Abe, H., Y. Hasegawa, and K. Wada (1977). A note on the air-sac of ribbon seal. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (29): 129-135.
Descriptors: ribbon seal, air sac, note, pinnepeds.
Language of Text: English summary.
Adam, P.J. and A. Berta (1997). Pinniped locomotor types as revealed by osteology. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17(3, Suppl.): 28A. ISSN: 0272-4634.
Descriptors: evolution and adaptation, skeletal system, movement and support, systematics and taxonomy, evolution, hind limb swimming, humerus, locomotor types, osteology, terrestrial locomotion, pinniped.
Notes: Meeting Information: Fifty-Seventh Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Chicago, Illinois, USA, October 8-11, 1997.
Amano, M., A. Hayano, and N. Miyazaki (2002). Geographic variation in the skull of the ringed seal, Pusa hispida. Journal of Mammalogy 83(2): 370-380. ISSN: 0022-2372.
NAL Call Number: 410 J823
Descriptors: population genetics, population studies, gene flow, geographic variation, skull morphometry.
Arnould, J.P.Y. and J.A. Green (2000). Resting metabolic rates of fasting Antarctic fur seal pups. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 126B: S7. ISSN: 1096-4959.
NAL Call Number: QP501.C6
Descriptors: metabolism, physiology, energy, fasting, growth, lactation, Antarctic, fur seals, pups.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Symposium and Joint International Meeting of the Society for Experimental Biology on Milestones and Goals, Cambridge, England, UK, July 30-August 03, 2000.
Arnould, J.P.Y., J.A. Green, and D.R. Rawlins (2001). Fasting metabolism in Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) pups. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Molecular and Integrative Physiology 129A(4): 829-841. ISSN: 1095-6433.
NAL Call Number: QP1.C6
Descriptors: ecology, environmental sciences, metabolism, body mass, energy expenditure, fasting metabolism, protein catabolism.
Ayettey, A.S., V. Navaratnam, C.N.B. Tagoe, I.L. Chen, and R.D. Yates (1996). Morphometric study of specific heart granules in the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). Acta Anatomica 156(2): 81-86. ISSN: 0001-5180.
Descriptors: grey seal, heart granules, cardiovascular system, cell biology, atrial cells, heart, diameter, electrolyte conservation, golgi apparatus, specific heart granules, ultrastructural morphometry, water conservation.
Babushkina, E.S. (2001). Osobennosti zvukoprovedeniia u mlekopitaiushchikh v vodnoi srede. [Characteristics of the sound conduction in mammals in the aqueous medium]. Biofizika 46(1): 80-7. ISSN: 0006-3029.
Abstract: Experimental investigations of sound-conducting tracts in man, seals and dolphins are reviewed. Underwater hearing is considered in connection with anatomical, morphological, and functional features of species and ecological factors.
Descriptors: auditory perception physiology, mammals physiology, sense organs physiology, water chemistry, ear anatomy and histology, ear physiology.
Language of Text: Russian.
Bachteler, D. and G. Dehnhardt (1999). Active touch performance in the Antillean manatee: evidence for a functional differentiation of facial tactile hairs. Zoology (Jena) 102(1): 61-69. ISSN: 0944-2006.
NAL Call Number: QL1.Z769
Descriptors: behavior, sensory reception, active touch performance, difference threshold, mechanoreception, texture discrimination, manatee, facial, tactile hairs, function.
Baranov, E.A., N.A. Malkina, L.I. Fedorova, T.A. Filimonova, and K.A. Shoshenko (1995). Blood composition of puppies of the seal Phoca sibirica during forced diving. Zhurnal Evolyutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii 31(1): 59-63. ISSN: 0044-4529.
Descriptors: blood, lymphatics, circulation, puppies, metabolism, respiratory system, Baikal seal, respiration, carbon dioxide, cholesterol, blood composition, glucose, glycogen, insulin, lactate, oxygen, pyruvate, triglyceride, forced diving.
Baranov, E.A., E.A. Petrov, and K.A. Shoshenko (1997). Oxygen deficit after long-term dives in the Baikalian seal Pusa sibirica and the problem of metabolic diving depression. Zhurnal Evolyutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii 33(4-5): 499-505. ISSN: 0044-4529.
Descriptors: Baikal seals, metabolism, glycolysis, long term dives, metabolic diving depression, oxygen consumption rate, oxygen deficit, oxygen demand.
Baranov, V.I. and O.K. Elagin (1994). Oxygen consumption in underskin fatty cells of the seal Pusa sibirica. Zhurnal Evolyutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii 30(4): 608-610. ISSN: 0044-4529.
Descriptors: cell biology, metabolism, physiology, skeletal system, movement, heat production, Baikal seal, physiology, fatty cells, under skin.
Beauplet, G., C. Guinet, and J.P.Y. Arnould (2003). Body composition changes, metabolic fuel use, and energy expenditure during extended fasting in subantarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis) pups at Amsterdam Island. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 76(2): 262-270. ISSN: 1522-2152.
NAL Call Number: QL1.P52
Descriptors: development, metabolism, body composition changes, energy expenditure, fasting metabolism, lipid reserves, metabolic fuel use, water content, subantarctic, fur seal, pups.
Beck, G.G. and T.G. Smith (1995). Distribution of blubber in the northwest Atlantic harp seal, Phoca groenlandica. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73(11): 1991-1998. ISSN: 0008-4301.
NAL Call Number: 470 C16D
Descriptors: harp seal, blubber distribution, metabolism, physiology, reproduction, skeletal system, blubber thickness, energetics, gender differences, mobility, pregnancy, seasonality, St. Lawrence River estuary, streamlining, thermal insulation.
Bininda, E. and R.P. Olaf (2000). Pinniped brain sizes. Marine Mammal Science 16(2): 469-481. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: nervous system, neural coordination, brain size, pinniped.
Boily, P. (1995). Theoretical heat flux in water and habitat selection of phocid seals and beluga whales during the annual molt. Journal of Theoretical Biology 172(3): 235-244. ISSN: 0022-5193.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8223
Abstract: The heat flux of marine mammals in water during the annual molt is estimated with theoretical calculations. The model is applied to typical small (the harbor seal, Phoca vitulina) and large (the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina) phocid seal and to the only cetacean known to molt annually, the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). The results suggest that phocid seals could tolerate the heat flux associated with molting in water, but at a high energetic cost and only in relatively warm water temperatures, which are unlikely to be encountered. This agrees with the view that phocid seals must become terrestrial during the molt to satisfy the thermal requirements of their epidermis. The results also suggest that belugas would be able to molt in water, and would be thermoneutral while molting in water temperatures of 5 degree C or higher. Movement into warm water estuaries during the molt would, however, allow them either to save energy or to molt more rapidly than if they stayed in colder open waters. While there is apparently some thermal benefit associated with fresh water compared to salt water, this would occur only under conditions that are unlikely to be encountered by belugas in the wild.
Descriptors: estuarine ecology, ecology, environmental sciences, integumentary system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, physiology, epidermis, thermoregulation.
Boulva, J. and I.A. McLaren (1979). Biology of the Harbor Seal, Phoca Vitulina, in Eastern Canada, Canada. Fisheries Research Board. Bulletin, Dept. of Fisheries and Oceans: Ottawa, Canada, 24 p. ISBN: 0660102471.
NAL Call Number: 414.9 C162B No. 200
Descriptors: harbour seal, Phoca vitulina, Canada, biology.
Bragulla, H., R.M. Hirschberg, U. Schlotfeldt, M. Stede, and K.D. Budras (2004). On the structure of the adrenal gland of the common seal (Phoca vitulina vitulina). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 33(5): 263-272. ISSN: 0340-2096.
NAL Call Number: SF761.Z4
Descriptors: biogeography, population studies, endocrine system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, methods and techniques, bacterial disease, viral disease, light microscopy, imaging and microscopy techniques, laboratory techniques, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, body metabolism, disease susceptibilty, environmental stress, pathological alteration, common seal, phoca, adrenal gland.
Cabanac, A., L.P. Folkow, and A.S. Blix (1997). Volume capacity and contraction control of the seal spleen. Journal of Applied Physiology 82(6): 1989-1994. ISSN: 8750-7587.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 J825
Descriptors: blood, circulation, nervous system, acetylcholine, hooded seals, harp seals, body mass, diving, epinephrine, hematocrit, volume capacity, contraction, immune system, isoprenaline, norepinephrine, phentolamine, spleen.
Cabanac, A.J., E.B. Messelt, L.P. Folkow, and A.S. Blix (1999). The structure and blood-storing function of the spleen of the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata). Journal of Zoology (London) 248(1): 75-81. ISSN: 0952-8369.
Descriptors: blood, circulation, immune system, blood storing, spleen, hooded seal, beta adrenergic nervous stimulation, blood supply, diving, microcirculation, submersion.
Castellini, M.A. (1994). Apnea tolerance in the elephant seal during sleeping and diving: physiological mechanisms and correlations. In: Elephant Seals: Population Ecology, Behavior, and Physiology, University of California Press: Berkeley, California, USA; London, England, UK, p. 343-353. ISBN: 0520083644.
Descriptors: behavior, ecology, apnea, diving, sleeping, tolerance, metabolism, physiological mechanisms, life history, elephant seal.
Champagne, C.D., D.S. Houser, and D.E. Crocker (2005). Glucose production and substrate cycle activity in a fasting adapted animal, the northern elephant seal. Journal of Experimental Biology 208(5): 859-868. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Descriptors: biochemistry and molecular biophysics, metabolism, endocrine system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, fasting, elephant seal, adapted, glucose production.
Chapskii, K.K. and V.E. Sokolov (Editors) (1973). Morphology and Ecology of Marine Mammals Seals, Dolphins, Porpoises, J. Wiley: New York, 232 p.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432M6713
Descriptors: dolphins, seals, morphology, ecology, marine mammals, porpoises.
Notes: Translation of Morfologiia i Ekologiia Morskikh Mlekopitaiushchikh and Prisposoblenie Tiulenei k Obitaniiu v Arktike.
Christiansen, J.S., A. Gildberg, K.T. Nilssen, C. Lindblom, and T. Haug (2004). The gastric properties of free-ranging harp (Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben, 1777)) and hooded (Cystophora cristata (Erxleben, 1777)) seals. ICES Journal of Marine Science 61(2): 287-292. ISSN: 1054-3139.
Descriptors: Cystophora cristata, Pagophilus groenlandicus, weight, body weight, digestion, gastric properties, diet, harp seal, hooded seal, stomach, body weight relationships, comparative study, Arctic Ocean, Greenland, diet composition.
Clark, C.A., J.M. Burns, J.F. Schreer, and M.O. Hammill. (2002). A longitudinal study of oxygen store development in nursing harbor seal pups. 53rd Arctic Science Conference, Arctic Science Conference Abstracts, 2002, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA, Vol. 53, p. 81.
Descriptors: behavior, development, physiology, evan's blue dye method, applied and field techniques, clinical techniques, hematocrit measurement, hct measurement, hemoglobin measurement, longitudinal study, total plasma volume measurement, breath hold ability, diving activity, oxygen store development, physiological maturity, tissue oxygen stores, weaning, harbour seals, pups, nursing, oxygen store.
Clifton, K.B., T.J. Koob, and R.L. Reep (2000). Mechanical properties of manatee bone in compression. American Zoologist 39(5): 80A. ISSN: 0003-1569.
NAL Call Number: 410 AM3
Descriptors: skeletal system, movement and support, bone strength, meeting abstract, manatee, mechanical properties.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, January 04-08, 1999.
Costa, D.P., N.J. Gales, and D.E. Crocker (1998). Blood volume and diving ability of the New Zealand seal lion, Phocarctos hookeri. Physiological Zoology 71(2): 208-213. ISSN: 0031-935X.
NAL Call Number: 410 P56
Descriptors: physiology, blood volume, diving ability, metabolic rate, oxygen storage, New Zealand sea lion.
Crognale, M.A., D.H. Levenson, P.J. Ponganis, J.F. Deegan II, and G.H. Jacobs (1998). Cone spectral sensitivity in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) and implications for color vision. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76(11): 2114-2118. ISSN: 0008-4301.
NAL Call Number: 470 C16D
Descriptors: sense organs, sensory reception, aquatic photic environment, color vision, spectral sensitivity curves, harbour seal, cone.
de Cidre, L.L. and M. Klein (1994). Morphofunctional observations on the kidney of the South American sea lion Otaria flavescens. Miscellania Zoologica (Barcelona) 17(0): 213-223. ISSN: 0211-6529.
NAL Call Number: QL1.M87
Descriptors: cardiovascular system, urinary system, morphology, kidney, artery, comparative morphology, desert rodent, venous system, South American sea lion.
de Jesus Vazquez Cuevas, M., A. Aguayo-Lobo, and L. Medrano-Gonzalez (2000). Skull development of the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus californianus). Ciencias Marinas 26(1): 145-176. ISSN: 0185-3880.
Descriptors: development, skeletal system, movement and support, cartesian distortions, environmental variations, geographical variations, growth models, sexual dimorphism, skull development, California Sea lion, Gulf of California.
Dearolf, J.L., S.A. Rommel, and J.W. Hermanson (2002). Compartmentalization of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) diaphragm. American Zoologist 41(6): 1424-1425. ISSN: 0003-1569.
NAL Call Number: 410 AM3
Descriptors: muscular system, movement and support, nervous system, neural coordination, respiratory system, respiration, air distribution, body position, innervation pattern, pitch, meeting abstract, manatee, diaphragm, lungs.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, Anaheim, California, USA, 2001.
Dehnhardt, G. (1994). Tactile size discrimination by a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) using its mystacial vibrissae. Journal of Comparative Physiology. A, Sensory, Neural, and Behavioral Physiology 175(6): 791-800. ISSN: 0340-7594.
NAL Call Number: QP33.J68
Descriptors: cell biology, sense organs, sensory reception, kinesthesis, sensory system, tactile hair cell, sea lion, vibrissae, tactile discrimination.
Demere, T.A. (1999). Walrus phylogeny and feeding and locomotor adaptations in a basal odobenid pinniped. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19(3, Suppl.): 42A. ISSN: 0272-4634.
Descriptors: evolution and adaptation, paleobiology, systematics and taxonomy, cladistic analysis, analytical method, aquatic adaptations, dentition, feeding adaptations, locomotor adaptations, phylogeny, pinniped evolution, prey handling, meeting abstract, fossil.
Notes: Meeting Information: Fifty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Denver, Colorado, USA, October 20-23, 1999.
Donohue, M.J., D.P. Costa, M.E. Goebel, and J.D. Baker (2000). The ontogeny of metabolic rate and thermoregulatory capabilities of northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus, pups in air and water. Journal of Experimental Biology 203(6): 1003-1016. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Descriptors: chemical coordination, homeostasis, development, metabolism, body size, metabolic rate, ontogeny, open circuit respirometry, resting metabolic rate, temperature, air, water, thermoregulatory capabilities, northern fur seal, pups, pre-molt, post-molt.
Drabek, C.M. and J.M. Burns. (2003). Heart and aorta morphology of the deep diving hooded seal (Cystophora cristata). SICB Annual Meeting and Exhibition Final Program and Abstracts. Annual Meeting and Exhibition of the SICB (Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology), January 4, 2003-January 4, 2003, Toronto, ON, Canada, 158 p.
Descriptors: cardiovascular system, transport and circulation, aorta, heart, morphology, diving, hooded seal.
Drabek, C.M. and J.M. Burns (2002). Heart and aorta morphology of the deep-diving hooded seal (Cystophora cristata). Canadian Journal of Zoology 80(11): 2030-2036. ISSN: 0008-4301.
NAL Call Number: 470 C16D
Descriptors: cardiovascular system, transport and circulation, heart, aorta, hooded seal, body mass, cardiac cycle, lung perfusion, morphology, deep diving.
Elliott, N.M., R.D. Andrews, and D.R. Jones (2002). Pharmacological blockade of the dive response: effects on heart rate and diving behaviour in the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina). Journal of Experimental Biology 205(23): 3757-3765. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Descriptors: behavior, cardiovascular system, harbour seal, transport and circulation, metabolism, nervous system, neural coordination, pharmacology, respiratory system, respiration, bradycardia, heart disease, aerobic based metabolism, blood gas regulation, dive response, pharmacological blockade, diving behavior, heart rate, effects on heart rate.
Elsner, R., S. Oyasaeter, O.D. Saugstad, and B.A. Schytte (1995). Seal adaptations for long dives: recent studies of ischemia and oxygen radicals. Developments in Marine Biology 4: 371-376. ISSN: 0163-6995.
NAL Call Number: QH91.A1D49
Descriptors: cardiovascular system, circulation, respiratory system, respiration, urinary system, seal, bradycardia, cardiac output, diving asphyxia, kidney, oxygen conservation, vasoconstriction, ischemia, oxygen radicals, adaptations.
Notes: Meeting Information: Whales, seals, fish and man. International Symposium on the Biology of Marine Mammals in the North East Atlantic, Tromso, Norway, November 29-December 1, 1994.
Emura, S., A. Tamada, D. Hayakawa, H. Chen, and S. Shoumura (2001). SEM study on the dorsal lingual surface of the northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus. Honyurui Kagaku 41(2): 187-194. ISSN: 0385-437X.
Descriptors: dental and oral system, ingestion, assimilation, scanning electron microscopy, examination method, fur seal, newborn, infant, papillae, dorsal surface, tongue.
Endo, H., S. Sakata, T. Arai, and N. Miyazaki (2002). The muscles of mastication in the Caspian seal (Phoca caspica). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 31(5): 262-265. ISSN: 0340-2096.
NAL Call Number: SF761,Z4
Descriptors: evolution, adaptation, muscular system, movement, support, skeletal system, evolution, mastication, Caspian seal, Baikal seal, ringed seal, skull, comparison.
Endo, H., H. Sasaki, Y. Hayashi, E.A. Petrov, M. Amano, and N. Miyazaki (1998). Macroscopic observations of the facial muscles in the Baikal seal (Phoca sibirica). Marine Mammal Science 14(4): 778-788. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: muscular system, movement, facial muscles, Baikal seal, eye, muscles, macroscopic observations, skull, function.
Endo, H., H. Sasaki, Y. Hayashi, E.A. Petrov, M. Amano, N. Suzuki, and N. Miyazaki (1999). CT examination of the head of the Baikal seal (Phoca sibirica). Journal of Anatomy 194(1): 119-126. ISSN: 0021-8782.
Descriptors: morphology, computed tomography, examination method, orbital enlargement, anatomy, head, Baikal seal, adaptation, sinuses, nasal cavity.
Endo, H., H. Sasaki, Y. Hayashi, E.A. Petrov, M. Amano, and N. Miyazaki (1998). Functional relationship between muscles of mastication and the skull with enlarged orbit in the Baikal seal (Phoca sibirica). Journal of Veterinary Medical Science the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science 60(6): 699-704. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604.J342
Descriptors: movement, support, veterinary medicine, Baikal seal, ringed seal, skull muscles, functional relationship, mastication, zygomatic arch, skull, eye.
Erasmus, C.P. and G. Van Aswegen (1997). The endocrine pancreas of the cape fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus (Schreber, 1776): an immunocytochemical study. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 64(3): 239-242. ISSN: 0030-2465.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 ON1
Descriptors: pancreas, veterinary medicine, fur seal, endocrine system, cells, islets, dog, cat, immunocytochemistry, cytochemical method, shape, distribution.
Fasick, J.I. and P.R. Robinson (2000). Spectral-tuning mechanisms of marine mammal rhodopsins and correlations with foraging depth. Visual Neuroscience 17(5): 781-8. ISSN: 0952-5238.
Abstract: It has been observed that deep-foraging marine mammals have visual pigments that are blue shifted in terms of their wavelength of maximal absorbance (lambda(max)) when compared to analogous pigments from terrestrial mammals. The mechanisms underlying the spectral tuning of two of these blue-shifted pigments have recently been elucidated and depend on three amino acid substitutions (83Asn, 292Ser, and 299Ser) in dolphin rhodopsin, but only one amino acid substitution (308Ser ) in the dolphin long-wavelength-sensitive pigment. The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular basis for changes in the spectral sensitivity of rod visual pigments from seven distantly related marine mammals. The results show a relationship between blue-shifted rhodopsins (lambda(max) < or = 490 nm), deep-diving foraging behavior, and the substitutions 83Asn and 292Ser. Species that forage primarily near the surface in coastal habitats have a rhodopsin with a lambda(max) similar to that of terrestrial mammals (500 nm) and possess the substitutions 83Asp and 292Ala, identical to rhodopsins from terrestrial mammals.
Descriptors: Cetacea metabolism, diving physiology, feeding behavior physiology, rhodopsin genetics, rhodopsin metabolism, rods retina metabolism, seals, earless metabolism, Trichechus manatus metabolism, Cetacea anatomy and histology, DNA mutational analysis methods, complementary DNA chemistry, complementary DNA genetics, molecular sequence data, mutation physiology, phototransduction physiology, rods retina cytology, seals, earless anatomy and histology, sequence homology, amino acid, Trichechus manatus anatomy and histology, vision physiology.
Field, C.L., N.J. Walker, and F. Tablin (2001). Northern elephant seal platelets: analysis of shape change and response to platelet agonists. Thrombosis Research 101(4): 267-277. ISSN: 0049-3848.
Descriptors: biochemistry, molecular biophysics, blood, lymphatics, transport, circulation, elephant seal, platelets, cardiovascular system, aggregometry, agonists, ultrastructure analysis, shape, change, analytical method, extreme environment, pressure changes, temperature.
Fish, F.E. (2000). Biomechanics and energetics in aquatic and semiaquatic mammals: platypus to whale. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 73(6): 683-98. ISSN: 1522-2152.
NAL Call Number: QL1.P52
Abstract: A variety of mammalian lineages have secondarily invaded the water. To locomote and thermoregulate in the aqueous medium, mammals developed a range of morphological, physiological, and behavioral adaptations. A distinct difference in the suite of adaptations, which affects energetics, is apparent between semiaquatic and fully aquatic mammals. Semiaquatic mammals swim by paddling, which is inefficient compared to the use of oscillating hydrofoils of aquatic mammals. Semiaquatic mammals swim at the water surface and experience a greater resistive force augmented by wave drag than submerged aquatic mammals. A dense, nonwettable fur insulates semiaquatic mammals, whereas aquatic mammals use a layer of blubber. The fur, while providing insulation and positive buoyancy, incurs a high energy demand for maintenance and limits diving depth. Blubber contours the body to reduce drag, is an energy reserve, and suffers no loss in buoyancy with depth. Despite the high energetic costs of a semiaquatic existence, these animals represent modern analogs of evolutionary intermediates between ancestral terrestrial mammals and their fully aquatic descendants. It is these intermediate animals that indicate which potential selection factors and mechanical constraints may have directed the evolution of more derived aquatic forms.
Descriptors: energy metabolism physiology, locomotion physiology, mammals physiology, biomechanics, body temperature regulation physiology, platypus physiology, swimming physiology, whales physiology.
Fritsch, G., M. Fassbender, V. Vasuthevan, and T.B. Hildebrandt (2004). Skeletal system of neonatal Caribbean manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) imaged by computed tomography. Journal of Morphology 260(3): 292. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: evolution, adaptation, skeletal system, movement, support, computed tomography imaging, CT imaging, manatee, diagnostic techniques, imaging and microscopy techniques, skeletal system, neonatal.
Notes: Meeting Information: Seventh International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, Boca Raton, FL, USA, July 27-August 01, 2004.
Fuson, A.L., D.F. Cowan, S.B. Kanatous, L.K. Polasek, and R.W. Davis (2003). Adaptations to diving hypoxia in the heart, kidneys and splanchnic organs of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Journal of Experimental Biology 206(22): 4139-4154. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Descriptors: Phoca vitulina, harbour seal, stomach, intestine, small intestine, liver, heart, asphyxia, kidney, evolutionary adaptation, diving hypoxia, adaptations, anaerobically, aquatic diving, gases, hypoxia.
Gilevich, S.A. (1994). Morphology of pinniped tongue. Communication 1. Phocidae family. Vestnik Zoologii (3): 51-56. ISSN: 0084-5604.
NAL Call Number: QL1.V4
Descriptors: dental and oral system, tongue, morphology, pinniped, morphology, true seals, papillae, taste bulbs.
Gilevich, S. and O. Nechaeva (2004). Development of primary kidney of minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, and walrus, Odobenus rosmarus. Vestnik Zoologii 38(2): 45-52, 96. ISSN: 0084-5604.
NAL Call Number: QL1.V4
Abstract: There was described the morphogenesis of primary kidney of Minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacepede, 1804, and separate stages of development of Walrus Odobenus rosmarus Linnaeus, 1758, primary kidney. The made comparison discovered that pace of mesonephroses morphogenesis of investigated animals are different. The presence of archaic signs in structure of Minke whales primary kidney is shown. The results obtained make use to determine periodisation of embryonic development of Mysticeti.
Descriptors: Odobenus rosmarus, Balaenoptera acutorostrata, kidney, primary, morphogenesis process during embryo development, evolutionary significance, embryo development, growth rate, evolution.
Goodman, L.G.D., S. Atkinson, and J.R. Carpenter (2001). Gross anatomy of the digestive tract of the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi. Pacific Science 55(4): 399-407. ISSN: 0030-8870.
Descriptors: digestive system, small intestine, large intestine, length, seals, Hawaiian monk seal, anatomy, digestive tract.
Greaves, D.K., R.L. Hughson, Z. Topor, J.E. Schreer, J.M. Burns, and M.O. Hammill (2004). Changes in heart rate variability during diving in young harbor seals, Phoca vitulina. Marine Mammal Science 20(4): 861-871. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: harbour seals, heart beat, heart rate, variability, diving skills, development, changes, aquatic diving, north Atlantic, Canada, Quebec, Saint Lawrence River estuary, heart rate variability, diving skill development, pups, patterns, changes.
Greaves, D.K., J.F. Schreer, M.O. Hammill, and J.M. Burns (2005). Diving heart rate development in postnatal harbour seals, Phoca vitulina. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 78(1): 9-17. ISSN: 1522-2152.
NAL Call Number: QL1.P52
Descriptors: harbour seals, heart beat, postnatal, development, aquatic diving, diving heart rate, north Atlantic, Canada, Quebec, metis, St. Lawrence River, estuary, postnatal development of diving heart rate, bimodal, bradycardia, neonatal.
Griebel, U. and A. Schmid (1997). Brightness discrimination ability in the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus). Journal of Experimental Biology 200(11): 1587-1592. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Descriptors: sense organs, sensory reception, brightness discrimination ability, manatee, visual sensitivity, Weber's law, shades of grey, black, white.
Griebel, U. and A. Schmid (1996). Color vision in the manatee (Trichechus manatus). Vision Research 36(17): 2747-2757. ISSN: 0042-6989.
Descriptors: behavior, nervous system, manatee, sense organs, sensory reception, brightness, colored stimulus, dichromatic, UV light, blue, green, grey, color vision.
Hansen, S. and D.M. Lavigne (1997). Ontogeny of the thermal limits in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina). Physiological Zoology 70(1): 85-92. ISSN: 0031-935X.
NAL Call Number: 410 P56
Descriptors: harbour seal, metabolism, physiology, body temperature, thermal limits, metabolic cost, ontogeny, thermoregulation, metabolic rates, body temperature, skin temperatures, ambient temperature.
Harding, K.C., T. Harkonen, and M. Fujiwara. (2004). Life history optimization and thermoregulation in the harbour seal. In: 89th Annual Meeting of the Ecological Society of America - Lessons of Lewis and Clark: Ecological Exploration of Inhabited Landscapes. Ecological Society of America Annual Meeting Abstracts, 2004, Portland, OR, USA, Vol. 89, 205 p.
Descriptors: metabolism, energetics, blubber thickness, body mass, life history, metabolic rate, surface area, survival rate, thermoregulation, water temperature, harbour seal.
Harper, J.Y., D.A. Samuelson, and R.L. Reep (2005). Corneal vascularization in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) and three-dimensional reconstruction of vessels. Veterinary Ophthalmology 8(2): 89-99. ISSN: 1463-5216.
Descriptors: sense organs, eyes, cornea, sensory reception, eye injury, eye disease, histologic examination, anatomy, histology, cytology, three dimensional vessel reconstruction, Florida manatee, vascularization.
Hatfield, J., P.A. Lewis, M. Natiello, and D.A. Samuelson. (2000). Angioarchitecture of the ciliary body of the West Indian manatee. Annual Meeting of the Association in Vision and Opthalmology, April 30, 2000-May 5, 2000, Fort Lauderldale, Florida, USA, IOVS, Vol. 41, p. 4. 387 p.
Descriptors: sense organs, sensory reception, cardiovascular system, transport, circulation, meeting abstract, meeting poster, anatomy, West Indian manatee, ciliary body.
Hatfield, J.R., D.A. Samuelson, P.A. Lewis, and M. Chisholm (2003). Structure and presumptive function of the iridocorneal angle of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), and African elephant (Loxodonta africana). Veterinary Ophthalmology 6(1): 35-43. ISSN: 1463-5216.
Abstract: The iridocorneal angles of prepared eyes from the West Indian manatee, short-finned pilot whale, hippopotamus and African elephant were examined and compared using light microscopy. The manatee and pilot whale demonstrated capacity for a large amount of aqueous outflow, probably as part of a system compensating for lack of ciliary musculature, and possibly also related to environmental changes associated with life at varying depths. The elephant angle displayed many characteristics of large herbivores, but was found to have relatively low capacity for aqueous outflow via both primary and secondary routes. The hippopotamus shared characteristics with both land- and water-dwelling mammals; uveoscleral aqueous outflow may be substantial as in the marine mammals, but the angular aqueous plexus was less extensive and a robust pectinate ligament was present. The angles varied greatly in size and composition among the four species, and most structures were found to be uniquely suited to the habitat of each animal.
Descriptors: cornea anatomy and histology, cornea physiology, mammals anatomy and histology, mammals physiology, aqueous humor physiology, Artiodactyla anatomy and histology, Artiodactyla physiology, elephants anatomy and histology, elephants physiology, species specificity, Trichechus manatus anatomy and histology, Trichechus manatus physiology, whales anatomy and histology, whales physiology.
Hayakawa, D., S. Emura, Y. Ozawa, and K. Kohyama (2004). The thyroid and parathyroid glands of two marine mammal species, false killer whale and sea otter. Anatomical Science International 79: 419. ISSN: 1447-6959.
Descriptors: endocrine system, chemical coordination and homeostasis, morphological difference.
Notes: Meeting Information: 16th International Congress of the IFAA (International Federation of Associations of Anatomists) and the 109th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Association of Anatomists, Kyoto, Japan, August 22-27, 2004.
Hindell, M.A. and D.J. Slip (1997). The importance of being fat: maternal expenditure in the southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina. In: Marine Mammal Research in the Southern Hemisphere. Status, Ecology and Medicine, Vol. 1, Surrey Beatty and Sons Pty. Ltd.: Chipping Norton, New South Wales, Australia, p. 72-77. ISBN: 0949324760.
Descriptors: metabolism, energy expenditure, maternal expenditure, elephant seal, fat.
Hindell, M.A. and M.A. Lea (1998). Heart rate, swimming speed, and estimated oxygen consumption of a free-ranging southern elephant seal. Physiological Zoology 71(1): 74-84. ISSN: 0031-935X.
NAL Call Number: 410 P56
Descriptors: physiology, diving behavior, heart rate, metabolic rate, oxygen consumption, swimming speed, elephant seal, dive depth, cardiac adjustments, resting heart rate.
Hindell, M.A., M.A. Lea, M.G. Morrice, and C.R. Macmahon (2000). Metabolic limits on dive duration and swimming speed in the southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 73(6): 790-798. ISSN: 1522-2152.
NAL Call Number: QL1.P52
Descriptors: behavior, metabolism, elephant seals, body size, dive duration, metabolic rate, oxygen stores, swimming speed, dive depth, duration.
Hokkanen, J.E. (1990). Temperature regulation of marine mammals. Journal of Theoretical Biology 145(4): 465-85. ISSN: 0022-5193.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8223
Abstract: A mathematical model of heat loss from an aquatic animal to the surrounding water is presented. Heat is generated in metabolically active tissues and distributed by circulating blood and by conduction. The time dependent radial temperature profile of the animal is numerically solved from heat transfer equations by a computer. The model is applied to large whales, porpoises, and seals. For the whales, blood circulation to the dermal layer below appendage and body skin surfaces proved to be essential for sufficient heat dissipation. When decreasing the blood flow below a certain value (dependent on sea temperature and whale activity) the large whales would overheat. Blubber thickness was found to be of minor importance in whale thermoregulation, because the blubber coat can be bypassed by blood circulation. On the other hand, it is in general not possible for small porpoises and seals to stay warm in the coldest waters using normal mammalian resting metabolic rates, even if the peripheral circulation is shut off (or artery-vein heat exchangers used). Heat loss can be reduced if the outermost tissue layers are allowed to cool. This is achieved by minimizing convective radial heat flow via the circulation. (For large whales even minute radial blood flow raises the muscle temperatures to the core temperature level.) Seasonal acclimatization of harbour seals is explained by changes in their effective insulation thickness. Differences in whale activity induce changes in the temperature profile mainly within the first few centimeters from the skin surface. These superficial temperatures, if known, could be used to estimate whale metabolic rates. Since they drop close to the sea water temperature within minutes after whale death, the measurements should be done of live whales.
Descriptors: body temperature regulation physiology, computer simulation, mammals physiology, models, biological, dolphins physiology, mathematics, seals, earless physiology, whales physiology.
Holst, M. and I. Stirling (2002). A comparison of ringed seal (Phoca hispida) biology on the east and west sides of the North Water Polynya, Baffin Bay. Aquatic Mammals 28(3): 221-230. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: ringed seal, Phoca hispida, age, size, biology, physiological condition, food availability, pregnancy, sexual maturation, ovary, ovulation rate, growth rate, Arctic Ocean, Greenland, Nunavut, Baffin Bay, North Water Polynya, variation.
Hooker, S.K., P.J. Miller, M.P. Johnson, O.P. Cox, and I.L. Boyd (2005). Ascent exhalations of Antarctic fur seals: a behavioural adaptation for breath-hold diving? Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 272(1561): 355-363. ISSN: 0962-8452.
Descriptors: Antarctic fur seals, buoyancy, thrusting effort, respiratory function, breath holding, exhale, pressure, depth, ascent, blood oxygen, aquatic diving, South Atlantic, South Georgia, ascent exhalations.
Houser, D.S. and D.E. Crocker (2004). Age, sex, and reproductive state influence free amino acid concentrations in the fasting elephant seal. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77(5): 838-846. ISSN: 1522-2152.
NAL Call Number: QL1.P52
Abstract: Long-term fasting is part of the life of the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) and requires physiological adaptations to nitrogen conservation. To study this physiological adaptation, plasma free amino acids (FAAs) were determined for 5 elephant seal pups during the the postweaning fast, 6 lactating female seals postpartum, and 7 sexually competitive adult male seals halfway through the breeding season. The total free amino acids declined in lactating females and pups with time fasting. Cystine concentration more than doubled in pups but decreased in lactating females. Methionine concentration increased durin lactation in adult females. It was low, however, for all classes of seal. In adult males, alanine was the most abundant free amino acid. In adult females, glycine became the dominant free amino acid late in lactation. Reductions in the free amino acids of weanlings mirrored reductions in protein catabolism. Reductions in total free amino acids occurred in lactating females along with an increase in protein catabolism.
Descriptors: biochemistry, elephant seal, fasting, free amino acid, nutrition, lactogenesis, long term fasting, nitrogen conservation, physiological adaptation.
Houser, D.S., D.E. Crocker, P.M. Webb, and D.P. Costa (2001). Renal function in suckling and fasting pups of the northern elephant seal. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Molecular and Integrative Physiology 129A(2-3): 405-415. ISSN: 1095-6433.
NAL Call Number: QP1.C6
Descriptors: chemical coordination, urinary system, elephant seal, pups, fasting, nutrition, physiology, glomerular filtration rate, nursing, renal function, suckling, water conservation, renal reabsorption, weaning.
Hurford, W.E., P.W. Hochachka, R.C. Schneider, G.P. Guyton, K. Stanek, D.G. Zapol, G.C. Liggins, and W.M. Zapol (1995). Splenic contraction, catecholamine release and blood volume redistribution during voluntary diving of the Weddell seal. FASEB Journal 9(3): A353. ISSN: 0892-6638.
NAL Call Number: QH301.F3
Descriptors: blood, circulation, cardiovascular system, nervous system, physiology, epinephrine, erythrocyte, hematocrit, hemoglobin, spleen, diving, Weddell seal, blood volume, redistribution, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Experimental Biology 95, Part I, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, April 9-13, 1995.
Johnson, P., R. Elsner, and S.T. Zenteno (2004). Hypoxia-inducible factor in ringed seal (Phoca hispida) tissues. Free Radical Research 38(8): 847-854. ISSN: 1071-5762.
Descriptors: cardiovascular system, transport, circulation, metabolism, ringed seal, ischemia reperfusion injury, vascular disease, polymerase chain reaction, hypoxia, oxidative stress, protein oxidation.
Jorgensen, C., C. Lydersen, O. Brix, and K.M. Kovacs (2001). Diving development in nursing harbour seal pups. Journal of Experimental Biology 204(22): 3993-4004. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Descriptors: behavior, homeostasis, blood oxygen stores, bottom time, dive depth, dive duration, diving development, hematocrit, nursing, plasma volume, swimming velocity, harbour seals, pups.
Jouault, N. (2004). Grey seals of the Channel Islands. Societe Jersiaise Annual Bulletin 28(4): 494-503; 129. ISSN: 0141-1942.
Descriptors: Halichoerus grypus, grey seals, North Atlantic, United Kingdom, Channel Islands, biology, review.
Kamiya, T., S. Uchida, and T. Kataoka (1979). Organ weights of Dugong dugon. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (31): 129-132. ISSN: 0549-5717.
Descriptors: organ weights, Dugong dugon.
Kastelein, R.A., J.L. Dubbeldam, and M.A.G. de Bakker (1997). The anatomy of the walrus head (Odobenus rosmarus). Part 5. The tongue and its function in walrus ecology. Aquatic Mammals 23(1): 29-47. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: dental and oral system, tongue, function, walrus, morphology, anatomy, dental and oral system, histology, head, ecology.
Kastelein, R.A., J.L. Dubbeldam, M.A.G. de Bakker, and N.M. Gerrits (1996). The anatomy of the walrus head (Odobenus rosmarus). Part 4. The ears and their function in aerial and underwater hearing. Aquatic Mammals 22(2): 95-125. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: physiology, sense organs, sensory reception, walrus, aerial hearing, ambient pressure equilibration, diving physiology, ears, head anatomy, sense organs, sensory system, tympanic membrane, underwater hearing, head.
Kasuya, T. and M. Nishiwaki (1978). On the age characteristics and antomy of the tusk of Dugong dugon. Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute (30): 301-310. ISSN: 0549-5717.
Descriptors: anatomy, tusk, age characteristics, Dugong dugon.
Language of Text: English summary.
Kohin, S., T.M. Williams, and C.L. Ortiz (1997). Metabolic effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia in northern elephant seal pups. FASEB Journal 11(3): A292. ISSN: 0892-6638.
NAL Call Number: QH301.F3
Descriptors: cardiovascular system, circulation, metabolism, respiratory system, respiration, carbon dioxide tension, heart rate, hypercapnia, northern elephant seal, pups, hypometabolism, hypoxia, oxygen consumption, ventilation, metabolic effects.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Professional Research Scientists on Experimental Biology 97, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, April 6-9, 1997.
Kooyman, G.L. (1972). Deep diving behaviour and effects of pressure in reptiles, birds, and mammals. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 26: 295-311. ISSN: 0081-1386.
Descriptors: birds physiology, diving, mammals physiology, pressure, reptiles physiology, body weight, Cetacea, dolphins, hydrostatic pressure, nitrogen blood, Pinnipedia, turtles, water.
Kvadsheim, P.H. and J.J. Aarseth (2002). Thermal function of phocid seal fur. Marine Mammal Science 18(4): 952-962. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: seal, fur, homeostasis, thermal function, pup, adult, air, water, blubber, skin, insulation.
Langman, V.A., M. Rowe, D. Forthman, B. Whitton, N. Langman, T. Roberts, K. Huston, C. Boling, and D. Maloney (1996). Thermal assessment of zoological exhibits. 1. Sea lion enclosure at the Audubon Zoo. Zoo Biology 15(4): 403-411. ISSN: 0733-3188.
NAL Call Number: QL77.5.Z6
Descriptors: physiology, thermal assessment, exhibits, sea lion, animal care, captive habitat design, longwave, radiation, shortwave, zoological exhibit, heat load, materials, thermal properties.
Lanyon, J.M. and H. Marsh (1995). Digesta passage times in the dugong. Australian Journal of Zoology 43(2): 119-127. ISSN: 0004-959X.
NAL Call Number: 410 AU73
Descriptors: digestive system, ingestion, assimilation, diet, physiology, digestive tract, dugong, digesta passage time, fiber, food intake, gut passage rate, retention time.
Lapierre, J.L., J.F. Schreer, J.M. Burns, and M.O. Hammill (2004). Developmental changes in cardiorespiratory patterns associated with terrestrial apnoeas in harbour seal pups. Journal of Experimental Biology 207(22): 3891-3898. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Descriptors: development, respiratory system, respiration, apnoea, diving, harbour seals, changes, cardiorespiratory pattern, pups.
Lavigne, D.M., S. Innes, G.A. Worthy, and K.M. Kovacs (1986). Metabolic rate--body size relations in marine mammals. Journal of Theoretical Biology 122(1): 123-4. ISSN: 0022-5193.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8223
Descriptors: body weight, Cetacea metabolism, Pinnipedia metabolism, seals, earless metabolism, whales metabolism.
Levin, M.J. and C.J. Pfeiffer (2002). Gross and microscopic observations on the lingual structure of the Florida manatee Trichechus manatus latirostris. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 31(5): 278-285. ISSN: 0340-2096.
NAL Call Number: SF761,Z4
Descriptors: tongue, mantee, lingual structure, microscopic observations, electron microscopy, light microscopy, gross structure, anatomy.
Little, G.J. (1995). Body temperature in the newborn southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina, at Macquarie Island. Marine Mammal Science 11(4): 480-490. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: development, physiology, southern elephant seal, body temperature, newborn, homeothermy, juvenile, poikilothermic, homeothermic.
Litz, B.J., G. Gurun, D.S. Houser, R.M. Ortiz, and C.L. Ortiz (2001). Comparison of thyroid hormone concentrations between nursing and fasting in northern elephant seal pups. FASEB Journal 15(4): A414. ISSN: 0892-6638.
NAL Call Number: QH301.F3
Descriptors: endocrine system, homeostasis, fasting, early stage, late stage, nursing, elephant seal, pups, thyroid hormone, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology on Experimental Biology 2001, Orlando Florida, USA, March 31-April 4, 2001.
Luk'yanova, E.L. (1997). Structural transformations of brain capillary wall in the Baikal seal Pusa sibirica during diving. Zhurnal Evolyutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii 33(6): 662-669. ISSN: 0044-4529.
Descriptors: cardiovascular system, circulation, nervous system, Baikal seal, diving, electron microscopy, brain, capillary wall, aquatic environment, endothelial cells, structure.
Luk'yanova, E.L. (1994). The reaction of neocortical structures in the seal Pusa sibirica to prolonged diving. Zhurnal Evolyutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii 30(3): 392-400. ISSN: 0044-4529.
Descriptors: behavior, neocortical structures, neural coordination, brain reserve capacity, neurophysiology, seal, prolonged diving, neurones, glia, neocortex, changes.
Luk'yanova, E.L. (1994). Structural and functional changes in the neocortex of the Baikal seal during diving. Uspekhi Fiziologicheskikh Nauk 25(3): 86. ISSN: 0301-1798.
Descriptors: behavior, cell biology, nervous system, brain, glia, meeting abstract, neuron, reserve capacity, synapse, Baikal seal, diving, changes, structural, functional.
Notes: Meeting Information: Meeting of the Physiological Society of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Luk'yanova, E.L. (1994). Structural organization of the sensorimotor area of the cortex in the Baikalian seal Pusa sibirica. Zhurnal Evolyutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii 30(2): 263-269. ISSN: 0044-4529.
Descriptors: cell biology, morphology, nervous system, cortex, sensorimotor area, dendrite radial branching, stellar neuron, synapse density, seal, structure.
Luk'yanova, E.L. and V.P. Galantsev (1996). Structural changes in hepatocytes of the Baykal [Baikal] ringed seal Pusa sibirica at water dive. Zhurnal Evolyutsionnoi Biokhimii i Fiziologii 32(2): 223-225. ISSN: 0044-4529.
Descriptors: cell biology, liver cells, Baikal ringed seal, digestive system, hepatocyte, ultrastructure, water dive, structural changes.
Lyamin, O.I., L.M. Mukhametov, and J.M. Siegel (2004). Relationship between sleep and eye state in Cetaceans and Pinnipeds. Archives Italiennes De Biologie 142(4): 557-68. ISSN: 0003-9829.
Abstract: We recorded EEG from both hemispheres and documented the state of the two eyes in two species of Cetaceans (one beluga and one bottlenose dolphin) and one species of Pinnipeds (two northern fur seals). In the dolphin and beluga we found that episodes of unihemispheric slow wave sleep (USWS) were associated with asymmetry in eye state. During USWS and asymmetrical SWS the eye contralateral to the sleeping hemisphere was mostly closed or in an intermediate state while the eye contralateral to the waking hemisphere was more often open or in an intermediate state. Bilateral eye opening indicated waking in about 80% cases and unilateral eye closure indicated USWS with an accuracy of about 75%. Bilateral eye closure was rare (< 2% of the observation time) and was not necessarily associated with high amplitude SWS. In fur seals, episodes of one eye briefly opening usually occurred in the beginning of sleep episodes and lasted several minutes. Those episodes were frequently associated with lower amplitude EEG slow waves in the contralateral brain hemisphere. During most of their sleep on land, fur seals had both eyes tightly closed. No EEG asymmetry was recorded at this time. Although eye state and EEG stage are correlated in the bottlenose dolphin, beluga and fur seals, short episodes of EEG synchrony (less then 1 min) occur contralateral to an open eye and waking (a more activated EEG) activity can be present contralateral to a closed eye. The available data suggest that two functions of USWS/EEG asymmetry during SWS in Cetaceans and fur seals are multisensory control of the environment and maintenance of motion and postures of sleep. The adaptive advantages of USWS throughout the evolution of Cetaceans and Pinnipeds from terrestrial mammals to present forms could include 1) the avoidance of predators and maintenance of contact with other animals of the same species; 2) continuance of regular breathing; 3) and effective thermoregulation in the water environment.
Descriptors: cerebral cortex physiology, Cetacea physiology, ocular physiology, Pinnipedia physiology, sleep physiology, wakefulness physiology, adaptation, physiological physiology, behavior, animal physiology, electroencephalography, eyelids physiology, laterality physiology, photic stimulation, time factors, vision physiology, visual pathways physiology, visual perception physiology.
Lydersen, C. (1998). Status and biology of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in Svalbard. North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) Scientific Publications 1: 46-62. ISSN: 1560-2206.
Descriptors: ringed seal, Phoca hispida, status, conservation, literature review, Arctic Ocean, Svalbard, biology, review.
Lydersen, C., K.M. Kovacs, and M.O. Hammill (2000). Reversed molting pattern in starveling gray (Halichoerus grypus) and harp (Phoca groenlandica) seal pups. Marine Mammal Science 16(2): 489-493. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: integumentary system, reversed molting pattern, development, starvation, gray seal, harp seal, pups.
Marshall, C.D. (1997). Characterization of the dugong oral disk, perioral bristles and bristle-like hairs. American Zoologist 37(5): 56A. ISSN: 0003-1569.
NAL Call Number: 410 AM3
Descriptors: digestive system, ingestion, dugong, oral disk, bristle like hairs, external morphology, feeding apparatus, perioral bristles, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, January 3-7, 1998.
Marshall, C.D., L.A. Clark, and R.L. Reep (1998). The muscular hydrostat of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris): a functional morphological model of perioral bristle use. Marine Mammal Science 14(2): 290-303. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: muscular system, Florida manatee, feeding behavior, functional morphological model, muscular hydrostat, perioral bristle use, snout, complex movements.
Marshall, C.D., L.A. Clark, and R.L. Reep (1996). The muscular hydrostat of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) and its role in the use of perioral bristles. American Zoologist 36(5): 20A. ISSN: 0003-1569.
NAL Call Number: 410 AM3
Descriptors: dental and oral system, ingestion, muscular system, facial musculature, muscular hydrostat, Florida manatee, musculus buccinatorius, musculus centralis nasi, musculus lateralis nasi, musculus levator nasolabialis, musculus maxillonasolabialis, musculus mentalis, musculus orbicularis oris, musculus sphincter colli profundus pars oris, oral cavity, perioral bristles.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, December 26-30, 1996.
Marshall, C.D., G.D. Huth, V.M. Edmonds, D.L. Halin, and R.L. Reep (1998). Prehensile use of perioral bristles during feeding and associated behaviors of the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Marine Mammal Science 14(2): 274-289. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: behavior, feeding, prehensile use, bristle use, snout, manatee, lips, perioral, social interactions, sensory system, motor system, herbivores.
Marshall, C.D. and R.L. Reep (1995). Manatee cerebral cortex: cytoarchitecture of the caudal region in Trichechus manatus latirostris. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 45(1): 1-18. ISSN: 0006-8977.
Descriptors: cell biology, nervous system, neural coordination, acetylcholinesterase, manatee, cerebral cortex, allocortex, brain, cytochrome oxidase, isocortex, cytoarchitecture, caudal region, mesocortex, neuroanatomy.
Marshall, C.D., H. Maeda, M. Iwata, M. Furuta, S. Asano, F. Rosas, and R.L. Reep (2003). Orofacial morphology and feeding behaviour of the dugong, Amazonian, West African and Antillean manatees (Mammalia: Sirenia): functional morphology of the muscular-vibrissal complex. Journal of Zoology (London) 259(3): 245-260. ISSN: 0952-8369.
Descriptors: behavior, dental and oral system, ingestion, assimilation, feeding behavior, dugong, manatee, sirenia, functional morphology, length to diameter ratios, orofacial morphology, perioral bristle distribution, muscular vibrissal complex.
Mass, A.M. (2004). High-resolution area in the layer of the Steller's sea lion's (Eumetopias jubatus) retina as revealed by topographic study. Doklady Akademii Nauk 396(2): 276-279. ISSN: 0869-5652.
Descriptors: Steller sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus, eye, retina, high resolution area, topographic study, morphofunctional and adaptive significance, evolutionary adaptation, amphibious habit.
Mass, A.M. (2003). Localization of the best-vision area and retinal resolution of the harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus. Doklady Akademii Nauk 390(1): 127-131. ISSN: 0869-5652.
Descriptors: sense organs, sensory reception, adaptation, behavior, best vision area, physiology, harp seal, retinal resolution, vision acuity.
Mass, A.M. (2000). Ganglion layer organization and retinal resolution in the sea otter enhydra lutris. Doklady Akademii Nauk 371(4): 544-547. ISSN: 0869-5652.
NAL Call Number: Q60.D64
Descriptors: nervous system, neural coordination, sense organs, sensory reception, light microscopy, sea otter, ganglion layer, microscopy, CB, CT, adaptation, cell density, cell distribution map, ganglion layer organization, retinal resolution.
Mass, A.M., D.K. Odell, D.R. Ketten, and A.Y. Supin (1997). Retinal topography and visual acuity in the Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris. Doklady Akademii Nauk 355(3): 427-430. ISSN: 0869-5652.
NAL Call Number: Q60.D64
Descriptors: sense organs, sensory reception, eye macroanatomy, retinal resolution, retinal topography, visual acuity, manatee.
Mass, A.M. and A.Y. Supin (2003). Retinal topography of the harp seal Pagophilus groenlandicus. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 62(4): 212-222. ISSN: 0006-8977.
Descriptors: sense organs, sensory reception, cell density, cell size distribution, retinal resolution, harp seal, topography, ganglion cells, alpha cells.
Mass, A.M. and A.Y. Supin (2000). Ganglion cells density and retinal resolution in the sea otter, Enhydra lutris. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 55(3): 111-119. ISSN: 0006-8977.
Descriptors: ganglion cells, cell density, cell distribution, retinal organization, retinal resolution, sea otter, cell characteristics.
Mauck, B. and G. Dehnhardt (1997). Mental rotation in a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Journal of Experimental Biology 200(9): 1309-1316. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Descriptors: nervous system, neural coordination, physiology, sense organs, sensory reception, California sea lion, mental rotation, mirror image discrimination, nervous system, visuospatial information processing, marine mammals, pigeons.
Mauck, B., U. Eysel, and G. Dehnhardt (2000). Selective heating of vibrissal follicles in seals (Phoca vitulina) and dolphins (Sotalia fluviatilis guianensis). Journal of Experimental Biology 203(14): 2125-31. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: The thermal characteristics of the mystacial vibrissae of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and of the follicle crypts on the rostrum of the dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis guianensis were measured using an infrared imaging system. Thermograms demonstrate that, in both species, single vibrissal follicles are clearly defined units of high thermal radiation, indicating a separate blood supply to these cutaneous structures. It is suggested that the high surface temperatures measured in the area of the mouth of the follicles is a function of the sinus system. In seals and dolphins, surface temperature gradually decreased with increasing distance from the centre of a follicle, indicating heat conduction from the sinus system via the follicle capsule to adjacent tissues. It is suggested that the follicular sinus system is a thermoregulatory structure responsible for the maintenance of high tactile sensitivity at the extremely low ambient temperatures demonstrated for the vibrissal system of seals. The vibrissal follicles of odontocetes have been described as vestigial structures, but the thermograms obtained in the present study provide the first evidence that, in Sotalia fluviatilis, the follicles possess a well-developed sinus system, suggesting that they are part of a functional mechanosensory system.
Descriptors: body temperature regulation physiology, dolphins physiology, hair follicle physiology, seals, earless physiology, skin temperature physiology, vibrissae physiology, cavernous sinus metabolism, cavernous sinus physiology, diagnostic imaging, hair follicle blood supply, hair follicle metabolism, infrared rays, mechanoreceptors metabolism, thermography, thermoreceptors metabolism, vibrissae metabolism.
Mellish, J.A., S.J. Iverson, and W.D. Bowen (2000). Metabolic compensation during high energy output in fasting, lactating grey seals (Halichoerus grypus): metabolic ceilings revisited. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 267(1449): 1245-51. ISSN: 0962-8452.
Abstract: Lactation is the most energetically expensive period for female mammals and is associated with some of the highest sustained metabolic rates (SusMR) in vertebrates (reported as total energy throughput). Females typically deal with this energy demand by increasing food intake and the structure of the alimentary tract may act as the central constraint to ceilings on SusMR at about seven times resting or standard metabolic rate (SMR). However, demands of lactation may also be met by using a form of metabolic compensation such as reducing locomotor activities or entering torpor. In some phocid seals, cetaceans and bears, females fast throughout lactation and thus cannot offset the high energetic costs of lactation through increased food intake. We demonstrate that fasting grey seal females sustain, for several weeks, one of the highest total daily energy expenditures (DEE; 7.4 x SMR) reported in mammals, while progressively reducing maintenance metabolic expenditures during lactation through means not explained by reduction in lean body mass or behavioural changes. Simultaneously, the energy-exported in milk is progressively increased, associated with increased lipoprotein lipase activity in the mammary gland, resulting in greater offspring growth. Our results suggest that females use compensatory mechanisms to help meet the extraordinary energetic costs of lactation. Additionally, although the concepts of SusMR and ceilings on total DEE may be somewhat different in fasting lactating species, our data on phocid seals demonstrate that metabolic ceilings on milk energy output, in general, are not constrained by the same kind of peripheral limitations as are other energy-consuming tissues. In phocid seals, the high ceilings on DEE during lactation, coupled with metabolic compensation, are undoubtedly important factors enabling shortened lactation.
Descriptors: energy metabolism physiology, fasting metabolism, lactation physiology, seals, earless metabolism.
Meyer, W., M. Bollhorn, and M. Stede (2000). Aspects of general antimicrobial properties of skin secretions in the common seal Phoca vitulina. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 41(1): 77-79. ISSN: 0177-5103.
Descriptors: immune system, homeostasis, integumentary system, skin, saccharide, sebaceous glands, secretions, seal, antimicrobial protection, bacteria, fungi, epidermis.
Meyer, W. and T. Matzke (2004). On the development of the deciduous teeth in the common seal (Phoca vitulina). Mammalian Biology 69(6): 401-409. ISSN: 1616-5047.
NAL Call Number: QL700.Z4
Descriptors: dental, oral system, ingestion, assimilation, development, seal, deciduous dentition, normal feeding, permanent dentition, suckling period, crabs, fishes.
Miller, E.H., K.W. Pitcher, and T.R. Loughlin (2000). Bacular size, growth, and allometry in the largest extant otariid, the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Journal of Mammalogy 81(1): 134-144. ISSN: 0022-2372.
NAL Call Number: 410 J823
Descriptors: reproductive system, reproduction, Steller sea lion, bacular, growth, allometry, age, length.
Milsom, W., M. Castellini, M. Harris, J. Castellini, D. Jones, R. Berger, S. Bahrma, L. Rea, and D. Costa (1996). Effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia on patterns of sleep-associated apnea in elephant seal pups. American Journal of Physiology 271(4, Pt. 2): R1017-R1024. ISSN: 0002-9513.
Descriptors: behavior, nervous system, respiratory system, respiration, hypercapnia, hypoxia, elephant seal, pups, rapid eye movement, sleep, sleep associated apnea, slow wave sleep, respiratory drive, apnea, eupnea, respiratory muscles.
Natiello, M., J. Hatfield, P.A. Lewis, and D.A. Samuelson. (1999). Anterior uveal anatomy of the West Indian manatee. Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, May 9-14, 1999, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA, IOVS, Vol. 40, p. 4. S456 p.
Descriptors: sense organs, sensory reception, anterior uveal, eye, anatomy, manatee, meeting abstract, meeting poster.
Noren, D.P., D.E. Crocker, T.M. Williams, and D.P. Costa (2003). Energy reserve utilization in northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) pups during the postweaning fast: size does matter. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 173(5): 443-454. ISSN: 0174-1578.
NAL Call Number: QP33.J681
Descriptors: metabolism, physiology, basal metabolic rate, body composition, body mass, energy reserve utilization, field metabolic rate, elephant seal, ipid metabolism, pups, lipid reserves, postweaning fast, protein reserves, resting metabolic rate, thermoregulation, total body water.
Noren, D.P. and M. Mangel (2004). Energy reserve allocation in fasting northern elephant seal pups: inter-relationships between body condition and fasting duration. Functional Ecology 18(2): 233-242. ISSN: 0269-8463.
NAL Call Number: QH540.F85
Abstract: During sustained periods of fasting the body systems are forced to make trade-offs when allocating energy reserves. Physiologically, lipid catabolism is the usual source of energy to safeguard protein sources. The blubber layer in marine mammals is the main site of lipid storage and is not only an important source of energy during fasting, but also is the primary thermal barrier when at sea. The results of this study showed that body lipid content and fasting duration both influence allocation of energy reserves in northern elephant seal pups.
Descriptors: physiology, body condition, energy reserve allocation, fasting duration, lipids, protein, elephant seal, pups, thermoregulation, energy, blubber.
Noren, D.P. and T.M. Williams (2000). Effects of environmental regime and body condition on resting metabolic rates in northern elephant seal pups: does RMR measured in ambient air represent true RMR? American Zoologist 40(6): 1151-1152. ISSN: 0003-1569.
NAL Call Number: 410 AM3
Descriptors: metabolism, ambient air pressure, body condition, environmental regime effects, resting metabolic rate, body mass, elephant seal, pups, RMR, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting and Exhibition of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, Chicago, Illinois, USA, January 3-7, 2001.
Noren, D.P. (2002). Thermoregulation of weaned northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) pups in air and water. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 75(5): 513-523. ISSN: 1522-2152.
NAL Call Number: QL1.P52
Descriptors: body composition, body mass, body volume, core body temperature, energetic costs, environmental conditions, aquatic, terrestrial, individual variation, resting metabolic rate, northern elephant seal, pups, surface area, thermal conductance, thermoregulation, weaning.
Oki, C. and S. Atkinson (2004). Diurnal patterns of cortisol and thyroid hormones in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) during summer and winter seasons. General and Comparative Endocrinology 136(2): 289-297. ISSN: 0016-6480.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 G28
Descriptors: biochemistry, biosynchronization, endocrine system, thyroid hormones, harbour seal, cortisol, population studies, radiation biology, daylight, dirunal patterns, low temperature adaptation, population decline, prey availability, summer season, winter season.
Olson, W.M. (1995). Morphological integration and evolution of the sea otter skull. American Zoologist 35(5): 120A. ISSN: 0003-1569.
NAL Call Number: 410 AM3
Descriptors: dental and oral system, ingestion, development, evolution, adaptation, morphology, sea otter, physiology, skeletal system, taxonomy, jaw, lutrines, meeting abstract, mustelids, teeth.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the American Society of Zoologists, December 26-30,1995.
Ono, K.A. and D.J. Boness (1996). Sexual dimorphism in sea lion pups: differential maternal investment, or sex-specific differences in energy allocation? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 38(1): 31-41. ISSN: 0340-5443.
NAL Call Number: QL751.B4
Descriptors: behavior, development, sea lion, pups, metabolism, reproduction, sexual dimorphism, assimilation efficiency, growth rate, metabolic rate, milk production, maternal investment, energy allocation.
Ortiz, R.M., D.P. Noren, C.L. Ortiz, and F. Talamantes (2003). GH and ghrelin increase with fasting in a naturally adapted species, the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris). Journal of Endocrinology 178(3): 533-539. ISSN: 0022-0795.
Descriptors: northern elephant seal, Mirounga angustirostris, starvation, postweaning fasting, hormonal and biochemical responses, hormones, California, hormonal and biochemical responses to postweaning fasting, growth hormone, BUN, protein sparing.
Ortiz, R.M., C.E. Wade, D.P. Costa, and C.L. Ortiz (2002). Renal effects of fresh water-induced hypo-osmolality in a marine adapted seal. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology 172(4): 297-307. ISSN: 0174-1578.
NAL Call Number: QP33.J681
Descriptors: urinary system, diuresis, fasting, free water clearance, fresh water, seal, renal effects, osmolality, glomerular filtration rate, ionic homeostasis, pups.
Ortiz, R.M., S.H. Adams, D.P. Costa, and C.L. Ortiz (1996). Plasma vasopressin levels and water conservation in fasting, postweaned northern elephant seal pups (Mirounga angustirostris). Marine Mammal Science 12(1): 99-106. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: blood, circulation, development, elephant seal, pups, urinary system, physiology, electrolyte homeostasis, kidney, urine, concentrating ability, plasma, post weaning, vasopressin levels, water conservation.
Ortiz, R.M., C.E. Wade, D.P. Costa, and C.L. Ortiz (2002). Renal responses to plasma volume expansion and hyperosmolality in fasting seal pups. American Journal of Physiology 282(3, Pt. 2): R805-R817. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AM3
Descriptors: urine analyses, analytical method, free water clearance, northern elephant seal, pups, fasting, hyperosmolality, natriuresis, osmotic clearance, plasma volume expansion, renal responses, excretory capabilities.
Ortiz, R.M., C.E. Wade, and C.L. Ortiz (2003). Body water handling in response to hypertonic-saline induced diuresis in fasting northern elephant seal pups (Mirounga angustirostris). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Molecular and Integrative Physiology 134A(2): 423-428. ISSN: 1095-6433.
NAL Call Number: QP1.C6
Descriptors: urinary system, northern elephant seals, pups, hypernatremia, metabolic disease, body water handling, diuresis, fasting, glomerular filtration rate, hypertonic saline, total body water, water recycling.
Ortiz, R.M., C.E. Wade, and C.L. Ortiz (2001). Effects of prolonged fasting on plasma cortisol and TH in postweaned northern elephant seal pups. American Journal of Physiology 280(3, Pt. 2): R790-R795. ISSN: 0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AM3
Descriptors: endocrine system, metabolism, northern elephant seal, pups, nutrition, prolonged fasting, effects, plasma, cortisol, thyroid hormones, TH.
Ortiz, R.M., C.E. Wade, and C.L. Ortiz (2001). Renal function in naturally fasting northern elephant seal pups. FASEB Journal 15(4): A411. ISSN: 0892-6638.
NAL Call Number: QH301.F3
Descriptors: urinary system,, natural fasting, renal function, norhtern elephant seal, pups, regulation, kidney function, urine, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology on Experimental Biology 2001, Orlando, Florida, USA, March 31-April 4, 2001.
Ortiz, R.M., C.E. Wade, F. Talamantes, and C.L. Ortiz (2002). Effects of vasopressin in fasting elephant seal pups. FASEB Journal 16(4): A46. ISSN: 0892-6638.
NAL Call Number: QH301.F3
Descriptors: body water balance, fasting, elephant seal, pups, vasopressin, electrolyte imbalance, AVP, antidiuretic, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Professional Research Scientists on Experimental Biology, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, April 20-24, 2002.
Ortiz, R.M. and G.A.J. Worthy (2004). Could lower body fat mass contribute to cold-water susceptibility in calves of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus)? Marine Mammal Science 20(1): 176-183. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: body fat mass, cold water susceptibility, fat storage, isotopic dilution, manatee, West Indian, calves.
Pfeiffer, C.J. and V.S. Viers (1995). Cardiac ultrastructure in the ringed seal, Phoca hispida and harp seal, Phoca groenlandica. Aquatic Mammals 21(2): 109-119. ISSN: 0167-5427.
Descriptors: cardiovascular system, circulation, cell biology, morphology, heart, comparative morphology, ringed seal, harp seal, glycogen, light microscopy, mitochondria, myocyte, terrestrial mammal, Cetacean.
QL713.2.M372Kipps, E.K., W.A. Mclellan, S.A. Rommel, and D.A. Pabst (2002). Skin density and its influence on buoyancy in the manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris), harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Marine Mammal Science 18(3): 765-778. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: integumentary system, chemical coordination, homeostasis, buoyancy, skin density, water column, manatee, harbour porpoise.
Ramdohr, S. (2000). Investigations on the lipid metabolism of the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina l.) In the Antarctic. Berichte Zur Polarforschung (348): iv, 1-128. ISSN: 0176-5027.
Descriptors: fast protein liquid chromatography, lipoproteinelectrophoresis, lipid metabolism, southern elephant seal, cholesterol, triacyglycerides, polar environment, dietary fat intake, Antarctic.
Reep, R.L., C.D. Marshall, M.L. Stoll, and D.M. Whitaker (1998). Distribution and innervation of facial bristles and hairs in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Marine Mammal Science 14(2): 257-273. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: manatee, perioral bristles, face, lips, oral cavity, mandibular pad, nerve, facial musculature, feeding, innervation.
Reep, R.L., M.L. Stoll, C.D. Marshall, B.L. Homer, and D.A. Samuelson (2001). Microanatomy of facial vibrissae in the Florida manatee: the basis for specialized sensory function and oripulation. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 58(1): 1-14. ISSN: 0006-8977.
Descriptors: nervous system, sense organs, sensory reception, grasping behaviors, manatee, hydrodynamic reception, feeding, facial vibrissae, specialized sensory function, tactile exploration.
Reeves, R.R. (1998). Distribution, abundance and biology of ringed seals (Phoca hispida): an overview. North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) Scientific Publications 1: 9-45. ISSN: 1560-2206.
Descriptors: Phoca hispida, ringed seals, biology, literature review, Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic, distribution, abundance.
Reif, J.S., A. Bachand, A.A. Aguirre, D.L. Borjesson, L. Kashinsky, R. Braun, and G. Antonelis (2004). Morphometry, hematology, and serum chemistry in the Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi). Marine Mammal Science 20(4): 851-860. ISSN: 0824-0469.
NAL Call Number: QL713.2.M372
Descriptors: blood and lymphatics, chemistry, immune system, monk seal, morphology, eosinopenia, hematology, serum chemistry, lymphopenia, blood and lymphatic disease.
Reynolds III, J.E. and S.A. Rommel (1996). Structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract of the Florida manatee, Trichechus manatus latirostris. Anatomical Record 245(3): 539-558. ISSN: 0003-276X.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AN1
Descriptors: digestive system, ingestion, assimilation, morphology, nutrition, gross anatomy, manatee, herbivore, histochemistry, histology, gastrointestinal tract, function, ultrastructure.
Reynolds, J.E., R.S. Wells and S.D. Eide (2000). The Bottlenose Dolphin: Biology and Conservation, University Press of Florida: Gainesville, FL, 288 p. ISBN: 0813017750.
NAL Call Number: QL737.C432 R49 2000
Descriptors: bottlenose dolphin, wildlife conservation, biology.
Richmond, J.P., J.M. Burns, and L.D. Rea (2002). Investigation in blood and muscle development in the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus): implications for diving and foraging ability. Arctic Science Conference Abstracts 53: 191.
Descriptors: behavior, development, physiology, hematocrit measurement, hemoglobin measurement, Steller sea lion, blood, muscle, red blood cell count, Alaska, aerobic metabolism, behavioral patterns, breathhold ability, diving ability, foraging ability, physiological limitations.
Notes: Meeting Information: 53rd Arctic Science Conference, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA, September 18-21, 2002.
Richmond, J.P., J.M. Burns, and L.D. Real (2004). Examination of blood and muscle development in the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus): implications for diving and foraging ability. Arctic Science Conference Abstracts 55
Descriptors: blood, lymphatics, circulation, development, metabolism, Steller sea lion, muscular system, movement, support, hematocrit, diving ability, foraging ability, tissue hypoxia.
Notes: Meeting Information: 55th Arctic Science Conference, Anchorage, AK, USA, September 29-October 1, 2004.
Rommel, S.A. and H. Caplan (2003). Vascular adaptations for heat conservation in the tail of Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Journal of Anatomy 202(4): 343-53. ISSN: 0021-8782.
Abstract: Although Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) have relatively low basal metabolic rates for aquatic mammals of their size, they maintain normal mammalian core temperatures. We describe vascular structures in the manatee tail that permit countercurrent heat exchange (CCHE) to conserve thermal energy. Approximately 1000 arteries juxtaposed to 2000 veins are found at the cranial end of the caudal vascular bundle (CVB); these numbers decrease caudally, but the 1:2 ratio of arteries to veins persists. Arterial walls are relatively thin when compared to those previously described in vascular countercurrent heat exchangers in cetaceans. It is assumed that CCHE in the CVB helps manatees to maintain core temperatures. Activity in warm water, however, mandates a mechanism that prevents elevated core temperatures. The tail could transfer heat to the environment if arterial blood delivered to the skin were warmer than the surrounding water; unfortunately, CCHE prevents this heat transfer. We describe deep caudal veins that provide a collateral venous return from the tail. This return, which is physically outside the CVB, reduces the venous volume within the bundle and allows arterial expansion and increased arterial supply to the skin, and thus helps prevent elevated core temperatures.
Descriptors: adaptation, physiological, blood vessels physiology, body temperature regulation physiology, tail blood supply, Trichechus manatus physiology, arteries anatomy and histology, blood vessels anatomy and histology, veins anatomy and histology.
Rommel, S.A., D.A. Pabst, and W.A. McLellan (2001). Functional morphology of venous structures associated with the male and female reproductive systems in Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Anatomical Record 264(4): 339-47. ISSN: 0003-276X.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AN1
Abstract: The reproductive organs of Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) are surrounded by thermogenic locomotory muscles and insulating fat. Manatees are reported to maintain core body temperatures of 35.6 degrees -36.4 degrees C, temperatures known to interfere with production and maturation of viable sperm in terrestrial mammals. We describe two novel venous plexuses associated with the manatee epididymis. Each epididymis is located in a hypogastric fossa at the caudolateral extremity of the abdominal cavity. Each hypogastric fossa is lined by an inguinal venous plexus that receives cooled blood from a superficial thoracocaudal plexus. We conclude that male manatees may prevent hyperthermic insult to their reproductive tissues by feeding cooled superficial blood to venous plexuses deep within their bodies. Female manatees also possess hypogastric fossae and venous structures similar to those found in male manatees. The ovaries, uterine tubes, and distal tips of the uterine horns are located in the hypogastric fossae. We suggest that the thermovascular structures we describe also prevent hypothermic insult to female manatee reproductive tissues. The venous structures in manatees are functionally similar to structures associated with reproductive thermoregulation in cetaceans and phocid seals. Thus, these thermovascular structures appear to be convergent morphological adaptations that occur in three clades of diving mammals with independent evolutionary histories.
Descriptors: body temperature regulation physiology, epididymis blood supply, ovary blood supply, trichechus anatomy and histology, uterus blood supply, veins physiology.
Rommel, S.A. and J.E. Reynolds III (1999). Unique structure and function of the diaphragm in the Florida manatee. American Zoologist 39(5): 98A. ISSN: 0003-1569.
NAL Call Number: 410 AM3
Descriptors: muscular system, diaphragm, structure, function, manatee, movement, support, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, January 4-8, 2000.
Rommel, S. and J.E. Reynolds III (2000). Diaphragm structure and function in the Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). Anatomical Record 259(1): 41-51. ISSN: 0003-276X.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AN1
Descriptors: muscular system, diaphragm, movement, support, buoyancy control, functional morphology, manatee, structure, function.
Rommel, S.A., G.A. Early, K.A. Matassa, D.A. Pabst, and W.A. McLellan (1995). Venous structures associated with thermoregulation of phocid seal reproductive organs. Anatomical Record 243(3): 390-402. ISSN: 0003-276X.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AN1
Descriptors: cardiovascular system, circulation, muscular system, phocid seals, pathology, physiology, reproductive system, reproduction, veins, urinary system, cool superficial venous return, gonads, hyperthermia prevention, insulating bladder, thermogenic muscle, uterus, harbour seal, gray seal, harp seal, hooded seal, ringed seal, reproductive organs, thermoregulation.
Rosen, D.A.S. and A.W. Trites (2002). Changes in metabolism in response to fasting and food restriction in the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 132B(2): 389-399. ISSN: 1096-4959.
NAL Call Number: QP501.C6
Descriptors: metabolism, nutrition, body mass, fasting, food restriction, Steller sea lion, foraging effort, herring, food, metabolic changes, metabolic depression.
Rutishauser, M.R., D.P. Costa, M.E. Goebel, and T.M. Williams (2004). Ecological implications of body composition and thermal capabilities in young Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77(4): 669-681. ISSN: 1522-2152.
NAL Call Number: QL1.P52
Descriptors: fur seals, Arctocephalus gazella, oxygen consumption, thermoregulation, lipids, body composition, thermal capabilities, lipid composition, young, relations with thermoregulation and oxygen consumption, ecological implications.
Ryazanov, D.A. (1996). New data on development of dentition in sea-otter Enchydra lutris (Carnivora, Mustelidae). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 75(12): 1907-1908. ISSN: 0044-5134.
NAL Call Number: 410 R92
Descriptors: dentition, embryonic development, milk dentition, embryos, newborn, sea otter, incisors, mandible.
Samuelson, D.A., P.A. Lewis, and M. Pinkwasser (1997). Corneal vascularization in the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus). Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 38(4, Pt.1-2): S514. ISSN: 0146-0404.
Descriptors: manatee, sense organs, sensory reception, eye, cornea, corneal vascularization, light microscopy, sensory system, stroma, transmission electron microscopy.
Notes: Meeting Information: Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Parts 1-2, 1997, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.
Sarko, D.K. and R.L. Reep (2003). Functional localization in manatee cerebral cortex as revealed by cytochrome oxidase staining. Society for Neuroscience Abstract Viewer and Itinerary Planner : Abstract no. 596.20.
Online: http://sfn.scholarone.com
Descriptors: nervous system, neural coordination, cytochrome oxidase staining, manatee, cerebral cortex, localization, function, laboratory techniques.
Notes: Meeting Information: 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Neuroscience, New Orleans, LA, USA, November 08-12, 2003.
Schrank, J.D., R.A. Bullis, B.J. Smith, and D. Pennick (1996). Arteries of the foreflipper of the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) as represented by contrast arteriography. Biological Bulletin 191(2): 301-302. ISSN: 0006-3185.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B52
Descriptors: cardiovascular system, circulation, morphology, arteries, foreflipper, harbour seal, contrast arteriography, foreflipper arteries, vascular system.
Notes: Meeting Information: General Scientific Meeting of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA, August 12-14, 1996.
Schumacher, U., P. Klein, J. Ploetz, and U. Welsch (1995). Histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural investigations on the gastrointestinal system of Antarctic seals: Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) and crabeater seal (Lobodon carcinophagus). Journal of Morphology 225(2): 229-249. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: cell biology, digestive system, gastrointestinal, morphology, enterocyte, goblet cell, mucin, ultrastructure, histological, histochemical, structural adaptation, Weddell seal, crabeater seal.
Shadwick, R.E. and J.M. Gosline (1995). Arterial Windkessels in marine mammals. Symposia of the Society for Experimental Biology 49: 243-52. ISSN: 0081-1386.
NAL Call Number: 442.9 SO15
Abstract: In marine mammals, the aortic arch is enlarged relative to the descending aorta to varying degrees in different species. The ratio of maximal diameter of the arch to that of the thoracic aorta is about 2.3 in the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina), 3.6 in the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli) and 3.2 in the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), compared with only 1.4 in the dog. This anatomical specialisation probably provides increased volume capacitance in the arterial circulation as an adaptation to diving bradycardia. Data on the morphometric and mechanical properties of aortic tissues from seals and fin whale are compared. In the harbour seal, more than 80% of the volume change in the entire thoracic aorta that results from a pressure pulse occurs in the bulbous arch, and this is more than 90% in the Weddell seal and fin whale. The enhanced capacitance of the arch in the harbour seal is primarily due to its larger diameter, as the relative wall thickness and elasticity of the arch and thoracic aorta are the same. A similar situation appears to exist in the larger Weddell seal, although extrapolation of the pressure-volume curves suggests that the arch might be somewhat less stiff than the thoracic aorta. In addition to being greatly expanded, the aortic arch of the fin whale is also much more distensible than the relatively thin-walled and much stiffer descending aorta. At the estimated mean blood pressure, the elastic modulus of this vessel is 12 MPa, or 30 times that of the aortic arch. The major haemodynamic consequence of this type of arterial modification is that the aortic arch acts as a Windkessel, i.e. the capacitance of the aorta is increased significantly close to the heart, leading to a reduced characteristic impedance and probably reduced pulsatility in the descending aorta. In the extreme case of the whale, the arterial capacitance is shifted entirely to the arch, and the impedance change at the entrance to the thoracic aorta is so high that this probably represents the major reflection site in the arterial tree.
Descriptors: adaptation, physiological, aorta physiology, seals, earless physiology, whales physiology, aorta anatomy and histology, hemodynamic processes, models, cardiovascular, rheology.
Sherman, C.R.A., R.M. Ortiz, D.P. Noren, L. Pagarigan, C.L. Ortiz, and F. Talamantes (2005). Estradiol and testosterone concentrations increase with fasting in weaned pups of the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 78(1): 55-59. ISSN: 1522-2152.
NAL Call Number: QL1.P52
Descriptors: biophysics, blood, lymphatics, development, testosterone, estradiol, fasting, elephant seal, endocrine system, nutrition, reproduction, enzyme immunoassay, food deprivation, neonatal development, weaned pups.
Shimoda, T., E. Nakanishi, S. Yoshino, and S. Kobayashi (1996). Light and scanning electron microscopic study on the lingual papillae in the newborn sea otter Enhydra lutris. Okajimas Folia Anatomica Japonica 73(1): 65-74. ISSN: 0030-154X.
Descriptors: cell biology, oral system, tongue, morphology, histology, lingual papillae, shape, tongue morphology, sea otter, electron microscope, light microscope.
Sipila, T. and H. Hyvarinen (1998). Status and biology of Saimaa (Phoca hispida saimensis) and Ladoga (Phoca hispida ladogensis) ringed seals. North Atlantic Marine Mammal Commission (NAMMCO) Scientific Publications 1: 83-99. ISSN: 1560-2206.
Descriptors: ringed seals, Phoca hispida ladogensis, status, biology, conservation, literature review, Russia, Lake Ladoga.
Skinner, L.A. and W.K. Milsom (2004). Respiratory chemosensitivity during wake and sleep in harbour seal pups (Phoca vitulina richardsii). Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77(5): 847-863. ISSN: 1522-2152.
NAL Call Number: QL1.P52
Abstract: The cardiorespiratory patterns of harbour seal pups under normoxic/normocarbic, hypoxic/ normocarbic and normoxic/ hypercarbic conditions were examined while awake and sleeping on land. During rapid eye movement sleep breathing was seldom seen. Tachypnea was present at all levels of increased respiratory drive. Hypoxia induced a dramatic bradycardia regardless of the arousal state, and hypercarbia produced a tachycardia in SWS only. The hypoxic and hypercarbic chemosensitivities of harbour seal pups were similar to those of terrestrial mammals. The sensitivity of harbour seal pups to hypoxia and hypercarbia remained unchanged during the decrease in arousal state from WAKE to SWS, unlike terrestrial mammals, where hypoxic and hypercarbic sensitivities are often reduced during SWS,
Descriptors: cardiovascular system, respiratory system, respiration, electrocardiogram, harbour seal, pups, wake, sleep, electroencephalography, arousal state, cardiorespiratory pattern, chemosensitivity, hypercarbia, hypoxia.
Sparling, C.E. and M.A. Fedak (2004). Metabolic rates of captive grey seals during voluntary diving. Journal of Experimental Biology 207(10): 1615-1624. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Descriptors: grey seals, Halichoerus grypus, captive, metabolic rate, aquatic diving, metabolic rate analysis, model, DMR, prediction.
Stenfors, L.E., H.M. Bye, and T. Tikkakoski (2003). Shrapnell's membrane in a mammal exposed to extreme pressure variations: morphological and radiological observations in the hooded seal. Journal of Laryngology and Otology 117(10): 756-762. ISSN: 0022-2151.
Descriptors: sensory reception, cholesteatoma, otitis media, hooded seal, ear disease, high resolution computerized tomography, imaging and microscopy techniques, Shrapnell's membrane, morphological observations, pressure, extreme variations, radiological observations.
Stewardson, C.L., S. Hemsley, M.A. Meyer, P.J. Canfield, and J.H. Maindonald (1999). Gross and microscopic visceral anatomy of the male cape fur seal, Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus (Pinnipedia: Otariidae), with reference to organ size and growth. Journal of Anatomy 195(2): 235-255. ISSN: 0021-8782.
Descriptors: morphology, allometry, body weight, organ growth, organ size, visceral anatomy, cape fur seal, gross, microscopic, anatomy.
Stich, K.P., G. Dehnhardt, and B. Mauck (2003). Mental rotation of perspective stimuli in a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus). Brain, Behavior and Evolution 61(2): 102-112. ISSN: 0006-8977.
Descriptors: evolution and adaptation, mental rotation, sea lion, neural coordination, sensory reception, linear regression analysis, comparative cognition, mental rotation speed, mirror images, perspective line drawings, perspective stimuli mental rotation, reaction time, recognition, rotation axis, three dimension objects, visual information processing.
Tedman, R. (2003). Sex- and age-related variations in cranial measurements and suture closure in the Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea (Peron, 1816). Australian Journal of Zoology 51(5): 463-484. ISSN: 0004-959X.
NAL Call Number: 410 AU73
Descriptors: skeletal system, sea lion, age determination, age related variations, cranial measurements, sex related variations, sexual dimorphism, suture closure.
Thom, A., M. Van der Merwe, and M.N. Bester (1999). Seasonal and age-related changes in the micro-anatomy of the prostate gland of the subantarctic fur seal, Arctocephalus tropicalis. South African Journal of Zoology 34(4): 197-200. ISSN: 0254-1858.
NAL Call Number: QL336.Z6
Descriptors: reproductive system, reproduction, age related changes, subantarctic fur seal, reproductive activity, seasonal changes, micro anatomy, prostate gland.
Thornton, S.J., D.M. Spielman, N.J. Pelc, W.F. Block, D.E. Crocker, D.P. Costa, B.J. Le Boeuf, and P.W. Hochachka (2001). Effects of forced diving on the spleen and hepatic sinus in northern elephant seal pups. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98(16): 9413-9418. ISSN: 0027-8424.
NAL Call Number: 500 N21P
Descriptors: blood, lymphatics, transport, circulation, elephant seal, pups, spleen, diving, effects, hepatic sinus, magnetic resonance imaging, forced diving, hematocrit.
Thorson, P.H. and B.J. Le Boeuf (1994). Developmental aspects of diving in northern elephant seal pups. In: Elephant Seals: Population Ecology, Behavior, and Physiology, University of California Press: Berkeley, California, USA; London, England, UK, p. 271-289. ISBN: 0520083644.
Descriptors: development, metabolism, physiology, respiratory system, northern elephant seal, pups, respiration, diving, blood volume, juvenile, metabolic rate, oxygen storage.
Vasilevskaya, H.I. and M.V. Veselovsky (1999). The anatomical-functional survey of the brachial plexus of Caspian seal (Pusa caspica). Vestnik Zoologii 33(3): 57-65. ISSN: 0084-5604.
NAL Call Number: QL1.V4
Descriptors: nervous system, Caspian seal, brachial plexus, anatomical functional survey, survey method, skeleton, muscles, motor acts.
Watson, R.R., T.A. Miller, and R.W. Davis (2003). Immunohistochemical fiber typing of harbor seal skeletal muscle. Journal of Experimental Biology 206(22): 4105-4111. ISSN: 0022-0949.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 B77
Abstract: Evidence indicates that pinnipeds maintain a lipid-based, aerobic metabolism during diving. Fiber-typing studies performed on pinniped skeletal muscles are not consistent with an aerobic physiological profile however. This study re-examined the fiber type distribution throughout the primary locomotor muscles of the harbor seal. Study results are consistent with the enzymatic analyses of pinniped skeletal muscle that support the use of lipid-derived aerobic catabolism to fuel working muscle during diving in these marine mammals.
Descriptors: metabolism, muscular system, movement, harbour seal, skeletal muscle, fiber typing, histology, cytology, immunohistochemical fiber typing, immunologic techniques, aerobic catabolism, aerobic metabolism, lipid based, diving.
Weber Rosas, F.C. and A. Andriolo (2001). Orders Cetacea and Pinnipedia (whales, dolphins, seals, fur seals, sea lions). Biology. In: M.E. Fowler and Z.S. Cubas (Editors), Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals, Iowa State University Press: Ames, p. 332-341. ISBN: 0813828465.
NAL Call Number: SF996.4.B56 2001
Descriptors: Pinnipedia, Cetacea, disturbance by man, food for man, conservation, north west Atlantic, south west Atlantic, east Pacific, South America, distribution, biology, exploitation and conservation.
Welsch, U., S. Ramdohr, B. Riedelsheimer, R. Hebel, R. Eisert, and J. Ploetz (2001). Microscopic anatomy of the eye of the deep-diving Antarctic Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii). Journal of Morphology 248(2): 165-174. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: sense organs, eye, sensory reception, electron microscopy, microscopy, light microscopy, Weddell seal, deep diving, Antarctic, accommodation, light sensitivity, microscopic anatomy.
Welsch, U. and B. Riedelsheimer (1997). Histophysiological observations on the external auditory meatus, middle, and inner ear of the Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddelli). Journal of Morphology 234(1): 25-36. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: Weddell seal, cell biology, sense organs, sensory reception, cochlea, external auditory meatus, glycoproteins, hair cells, histophysiology, inner ear, middle ear, nervous system, organ of corti, sense organs, histophysiological observations.
Welsch, U., S. Schwertfirm, K. Skirnisson, and U. Schumacher (1997). Histological, histochemical, and fine structural observations on the lymph node of the common seal (Phoca vitulina) and the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus). Anatomical Record 247(2): 225-242. ISSN: 0003-276X.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 AN1
Descriptors: blood and lymphatics, cell biology, immune system, common seal, grey seal. morphology, histological, fibroblast, histochemistry, histology, histochemical, lymph node, structural observations, mast cell, myofibroblast, smooth muscle cell, ultrastructure.
Wessels, J.C. and C.C. Chase (1998). Light and electron microscopical observations on the terminal airways and alveoli of the lung of the SA (cape) fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 65(4): 253-262. ISSN: 0030-2465.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 ON1
Descriptors: respiratory system, respiration, lung, terminal airways, alveoli, cape fur seal, electron microscopy, imaging method, light microscopy, observations.
Woldstad, S. and B.M. Jenssen (1999). Thyroid hormones in grey seal pups (Halichoerus grypus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Physiology 122(2): 157-162. ISSN: 0300-9629.
NAL Call Number: QP1.C6
Descriptors: endocrine system, thyroid hormones, grey seal pups, age, growth, metabolism, parturition, changes, birth, weaning, neonatal, plasma concentrations.
Yoshimura, K., J. Shindoh, and K. Kobayashi (2002). Scanning electron microscopy study of the tongue and lingual papillae of the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus californianus). Anatomical Record 267(2): 146-153. ISSN: 0003-276X.
Descriptors: dental and oral system, tongue, lingual papillae, sea lion, sensory reception, scanning electron microscopy, comparative anatomy.
Zenteno, S.T. and R. Elsner (2000). Differential oxidative stress in ringed seal tissues. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 29(Suppl. 1): S139. ISSN: 0891-5849.
NAL Call Number: QP527.F7
Descriptors: ringed seal, metabolism, blood flow, cardiac output, diving, oxidative stress, meeting abstract.
Notes: Meeting Information: 7th Annual Meeting of the Oxygen Society, San Diego, CA, USA, November 16-20, 2000.