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School Involvement in Early Childhood, July 2000
1Clifford, R., Early, D., and Hills, T. "Almost a million children in school before kindergarten: Who is responsible for early childhood services?" Young Children, November 1999.
2U.S. Department of Education. Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94. 1994.
3U.S. Department of Education. Federal Education Legislation Enacted in 1994: An Evaluation of Implementation and Impact. 1999.
4Surveys cited in this publication counted the District of Columbia as a state.
5Schulman, K., Blank, H., and Ewen, D. Seeds of Success: State Prekindergarten Initiatives 1998-99. Children's Defense Fund, 1999.
6U.S. General Accounting Office. Education and Care: Early Childhood Programs and Services for Low-Income Families. 1999.
7U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1999 Head Start Fact Sheet. 1999.
8Schulman, K., Blank, H., and Ewen, D. op. cit.
9Bureau of Labor Statistics. Labor Force Participation of Fathers and Mothers Varies with Children's Ages. 1999.
10Hofferth, S., Shauman, K., Henke, R., and West, J. Characteristics of Children's Early Care and Education Programs, U.S. Department of Education, 1998.
11West, J., Denton, K., and Germino-Hausken, E. America's Kindergartners: Findings from the Early Childhood Longitutidinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 1998-99, Fall 1998. U.S. Department of Education, 2000.
12National Center on Early Development and Learning. Cost, Quality, and Outcomes Children Go to School. 1999.
13Ramey, C., Campbell, F., and Burchinal, M. The Abecedarian Project. 1999.
14Cost, Quality, and Outcomes Research Team. Cost, Quality, and Child Outcomes in Child Care Centers, University of Colorado, 1995.
15Galinsky, E., Howes, C., Kontos, S., and Shimm, M. The Study of Children in Family Child Care and Relative Care, Families and Work Institute, 1994.
16Schulman, K., Blank, H., and Ewen, D. op. cit.
17Henderson, L., Basile, K., and Henry, G. Prekindergarten Longitudinal Study: 1997-98 School Year Annual Report. Georgia State University, 1999.
18Education Commission of the States. Brain Research and Education: Neuroscience Research has Implications for Education Policy. 1999.
19North Carolina Partnership for Children, Inc. More Proof that Smart Start is Improving the Lives of Young Children. 1999.
20Zigler, E. and Muenchow, S. Head Start, HarperCollins, 1992.
21Karoly, L., Greenwood, P., Everingham, S., Hoube, J., Kilburn, R., Rydell, C., Sanders, M., and Chiesa, J. Investing in Our Children, Rand Corporation, 1998.
22Snow, C., Burns, S., and Griffin, P., eds. Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children. National Research Council, 1998, p. 5.
23West, J., Denton, K., and Germino-Hausken, E., op. cit.
24Entwisle, D. "The Role of Schools in Sustaining Early Childhood Program Benefits." The Future of Children. The David and Lucille Packard Foundation, 1995, p. 134.
25Zongping, X., Schweinhart, L, Hohmann, C., Smith, C., and Storer, E. Points of Light: Third Year Report of the Michigan School Readiness Program Evaluation, High/Scope Educational Research Foundation, 2000.
26Kentucky Department of Education. What We Believe About Educating Kentucky's Children. 1998.
27Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. Missouri School Entry Assessment Project Summary. 1999.
28LeTendre. M. Title I Must Be #1 Now: Our Children Can't Wait for Us to Re-Write the Law. Speech at National Federal Program Administrators Conference, April 21, 1999.
29North Carolina Partnership for Children, Inc., op. cit.
30Picard, Cecil J. Need for Statewide Preschool Program.
31LeTendre, M. , op. cit.
32U.S. General Accounting Office, op. cit.
33Advisory Committee on Head Start Research and Evaluation. The Growth of Head Start and Other Early Childhood Options. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1999.
34U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Access to Child Care for Low Income Working Families. 1999.
35National Public Radio. Americans Willing to Pay for Improving Schools. 1999.
36Minnesota Department of Children, Families and Learning. Early Childhood Family Education (ECFE). 1998.
37U.S. Department of Education. National Household Education Survey. 1996. The survey defined preschool as early childhood centers, including Head Start and child care.
38Barnett, W.S. "Long-term effects of early childhood programs on cognitive and school outcomes." The Future of Children. The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, 1995, p. 43.
39Carnegie Foundation. Years of Promise. 1996, p. 53.
40Krantz, L. Jobs Rated Almanac. Les National Business Employment Weekly Jobs, 1999.
41Cost, Quality, and Outcomes Research Team, op. cit.
42Henderson, L., Basile, K., and Henry, G. Prekindergarten Longitudinal Study: 1996-1997 School Year Annual Report. Georgia State University, 1998.
43Raden, A. Universal Prekindergarten in Georgia: A Case Study of Georgia's Lottery-Funded Pre-K Program. The Foundation for Child Development, 1999.
44Ripple, C., Gilliam, W.,Chanana, N., and Zigler, E. "Will fifty cooks spoil the broth?" American Psychologist, May 1999. The authors conducted a survey of state prekindergarten programs that indicated these programs have higher teacher qualifications and better classroom characteristics than Head Start but not the emphasis on comprehensive services that Head Start provides.
45Henderson, L., Basile, K., and Henry, G., op. cit.
46U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1999 Head Start Fact Sheet. 1999.
47Urban Institute. Assessing the New Federalism: An Urban Institute Program to Assess Changing Social Policies. 1999.
48Sconyers, N. "Winning early care and education funding: Successful strategies from five states." Stepping Up: Financing Early Care and Education in the 21st Century. Ewing Marion Kauffman and David and Lucile Packard Foundations, 1999.
49U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, op. cit.
50U.S. Government Customer Satisfaction Initiative. 1999.
51Zigler, E. and Muenchow, S., op. cit.
52National PTA. National Survey of Parents of Public School Students. 1999.
53Ibid.
54Ibid.
55CSR Research Consortium. Class Size Reduction in California 1996-98: Early Findings Signal Promise and Concerns. 1999.
56Hicks, S., Lekies, K., and Cochran, M. Promising Practices: New York State Universal Prekindergarten: Expanded Edition. Cornell University Early Childhood Program, 1999, p. 25.
57Ochshorn, S. Partnering for Success: Community Approaches to Early Learning. Child Care Action Campaign, 2000.
58National Education Goals Panel. Ready Schools. 1998.
59Massachusetts Department of Education. Fact Sheet: Community Partnerships for Children. 1999.
60Barnett, S., op. cit.
61U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. "Head Start-child care partnerships." Head Start Bulletin. June/July 1997.
62Mitchell, A., Stoney, L., and Dichter, H. Financing Child Care in the United States. The Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation and The Pew Charitable Trusts, 1997. The authors base their information on U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. General Accounting Office data.
63Sawhill, I. Investing in Children. Brookings Institute, 1999.
64National Center for Early Development and Learning. Kindergarten Transitions. 1999.
65Barbour, N. and Seefeldt, C. Developmental Continuity Across Preschool and Primary Grades: Implications for Teachers. Association for Childhood Education International, 1993.
66Jacobson, L. "Tensions surface in public-private preschool plans." Education Week, September 15, 1999.
67Jacobson, L. , Ibid.
68Sconyers, N., op. cit.
69U.S. Department of Education. Partnership for Family Involvement. 1998.
70Mitchell, A. State Pre-Kindergarten Programs. Families and Work Institute, 1998.