willia2004a], Cassia fistula [Willia2004a], Cassia gaudichaudi [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Desmodium abyssinica [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Dolichos tablab [Willia2004a], Erythrina fusca [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Erythrina variegata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Gliricidia sepium [Willia2004a], Glycine hispida [Mamet1949, BenDov1994], Glycine max [Saxena1974, WilliaGr1992, Granar1991, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Indigofera hirsuta [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Inga [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Inocarpus edulis [Takaha1928, BenDov1994], Leucaena glauca [Strick1947a, Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Leucaena leucocephala [Willia1985, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Medicago sativa [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Mimosa pudica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, LitCaCa1998], Phaseolus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Pithecellobium dulce [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Pithecellobium saman [James1933a, BenDov1994], Prosopis juliflora [BenDov1994], Samanea saman [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Sesbania [James1933a, BenDov1994], Sophora tomentosa [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Tephrosia purpurea [AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994], Vigna sinensis [BenDov1994]. Geraniaceae: Pelargonium [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Iridaceae: Gladiolus [Willia2004a], Iris [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Lamiaceae: Salvia reflexa [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Lauraceae: Persea gratissima [Takaha1928, BenDov1994]. Lecythidaceae: Lecythis [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Liliaceae: Asparagus plumosus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Loranthaceae: Eranthemum [Willia2005]. Lythraceae: Lawsonia inermis [Matile1984c, BenDov1994]. Magnoliaceae: Magnolia [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Malvaceae: Abutilon mauritiense [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Gossypium [Strick1947a, DeLott1964, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Gossypium hirsutum [Willia2004a], Hibiscus esculenta [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Hibiscus mutabilis [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Hibiscus rosa-sinensis [Strick1947a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Malvastrum [McDani1962, BenDov1994]. Marantaceae: Clinogyne leucantha [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Meliaceae: Azadirachta indica. Menispermaceae: Cocculus laurifolius [Willia2004a]. Moraceae: Artocarpus altilis [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ficus benghalensis [Willia2004a], Ficus infectoria [AvasthSh1987, BenDov1994], Ficus mcbridei [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus membranacea [MartinBlSu2005], Ficus palmeri [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Ficus religiosa [Willia2004a], Maclura [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Morus [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Morus alba [Willia2004a]. Musaceae: Musa [WilliaWa1988a, Willia2004a, KondoRaVe2008], Musa paradisiaca [Strick1947a, Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Myrtaceae: Eugenia javanica [Takaha1928, BenDov1994], Myrtus communis [Moghad2004a], Psidium guajava [James1933a, DeLott1964, Ali1968, KhalidSh1988b, BenDov1994, WilliaGr1992, Willia2004a, BenDovCa2006]. Oleaceae: Fraxinus [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Jasminum [Willia2004a], Olea [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Orchidaceae [Willia2004a]. Piperaceae: Piper belle [Willia2004a], Piper chaba [Willia2004a], Piper guineense [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Piper nigrum [Willia2004a]. Poaceae: Cynodon dactylon [Saxena1974], Echinochloa colonum [Saxena1974], Oryza sativa [Willia2004a], Saccharum officinarum [FoldiKo2006]. Polygonaceae: Coccoloba uvifera [Beards1966, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Rheum rhaponticum [Willia1985, BenDov1994]. Portulacaceae: Portulaca [Strick1947a, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Primulaceae: Primula [DeLott1964, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]. Proteaceae: Grevillea robusta [James1933a, BenDov1994]. Punicaceae: Punica granatum [Takaha1942d, BenDov1994, Foldi2000, Willia2004a]. Rhamnaceae: Zizyphus spina-christi [BenDov1994]. Rosaceae: Malus pumila [Willia2004a], Pyrus malus [Ali1968], Rosa [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Rubiaceae: Canthium glabriflorum [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Coffea [Willia2004a], Coffea arabica [James1933a, DeLott1964, WilliaGr1992], Coffea canephora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Coffea robusta [DeLott1964, BenDov1994], Gardenia jasminoides [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Guettarda speciosa [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Ixora [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994], Ixora parvifolia [Willia2004a], Lindenia rivalis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Mitragyna situlosa [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Morinda citrifolia [Beards1966, BenDov1994]. Rutaceae: Citrus [Ali1968, Willia2004a, KondoRaVe2008], Citrus aurantium [Granar1979, WilliaWa1988a, Granar1991, BenDov1994], Citrus limon [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Citrus maxima [Willia2004a], Citrus paradisi [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Salvadoraceae: Salvadora persica [BenDov1994]. Sapindaceae: Nephelim lappaceum [Willia2004a], Nephelium litchi [McKenz1967, BenDov1994]. Sapotaceae: Manilkara zapota [Willia2004a], Mimusops [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Mimusops elengi [Ali1968]. Solanaceae: Cestrum [Granar1991, BenDov1994], Datura metel [Strick1947a, BenDov1994, LitCaCa1998], Lycopersicon esculentum [Willia1985, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Nicotiana tabacum [Willia2004a], Solanum biflorum [LitCaCa1998], Solanum melongena [Matile1988, WilliaGr1992, LitCaCa1998, Willia2004a], Solanum tuberosum [LitCaCa1998]. Sterculiaceae: Cola [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Guazuma tomentosa [MartinBlSu2005], Herrania nitida [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Sterculia tragacantha [Strick1947a, BenDov1994], Theobroma cacao [Campbe1983, WilliaWa1988a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Theobroma subincatum [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Waltheria ovata [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Theaceae: Thea japonica [Takaha1928, BenDov1994]. Tiliaceae: Cistanthera papaverifera [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Triangulare: Talinum [Willia2004a]. Urticaceae: Urera [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Verbenaceae: Duranta repens [Strick1947a, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Lantana [WilliaWa1988a, Willia2004a], Lantana aculeata [Willia2004a], Lantana camara [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Premna obtusifolia [Willia2004a]. Violaceae: Viola [Strick1947a, BenDov1994]. Vitaceae: Vitis vinifera [BenDov1994, TrjapiTr1999]. Vochysiaceae: Vochysia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Zingiberaceae: Zingiber officinale [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Zygophyllaceae: Tribulus cistoides [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Tribulus terrestris [Willia2004a].

DISTRIBUTION: Afrotropical: Cape Verde [SchmutPiKl1978, VanHarCoWi1990]; Comoros [Matile1978, BenDov1994]; Congo [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Côte d'Ivoire (=Ivory Coast) [CouturMaRi1985, BenDov1994]; Ghana [Strick1947a, Campbe1983, BenDov1994]; Guinea [Vayssi1912, BenDov1994]; Guinea-Bissau [new]; Kenya [James1933a, DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Madagascar [Mamet1950, BenDov1994]; Rodriques Island [Mamet1949, BenDov1994]; Seychelles [Mamet1943a, BenDov1994] (Aldabra Island [Mamet1943a, BenDov1994]); South Africa [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Sudan [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Tanzania [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Uganda [DeLott1964, BenDov1994]; Zanzibar [WilliaMa2005a]. Australasian: Australia (Northern Territory [Willia1985, BenDov1994], Queensland [Willia1985, BenDov1994]); Cocos (=Keeling) Islands [Willia2004a]; Cook Islands [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Federated States of Micronesia (Ponape Island [Beards1966, BenDov1994], Truk Islands [Takaha1942d, Beards1966, BenDov1994], Yap [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Fiji [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; French Polynesia [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Kiribati [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994] (Gilbert Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]); Marshall Islands [Takaha1939b, BenDov1994]; New Caledonia [Laing1933, BenDov1994]; Northern Mariana Islands [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Palau [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Papua New Guinea [Reyne1961, Willia1987c, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Solomon Islands [Willia1960, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tonga [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Tuvalu [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) [WilliaBu1987, WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]; Wake Island [Beards1966, BenDov1994]; Western Samoa [WilliaWa1988a, BenDov1994]. Nearctic: Mexico [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Nuevo Leon [Rosen1981a], Sonora [Rosen1981a], Veracruz [Rosen1981a]); United States of America (California [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], District of Columbia [Koszta1996, BenDov1994], Florida [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Louisiana [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Maryland [Koszta1996], Massachusetts [Koszta1996], New Jersey [Koszta1996], New Mexico [Cocker1896o, BenDov1994], New York [McKenz1967, BenDov1994], Ohio [Koszta1996], Pennsylvania [Koszta1996], Texas [McDani1962, BenDov1994], Virginia [Koszta1996]). Neotropical: Antigua and Barbuda (Barbuda [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Argentina (Catamarca [GranarCl2003], Cordoba [Granar1991, BenDov1994], La Rioja [TrjapiTr1999], Tucuman [Granar1979, Granar1991, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Bahamas [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Belize [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Bermuda [HodgsoHi1991, HodgsoHi1990, BenDov1994]; Bolivia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Brazil [Hempel1900a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994] (Amazonas [FoldiKo2006], Espirito Santo [CulikMaGu2006, CulikMaVe2007]); Cayman Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Colombia [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, KondoKa1995, Kondo2001, KondoRaVe2008, Kondo2008a]; Costa Rica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Cuba [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, MartinBlSu2005]; Dominica [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Ecuador [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Galapagos Islands [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994, CaustoPeSi2006]; Guadeloupe [MatileEt2006]; Guatemala [McKenz1967, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Guyana [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Haiti [PerezG2008]; Honduras [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Jamaica [Cocker1893n, BenDov1994]; Martinique [Balach1957c, BenDov1994, MatileEt2006]; Nicaragua [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Panama [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Paraguay [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Peru [Salaza1972, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Puerto Rico & Vieques Island (Puerto Rico [McKenz1967, Martor1976, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Croix [Beatty1944]; Saint Kitts and Nevis Islands (Nevis [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Saint Kitts [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy (Saint Martin [MatileEt2006]); Suriname [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Trinidad and Tobago (Tobago [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994], Trinidad [Bennet1957, Rosen1981a, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]); U.S. Virgin Islands [Koteja1974b, WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]; Venezuela [WilliaGr1992, BenDov1994]. Oriental: Andaman Islands [Willia2004a]; Bangladesh [Willia2004a]; Brit. Indian Ocean Terr. (=Chagos Arch.) [Mamet1941a, BenDov1994]; Brunei [Willia2004a]; Burma (=Myanmar) [Crowe1985, Willia2004a]; China (Hunan [HuHeWa1992]); India [KhalidSh1988b, BenDov1994] (Assam [Ali1970a, Willia2004a], Bihar [Ali1970a, Willia2004a], Gujarat [Willia2004a], Karnataka [Ali1970a, Willia2004a], Kerala [Willia2004a], Madhya Pradesh [Ali1970a, RawatMo1968, RawatMo1968a, Willia2004a], Maharashtra [Ali1970a, DorgeMu1970, GodseBh2003, Willia2004a], Orissa [Willia2004a], Rajasthan [Willia2004a], Tamil Nadu [Ali1970a, Willia2004a], Tripura [Willia2004a], Uttar Pradesh [Ali1970a, Willia2004a], West Bengal [Ali1970a, Willia2004a]); Indonesia [Willia2004a] (Irian Jaya [WilliaWa1988a], Java [Keuche1915, Betrem1937, BenDov1994, Willia2004a], Sulawesi (=Celebes) [Willia2004a]); Kampuchea (=Cambodia) [Takaha1942d, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Malaysia [Willia2004a] (Sabah [Willia2004a], Sarawak [Willia2004a]); Maldives [WatsonOoGi1995, Willia2004a]; Pakistan [Willia2004a]; Philippines [Willia2004a] (Luzon [Ali1968, LitCa1994a, LitCaCa1998]); Singapore [Willia2004a, Willia2005]; Sri Lanka [Green1896, Ali1968, BenDov1994, Willia2004a]; Taiwan [Takaha1928, Ali1968, BenDov1994, WongChCh1999]; Thailand [Takaha1942d, Ali1968, BenDov1994, Willia2004a, Willia2005]; Vietnam [DanzigKo1990, Willia2004a]. Palaearctic: Egypt [AbdRab2001d]; France [Foldi2000]; Iran [Moghad2004a]; Japan [Kawai1980, KinjoNaHi1996, BenDov1994]; Saudi Arabia [Beccar1971, Matile1984c, BenDov1994].

GENERAL REMARKS: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris in Zimmerman (1948), Ferris (1950b), McKenzie (1967), Williams & Watson (1988a), Williams & Granara de Willink (1992), Kosztarab (1996) and by Lit et al. (1998). Description and illustration of adult male (from population in Hawaii) by Beardsley (1960). Descriptions and illustrations prior to 1980 appear to contain a combination of the diagnostic characters of both F. virgata and the very similar species F. malvastra. Good description and illustration of the adult female given by Khalid & Shafee (1988b).

STRUCTURE: See colour photograph in McKenzie (1967), Lit et al. (1998), Wong et al. (1999).

SYSTEMATICS: Biparental populations of this species have been reported from U.S.A., Maryland (Highland, 1956), Hawaii (Beardsley, 1960), Egypt (Afifi, 1968) and India (Sinha & Sayeed, 1983; Sinha et al., 1985b; Paul & Ghose, 1989). Sinha & Sayeed (1983) reported on a wide range in sex ratio (1:2.5-4 up to 1:16-17) in India. Copulatory behaviour of the male and female described by Sinha et al. (1985a).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND CONTROL: This species is one of the mealybug vectors of "swollen shoot" virus disease of cacao in West Africa (Strickland, 1951, 1951a; Hanna et al., 1952, 1955, 1956; Hanna & Heatherington, 1957, 1959).

KEYS: Williams 2004a: 266 (female) [Ferrisia species of southern Asia]; Lit et al. 1998: 31 (female) [Philippines]; Kosztarab 1996: 124 (female) [Northeastern North USA]; Williams 1996: 3 (female) [World]; Tang 1992: 209 (female) [Palaearctic & Oriental regions]; Williams & Watson 1988a: 77 (female) [Tropical South Pacific Region ]; Williams D. J. 1970: 114 (female) [World]; McKenzie 1967: 179 (female) [U.S.A., California]; Beardsley 1960: 211 (male) [Hawaii]; Ferris 1953a: 360 (female) [North America]; Ferris 1950b: 88 (female) [North America].

CITATIONS: Adegbo1971 [life history, economic importance: 75-82]; Afifi1968 [taxonomy, description, illustration: 122-126]; AlamHo1965 [host, distribution, life history: 211-217]; Ali1968 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 125-126]; Ali1970a [taxonomy, illustration, host, distribution: 107, 108]; Angele2001 [host, distribution: 68]; AvasthSh1987 [taxonomy, description, illustratrion, host, distribution: 18-20]; AwadalIbMo1999 [life history, biological control: 133-143]; Balach1957c [host, distribution: 207]; BalakrSrVe1991 [host, distribution, biological control: 11-19]; Barnes1939 [host, distribution, biological control]; Bartle1978e [economic importance, biological control, host, distribution: 143, 144]; BasheeJa1964 [host, distribution: 261-266]; BaskarLaUt1999a [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 28-31]; Beards1960 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 218-219]; Beards1966 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 414-415]; Beatty1944 [host, distribution: 114-172]; Beccar1971 [host, distribution: 194]; BellotSc1985 [host, distribution, economic importance: 341-392]; BenDov1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 7]; BenDov1991b [host, distribution: 85, 86]; BenDov1994 [catalogue: 164-167]; BenDovCa2006 [host, distribution: 325-326]; Bennet1955 [host, distribution, biological control: 413-416]; Bennet1957 [host, distribution, biological control: 569]; BennetSi1964 [biological control: 81-94]; Betrem1937 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 85-88]; BhuiyaChKa2000 [biological control: 417-420]; Borchs1949 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 172-173]; Brain1915 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 134-137]; BrainKe1917 [distribution: 182]; BruntKe1971 [host, economic importance, virus: 591-602]; Burks1952 [host, distribution, biological control: 179-182]; Butani1976 [host, distribution: 27]; Butani1979 [economic importance: 36-40]; CABI1966b [distribution]; Campbe1983 [economic importance, host, distribution, ecology: 137-150]; CaustoPeSi2006 [distribution: 138]; ChackoKr1976 [host, distribution, biological control: 56-57]; ChongOe2006a [biological control]; Cocker1893j [host, distribution: 254]; Cocker1893n [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178, 179]; Cocker1896o [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 202, 203]; Cocker1898r [taxonomy: 240]; Cocker1899a [taxonomy: 391]; Cocker1902p [taxonomy: 252]; Cocker1929d [host, distribution, biological control: 271]; Cocker1937 [taxonomy, economic importance: 123-124]; Comper1937a [host, distribution, biological control: 393,394]; Comper1938 [biological control: 315-337]; Comper1939 [biological control: 57-73]; CostaL1939 [p. 3]; CouturMaRi1985 [host, distribution: 281]; Crowe1985 [distribution]; CulikMaGu2006 [host, distribution: 1-12]; CulikMaVe2007 [host, distribution: 1-5]; DanzigKo1990 [host, distribution: 40]; DavidsRa1999 [economic importance, control: 1]; DeLott1964 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 352-353]; DorgeMu1970 [host, distribution, chemical control: 40-46]; Dozier1932a [biological control: 7-9]; Dutt1964 [host, distribution, economic importance: 59-71]; Esaki1940a [host, distribution: 274-280]; EzzatNa1987 [distribution: 88]; Fernal1903b [catalogue: 101,109,111]; Ferris1950b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 93-95]; Ferris1953a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 362,495]; Foldi2000 [host, distribution: 78]; Foldi2001 [distribution: 303-308]; FoldiKo2006 [host, distribution: 308]; FrohliRo1970 [host, distribution, economic importance: 1-10]; Fullaw1923 [p. 308]; Fullaw1924 [host, distribution: 97]; Fullaw1946 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 157]; Gautam1988 [distribution, biological control: 196-199]; GautamNaSr1988 [host, distribution, biological control: 12-13]; GautamSa1986 [host, distribution: 39-40]; GodseBh2003 [host, distribution: 1]; Goot1928 [host, distribution: 1]; GovindJoSr2003 [biological control: 96-102]; Granar1979 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 132-137]; Granar1991 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 262-263]; GranarCl2003 [host, distribution: 625-637]; Greath1971 [host, distribution, biological control ]; Green1896; Green1916a [host, distribution: 375]; HannaHe1957 [economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 473-480]; HannaHeJu1952 [economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 334-335]; HannaJuHe1955 [economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 669-710]; HannaJuHe1956 [economic importance, chemical control, host, distribution: 219-227]; HardyGuHo2008 [taxonomy, phylogeny, DNA analysis: 51-71]; Hattin1993 [economic importance, biological conbtrol: 20-22]; Hempel1900a [p. 386]; Highla1956 [taxonomy, host, distribution, life history, biological control, chemical control: 276-277]; HodgsoHi1990 [host, distribution: 4]; HodgsoHi1991 [host, distribution: 143]; HuHeWa1992 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 178]; JalilKa1971 [host, distribution, economic importance, chemical control: 237-240]; James1933a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 435]; Keuche1915 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance: 49-53]; KhalidSh1988b [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 71, 72]; King1902g [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 616,617]; KinjoNaHi1996 [host, distribution: 126]; Kirkal1902 [host, distribution: 103]; Kondo2001 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 36]; Kondo2008a [host, distribution: 25-29]; KondoKa1995 [host, distribution: 57-58]; KondoRaVe2008 [host, distribution: 35]; Koszta1996 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, economic importance, biological control: 124-126]; Koteja1974b [taxonomy, distribution: 74,99]; KumarShSa2002 [host, distribution: 177]; Laing1933 [host, distribution: 676]; Leefma1929 [host, distribution: 1]; LePell1968 [host, distribution, economic importance]; Lindin1913 [host, distribution: 68]; LitCa1994a [host, distribution: 390-391]; LitCaCa1998 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution, life history: 35-39]; LitCaLa2006 [host, distribution: 11]; Mamet1941a [host, distribution: 40]; Mamet1943a [host, distribution: 145,146]; Mamet1949 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 9]; Mamet1951 [taxonomy, description: 215, 216]; ManiKr1990d [biological control: 122-123]; ManiKr1991b [life history, ecology, biological control: 275-277]; MartinBlSu2005 [host, distribution: 125-127]; Martor1976 [host, distribution: 18,75,144,201,257]; Matile1978 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 49,50]; Matile1984c [host, distribution: 225]; Matile1988 [host, distribution: 35]; MatileEt2006 [host, distribution: 178]; McDani1962 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 323-327]; McKenz1967 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 179-182]; MealybSt1987 [life history, economic importance, control: 24-30]; Moghad2004a [host, distribution: 23,142]; MohandKo1988 [distribution, economic importance, biological control]; MunroFo1936 [host, distribution: 93]; Newste1894c [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 4,5]; Newste1908 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 7-9]; Newste1911a [host, distribution: 166]; Newste1917b [host, distribution: 127]; Nicol1952 [chemical control: 120]; NurBrBe1987 [taxonomy, chromosomes: 53-59]; OtanesBu1939 [host, distribution, economic importance: 341-371]; ParidaMo1982 [taxonomy, chromosomes: 18-20]; PaulGh2004 [chemical control: 729-732]; Peacoc1913 [host, distribution: 209]; PerezG2008 [distribution: 216]; PillaiGoSa1991 [host, distribution: 253-260]; Posnet1947a [host, distribution, economic importance: 388-402]; Ramakr1919 [host, distribution: 626]; Ramakr1921a [host, distribution: 343]; Ramakr1941 [host, distribution: 107-113]; RawatMo1968 [host, distribution, biological control: 85]; RawatMo1968a [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, biological control, chemical control: 277-282]; RawatMo1969b [host, distribution, biological control: 953-956]; RawatMo1970 [host, distribution, biological control: 516-517]; Reboul1976 [host, distribution, economic importance, control]; Reyne1961 [host, distribution: 125]; Risbec1949 [host, distribution, biological control: 578-581]; Rosen1981a [host, distribution, biological control: 251-263]; Rosen1981b [host, distribution, biological control: 53-59]; Ryan1946 [host, distribution: 124-125]; Sakimu1935a [biological control: 76-82]; Salaza1972 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 289-290]; SaminaJa2001 [biological control, chemical control: 535-537]; Saraiv1939 [host, distribution: 103]; Sassce1915 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 29]; Saxena1974 [host, distribution: 367]; Schmut1964 [host, distribution: 105]; Schmut1969 [taxonomy, host, distribution, economic importance: 100-101]; Schmut2001 [host, distribution: 339-345]; SchmutPiKl1978 [host, distribution, economic importance: 328]; ShuklaTa1984a [host, distribution: 31]; SinhaSa1983 [life history: 140-146]; SinhaSaDi1985 [taxonomy, host, distribution, biological control: 13,14]; SinhaSaDi1985a [life history: 141-144]; SinhaSaSi1985 [life history: 1-5]; Smee1963 [host, distribution, economic importance: 12]; Smyth1920 [host, distribution, economic importance: 124]; Sohi1964 [host, distribution: 111]; Strick1947a [host, distribution: 509]; Takaha1928 [host, distribution: 335]; Takaha1929a [taxonomy, host, distribution: 429]; Takaha1942d [host, distribution: 353]; Tang2001 [distribuion: 3]; TangHaTa1992 [host, distribution: 4]; Tao1999 [taxonomy, host, distribution: 14]; TataHa1991 [host, distribution, taxonomy]; TrjapiTr1999 [host, distribution, biological control: 174-179]; VaissaFr2001 [host, economic importance: 41-43]; vanden2001c [host, distribution, economic importance, life history, chemical control, biological control: 196-208]; VanHarCoWi1990 [host, distribution: 132]; Varshn1992 [host, distribution: 52, 53]; Vayssi1912 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 366-368]; Vayssi1913 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 428]; WatsonOoGi1995 [host, distribution: 43]; Willia1958 [taxonomy: 214]; Willia1960 [host, distribution: 398]; Willia1985 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 165-167]; Willia1996DJ [taxonomy, host, distribution: 6]; Willia1996DJ [taxonomy, host, distribution: 8-9]; Willia2004a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 268-272]; Willia2005 [host, distribution: 167]; WilliaBu1987 [host, distribution: 91]; WilliaGr1992 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 183-186]; WilliaMa2005a [host, distribution: 146]; WilliaWa1988a [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 78-81]; WongChCh1999 [taxonomy, description, host, distribution: 5,42]; Zacher1913 [host, distribution, economic importance: 121]; Zimmer1948 [taxonomy, description, illustration, host, distribution: 271-274].



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