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8--References

2--Ecology

Ahern, F. J., D. G. Leckie, and J. A. Drieman (1993). Seasonal changes in relative C-band backscatter of northern forest cover types. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 31, pp. 668-680.

Aselmann, I. and P. J. Crutzen (1989). Global distribution of natural freshwater wetlands and rice paddies, their net primary productivity, seasonality, and possible methane emissions. J. Atmos. Chem., vol. 8, pp. 307-358.

Bacastow, R. B., C. D. Keeling, and T. P. Whorf (1985). Seasonal amplitude increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, 1959-1982. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 90, pp. 10,529-10,540.

Bartlett, K. B. and R. C. Harriss (1993). Review and assessment of methane emissions from wetlands. Chemosphere, vol. 26, pp. 261-320.

Beaudoin, A., T. LeToan, S. Goze, E. Nezry, A. Lopes, E. Mougin, C. C. Hsu, H. C. Han, J. A. Kong, and R. T. Shin (1994). Retrieval of forest biomass from SAR data. Int. J. Rem. Sens., vol. 15, pp. 2777-2796.

Bonan, G. B. (1991a). Atmosphere-biosphere exchange of carbon dioxide in boreal forests. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 96, pp. 7301-7312.

Bonan, G. B. (1991b). Seasonal and annual carbon fluxes in a boreal forest landscape. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 96, pp. 17329-17338.

Bonan, G. B. and H. H. Shugart (1989). Environmental factors and ecological processes in boreal forests. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., vol. 20, pp. 1-28.

Chauhan, N. R., R. H. Lang, and K. J. Ranson (1991). Radar modeling of a boreal forest. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 29, pp. 627-638.

D'Arrigo, R., G. C. Jacoby, and I. Y. Fung (1987). Boreal forests and atmosphere biosphere exchange of carbon dioxide. Nature, vol. 329, pp. 321-323.

de Grandi, G. F., G. C. Lemoine, H. de Groof, C. Lavalle, and A. J. Sieber (1994). Fully polarimetric classification of the Black Forest MAESTRO 1 AIRSAR data. Int. J. Rem. Sens., vol. 15, pp. 2755-2775.

Dixon, R. K., S. Brown, R. A. Houghton, A. M. Solomon, M. C. Trexler, and J. Wisniewski (1994). Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science, vol. 263, pp. 185-190.

Dobson, M. C., L. E. Pierce, K. Sarabandi, F. T. Ulaby, and T. Sharik (1992a). Preliminary analysis of ERS-1 SAR for forest ecosystem studies. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 203-211.

Dobson, M. C., F. T. Ulaby, T. Le Toan, A. Beaudoin, E. S. Kasischke, and N. C. Christensen (1992b). Dependence of radar backscatter on conifer forest biomass. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 30, pp. 412-415.

Dobson, M. C., F. T. Ulaby, and L. E. Pierce (1995a). Land-cover classification and estimation of terrain attributes using synthetic aperture radar. Rem. Sens. Environ., vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 199-214.

Dobson, M. C., L. E. Pierce, and F. T. Ulaby (1995b). Knowledge-based land-cover classification using ERS-1/JERS-1 SAR composites. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., (in press).

Dobson, M. C., F. T. Ulaby, L. E. Pierce, K. Bergen, and K. Sarabandi (1995c). Land-cover classification and biomass estimation with SIR-C/X-SAR. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens. (in press).

Drieman, J. A. (1994). Forest cover typing and clearcut mapping in Newfoundland with C- band SAR. Can. J. Rem. Sens., vol. 20, pp. 11-16.

Durden, S. L., J. J. Van Zyl, and H. A. Zebker (1989). Modeling and observation of the radar polarization signature of forested areas. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 27, pp. 290-301.

Foody, G. M., M. B. McCulloch, and W. B. Yates (1994). Crop classification from C-band polarimetric radar data. Int. J. Rem. Sens., vol. 15, pp. 2871-2885.

Fung, I., J. John, J. Lerner, E. Matthews, M. Prather, L. Steele, and P. J. Fraser (1991). Three-dimensional model synthesis of the global methane cycle. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 96, pp. 13,033-13,065.

Harrell, P., L. L. Bourgeau-Chavez, E. S. Kasischke, N. H. F. French, and N. L. Christensen (1995). Sensitivity of ERS-1 and JERS-1 radar data to biomass and stand structure in Alaskan boreal forest. Rem. Sens. Environ. (in press).

Hess, L. L. and J. M. Melack (1994). Mapping wetland hydrology with synthetic aperture radar. Int. J. Ecol. Environ. Sci., vol. 20, pp. 74-81.

Hess, L. L., J. M. Melack, and D.S. Simonett (1990). Radar detection of flooding beneath the forest canopy: a review. Int. J. Rem. Sens., vol. 5, pp. 1313-1325.

Hess, L. L., J. M. Melack, S. Filoso, and Y. Wang (1995). Delineation of inundated area and vegetation along the Amazon floodplain with the SIR-C synthetic aperture radar. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens. (in press).

Houghton, R. A. (1987). Biotic changes consistent with the increased seasonal amplitude of atmospheric CO2 concentration. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 92, pp. 4223-4230.

Houghton, R. A., R. D. Boone, J. M. Melillo, C. A. Palm, G. M. Woodwell, N. Myers, B. Moore, and D. L. Skole (1985). Net flux of carbon dioxide from tropical forests in 1980. Nature, vol. 316, pp. 617-620.

Hsu, C. C., H. C. Han, R. T. Shin, J. A. Kong, A. Beaudoin, and T. LeToan (1994). Radiative transfer theory for polarimetric remote sensing of pine forest at P band. Int. J. Rem. Sens., vol. 15, pp. 2943-2954.

Hussin, Y. A., R. M. Reich, and R. M. Hoffer (1991). Estimating slash pine biomass using radar backscatter. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 29, pp. 427-431.

Kasischke, E. S. and N. H. F. French (1994). Locating and estimating the areal extent of wildfires in Alaskan boreal forests using multiple season AVHRR NDVI composite data. Rem. Sens. Environ., vol. 50 (in press).

Kasischke, E. S., L. L. Bourgeau-Chavez, N. H. F. French, P. Harrell, and N. L. Christensen, Jr. (1992). Initial observations on the use of SAR imagery to monitor wildfires in boreal forests. Intern. J. Rem. Sens., vol. 13, pp. 3495-3501.

Kasischke, E. S., N. L. Christensen, Jr., and L. L. Bourgeau-Chavez (1994a). Correlating radar backscatter with components of biomass in loblolly pine forests. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 32 (in press).

Kasischke, E. S., N. L. Christensen, Jr., E. Haney, and L. L. Bourgeau-Chavez (1994b). Observations on the sensitivity of ERS-1 SAR image intensity to changes in aboveground biomass in young loblolly pine forests. Int. J. Rem. Sens., vol. 15, pp. 3-16.

Kasischke, E. S., L. L. Bourgeau-Chavez, and N. H. F. French (1994c). Observations of variations in ERS-1 SAR image intensity associated with forest fires in Alaska. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 32, pp. 206-210.

Kasischke, E. S., L. Morrissey, J. B. Way, N. H. F. French, L. L. Bourgeau-Chavez, E. Rignot, J. A. Stearn, and G. P. Livingston (1995a). Monitoring seasonal variations in boreal ecosystems using multi-temporal spaceborne SAR data. Can. J. Rem. Sens. (in press).

Kasischke, E. S., N. L. Christensen, Jr., and B. J. Stocks (1995b). Fire, global warming and the mass balance of carbon in boreal forests. Ecol. Appl. (in press).

Kuga, Y., M. W. Whitt, K. C. McDonald, and F. T. Ulaby (1990). Scattering models for distributed targets, in Radar Polarimetry for Geoscience Application (F. T. Ulaby and C. Elachi, eds.), Artech, Dedham, MA.

Kwok, R., E. Rignot, J. B. Way, A. Freeman, and J. Holt (1994). Polarization signatures of frozen and thawed forests of varying environmental state. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 32, pp. 371-381.

Lang, R. H., N. S. Chauhan, J. K. Ranson, and O. Kilic (1994). Modeling P-band SAR returns from a red pine stand. Rem. Sens. Environ., vol. 47, pp. 132-141.

Lemoine, G. G., G. F. de Grandi, and A. J. Sieber (1994). Polarimetric contrast classification of agricultural fields using MAESTRO 1 AIRSAR data. Int. J. Rem. Sens., vol. 15, pp. 2851-2869.

Lopes, A., E. Nezry, R. Touzi, and H. Laur (1993). Structure detection and statistical adaptive filtering in SAR images. Int. J. Rem. Sens., vol. 14, pp. 1735-1758.

Lozano-Garcia, D. F. and R. M. Hoffer (1993). Synergistic effects of combined Landsat-TM and SIR-B data for forest resources assessment. Int. J. Rem. Sens., vol. 14, p. 2677.

Luvall, J. C. and H. R. Holbo (1989). Measurements of short-term thermal responses of coniferous forest canopies using thermal scanner data. Rem. Sens. Environ., vol. 27,
pp. 1-10.

McDonald, K. C., M. C. Dobson, and F. T. Ulaby (1990). Using MIMICS to model L-band multiangle and multitemporal backscatter for a walnut orchard. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 28, pp. 477-491.

McDonald, K.C., M. C. Dobson, and F. T. Ulaby (1991). Modeling multifrequency diurnal backscatter from a walnut orchard. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 29, pp. 852-863.

McDonald, K. C. and F. T. Ulaby (1993). Radiative transfer modeling of discontinuous tree canopies at microwave frequencies. Int. J. Rem. Sens., vol. 14, No. 11, pp. 2097-2128.

McFarlane, N. A., G. J. Boer, J.-P. Blanchet, and M. Lazare (1992). The Canadian Climate Center second generation general circulation model and its equilibrium climate. Journal of Climate, vol. 5, pp. 1013-1044.

Melack, J. M., L. L. Hess, and S. Sippel (1994). Remote sensing of lakes and floodplains in the Amazon Basin. Rem. Sens. Rev., vol. 10, pp. 127-142.

Moghaddan, M., S. Durden, and H. Zebker (1994). Radar measurements of forested areas during OTTER. Rem. Sens. Environ., vol. 47, pp. 154-166.

Morrissey, L. A., G. P. Livingston, and S. L. Durden (1994). Use of SAR in regional methane exchange studies. Int. J. Rem. Sens., vol. 15, pp. 1337-1342.

Morrissey, L. A., S. L. Durden, G. P. Livingston, J. A. Stearn, and L. S. Guild (1995). Differentiating methane source areas with multitemporal ERS-1 SAR data within arctic environments. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens. (in press).

Ormsby, J. P., B. Blanchard, and A. J. Blanchard (1985). Detection of lowland flooding using microwave systems. Photo. Eng. Rem. Sens., vol. 51, pp. 317-328.

Pierce, L. E., F. T. Ulaby, K. Sarabandi, and M. C. Dobson (1994). Knowledge-based classification of polarimetric SAR images. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 31, pp. 1081-1086.

Pope, K. O., E. J. Sheffner, K. J. Linthicum, C. L. Bailey, T. M. Logan, E. S. Kasischke, K. Birney, A. R. Njogu, and C. R. Roberts (1992). Identification of Central Kenyan Rift Valley fever virus vector habitats with Landsat TM and evaluation of their flooding status with airborne imaging radar. Rem. Sens. Environ., vol. 40, pp. 185-196.

Pope, K. O., J. M. Rey-Benayas, and J. F. Paris (1994). Radar remote sensing of forest and wetland ecosystems in the Central American tropics. Rem. Sens. Environ., vol. 48,
pp. 205-219.

Post, W. M. (1993). Uncertainties in the terrestrial carbon cycle, inVegetation Dynamics and Global Change. (A. M. Solomon and H. H. Shugart, eds). Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 116-132.

Ranson, J. K. and G. Sun (1994). Northern forest classification using temporal multifrequency and multipolarimetric SAR images. Rem. Sens. Environ., vol. 47, pp. 142-153.

Ranson, K. J. and G. Sun (1994). Mapping biomass of a northern forest using multifrequency SAR data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 32, pp. 388-396.

Ranson, K.J., S. Saatchi, and G. Sun. Boreal forest ecosystem characterization with SIR-C/X-SAR. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens. (in press).

Rejmankova, E., D. R. Roberts, R. E. Harbach, J. Pecor, E. L. Peyton, S. Manguin, R. Krieg, J. Polanco, and L. Legters (1993). Environmental and regional determinants of anopheles larval distribution in northern Belize. Environ. Entomology, vol. 22, pp. 978-992.

Rejmankova, E., K. O. Pope, M. D. Pohl, and J. M. Rey-Benayas (1995). Freshwater wetland plant communities of northern Belize: Implications for paleoecological studies of Maya wetland agriculture. Biotropica (in press).

Richards, J. A., G-Q. Sun, and D. S. Simonett (1987). L-band radar backscatter modeling of forest stands. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 25, pp. 487-498.

Rignot, E. and J. B. Way (1994). Monitoring freeze-thaw cycles along north-south Alaskan transects using ERS-1 SAR. Rem. Sens. Environ., vol. 49, pp. 131-137.

Rignot, E., J. B. Way, K. McDonald, L. Viereck, C. Williams, P. Adams, C. Payne, W. Wood, and J. Shi (1994a). Monitoring of environmental conditions in taiga forests using ERS-1 SAR. Rem. Sens. Environ., vol. 49, pp. 145-154.

Rignot, E., J. B. Way, C. Williams, and L. Viereck (1994b). Radar estimates of aboveground biomass in boreal forests of interior Alaska. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 32, pp. 1117-1124.

Rignot, E., C. Williams, J. B. Way, and L. Viereck (1994c). Mapping of forest types in Alaskan boreal forests using SAR imagery. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 32, pp. 1051-1059.

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Sun, G. and D. S. Simonett (1988). Simulation of L-band HH microwave backscattering from coniferous forest stands: a comparison with SIR-B data. Int. J. Rem. Sens., vol. 9, pp. 907-925.

Sun, G., D. S. Simonett, and A. H. Strahler (1991). A radar backscatter model for discontinuous forest canopies. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 29, pp. 639-650.

Sun, G. and K. J. Ranson (1995). A three-dimensional radar backscatter model for forest canopies. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens. (in press).

Tans, P. P., I. Y. Fung, and T. Takahashi (1990). Observational constraints on the global atmospheric CO2 budget. Science, vol. 247, pp. 1431-1438.

Ulaby, F. T., B. Brisco, and M. C. Dobson (1983). Improved spatial mapping of rainfall events with spaceborne SAR imagery. IEEE Trans. Rem. Sens., vol. 21, pp. 118-121.

Ulaby, F. T., K. Sarabandi, K. McDonald, M. Whitt, and M. C. Dobson (1990). Michigan microwave canopy scattering model. Int. J. Rem. Sens., vol. 11, pp. 1223-1253.

Ulaby, F. T., F. Kouyate, B. Brisco, and T. H. L. Williams (1986). Textural information in SAR images. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 24, pp. 232-245.

van Zyl, J. J. (1989). Unsupervised classification of scattering behavior using radar polarimetry data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 27, pp. 36-45.

van Zyl, J. J. and C. F. Burnette (1992). Baysian classification of polarimetric SAR images using adaptive a priori probabilities. Int. J. Rem. Sens., vol. 13, pp. 835-840.

Viereck, L. A. (1983). The effects of fire in black spruce ecosystems of Alaska and northern Canada in The Role of Fire in Northern Circumpolar Ecosystems (Scope 18) (R. W. Wein and D. A. MacLean, eds.), John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England, pp. 201-220.

Wang, Y., F. W. Davis, and J. M. Melack (1993a). Simulated and observed backscatter at P-, L-, and C-bands from ponderosa pine stands. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 871-879.

Wang, Y., J. L. Day, F. W. Davis, and J. M. Melack (1993b). Modeling L-band radar backscatter from Alaskan boreal forest. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 31,
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Wang, Y., F. W. Davis, J. M. Melack, E. S. Kasischke, and N. L. Christensen, Jr. (1994a). The effects of changes in forest biomass on radar backscatter from tree canopies. Int. J. Rem. Sens. (in press).

Wang, Y., E. S. Kasischke, F. W. Davis, J. M. Melack, and N. L. Christensen, Jr. (1994b). The effects of changes in loblolly pine biomass and soil moisture variations on ERS-1 SAR backscatter--a comparison of observations with theory. Rem. Sens. Environ., vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 25-31.

Wang, Y., L. L. Hess, S. Filoso, and J. M. Melack (1995). Canopy penetration studies: modeled radar backscatter from Amazon floodplain forests at C-, L-, and P-band. Rem. Sens. Environ. (in press).

Waring, R. H., J. B. Way, R. Hunt, Jr., L. Morrisey, K. J. Ranson, J. Weishampel, R. Oren, and S. E. Franklin. Remote sensing with synthetic aperture radar in ecosystem studies. Bioscience (in press).

Way, J. B., J. Paris, E. Kasischke, C. Slaughter, L. Viereck, N. Christensen, M. C. Dobson, F. T. Ulaby, J. Richards, A. Milne, A. Sieber, F. J. Ahern, D. Simonett, R. Hoffer, M. Imhoff, and J. Weber (1990). The effect of changing environmental conditions on microwave signatures of forest ecosystems: preliminary results of the March 1988 Alaskan aircraft SAR experiment. Int. J. Rem. Sens., vol. 11, pp. 1119-1144.

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Weishampel, J. F., G. Sun, J. K. Ranson, D. LeJune, and H. H. Shugart (1994). Forest textural properties from simulated microwave backscatter: the influence of spatial resolution. Rem. Sens. Environ., vol. 47, pp. 120-131.

Yueh, S. H., J. A. Kong, J. K. Jao, R. T. Shin, and T. LeToan (1992). Branching model for vegetation. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 30, pp. 390-402.

3--Hydrology

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Reutov, E. A. and A. M. Shutko (1990). Microwave spectroradiometry of water content of nonuniformly moistened soil with a surface transition layer. Soviet J. Rem. Sens., vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 72-79.

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Saatchi, S. S., J. J. van Zyl, and G. Asrar (1994). Estimation of canopy water content in Konza Prairie grasslands using SAR measurments during FIFE. Rem. Sens. Environ. (in press).

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Shukla, J. and Y. Mintz (1982). The influence of land-surface evapotranspiration on Earth's climate, Science, vol. 215, pp. 1498-1501.

Ulaby, F. T and P. P. Batlivala (1976). Optimum radar parameters for mapping soil moisture. IEEE Trans. on Geosci. Electron., vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 81-93.

Ulaby, F. T., P. P. Batlivala, and M. C. Dobson (1978). Microwave backscatter dependence on surface roughness, soil moisture and soil texture: Part I--bare soil. IEEE Trans. on Geosci. Electron., vol. 16, pp. 286-295.

Vinnikov, K.Y. and I.B. Yeserkepova (1991). Soil Moisture: Empirical data and model results, J. Climate, vol. 4, pp. 66-79.

Walker, J. M and P. R. Rowntree (1977). The effect of soil moisture on circulation and rainfall in a tropical model. Q. J. Meteorol. Soc., vol. 103, pp.29-46.

Wang, J. R., E. T. Engman, J. C. Shiue, M. Rusek, C. Steinmeier (1986). The SIR-B observations of microwave backscatter dependence on soil moisture, surface roughness and vegetation covers. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 510-516.

4--Marine Science and Applications

Aagaard, K. and E. Carmack (1994). The Arctic Ocean and climate: a perspective, in The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the Global Environment (Johannessen, et al. eds.) AGU, Washington DC, pp. 5-20.

Apel, J. R. (1994). An improved model of the ocean surface wave vector spectrum and its effects on radar backscatter. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 99, No. CB, pp. 16, 269-16, 291.

Alpers, W., and B. Brümmer (1994). Atmospheric boundary layer rolls observed by the synthetic-aperture radar aboard the ERS-1 satellite, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 99, pp. 12,613-12,621.

Bakun, A., and R. H. Parrish (1982). Turbulence, transport and pelagic fish in the California and Peru Current systems, CalCOFI Report 23, pp. 99-112.

Beal, R. C., D. G. Tilley, and F. M. Monaldo (1983). Large and small scale spatial evolution of digitally processed ocean wave spectra from Seasat synthetic aperture radar. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 88, pp. 1761-1778.

Beal, R. C., F. M. Monaldo, D. G. Tilley, D. E. Irvine, E. J. Walsh, F. C. Jackson, D. W. Hancock, III, D. E. Hines, R. N. Swift, F. I. Gonzalez and L. F. Zambresky (1986). A comparison of SIR-B directional ocean wave spectra and aircraft scanning radar spectra. Science, vol. 232, pp. 1531-1535.

Bourke, R. H. and A. McLaren (1992). Contour mapping of Arctic basin ice draft and roughness parameters. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 97, No. C11, pp. 17,715-17,728.

Burns, J. J., L. H. Shapiro, and F. H. Fay (1981). Ice as marine mammal habitat in the Bering Sea. The Eastern Bering Sea Shelf: Oceanography and Resources. (D. W. Hood and J. A. Calder, eds.) vol. 2, pp. 781-797, Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle.

Carsey, F. and R. Garwood. Identification of modeled ocean plumes in Greenland gyre ERS-1 SAR data. Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 20, pp. 2207-2210.

Carsey, F. and A. Roach (1994). Oceanic convection in the Greenland Sea Odden region as interpreted in satellite data in The Role of the Polar Oceans in Shaping the Global Environmentt (O. Johannessen, ed.). AGU Monograph, vol. 85, pp. 211-222.

Cox, G. F. N. and W. F. Weeks (1988). Numerical simulations of the profile properties of undeformed first-year sea ice during the growth season. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 93, pp. 12,449-12,460.

Drinkwater, M., R. Kwok, E. Rignot, H. Israelsson, R. Onstott, and D. Winebrenner (1992). Potential applications of polarimetry to the classification of sea ice, in Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice (F. Carsey, ed.). Geophysical Monograph 68, AGU, Washington, D.C., pp. 419-430.

Fetterer, F. M., D. Gineris, and R. Kwok (1994). Sea-ice type maps from Alaska Synthetic Aperture Radar Facility, imagery: an assessment of Arctic multi- year ice coverage estimated through Alaska SAR Facility data analysis. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 99, No. C11, pp. 22,443-22,458.

Fiedler, P. C., G. B. Smith, R. M. Laurs (1984). Fisheries applications of satellite data in the eastern North Pacific. Marine Fisheries Review, vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 1-13.

Flemming, N. C. (1995). Making the case for GOOS. Sea Technology, Jan., pp. 44-49.

Fu, L., and B. Holt (1982). SEASAT Views Oceans and Sea Ice with Synthetic Aperture Radar. Publication 81-120, NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA.

Gabriel, A. K. and R. M. Goldstein (1988). Crossed orbit interferometry: theory and experimental results from SIR-B. Int. J. of Remote Sensing, vol. 9, pp. 857-872.

Grabak, O., J. A. Johannessen, H. E. Krogstad (1994). Characterization of wind fronts in SAR images. Int. Geoscience Rem. Sensing Symp., Aug. 8-12, Pasadena, CA, p. 543.

Griffin, O. M., R. D. Peltzer, A. M. Reeo (1992). Remote sensing of surface ship wakes. Naval Engineers Journal, vol.104, pp. 245-258.

Holt, B., D. A. Rothrock, and R. Kwok (1992). Determination of sea ice motion from satellite images. Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice (F. D. Carsey, ed.). Geophysical Monograph 68, pp. 344-354, American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C.

Keller, W. C., V. Wismann, and W. Alpers (1989). Tower-based measurements of the C-Band radar backscatter crossection. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 94, pp. 924-930.

Kwok, R., E. Rignot, B. Holt, and R. Onstott (1992). Identification of sea ice types in spaceborne synthetic aperture radar. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 97, C2, pp. 2391-2402.

Kwok, R., D. A. Rothrock, H. Stern, and G. Cunningham (1995). Determination of ice age from Lagrangian observations of ice motion. IEEE Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 392-400.

Li, F. K. and R. M. Goldstein (1990). Studies of multi-baseline spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radars. IEEE Trans. on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 88-97.

Liu, A. K., S. Hakkinen, and C. Y. Peng (1993). Wave effects on ocean-ice interaction in the marginal ice zone. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 98, pp. 10,025-10,036.

Liu, A. K., C. Y. Peng, and J. D. Schumacher (1994a). Wave-current interaction study in the Gulf of Alaska for detection of eddies by SAR. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 99, pp. 10,075-10,085.

Liu, A. K., C. Y. Peng, and T. J. Weingartner (1994a). Ocean-ice interaction in the marginal ice zone using SAR. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 99, pp. 22,391-22,400.

MacArthur, J. L. (1987). Spectrasat system design using maximum heritage. Johns Hopkins APL Tech Digest, vol. 8 (1), pp. 128-132.

Maykut, G. A. (1986). The surface heat and mass flux. The Geophysics of Sea Ice, N. Untersteiner, editor, NATO ASI Series B: Physics, vol. 146, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 395-464.

Monaldo, F. M. and R. C. Beal (1994). Real time observations of southern ocean wave fields from the shuttle imaging radar. Trans. Geoscience and Remote Sensing (in press).

Ocean Studies Board (OSB) (1992). Oceanography in the Next Decade. NAS/NRC.

Onstott, R. (1992). SAR and scatterometer signatures of sea ice. In Microwave Remote Sensing of Sea Ice (F. Carsey, ed.), Geophysical Monograph 68, AGU, Washington, D.C., pp. 73-104.

Pierson, W. J. (1965). Wind waves and swell. In Woods Hole Oceanography Institute Proc. on Oceanography from Space, Ref. No. 65-10, pp. 393-402.

Rufenach, C. L., L. S. Fedor, J. R. Apel, and F. I. Gonzalez (1985). Surface and Internal Ocean Wave Observations in Satellite Oceanic Remote Sensing. (B. Saltzmann, ed.), Academic Press, vol. 27, p. 141.

Schumacher, J. D., W. E. Barber, B. Holt and A. K. Liu (1991). Satellite observations of mesoscale features in Lower Cook Inlet and Shelikof Strait, Gulf of Alaska. NOAA Tech. Rep. ERL 445-PMEL 40, p. 18, Pac. Mar. Environ. Lab., Seattle, Wash.

Schweiger, A. J., and D. A. Rothrock (1994). Monitoring sea ice flux through Fram Strait. Proc. Second ERS-1 SAR Symp., Hamburg, 1993, ESA SP-361, pp. 277-279.

Stern, H., D. Rothrock, R. Kwok, and B. Holt (1994). The geophysical processor system: automated analysis of ERS-1 SAR imagery. Proc. of the Second ERS-1 SAR Symp., Space at the Service of Our Environment, 1993, Hamburg, pp. 281-286.

Steffen, K. and J. Heinrichs (1994). Feasibility of sea ice typing with synthetic aperture radar: merging of Landsat Thematic Mapper and ERS-1 SAR satellite imagery. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 99, No. C11, pp. 22,413-22,424.

Stern, H., D. A. Rothrock, and R. Kwok (1994). Open water production in the Arctic Sea ice cover: satellite measurements and model parameterization. J. Geophys. Res., (in press).

Stouffer, R., S. Manabe, and K. Bryan (1989). Interhemispheric asymmetry in climate response to a gradual increase of atmospheric CO2. Nature, vol. 342, pp. 660-682.

Thompson, D. R. and J. R. Jensen (1993). Synthetic aperture radar interferometry applied to ship-generated internal waves in the 1989 Loch Linnhe experiment. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 98, No. C6, pp. 10,259-10,269.

Thompson, D. R., H. C. Graber, and R. E. Carande (1994). Measurements of ocean currents with SAR interferometry and HF radar. Int. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symp., Aug. 8-12, 1994, Pasadena, CA.

True, M., et al. (1994). Thickness characterization of oil spills using active microwave sensors. Presented at the European Symp. on Satellite Remote Sensing, Sept. 26-30, 1994, Rome, Italy.

Vachon, P., O. Johannessen, and J. Johannessen (1994). An ERS-1 SAR image of atmospheric lee waves. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 99, pp. 22,483-22,490.

Wackerman, C., R. Shuchman, and F. Fetterer (1994). Estimation of wind speed and wind direction from ERS-1 imagery. IGARSS '94 Surface and Atmospheric Remote Sensing: Technologies, Data, Analysis and Interpretation, Pasadena, Aug. 8-12, 1994, IEEE, vol. II, pp. 1222-1224.

Wadhams, P. and B. Holt (1991). Waves in frazil and pancake ice and their detection in Seasat synthetic aperture radar imagery. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 96, pp. 8835-8852.

Wahl, T., K. Eldhusat, and A. Skoelv (1993). Ship traffic monitoring using the ERS-1 SAR. Proc. of the First ERS-1 Symp., ESA SP-359.

Weissman, D. E., K. L. Davidson, R. A. Brown, C. A. Friehe, and F. Li (1994). The relationship between the microwave radar cross section and both wind speed and stress: model function studies using frontal air-sea interaction experiment data. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 99, No. C5, pp. 10,087-10,108.

Williams, R. S., Jr., D. K. Hall, and C. S. Benson (1991). Analysis of glacier facies using satellite techniques. J. Glaciology, vol. 37, No. 125, pp. 120-128.

Winebrenner, D., D. Farmer, and I. Joughin (1994). On the response of polarimteric SAR signatures at 24-cm wavelength to sea ice thickness in Arctic leads. Radio Science, vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 373-402.

5--Ice Sheets and Glaciers

Alley, R. B., D. A. Meese, C. A. Shuman, A.J. Gow, K.C. Taylor, P.M. Grootes, J.W.C. White, M. Ram, E.D. Waddington, P.A. Mayewski, and G.A. Zielinski (1993). Abrupt increase in Greenland snow accumulation at the end of the Younger Dryas event. Nature, vol. 362, pp. 527-529.

Bader, H., 1961. In Cold Regions Science and Engineering (F. J. Sanger, ed.). CRREL, Hanover, NH, Part 1, Sec. B2, pp. 1-18.

Bentley, C. R. and M. B. Giovinetto (1991). Mass balance and sea-level change. Proc. of the International Conference on the Role of the Polar Regions in Global Change. June 11-15, 1990, Fairbanks, Alaska, University of Alaska, pp. 481-488.

Bindschadler, R. A., K. C. Jezek, and J. Crawford (1987). Glaciological investigations using the Synthetic Aperture Radar imaging system. Annals of Glaciology, vol. 9, pp. 11-19.

Bindschadler, R. A. and T. A. Scambos (1991). Satellite-image-derived velocity field of an Antarctic ice stream. Science, vol. 252, pp. 242-246.

Broecker, W. S. and G. H. Denton (1989). The role of ocean-atmosphere reorganizations in glacial cycle. Geochimica et Cosmoschimica Acta, vol. 53, No. 10, pp. 2465-2501.

Dawson, A. G. (1992). Ice Age Earth, Late Quaternary Geology and Climate, Routledge, London.

Denton, G. H. and T. J. Hughes (1981). The Last Great Ice Sheets, John Wiley and Sons.

Drewry, D., S. R. Jordan, and E. Jankowski (1982). Measured properties of the Antarctic ice sheet: Surface configuration, ice thickness, volume and bedrock characteristics. Annals of Glaciology, vol. 3, pp. 83-91.

Fahnestock, M.A., R.A. Bindschadler, R. Kwok, and K.C. Jezek (1993). Greenland ice sheet surface properties and ice flow from ERS-1 SAR Imagery. Science, vol. 262, pp. 1530-1534.

Fairbanks, R.G. (1989). A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation. Nature, vol. 342, p. 637-642.

Fatland, D.R. and C.S. Lingle (1994). The surface velocity field on Bagley Ice Field, Alaska, before and during the 1993-94 surge of Bering Glacier. ERS-1 SAR interferometry, Eos, Fall Meeting Supplement, vol. 75, No. 44, p. 62.

Forster, R.R. and B.L. Isacks (1994). The Patagonian icefields revealed by space shuttle synthetic aperture radar (SIR-C/X-SAR). Eos, Fall Meeting Supplement, vol. 75, No. 44, p. 226.

Goldstein, R.M., H. Englehardt, B. Kamb and R.M. Frolich (1993). Satellite radar interferometry for monitoring ice sheet motion: Application to an Antarctic ice stream. Science, vol. 262, pp. 1525-1530.

Hartl, P., K.-H. Thiel, X. Wu, C.S.M. Doake, and J. Sievers (1994). Application of SAR interferometry with ERS-1 in the Antarctic. Earth Observation Quarterly, vol. 43, ESA, pp. 1-4.

Heinrich, H. (1989). Origin and consequences of cyclic rafting in the northeast Atlantic Ocean during the past 130,000 years. Quaternary Research, vol. 29, pp. 142-152.

Jezek, K. and E. Rignot (1994). Katabatic wind processes on the Greenland ice sheet. Eos, Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 75, No. 44, p. 212.

Jezek, K.C. (1993). Spatial patterns in backscatter strength across the Greenland ice sheet. Proc. of the First ERS-1 Symposium-Space at the Service of our Environment, Cannes, France, Nov. 4-6, 1992, ESA SP-359, pp. 269-272.

Jezek, K., M.R. Drinkwater, J.P. Crawford, R. Bindschadler, and R. Kwok (1993). Analysis of synthetic aperture radar data collected over the southwestern Greenland ice sheet. Journal of Glaciology, vol. 39, No. 131, pp. 119-132.

Joughin I., D. P. Winebrenner and M.A. Fahnestock (1995). Observations of complex ice sheet motion in Greenland using satellite radar interferometry. Geophysical Res. Letters, vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 571-574.

Joughin I., D.P. Winebrenner and M.A. Fahnestock (1994). Satellite radar interferometry observations of ice-sheet motion in Greenland. Eos, Fall Meeting Supplement, vol. 75, No. 44, p. 223.

Kwok, R. and M.A. Fahnestock (1995). Observations of complex ice sheet motion in Greenland using satellite radar interferometry (in press).

Meier, M.F. (1993). Ice, climate, and sea level; do we know what is happening? In Ice in the Climate System, (W. R. Peltier, ed.), NATO ASI Series, vol. I 12, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany, pp. 141-160.

Ohmura, A. and N. Reeh (1991). New precipitation and accumulation maps for Greenland. Journal of Glaciology, vol. 37, No. 125, pp. 140-148.

Pfeffer, W.T., M.F. Meier, and T.H. Illangasekare (1991). Retention of Greenland runoff by refreezing: implications for projected future sea level change. Journal of Geophysical Res., vol. 96, No. C12, pp. 22,117-22,124.

Rignot, E., K.C. Jezek, and H. Sohn (1995). Ice flow dynamics of the Greenland ice sheet from SAR interferometry. Geophysical Res. Letters (in press).

Scambos, T.A., M. J. Dutkiewicz, J. C. Wilson, and R. A. Bindschadler (1992). Application of image cross-correlation to the measurement of glacier velocity using satellite image data. Remote Sensing of Environment, vol. 42, pp. 177-186.

Shackleton, N.J. (1987). Oxygen isotopes, ice volume and sea level, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 6, pp. 183-190.

Vaughan, D.G., R.M. Frolich, and C.S.M. Doake (1994). ERS-1 SAR: Stress indicator for Antarctic ice streams. Proc. of the Second ERS-1 Symposium, ESA SP-361, pp. 183-186.

Williams, R.S. Jr., D.K. Hall, and C.S. Benson (1991). Analysis of glacier facies using satellite techniques. J. of Glaciol., vol. 37, No. 125, pp. 120-128.

6--Solid Earth Sciences

Arvidson, R. E., R. Becker, A. Shanabrook, W. Luo, N. Sturchio, M. Sultan, Z. Lotfy, A. M. Mahmood, and Z. El Alfy (1994). Climatic eustatic and tectonic controls on Quaternary deposits and landforms, Red Sea coast, Eqypt. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 99, pp. 12,175-12,190.

Blumberg, D. G. and R. Greeley (1993). Field studies of aerodynamic roughness length. J. Arid Environ., vol. 25, pp. 39-48.

Brakenridge, G. R., J. C. Knox, E. D. Paylor, and F. J. Magilligan (1994). Radar remote sensing aids study of the Great Flood of 1993. Eos, vol. 75, pp. 521, 526-527.

Burke, K. and Dixon, T.H. (1988). Topographic Science Working Group Report to the Land Processes Branch, Earth Science and Applications Division, NASA Headquarters, Lunar and Planetary Inst., Houston, Texas, pp. 35-39.

Elachi, C. (1987). Introduction to the Physics and Techniques of Remote Sensing, Wiley, New York, p. 413.

Evans, D. L., T. G. Farr, and J. J. van Zyl (1992). Estimates of surface roughness derived from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. IEEE Trans Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 30, pp. 382-389.

Greeley, R., L. Gaddis, N. Lancaster, A. Dobrovolskis, J. Iversen, K. Rasmussen, S. Saunders, J. van Zyl, S. Wall, H. Zebker, and B. White (1991). Assessment of aerodynamic roughness via radar observations. Acta Mechanica, suppl. 2, pp. 77-88.

Greeley, R., N. Lancaster, R. J. Sullivan, R. S. Saunders, E. Theileg, S. Wall, A. Dubrovolskis, B. R. White, and J. D. Iversen (1988). A relationship between radar backscatter and aerodynamic roughness. Geophys. Res. Lttrs., vol. 15, pp. 565-568.

Kierein-Young, K. S. (1993). Comparison of inversion models using AIRSAR data for Death Valley, California. In Summaries of the Fourth Annual JPL Airborne Geoscience Workshop, JPL Pub. 93-26, vol. 3, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Inst. of Technology, Pasadena, CA, pp. 25-28.

Kierein-Young, K. S. and F. A. Kruse (1992). Extraction of quantitative surface characteristics from AIRSAR data from Death Valley, California. In Summaries of the Third Annual JPL Airborne Geoscience Workshop, JPL Publication 92-14, vol. 3, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Inst. of Technology, Pasadena, CA, pp. 46-48.

Massonnet, D., K. Feigl, M. Rossi, and F. Adragna (1994). Radar interferometric mapping of deformation in the year after the Landers earthquake. Nature, vol. 369, pp. 227-230.

Massonnet, D., M. Rossi, C. Carmona, F. Adragna, G. Peltzer, K. Feigl, and T. Rabaute (1993). The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry. Nature, vol. 364, pp. 138-142.

McCauley, J. F., G. G. Schaber, C. S. Breed, M. J. Grolier, C. V. Haynes, B. Issawi, C. Elachi, and R. Blom (1982). Subsurface valleys and geoarcheology of the eastern Sahara revealed by Shuttle radar. Science, vol. 218, pp. 1004-1020.

Mouginis-Mark, P. J. (1994). Mitigating volcanic hazards through radar interferometry. Geotimes, pp. 11-13, July 1994.

Rowland, S. K., G. A. Smith, and P. J. Mouginis-Mark (1994). Preliminary ERS-1 observations of Alaskan and Aleutian volcanoes. Remote Sens. Environ., vol. 48, pp. 358-369.

Sud, Y. C., J. Shukla, and Y. Mintz (1988). Influence of land surface roughness on atmospheric circulation and precipitation: a sensitivity study with a general circulation model. J. Applied Meteorol., vol. 27, pp. 1036-1054.

Topographic Science Working Group (1988). Topographic Science Working Group Report to the Land Processes Branch, Earth Science and Applications Division. NASA Headquarters. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

van Zyl, J. J. (1989). Unsupervised classification of scattering behavior using radar polarimetry data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 27, pp. 36-45.

van Zyl, J. J., C. F. Burnette, and T. G. Farr (1991). Inference of surface power spectra from inversion of multifrequency polarimetric radar data. Geophys. Res. Lttrs., vol. 18, No. 9, pp. 1787-1790.

Zebker, H. A., C. L. Werner, P. Rosen, and S. Hensley (1994). Accuracy of topographic maps derived from ERS-1 radar interferometry. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Rem. Sens., vol. 32, pp. 823-836.

Zebker, H. A., P. Rosen, R. M. Goldstein, A. Gabriel, and C. L. Werner (1994). On the derivation of coseismic displacement fields using differential radar interferometry: the Landers earthquake. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 99, pp. 19,617-19,634.

7--SAR System Technology

Freeland, R. E., and G. Bilyeu (1992). IN-STEP inflatable antenna experiment. 43rd Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Washington, D.C., Aug. 28-Sept. 5, 1992, p. 98.

Gabriel, A., R. M. Goldstein, and H. A. Zebker (1989). Mapping small elevation changes over large areas: differential radar interferometry. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 94, No. B7, pp. 9183-9191.

Gibbons, M. D., T. G. Edom, C. J. Bushell, and S. J. Udall (1994). The advance of spaceborne SAR-the ENVISAT ASAR antenna. IAF Paper 94-087, 45th Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, Jerusalem, Israel, Oct 9-14, 1994.

Jordan, R. (1980). The SEASAT-A Synthetic Aperture Radar System. IEEE J. Ocean Eng., vol. OE-5, No. 2, pp. 154-164.

Special section on spaceborne radars for earth and planetary observations, Proc. of the IEEE, June 1991.

Zebker, H. and R. Goldstein (1986). Topography mapping from interferometric SAR observations. J. Geophys. Res., vol. 91, No. B5, pp. 4993-4999.

Zebker, H., T. Farr, R. Salazar, and T. Dixon (1994). Mapping the world's topography using radar interferometry: the TOPSAT mission. Proc. of the IEEE, vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 1774-1786.



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