MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW.
Under this head i t is proposed to make note of all extreme
and injurious weather conditions occurring during the month,
and the yarnings Of the same issued the Rureau, with
instances, as far as reported by observers or the press, in which these warnings Were of special public benefit. The signals displayed by the Weather Bureau will be referred to
as “information,” “stor111,” “hurricane,” “cold wave,” and
“ norther,” respectively.
NO very severe or destructive storms occurred during the
month. The injurious weather conditions of most marked note were the frosts and freezing weather that occurred in the citrus fruit districte of California the 2d al,d 3d and from
the 16th to the 2% inclusive. 011 the fornler dates the temperature fell to considerably below freezing as far south
as Lo8 Angeles and Riverside counties, but the illjury to the fruit illtereets Was probably small. concerning the latter period, Mr. W. €€. Hammon, forecast official, charge of the Weather Bureau office a t San Francisco, reports:
Beginning with Wednesday night, December 15, and continuing until December 22, inclusive, temperatures at least approximating and in some places fallin below the danger point were ex rienced in the citrus regions of Cafifornia. On the nights of Decemgr I5,16, and 17 proba- bly no in ury resulted, although it will be observed that the Riverside on ecember 17 records a temperature of ~0 and states that ex-
tensive efforts at protection were employed. On Saturday avery slight
The following notes have been collected.
5,
Editor: Prof. CLEVELAND ABBE.
depression moved southward a c m eouthern California, which had
&?~$~Y ~~~g ~~~~g o 2;’’ t ~~~~~h Aouthern California, followe8 by clearing weather and north winds Baturday niqht. I n some sections in the vicinity of Ontario and Po- mons the wind ceased, so as to allow serious fro& Sunday morning, the temperature falling to 21O and Wo in low placecl. The most injurioue frost was Sunday night, December 19, when the temperature in Red- lands, sari Bernardino, and Riverside varied in places from 210 to 320. On the nights of the 20th and 21st almost aa severe frost occurred, which probably increased the injury, owing to the continuation of the
c0Fiorn no has as full and reliable been regarding the severity of the frost as from Riverside, and the lowest record that I have been able to find from that section is 22O, and that well down on the side of an arroyo. The tern eratures, a rule, ranged between 24O and 28’ in sections in whicg in December, 1895, they ranged from 20° to 24O. The temperaturea recorded at Pomona,
San Bernardino, and Redlands this year were as low as those recorded in 1895. in the citrus r e gion. I n northern California the crop was nearly31 marketed, and the greater portion of that still on the trees was picked after the warn- in wag received, and conse uently the injur was slight. I n southern CAifornia the Los Angeles express places t i e injury between 10 and 20 per cent; the Riverside Press, from 15 to 25 r cent: and the Loa
Angeles Herald, at one-third of the crop. Prorably the estimate of the Riverside Press is the most nearly correct.
Warnings of these frosts were issued by the Weather Bureau
in every instance on the.morning of the day preceding their OCCUrrenCB.
It is difficult to determine the extent of the inju
619
VOL. xxv. DECEMBER, 1897. No. 12
INTRODUCITION.
The MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW for December, 1897, is
based on 2,916 reporta from stations occupied by regular and
voluntary observers, classified as follows : 147 from Weather
Bureau stations ; numerous special river stations ; 32 from
post surgeons, received through the Surgeon General, United
States Army ; 2,567 from voluntary observers ; 96 received through the Southern Pacific Railway Company; 23 from
Life-Saving stations, received through the Superin tendent United States Life-Saving Service; 31 from Canadian sta-
tions; 20 from Mexican stations; 7 from Jamaica, W. I.
. International simultaneous observations are received from
a few stations and used, together with trustworthy news- paper extracts and special reports. Special acknowledgment is made of the hearty cooperation of Prof. R. F. Stupart, Director of the Meteorological Service of the Dominion of Canada; Mr. Curtis J. Lyons, Meteor- ologist to the Government Survey, Honolulu ; Dr. Mariano BArcena, Director of the Central Meteorological Observatory of Mexico ; Mr. Maxwell Hall, Government Meteorologist,
Kingston, Jamaica; Capt. S. I. Kimball, Superintendent of the Uiiited States Life-Snving Service ; and Commander J. E. Craig, Hydrographer, United States Navy. The REVIEW is prepared under the general editorial super-
vision of Prof. Cleveland Abbe. Attention is called to the fact that the clocks and self- registers a t regular Weather Bureau stations are all set to
seventy-fifth meridian or enstern standard time, which is Bxactly five hours behind Greenwich time; as far as prac-
ticable, only this standard of time is used in the text of the REVIEW, since all Weather Bureau observations are required to be taken and recorded by it. The standards used by the public in the United States and Canada and by the voluntary observers are believed to generally conform to the modern international system of standard meridians, one hour apart, beginning with Greenwich. Records of miscellaneous phe- nomena that are reported occasionally in other standards of
time by voluntary observers or newspaper correspondents are generally corrected to agree with the easteru standard ; other- wise, the local meridian is mentioned.
STORM WARNIN(3S AND WEATEER FORECASTS.
BY Lient. col. II. H. c. DUNWOODY, supervising Forecast omcial.
620
nearly every large orchard is now provided with excelleni means for preventiug or diniinishing injury from frost, anc
MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. DECEMBER, 1897
determine from the photographs whether the fruit had suf- fered injury or not. From many articles on this subject in the public press the following are selected:
Loa An.g&a, Cal., Daily Biehald, Decarnbgl. 3, 1897.-A killing frost and stiff northerly winds are predicted for southern California to-night. A heavy storm and a cold wave prevailed in Utah and Nevada yesterday, and southern California will not escape, as the atmospheric disturbance is traveling this way. The Weather Bureau announced the frost early yesterday. thirty-six hours in advance of the arrival of the vegetation destroyer. The orange and lemon growers and others whose products are liable to injury are thus warned in ample time to take ste s for the protection of their crops. To-day should be a busy day wit! them. Of course the whole of southern California will not be affected alike, but re- cautions should be taken at all points where there is danger of a kiling frost. The prediction of frost so far in advance of its coming shows that the weather service has taken great strides forward in recent years. It pays for itself many times over in thus giving warning of storms, frost, and other elemental disturbances. It often occurs nowadays that ships put out to sea or remain in port in accordance with the su es- tions of the Weather Bureau, thereby escaping danger and p o s s l e loss. A single warning of this kind haa saved millions of dollars in propert on the Atlztntic coast. San &muldino, Chl., 8un, D~evnbm 3, 1897.-The message that waa sent from the Weather Bureau Wednesday, announcin a heavy kill- ing frost for Friday mornin caused consternation tfroughout the whole citrus belt of southern klifornia. It meant danger to millions of property at a time when the loss would come heavy on the fruit grower. l!he orange crop this season is exceptionally large and the rices good. A freedom from frost would lift the burden from hun- $reds of struggling horticulturists, while a frost meam disaster to them. Yesterday afternoon the Southern Pacific Com any sent out to all their agents and conductors strict orders to soun8 the alarm to every lace on their lines throughout the State and disseminate the news as
grzadcast aa possible through the following dis tch - All agents. Weather Bureau forecast: CoE weather and killing frosts in bacramento and San Joa uin valleys to-morrow, Friday, morn- ing. Also killing frosts in soutiern California orange sections and a
few miles back from coast. The bureau recommends smudging of all orange groves to-night to prevent great loss. Advise all conductors so
they may notify and spread this information.” The first warnin came twent -four hours in advance and was heeded throughout &e whole vady. The thermometer waa close1 watched by hundreds of anxious eople all last night to notice eaci change for the worse. At 6 . m. &t evening it marked 4 2 O .
A t midnight the mercury l a d dropped to 30°, when a slieht warm wind came from the southwest and the thermometer rose rapidly, and at 2 a. m. it stood at 36”, and the danger was over. There are many ways of diminishing the danger from frost prac- ticed by the orange grower. To turn on the irrigating water through -- the orchard is a great help. I n the Everest orchard of Riverside, along the upper side, is a series of large tanks filled with crude uetroleum. From earh one runs a oioe
-
down-through the orchard, witlilaterds. From the latter fine stre‘aks of oil dro into iron kettles, aud when lighted the orchardis warmed and smu&ed at the same time. It isclaimed that the temperature can be raised in this way from So to Eo. Many growers place windrows of ha through every other row of trees, and dampen it, so it will send up
IL cloud of steam and smoke burning slowly. This is an excellent way to kee off the frost and is very successful. Coartar in vessels, when set on fire, throws up a dense smoke. This is good, but it affects the fruit, giving it a smudge that needs to be cleaned off before packing the fruit. A wire screen with a fire underneath and wet straw or come, damp manure on top is said to be excellent to raise a steam and smudge. There are a dozen other ways to keep the frost at bay, the main idea being to raise an artificial cloud that will revent the moisture from settling on the fruit and turning to frost &ere. A slight breeze is a
sure preventive. I n Rialto there is scarcelyani h t in the year but there iR a breeze sweeping over it, and frost to famage oranges has hitherto been unknown there. &?a lf+ancieco, &g., California f i t f i t C f m r , I)sesmber 35, 180T.-The :itrus fruit-growing districts of California F v e lately experienced the jffects of a cold wave of unusual length. l’he daily weather map and bulletin of the United States Department of Agriculture bearing date Wednesday December 15, over the name of W. H. ‘Fanimon, forecast )Ecial, in charge, had this for southern California: Fair to-night and Fhurday; colder to-night, with frost in the interior; some danger to :itrus fruit Thursday night.” Every day since then, up to and including December 21, the forecast for that section has been for injurious froste. >ut worded more stron 1 . San plrancisco, Cak, 8afl (d i t d a l ), h u b o r 22, 1897.430 much criti- :ism, both flippant and caustic, ia visited upon the Weather Bureau
DECEMBER, 1897. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 521
whenever it makes a mistake in forecasts that it is only fair commen- dation should be given when by some conspicuous act of useful service it demonstrates ita value to the community. Such service it has just rendered in giving warning to the orange growers of the coming of the cold snap, thus enabling them to prepare in time for guarding, as far aa possible, against i n k y by frosta. It is yet too early to venture u on estimates of the amount of dam-
a e done by frosts, or to calculate Row much was saved in the orchards w%ere the growers smud ed or resorted to other devices to keep the temperature of their orcRards above the danger point. Enough is known, however, to make it certain that the loss in some localities has been ve great, and that it would have been greater but for the warn- ing sent7y the Weather Bureau. Taking all things into consideration, there is probably no department of the blic service in which the Government renders EO much ben- efit to Re eople in proportion to its cost as the Weather Bureau, and the value ofthe service increases with each succeeding year. It would be more valuable if the people understood better how to profit by its warnings. For that reason it is to be desired that some data be gath- ered of the results obtained from the various means of guarding against froet in the present instance, so that the best method of avoid- ing the dan er in future ma be made known. Albang, l8 Y., Prsss ami &cJcwboc?ctw, JanuaIy 3, 1898.-A practical demonstration of the value to agriculturists of the bulletins of the Weather Bureau was given last week i n the fruit- owing districts of eouthern California. Extreme cold was predicte% in LOB Angeles, Rivereide, and Bernardino countiw, and, in fact, the mercury fell to loo below freezing, the lowest tem erature registered in that part of the country for twenty-five years. %ith ripe and ripening oran es on the trees this would have meant, but for the hoisting of the fanger signal a complete loes of the fruit. Careful estimates show the uan- tity of fruit ready for marketing thus put in jeopardy to have%een 10,OOO carloads, or 2,000,000 boxes, amounting in value, at $3 a box, to $6,OOO,OOO. About one-fifth of the cro is sup osed to have been gath- ered in at the first warning of the d a t h e r gureau, and the dilatory or skeptical owners of the other four-fifths doubtless wish that they h+ reposed greater trust in the o5cial meteorologists.
.bmrmwnto, Cal., R& Unw.n, Dscembm 23, 1897.-Whatever poking of fun may have been indul ed in in the past at the expense of the Weather Bureau service, an! there has been all too much of it, it must be conceded now that the Bureau has in the recent service in this cold spell been accurate and of y t e s t benefit to the people of the whole of this coast. The fact is t at the Bureau, as a rule, has been all along accurate in its forecasts. We are prone to find fault with it when, like all human institutione, it has been in error, while we are not given to awarding full credit for all its beneficence when reliable and correct. For that it is a good doer, whoever is honest and just must admit. The American people have every reason to be proud of the Weather Bureau, and to be satisfied with the service it gives the country. Let those who have car d and complained pause long enough to contemplate the blotting tg service from our system. Let them reflect upon what would be the result of being deprived of that which has now become so much more than a convenience, a necessity. h Angslsa Sunday Times, Demnber 26, 1597.-The facta about the citrus fruit industry in southern California are n?' longer difficult of com rehension. They are, indeed, so plain that he who runs may
When, twenty-five years ago, orange trees were first planted in this section on a commercial scale, little or nothing waa known by the pioneers of the industry regarding the proper conditions attendant on the planting and cultivation of citrus fruit. Quite naturally orange groves were planted on the level lands, where the necessary water for irrigation was available. Hence, we find that a majority of the older groves are the worst damaged whenever a severe frost occurs. The true citrus belt of this continent, on the Pacific coast, extends from the latitude of Santa Barbara, on the north, southward, through eouthern California and Mexico, to Central America. It is here nar- row, there wide, according to local conditions. Even within the limits of a uarter of a section of land there may be local climatic conditions whicl must be studied. North of the Tehachapi range are, here and there, narrow sheltered of land in the foothills, upon which citrus fruit may be raised %rfair prospect of success, in ordinary seasons, even as far north as
Butte County, but the farther north one goes the smaller is the area of such lands, and the greater the care which must be exercised in planting orange or lemon roves. The fact is that the whoqe of southern California is on the northern edge of the true citrus belt of the Western Hemisphere, and we must govern ourselves accordingly. Those who, influenced by enterprising real emtate agents or by inadvertence, lant citrus trees outside of the aafety line must be content to take tgeir chances. The area of safe citrus land in southern California, while in the a gregate quite im- portant, beam only a very m a l l relation to the totrcf area of the seven eouthern counties, and from year to year Jack Frost defines his bounda- ries more plainly. All who are interested in the permanent ros erity of this section should see to it that strangers are not. le$to $elude themselves on this ecore.
rem?,'
It would well a the citrus fruit growers of southern California to club to ether an$ guy the orange and lemon groves that have been plantef in localities visited by damagin froste every two or three years, cut down the trees, and replant the5and with some tree or crop more adapted to the climate. Loa Angab Darly lxrnes, December 22, 1897.-In this connection it might be well to note certain experiments which have been made this At Pomona tests have been made by a representative of The
g&s, and by J. W. Mills of the Experiment Station, to determine the degree of cold requisite to congeal orange juice. It was found that at a temperature of 2 8 O in the interior of the orange, which had oc-
curred three times during December, and which is the lowest tempera- ture yet found, the juice showed the resence of ice, thou h water con- geals at a temperature of 3 2 O . Mr. &lls, however, place8 open-dishes of water and orange juice side by side, and determined that ice waa present in the 'uice before the water froze, but in t.he juice it was in the nature of doating crystals, not all the juice congealing, while the water eventually froze solidly. This would indicate that an orange mifiht be frozen sufficiently to burst the juice cells without this being evident to the eye when cut open. The effect of frost on oranges is to burst the juice cells leaving the 'uice to float through the fruit, from which in time it is ehher drawn back into the tree, or finds its way through the pores of the rind and evaporates. I n the course of time, which is hastened by warm weather, the fruit becomes flabby and light in weight, while eventually spots appear upon the rind, indicating the beginning of decay. If imme- diately picked, this fruit- can be sent to market and consumed without attracting attention, and there is no reason to believe that, as lon as it is firm and of practically normal weight, it is unwholesome. %ut when, in the course of about two weeks, the fruit becomes flabby and juiceless, it is neither palatable nor wholesome. It is not always easy to determine whether an orange is serious1 injured or not. If on1 a
few of the cells are broken, the orange wilrlose but slightly in wei Et the loss in weight increasing in proportion to the loss of juice. A%oi or oranges naturally wei hs about 70 pounds. If it falls to ti0 pounds it may still rank as good fruit, though not fancy, while if it drops to 50
pounds it is undoubtedly not a wholesome food. As a single tree may contain sound fruit, fruit that is badly frozen, and fruit in all interme- diate stages, and as the condition of the fruit can only be determined by weight as the expert packers handle them, it is evident that, even in view of great care, some of the comparatively light fruit must be marketed. On the other hand, when a grower sees his crop injured, his desireto aave himself as far as possible from loss often rompts him to pick and market the oran es as rapidly as possible, a n f i t has been the case fol- lowing previous frosts that the shipments reached an abnormal condi- tion immediately afterfhe frost, while those who had ilt-edge fruit would not market it in view of the certainty of a demoraqized market. These shi menta rarely brin returns of conse uence, as the fruit is general1 Known to be frostei and the market %reeks under the res- sure. dhether that will result this year is doubtful. It is certainty to be ho ed that no inferior fruit will be sent out. If tRe oranges are not picked after the frost, in the course of amonth nhure begins to segregate the sound fruit from that which is frozen, b throwing the lat,ter to the ground; and, sofar as the frostsof this montg are concerned, it can be said that when the market rallies from the holiday trades, about February 1, it will be too late to receive any oranges which are badly frozen, as the will then be on the round.
Eastern dealers and consumers needhave no BUS icion of orangee which reach them under the brand of fancy fruit. #he ackers have labored for years to build up a reputation for their bran!& and while it is possible that some frosted fruit will find its wa to market, it is certain that no reputable house will ship such freigit under a brand which has a reputation with eastern dealers. The fact that the frost has trodden paths where ita footprinta were discernible before sim ly once more emphasizes the necessity of adapt- ing the cultivation of t%e soil to the climate and other conditions which prevail. Loa Angslce, CbL, Daily Herald, Dsccnibar 24, 1897.-There is another view of the case that must not be lost sight of. These occas~onal cold waves have served to demonstrate the fact that there are warm belta and there are cold belts throughout the State. The lowlands are sub- ject. to damaging frosts, while the higher slopes of the valleys, nearer the mountains or foothills, are not subject to dama in frost. Yeam ago this factwas not so well known as it is to-day. 'Jkeqowlands were more easily irrigated than the higher slopes, and hence they were, aa a rule, the first to be planted. Hence, many of the first orange orchard6 in southern California were planted in localities where no one would to-day think of lanting either the oran e or the lemon tree. As the people realized t%e fact that the higher sfopes of the valleys were com- paratively free from frost, they began to plant their citrus trees on those slopes.
FREEZINQ WEATHER IN THE TEXAS SUGAB AND VEQETABLE
REQIONS.
Freezing temperaturea occurred in the sugar and vegetable
622 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. DECEMBER, 1897
Hlgh areas. ....................... [I ............... In .............. :V .............
regions of Texas on the 3d and 4th, concerning which Dr. I. M. Cline, local forecast official and section director in charge
of the Weather Bureau Office a t Galveston, reports:
As the a. m. weather ma of Thursday, December 2,1897, showed very unsettled conditions an38 the possibility of temperatures injurious to su ar and trucking interests in this section during Friday, noon s e c 3 observations were called for from authorized st,ations in Texaa: Cflklahoma, and Kansas, * * * and ;tPe following special forecasl was made and distributed at 2:45 . m.: Temperature may fall to 40a
at Galveston, and to 32' at points 5fto 100 miles from Galveston Friday." The following temperatures were recorded Friday in the districi for which the forecast was made: Galveston, 37.5'; Brenham, 30.0'; Columbia, 36.0'; and Missouri City, 33.0'. The 8 a. m. weather map of Frida December 3, 1897, indicated freeeing to the coast line, and the fo&wi:g special forecast was in. cluded with regular a. m. local forecast: Freezing, with minimum temperature at Galveston 30°, and 60 to 100 miles from Galveston, Wa Saturday morning." The following temperatures were recorded Eaturda in the districl for which the forecast was made: Galveston, 30.0'; srenham, 23.5'; Columbia, 27.0'; Missouri City, 26.0'.
Continued low temperature was forecast for Sunday morning, and freezing occurred again near the wcrst. Prompt action was taken on the receipt of the warnings to protect the various crops in this section. The followin are from reporta received at this office aa to special benefits derived
2. H. Cunningham B Co., SugarlFnd Tex., sa :
Warning of December 2, received twenty-Lur hours before the freeze. Twelve hundred acres of sugar cane standing in the fields when warning received. Three hundred acres cut and windrowed before freeze set in, and five hundred acres additional cut on strength of warning of December 3. The service waa of great value to us, enabling us to get sufficient cane in windrow before freeze came to enable us to save entire crop."
Warning received about twelve hours i n advance of the norther ;
cane farms immediately notified by telephone; every knife possible was put in the cane, and water and steam pipes drained. Value of pro rty rotected, $4,000. Cane left standing was only artially dam- agerso t!e loee would not have:been entire had none teen cut; esti- mated value saved $1,000."
5. F. Mercer, Missouri City, Tex., says: Warning received about sixteen hours before freeze; perishable vegetables covered up to the value of $l,(?OO. Special warnings are of great value and we would like them contmued." The vegetable interests in this vicinity are large and half the prish- able crops were y t e c t e d and saved from material injury. It IS esti-
mated that the va ue of that saved to truck farmers is $55,000. Exposed water pipes to the value of $lO,OOO (estimated) were drained and saved from injury.
A reaeonable estimate of the property protected from the freeze in this vicinity 88 a reault of the warning of December 2 and 3 is
F l l i a m Dunovant, Eagle Lake, Tex., says:
w,m.
AREAS OF HIQH AND LOW PRESSURE.
By Prof. E. A. EAzm.
During the month there were seven highs and twelve lows sufficiently well defined to be charted, and their apparent
tracks will be found on Charts I and 11. The principal facta regarding the place of origin or the region where first seen, and the region of disappearance or where they were last seen, their duration and velocity will be found in the accompany- ing table.
HIQHS.
Of the seven highs five were first noted to the north of
Montana, but could not be traced to the Pacific. The other two were first noted off the middle Pacific Coast. The ap- parent movement of I was nearly south to Texas and then
4,p.m. 8,p.m. lQo.m.
east to the Atlantic. Number I11 moved east and south from middle Pacific Coast and disappeared in extreme east Texas. The remaining highs moved east and southeaat, and all dis- appeared off the Atlantic Coast. The temperature conditions accompanying these highs were remarkably moderate. Only one severe cold wave occurred during the month as high V moved southeast from the north of Moiitana on 15th and 16th ;
a. m. of 16th the temperature fell 40° in twenty-four hours at Helena and reached 4 O ; a t Williston the fall was 3 8 O
and to -loo; p. m. of 16th the temperature fell 4 4 O at'Den- ver and reached 2O. Morning of 16th the cold wave extended to the Mississippi Valley ; the temperature fall a t Pueblo was
40°, at Sioux City and Concordia was 34", and a t Omaha, Dodge City, and Amarillo it was 32O. On morning of 17th this cold wave was much diminished, and it continued dimin- ishing till the high disappeared off the New England Coast
p. m. of 20th.
LOWS.
Of the lows, six were first noted off the north Pacific Coast, one to the north of Montana, one off the south Pacific Coast, three in the west Gulf, and one in the upper Lake Region. The apparent motion of these lows was toward Newfound- land, where eight were last noted; the others were last seeu
in the upper Lake Region. As low V approached the Atlantic Coast the wind reached 56 miles an hour a t Block Island
p. m. of the 14th. As low XI1 approached the upper Lakes
it caused a wind of 56 miles an hour a t Chicago, and as it zame near the lower Lakes, morning of t.he 30th, the wind a t Buffalo reached 66 miles an hour.
dlowmsnls of &a of M ~(M of h@h and lola pmuum.
6.p.m. 9,a.m. ll,p.m. 16 a.m. adp.m. %p.m. 84p.m.
...........
I Flrst observed.
0
rn 67 108 81
(19
74 80
......
I-
imka. Day#. mea. mea. am 7.6 416 17.8 3.m 4.6 607 p6.8 1,W 8.0 617 81.6 8,410 6.6 (Lgo 1 .8 8,040 6.6 488 19.6 1,940 8.6 684 411.1 8,080 4.6 678 28.0
18,m 1 .0 --
Number.
/j
Total.. Mean of 7 traoka.. Mean of 86
................ .............
V ............... 14,a.m. VI .............. %?,a.m. VTI ............ 88,a.m.
r ............... VI .............. VI1 ............. VIII.. .......... :X ............. K ............... PI .............. P I I .............
10;p.m. 18,a.m. 16.p.m. 19, p.m. 81,a.m. 411.p.m. -a.m. 87,a.m.
~
day8 ........ I .........
.................... 88.m 44.0 Rllsr ...... .................... 2 .m ...... m Ea.4
.................................. -1-
maa.1
: ................ .89 a.m.
'I1 ............. 4,p.m. :V .............. 7.a.m.
:I... ............ 1:a.m.
Total.. Mean of 18 traokn.. Mean of 44.0
................ ............. ,
day.. ................. I
-
d
A
c;
-
0
65
la 87 88 M
aa 62
.... .... ....
48 88 49 49 41 48 28 80 48 M 09
48
.... .... .... -
-
6
9 3 -
0
117 108 1% 185 118 1W 101
.... .... ....
1SB 116 1BT lee 131 128 90
o(I
88 111 89 109
I...,
.... ..... -
0
88 I 88 88 41 87 SB
.... XI.. ....