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The purpose of this bibliography is to provide the reader with guidance to the vast literature on the topic of temperature. This bibliography is by no means complete. Its intent is to put the reader in touch with the literature that is both readily available and extensive enough for all but the most state-of-the-art needs in the field. Paper copies of NIST publications are available on request from: andrea.swiger@nist.gov
TABLE OF CONTENTS AND DEFINITIONS Temperature scales provide the background for all other references in this bibliography. We define textbooks as those books which treat the major areas in thermometry in a tutorial way at an advanced or elementary level. C. REVIEW ARTICLES/BOOK CHAPTERS These often summarize the status of the whole field of thermometry at the time the article was written. Symposium proceedings are collections of articles (generally very technical) which describe the state-of-the-art in all areas of thermometry and represent for the most part a "snapshot" of the recent developments in the field at a particular time. New thermometry instrumentation is also given. A bibliography in special areas of thermometry will be found in the papers of the proceedings. E. SPECIFIC TOPICS IN THERMOMETRY Articles, monographs, books, and review articles devoted entirely to a specific topic in thermometry (e.g., liquid-in-glass thermometry).
E-1. Liquid-in-glass Thermometers
A. TEMPERATURE SCALES The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) came into effect on 1 January 1990. The ITS-90 extends upward from 0.65 K and it supersedes the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968, Amended Edition of 1975 [IPTS-68(75)], and also The 1976 Provisional 0.5 K to 30 K Temperature Scale (EPT-76). The ITS-90 is the most recent descendent of earlier temperature scales. Their history is summarized in reference 1 below. The principal references to the ITS-90 are: For Temperature from 0.65 K Upward on the ITS-90 1. "The International Temperature Scale of 1990", H. Preston-Thomas, Metrologia 27, 3-10 (1990), errata in Metrologia 27, 107 (1990). 2. Special Report on the International Temperature Scale of 1990: Report on the 17th Session of the Consultative Committee on Thermometry; B. W. Mangum, J. Res. Nat. Inst. Stand. Technol. 95, 69-77 (1990). 3. "Guidelines for Realizing the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)", B. W. Mangum and G. T. Furukawa, Nat. Inst. Stand. Technol. Tech Note 1265, August 1990. 4. "Supplementary Information for the ITS-90", (1990) Publication of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92310 Sevres, France. 5. "Techniques for Approximating the International Temperature Scale of 1990", (1990) Publication of the Bureau International Des Poids et Mesures, Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92310 Sevres, France. 6. "The Platinum Resistance Thermometer Range of the International Temperature Scale of 1990", L. Crovini, H. J. Jung, R. C. Kemp, S. K. Ling, B. W. Mangum, and H. Sakurai, Metrologia, 28, 317-325 (1991). 7. "NIST implementation and realization of the ITS-90 over the range 83 K to 1235 K: reproducibility, stability, and uncertainties", G.F. Strouse, "Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry", J. F. Schooley, Editor: (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1992). 8. "Realization of the ITS-90 below 83.8 K at the National Institute of Standards and Technology", E. R. Pfeiffer, "Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry", J. F. Schooley, Editor: (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1992). 9. "A Progress Report on the Primary Realization of the International temperature Scale of 1990 from 0.65 K to 83.8 K at the National Institute of Standards and Technology," C. W. Meyer and M. L. Reilly, BIPM Com. Cons. Thermométrie 18, CCT/93-21, 1993. 10. "Determination of (t90 - t68) between 630.615 C and 1064.18 C," G. W. Burns, G. F. Strouse, B. W. Mangum, M. C. Croakin, W. F. Guthrie, P. Marcarino, M. Battuello, H. K. Lee, J. C. Kim, K. S. Gam, N. P. Moiseeva, S. A. Perevalova, and M. J. de Groot, BIPM Com. Cons. Thermométrie 18, CCT/93-18, 1993. References to the IPTS-68(75) and to the EPT-76 are: For Temperatures From 0.5 K to 30 K on the EPT-76 11. "The 1976 Provisional 0.5 K to 30 K Temperature Scale", M. Durieux, W. R. G. Kemp, C. A. Swenson, and D. N. Astrov, Metrologia 15, 65 (1979). 12. "The Derivation and Development of the 1976 Provisional 0.5 K to 30 K Temperature Scale", M. Durieux, D. N. Astrov, W. R. G. Kemp, and C. A. Swenson, Metrologia 15, 57 (1979). For Temperatures From 13.81 K to 903 K on the IPTS-68 13. "The International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968, Amended Edition of 1975", H. Preston-Thomas, Metrologia 12, 7 (1976). B. TEXTBOOKS 1. Temperature, T. J. Quinn (1990) Academic Press Inc., 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10003. 2. Fundamentals of Temperature, Pressure and Flow Measurements, R. P. Benedict, (1969), John Wiley and Sons, New York. 3. Industrial Temperature Measurement, T. W. Kerlin and R. L. Shepard, (1982) Instrument Society of America, North Carolina. 4. Thermometry, J. F. Schooley, (1986) CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida. 5. Theory and Practice of Radiation Thermometry, D. P. deWitt and G. D. Nutter, Eds, (1988) John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. 6. Traceable temperatures: an introduction to temperature measurement and calibration, J.V. Nicholas and D.R. White, (1994) Wiley and Sons, New York. C. REVIEW ARTICLES//BOOK CHAPTERS 1. "Temperature and thermometry", B. W. Mangum in The Encylopedia of Physics, Third Edition, l984, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, Inc., New York. 2. "New Means of Temperature Measurement in Biochemistry", R. L. Berger, T. Clem, V. A. Harden, B. W. Mangum, in Methods of Biochemical Analysis, March 1984, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 3. "Temperature Measurement", H. E. Sostman in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 22, 1983, John Wiley and Sons, New York. pp. 679-708. 4. "The Foundations of Thermometry", T. J. Quinn and J. P. Compton in Reports on Progress in Physics, 38, (The Institute of Physics, Bristol, England, 1975), pp.151-239. D. SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS Listed in reverse chronological order, the major Symposia on thermometry are: 1. Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Volume 6, J. F. Schooley, Editor; (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1992). 2. Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Volume 5, J. F. Schooley, Editor; (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1982). 3. Temperature Measurement 1975, B. F. Billing and T. J. Quinn, Editors; (Institute of Physics, London and Bristol, England, 1975). 4. Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Volume 4, Parts 1, 2, and 3, H. H. Plumb, Editor; (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh, PA, 1972). 5. Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Volume 3, Parts 1, 2, and 3, C. M. Herzfeld, Editor; (Reinhold, New York and Chapman and Hall, London, 1962). 6. Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Volume 2, H. C. Wolfe, Editor; (Reinhold, New York and Chapman and Hall, London, 1955). 7. Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Volume 1 (Reinhold, New York, NY, 1941). E. SPECIFIC TOPICS IN THERMOMETRY E-1. Liquid-In-Glass Thermometry 1. "Assessment of Uncertainties of Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer Calibrations at the National Institute of Standards and Technology", J. A. Wise, NISTIR 5341 (1994). 2. "A Procedure for the Effective Recalibration of Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers", J.A. Wise, NIST Special Publication 819 (1991). 3. "Thermometer Calibration: A Model For State Calibration Laboratories", J. A. Wise and R. J. Soulen, (1986). 4. ASTM Standard E-1-95, "Standard Specification for ASTM Thermometers", 1991 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 14.03, p. 1 (American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1991). 5. ASTM Standard E-77-92, "Standard Method for Inspection and Verification of Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers", 1991 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 14.03, p. 61 (American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1991). 6. "Standard Reference Materials; Description and Use of Precision Thermometers for the Clinical Laboratory, SRM 934", B. W. Mangum and J. A. Wise, NIST Special Publication 260-113, June 1990. 7. "Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer Calibration Service", J. A. Wise, NIST Special Publication 250-23 (1988). E-2. Metallic Resistance Thermometers 1. "Assessment of Uncertainties of Calibration of Resistance Thermometers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology," G. F. Strouse and W. L. Tew, NISTIR 5319 (1994). 2. "Investigation of high-temperature platinum resistance thermometers at temperatures up to 962 C, and, in some cases, 1064 C", G.F. Strouse, B.W. Mangum, A.I. Pokhodun, and N.P. Moiseeva, Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6 (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1992). 3. "Practical Application of the ITS-90: Inherent Uncertainties", B.W. Mangum, E.R. Pfeiffer, and G.F. Strouse, Proc. of the 1991 Meas. Sci. Conf., Jan. 31, 1991. 4. "Practical Applications of the ITS-90", B.W. Mangum, ER Pfeiffer, and G.F. Strouse, Proc. Of the Amer. Soc. for Quality Control's 45th Annual Quality Congress, May (1991). 5. "Investigation of High Temperature Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers, M.J. deGroot, J.F. Dubbeldam, P. Bloembergen, 4th Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurement in Industry and Science, Sept. 1990, Helsinki, Finland. 6. "Platinum resistance Thermometer Calibrations", B.W. Mangum, NBS Special Publication 250- 22 (1987). 7. ASTM Standard E-1137-95, "Standard Specification for Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers", 1987 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 14.01, p. 929 (American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1987). 8. "Stability of Small Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers", B. W. Mangum, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand., Vol. 89, No. 4, July-August 1984, pp. 305-316. 9. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Publication 751. "Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometer Sensors", Bureau Central de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale, Geneva, Switzerland (1996). 10. "Platinum Resistance Thermometry", John L. Riddle, George T. Furukawa, and Harmon H. Plumb, NBS Monograph 126 (1973; reissued 1983). 11. "Investigation of the Stability of Small Platinum Resistance Thermometers", B. W. Mangum and G. A. Evans, Jr., Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 5 (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1982) pp. 795-801. 12. "Stability Characteristics of Rhodium-Iron Alloy Resistance Thermometers", 2 L.M. Besley, J. Phys. E: Instru. 15, 824 (1982). 13. "Resistance Thermometry using Rhodium-Iron, 0.1 K to 273 K", R.L. Rusby, in Temperature Measurement 1975, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. No. 26 (Institute of Physics, London, England, 1975) p. 125. 14. "A Rhodium-Iron Resistance Thermometer for use below 20 K", R.L. Rusby, in Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 4 (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh, PA, 1972) p. 865. E-3. Thermocouples THEORY, MATERIALS & OPERATION OF THERMOCOUPLES 1. "Assessment of Uncertainties of Thermocouple Calibrations at NIST," D. Ripple, G. W. Burns, and M. G. Scroger, NISTIR 5340 (1994). 2. Thermocouples: Theory and Properties, D. D. Pollock, (CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 1991). 3. "The Calibration of Thermocouples and Thermocouple Materials", G. W. Burns and M. G. Scroger, NIST Special Publication 250-35 (1989). 4. Temperature Measurement Course: Theory and Practice of Thermoelectric Thermometry, R. E. Bentley, CSIRO Division of Applied Physics, National Measurement Laboratory (Sydney, Australia, 1988). 5. Thermoelectricity: Theory, Thermometry, Tool, D. D. Pollock, ASTM STP 852, (American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1985). 6. Thermoelectricity: An Introduction to the Principles, D. K. C. MacDonald (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1962). 7. Thermoelectricity in Metals and Alloys, R. D. Barnard (Halsted Press, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1972). 8. The Theory and Properties of Thermocouple Elements, D. D. Pollock, ASTM STP 492, (Omega Press, Ithaca, NY, 1979). 9. Thermocouple Temperature Measurement, P. A. Kinzie, (Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY. 10. Manual on the Use of Thermocouples in Temperature Measurement, STP-470B, (American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA 1981). 11. Manual on the Use of Thermocouples in Temperature Measurement, Fourth Edition, (American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA 1993). REFERENCE TABLES & TOLERANCES 1. G. W. Burns, G. F. Strouse, B. M. Liu, and B. W. Mangum, "Gold versus platinum thermocouples performance data and an ITS-90 based reference function", Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6 (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1992). 2. G. W. Burns, G. F. Strouse, B. W. Mangum, M. C. Croarkin, W. F. Guthrie, P. Marcarino, M. Battuello, H. K. Lee, J. C. Kim, K. S. Gam, C. Rhee, M. Chattle, M. Arai, H. Sakurai, A. I. Pokhodun, N. P. Moiseeva, S. A. Perevalova, M. J. de Groot, Jipei Zhang, Kai Fan, and Shuyuan Wu, "New reference function for platinum-10% rhodium versus platinum (type S) thermocouples based on the ITS-90. Part I: Experimental procedures", Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6 (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1992). 3. G. W. Burns, G. F. Strouse, B. W. Mangum, M. C. Croarkin, W. F. Guthrie, P. Marcarino, M. Battuello, H. K. Lee, J. C. Kim, K. S. Gam, C. Rhee, M. Chattle, M. Arai, H. Sakurai, A. I. Pokhodun, N. P. Moiseeva, S. A. Perevalova, M. J. de Groot, Jipei Zhang, Kai Fan, and Shuyuan Wu, "New reference function for platinum-10% rhodium versus platinum (type S) thermocouples based on the ITS-90. Part II: Results and discussion", Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6 (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1992). 4. G. W. Burns, G. F. Strouse, B. W. Mangum, and M. Chattle,"New reference functions for platinum-13% rhodium versus platinum (type R) and platinum-30% rhodium versus platinum- 6% rhodium (type B) thermocouples based on the ITS-90", Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6 (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1992). 5. R. L. Powell, W. J. Hall, C. H. Hyink, Jr., L. L. Sparks, G. W. Burns, M. G. Scroger, and H. H. Plumb, Thermocouple Reference Tables Based on the IPTS-68, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Monograph 125 (1974), 410 pages. 6. American National Standard, Temperature Measurement Thermocouples, ANSI-MC96.1-1982 (Instrument Society of America, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1982). 7. ASTM Standard E230-93, "Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for Thermocouples", 1991 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 14.03, p. 102 (America Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1991). 8. International Electrotechnical Commission Standard, Thermocouples, Part 1: Reference tables, IEC Publication 584-1 (Bureau Central de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale, Geneva, Switzerland, 1995). 9. International Electrotechnical Commission Standard, Thermocouples, Part 2: Tolerances, IEC Publication 584-2 (Bureau Central de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale, Geneva, Switzerland, 1982). 10. N. A. Burley, R. L. Powell, G. W. Burns, and M. G. Scroger, "The Nicrosil versus Nisil Thermocouple: Properties and Thermoelectric Reference Data", Nat. Bur. Stand. (US) Monograph 161, (1978), 167 pages. 11. G. W. Burns, M. G. Scroger, G. F. Strouse, M. C. Croarkin, and W. F. Guthrie "Temperature- Electromotive Force Reference Functions and Tables for the Letter-Designated Thermocouple Types Based on the ITS-90," Natl. Inst. of Stand. and Technol., Monograph 175 (1993) US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. SOME SELECTED PUBLICATIONS ON THE EMF INSTABILITIES OF THERMOCOUPLES 1. G. W. Burns, G. F. Strouse, B. M. Liu, and B. W. Mangum, "Gold versus platinum thermocouples performance data and an ITS-90 based reference function", in Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6 (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1992). 2. A. I. Dahl, The Stability of Base-metal Thermocouples in Air from 800 to 2200 F", in Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 1, (Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, NY, 1941), p. 1238. 3. B. E. Walker, C. T. Ewing, and R. P. Miller, "Thermoelectric Instability of Some Noble Metal Thermocouples at High Temperatures", Rev. SCI Instrum. 33, 1029-1040 (1962). 4. N. A. Burley and R. G. Acklund, "The Stability of Thermo- emf/Temperature Characteristics of Nickel-base Thermocouples, J. of Australian Inst. of Metals 12, 23-31 (1967). 5. N. A. Burley, Solute Depletion and Thermo-emf Drift in Nickel-base Thermocouple Alloy", J. Inst. Metals 97, 252-254 (1969). 6. J. F. Potts, Jr., and D. L. McElroy, "The effects of Cold Working, Heat Treatment, and Oxidation on the Thermal emf of Nickel-base Thermoelements, in Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 3, Part 2, (Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York, NY, 1962) p. 243. 7. A. S. Darling and G. L. Selman, "Some Effects of Environment on the Performance of Noble Metal Thermocouples," in Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 4, Part 3 (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh, PA, 1972), p. 1633. 8. G. E. Glawe and A. J. Szaniszlo, "Long-Term Drift of Some Noble- and Refractory-Metal Thermocouples at 1600 K in Air, Argon and Vacuum," in Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 4, Part 3 (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh, PA, 1972), p. 1645. 9. E. H. McLaren and E. G. Murdock, "Properties of Some Noble and Base Metal Thermocouples at Fixed Points in the Range 0-1100 oC", in Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 5 (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1982), p. 953. 10. R. L. Anderson, J. D. Lyons, T. G. Kollie, W. H. Christie, and R. Eby, "Decalibration of Sheathed Thermocouples", in Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 5 (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1982), p. 977. 11. T. P. Wang and C. D. Starr, "Oxidation Resistance and Stability of Nicrosil-Nisil in Air and in Reducing Atmosphere", in Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 5 (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1982), p. 1147. 12. N. A. Burley, J. L. Cocking, G. W. Burns, and M. G. Scroger, "The Nicrosil versus Nisil Thermocouple: The Influence of Magnesium on the Thermoelectric Stability and Oxidation Resistance of the Alloys", in Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 5 (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1982), p. 1129. 13. G. W. Burns and W. S. Hurst, "Studies of the Performance of W-Re Type Thermocouples in Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 4, Part 3 (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh, PA, 1972), p. 1751. 14. G. W. Burns, W. S. Hurst and M. G. Scroger, "High Reliability Sheathed, Beryllia Insulated, Tungston-Rhenium Alloy Thermocouple Assemblies - Their Fabrication and emf Stability", Report No. NASA CR-134549, NBSIR 74-447 (1974). 15. R. E. Bentley and T. L. Morgan, "Ni-Based Thermocouples in the Mineral-Insulated Metal- Sheathed Format: Thermoelectric Instabilities to 1100 C", J. Phys. E.: SCI Instrum. 19, 262- 268 (1986). 16. R. E. Bentley, "Short-term Instabilities in Thermocouples containing Nickel-based Alloys", High Temp.-High Pressures 15, 599-611 (1983). 17. R. E. Bentley and T.P. Jones, "Inhomogeneities in Type S Thermocouples When Used to 1064 C", High Temp.-High Pressures 12, 33-45 (1980). E-4. Thermistors 1. Jaquelyn A. Wise, "Stability of glass-encapsulated disc-type thermistors", Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6, (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1992). 2. H. B. Sachse, Semiconducting Temperature Sensors and Their Applications, (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1975). 3. F. J. Hyde, Thermistors, (Iliffe Books, London, 1971). 4. B. W. Mangum, "Triple Point of Succinonitrile and Its Use in the Calibration of Thermistors", Rev. SCI Instrum. 54, 1687-1692 (1983). 5. R. L. Berger, B. Balko, T. Clem and W. Friauf, "Fast Thermistor Sensors for Rapid Reaction Studies," Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 5, (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1982), pp. 897-910. 6. T. H. LaMers, J. M. Zurbuchen and H. Trolander, "Enhanced Stability in Precision Interchangeable Thermistors," Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 5, (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1982), pp. 865-873. 7. M. Sapoff, W. R. Siwek, H. C. Johnson, J. Slepian and S. Weber, "The Exactness of Fit of Third-Degree Polynomials for the Resistance - Temperature Relationship of Thermistors," Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 5, (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1982), pp. 875-887. 8. J. M. Zurbuchen and D. A. Case, "Aging Phenomena in Nickel - Manganese Oxide Thermistors", Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 5, (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1982), pp. 889-896. 9. J. M. Ziman, Electrons and Phonons (Oxford University Press, London, 1960). 10. E. M. Wormser, "Properties of Thermistor Infrared Detectors", J. Opt. Soc. Am. 43, 15 (1953). 11. S. D. Wood, B. W. Mangum, J. J. Filliben, and S. B. Tillett, "An Investigation of the Stability of Thermistors," J. Res. NBS 83, 247 (1978). 12. R. E. Walker and A. A. Westenberg, "Precision Thermal-Conductivity Gas Analyser Using Thermistors," Rev. SCI Instrum. 23, 789 (1957). 13. K. M. Van Vliet, C. K. Van Leeuwen, J. Block, and C. Ris, "Measurements on Current Noise in Carbon Resistors and in Thermistors", Physics 20, 481 (1954). 14. H. W. Trolander and R. W. Harruff, "A Thermistor Temperature Sensor Suitable for Use as a Transfer Standard," Proc. 5th Temp. Meas. Soc. Conference, I-C-1, Hawthorne, CA, 1967. 15. H. W. Trolander, D. A. Case, and R. W. Harruff, "Reproducibility, Stability and Linearization of Thermistor Resistance Thermometers", Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 4, Part 2 (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh, PA, 1973), pp. 997-1009. 16. H. W. Trolander, "The Current State of Electrical Thermometry for Biological Applications", Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 4, Part 3 (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh, PA, 1973), p. 2035. 17. I. S. Steinhart, and S. R. Hart, Deep Sea Res. 15, 497 (1968). 18. O. J. M. Smith, "Thermistors: Part I; Static Characteristics and Part II; Dynamic Characteristics", Rev. SCI Instrum. 21, 344, (1950). 19. H. Schmalzried, Z. Phys. Chem. Neue Folge 33, 111 (1962). 20. W. F. Schlosser and R. H. Munnings, "Thermistors as Cryogenic Thermometers", Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 4, Part 2 (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh, PA, 1973), pp. 795-801. 21. W. F. Schlosser and R. H. Munnings, "Thermistors as Temperature Sensors at 4.2 K and the Effect of a Magnetic Field," Rev. SCI Instrm. 40, 1359 (1969). 22. R. W. A. Scarr and R. A. Setterington, "Thermistors, Their Theory, Manufacture and Application", Proc. Instn. Elect. Engrs. (London) 107B, 395 (1960). 23. M. Sapoff and R. M. Oppenheim, "Theory and Applications of Self- Heated Thermistors," Proc. Inst. Elect. Electronic Engrs. 51, 1292 (1963). 24. M. Sapoff, "Thermistors for Biomedical Use", Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Indsutry, Vol. 4, Part 3 (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh, PA, 1973), p. 2109. 25. H. Sachse, "Temperature-Dependent Resistances (Hot Conductors) and Their Technical Applications," Siemens - Zeit. 19, 214 (1939). 26. R. A. Rasmussen, "Application of Thermistors to Measurements in Moving Fluids," Rev. SCI Instrum. 33, 38 (1962). 27. E. Pitts and P. T. Priestley, "Constant Sensitivity Bridge for Thermistor Thermometers," J. SCI Instrum. 39, 75 (1962). 28. G. L. Pearson, "Thermistors, Their Characteristics and Uses", Bell Labs. Record 19, 106 (1940). 29. G. Newstead and A. E. Beck, "Borehole Temperature Measuring Equipment and the Geothermal Flux in Tasmania", Australian J. Phys. 4, 480 (1953). 30. A. D. Misener and A. E. Beck, "The Measurement of Heat Flow over Load", Methods and Techniques in Geophysis, Vol. 1 (Wiley- Interscience, New York, 1960), pp. 10-61. 31. A. A. Milgram, "Influence of Metallic Diffusion on the Adhesion of Screen-Printed Silver Films," Metallurigical Trans. 1, 695 (1970). 32. J. A. McLean, "A Method for Constructing Direct-Reading Thermistor Thermometers", J. SCI Instrum. 31, 455 (1954). 33. J. D. Lewin, "A Cryogenic Liquid Level Detector Employing Thermistors," J. SCI Instrum. 40, 539 (1963). 34. W. J. Leiss and R. F. Trufant, "Improved Bathythermograph and the Measurement of Ocean Temperature", Sound 2, 42 (1963). 35. E. C. La Fond, "Towed Sea Temperature Structure Profiler", Mar. SCI Instrum. 2, 49 (1963). 36. J. Krog, "Thermistor Hypodermic Needle for Subcutaneous Temperature Measurement, "Rev. SCI Instrum. 27, 408 (1956). 37. C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 2nd Edition, (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1963). 38. K. Kenyon, "Preparation for Measuring Horizontal Thermal Microstructure in the Deep Sea", MPL Tech. Memo 121, Univ. of CA, San Diego, 1962. 39. G. W. James, M. H. Paul and H. V. Wessel, "Thermal Dilution: Instrumentation with Thermistors," J. Appl. Physiol. 20, 547 (1965). 40. W. Hogan, J. Nicol, and S. Shapiro, "A Comment on the Characteristic of Thermistors at 4.2 K", Adv. Cryogen. Engng. 8, 340 (1963). 41. C. F. G. Herington and R. Handley, "The Use of Thermistors for Recording Small Temperature Difference", J. SCI Instrum. 25, 434 (1948). 42. W. B. Wales, "Thermistors as Instruments in Thermometry and Anemometry", Bull. Am. Met. Soc. 29, 494 (1948). 43. M. C. Godin, "Simple Bridge for the Direct Measurement of Temperature Differences", J. SCI Instrum. 38, 330 (1951). 44. K. S. Cole, "Thermistor Thermometer Bridge: Linearity and Sensitivity for a Range of Temperature," Rev. SCI Instrum. 28, 326 (1957). 45. J. J. Brophy, "Current Noise in Thermistor Bolometer Flakes", J. Appl. Phys. 25, 222 (1954). 46. R. S. Bradley, "A Thermistor McLead Gauge for a Pressure Range 1-10-7 mm of Mercury", J. SCI Instrum. 31, 129 (1954). 47. G. Bosson, F. Gutman and L. M. Simmons, "A Relationship Between Resistance and Temperature of Thermistors," J. Appl. Phys. 21, 1267 (1950). 48. J. A. Becker, C. B. Green and G. L. Pearson, "Properties and Uses of Thermistors", Bell System Tech. J. 26, 170 (1947). 49. J. A. Becker, C. B. Green and G. L. Pearson, "Properties and Uses of Thermistors - Thermally Sensitive Resistors", Trans. Am. Inst. Elect. Engrs. 65, 711 (1946). 50. A. E. Beck, "The Stability of Thermistors", J. SCI Instrum. 33, 16 (1956). 51. W. R. Beakley, "The Design of Thermistor Thermometers with Linear Calibration", J. SCI Instrum. 28, 176 (1951). 52. F. I. Badgley, "Response of Radiosonde Thermistors", Rev. SCI Instrum 28, 1079 (1957). 53. R. R. Barnes, "Thermistor Infrared Detectors", Bulletin 200, Barnes Engineering Company Defense and Space Division, Stanford, CT. 54. B. L. Andrews, "The Thermistors in Biological Research", Electron. Engng. 19, 288 (1947). E-5. Optical Pyrometry 1. "Theory and Methods of Optical Pyrometry", J. J. Kostkowski and R. D. Lee, NBS Monograph 41, (1962). 2. Self-study Manual on Optical Radiation Measurements, NBS Tech. Notes 910 -1 to 6, F. E. Nicodemus, Editor. 1976-1983. 3. Temperature Measurement in Engineering, H. D. Baker, E. A. Ryder, and N. H. Baker, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1961. E-6. Gas Thermometry 1. "Differences between Thermodynamic Temperature and t (IPTS-68) in the Range 230 C to 660 C"; R. E. Edsinger and J. F. Schooley, Metrologia 26, 95-106 (1989). 2. "Thermodynamic gas thermometry in the range 230 C to 660 C", J. F. Schooley and R. E. Edsinger, Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6, (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1992). E-7. Fixed Points 1. "Determination of the Indium Freezing-point and Triple-point Temperatures", B. W. Mangum, Metrologia 26, 211-217 (1989). 2. "The Triple Point of Oxygen in Sealed Transportable Cells", George T. Furukawa, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. 91, 255-275 (1986). 3. "An International Intercomparison of Fixed Points by Means of Sealed Cells in the Range 13.81 K - 90.686 K", F. Pavese, J. Ancsin, D. N. Astrov. J. Bonhoure, G. Bonnier, G. T. furukawa, R. C. Kemp, H. Maas,j R. L. Rusby, H. Sakurai, and S. K. Ling, Metrologia, 20, 127-144 (1984). 4. "Reproducibility of some triple point of water cells", George T. Furukawa and William R. Bigge, Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Scienec and Industry, Vol. 5, (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1982), pp. 239-248. 5. "Investigation of Freezing Temperatures of National Bureau of Standards Tin Standards", George T. Furukawa, John L. Riddle and William Bigge, Vol. 4 of Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (Instrument Society of America, Pittsburgh, PA, 1972), Part 1, pp. 247-263. 6. "Comparison of Freezing Temperature of the National Bureau of Standards SRM-740 Zinc Standards", George T. Furukawa and John L. Riddle, Comite' Consultatif de Thermome'trie, May 9-11, 1978, Se`vres, France. 7. "Standard Reference Materials: Application of Some Metal SRMs as Thermometric Fixed Points," George T. Furukawa, John L. Riddle, William R. Bigge and Earl R. Pfeiffer, Nat. Bur. Stand. (US) Spec. Publ. 260-77, August 1982, 140 pages. 8. "The Succinonitrile Triple-Point Standard: A Fixed Point to Improve the Accuracy of Temperature Measurements in the Clinical Laboratory", B. W. Mangum, Clin. Chem. 29, 1380 (1983). 9. "The Triple Point of Rubidium: A Temperature Fixed Point for Biomedical Applications", Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 5 (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1982), pp. 327-337. 10. "SRM 1970: Succinonitrile Triple-Point Standard - A Temperature Reference Standard Near 58.08 C", B. W. Mangum and Samir El-Sabban, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. 90, 359-370 (1985). 11. "SRM 1970: Succinonitrile Triple-Point Standard - A Temperature Reference Standard Near 58.08 C", Nat. Bur. Stand. Spec. Publ. 260-101 (1986). 12. "Evaluation of the Triple Point of 1, 3-Dioxalan-2-One", J. D. Cox and B. W. Mangum, Metrologia 23, 173-178 (1986-87). 13. "Reproducibility of the Triple Point of Argon in Sealed Transportable Cells", George T. Furukawa, in Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 5 (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1982) pp. 239-248. 14. "Investigation of Freezing Temperatures of National Bureau of Standards Aluminum Standards", George T. Furukawa, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. 78A, 477-495 (1974). 15. "Immersion Cooler for Freezing Ice Mantles on Triple-Point-of-Water-Cells", J. P. Evans and D. M Sweger, Rev. SCI Instr. 40(2): 376-377 (1969). 16. George T. Furukawa, "Realization of the mercury triple point", Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6 (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1992). 17. George T. Furukawa, "Argon triple point apparatus with multiple thermometer wells", Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6 (American Institute of Physics, New York, NY, 1992). 18. "The Effect of Hydrostatic Head on the Liquid/Solid Equilibrium Temperature of Mercury during Freezing and Melting," G. T. Furukawa, BIPM Com. Cons. Thermométrie 18, CCT/93- 20, 1993. 19. "Preliminary Results of a Comparison of Water Triple-Point Cells Prepared by different Methods," G. F. Strouse, G. T. Furukawa, and B. W. Mangum, BIPM Com. Cons. Thermométrie 18, CCT/93-24, 1993. 20. "A Direct Comparison of Three PTB Silver Fixed-Point Cells with the NIST Silver Fixed-Point Cell," G. F. Strouse, B. W. Mangum, H. G. Nubbemeyer, and H. J. Jung, BIPM Com. Cons. Thermométrie 18, CCT/93-22, 1993. |
Last Updated on: 2/25/04
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