2003
Antifungal agents of use in animal health–practical applications. Rochette, R.; Engelen, M.; Bossche, H. Van den; den Bossche, H, van; van den Bossche, H. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2003, v. 26 (1), p. 31-53. ref. ISSN: 0140-7783.
NAL call no: SF915.J63
Descriptors: antifungal agents, practical applications, animal health, successful therapeutic regimens, dogs, cats, cattle and sheep, horse, pig, poultry, various birds, rodents, rabbits, fur animals
Approach to the sick bird. Lightfoot, T.; Coles, G (ed); Dobson, J. (ed); Elliot, J. (ed); Elwood, C. (ed); Hall, E. (ed); Heath, S. (ed); Hill, P. (ed); Moore, P.H. (ed); Innes, J. (ed); Jeffery, A. (ed); Redrobe, S. (ed); Tasker, S. (ed); Williams, J. (ed); Wotton, P. (ed); Yam, P. Scientific Proceedings Veterinary Programme: British Small Animal Veterinary Association, 46th Annual Congress, Birmingham, UK, Apr. 3-6, 2003, p. 397-398. ref. ISBN: 0905214773.
NAL call no: 41.9 B774
Descriptors: sick bird, approaches, techniques, methods.
Birds that sing and die: Beta amyloid precursor protein as a marker for avian traumatic brain injury. Agnew, Dalen W.; Masliah, Eliezer; Rideout, Bruce. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003. 333 pp. p. 146-148.
NAL call no: SF605.A4
Descriptors: birds, avian traumatic brain injury, axonal injury, amyloid precursor protein marker, diagnosis
Abstract: Accurate information regarding the morbidity and mortality of zoo animals is important in their captive management and may affect the success of efforts to reproduce critically endangered species. Traumatic injury is one of the leading causes of death in avian zoological specimens and head trauma is a major subset of these cases. In veterinary patients, the ability to diagnose traumatic brain injury is often hampered by incomplete history and a lack of gross lesions or histologic evidence visible by routine staining and light microscopy. The diagnosis of traumatic brain injury is often tentative and made by exclusion of other causes. Accurate, rapid, and economic methods to document injury to the brain would provide an important tool in avian diagnostics. In the last 10 yr there has been a surge of research regarding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of traumatic brain injury in humans. Recent advances have indicated the importance of axonal injury (AI) as a cause of morbidity and mortality. AI in humans and mammalian models can be detected with high specificity and sensitivity by immunohistochemical demonstration of β- amyloid precursor protein (β-APP). A neuronal glycoprotein, β-APP, is carried by rapid anterograde transport within the axon and accumulates in areas where that transport is impaired (i.e. sites of axonal injury). These immunohistochemical methods have been used successfully in forensics to document many kinds of mechanical injury, such as “shaken baby syndrome,”with as short a posttraumatic survival period as 30 min. To date, no published efforts have been made to apply these methods to nonmammalian species, although the presence of β-amyloid has been confirmed in an avian model and a single avian patient. The hypothesis of this study was that β-APP accumulates within the damaged axons in the brains of birds which have died from traumatic brain injury, and that this β-APP can be detected by immunohistochemical methods already developed for mammalian species. Case material was gathered from archived necropsy cases of the Zoological Society of San Diego. Sixteen adult birds were examined of which three had histologically apparent axonal lesions, and the others had either confirmed gross, histologic, clinical, or historic evidence compatible with head trauma. Two cases also had spinal cord trauma. Species included representatives from six orders (Columbiformes, Psittaciformes, Apodiformes, Passeriformes, Ciconiformes, and Gruiformes). Three birds euthanatized for unrelated reasons were used as negative controls. Human brain tissue from a patient with Alzheimer’s disease was used as a positive control. An additional 14 cases from the archives of the ZSSD in which the birds died suddenly and no diagnosis was found were also examined. Using standard immunohistochemical avidin-biotin complex techniques, two antibodies against β-APP were utilized at varying concentrations: a) β-APP (clone 22, C11; Boehringer AG, Mannheim, Germany), and b) β-APP C-terminus (CT 695; Zymed Laboratories, 561 Eccles Ave., So. San Francisco, CA 94080). The results of this study confirmed that β-APP is produced in bird neural tissue, that it does accumulate within damaged axons, and that immunohistochemical techniques developed for its detection in mammalian subjects will work in avian species. Subjectively, the use of β-APP is helpful in detecting injured axons that might otherwise be overlooked in standard H&E sections. In addition, the results of at least one case indicate that immunohistochemical staining with β-APP may detect axonal injury earlier than standard histopatholgic techniques. AI, however, was not detected in the majority of confirmed head trauma patients in this study and AI was not found in any “sudden death” cases in a population of birds which died suddenly of unknown causes. These negative results most likely reflect some of the limitations of this study, since relatively few serial sections were examined in each case and standardization of the anatomic location, post trauma to death interval, or character of the original traumatic event was not possible. The subjective increase in neuronal staining with β-APP may also be important, but these results could not be confirmed objectively without carefully matched controls. While further work utilizing cases with a well-defined trauma to death interval is needed to fully develop this diagnostic tool, β-APP immunohistochemical staining can be a potentially important new method to diagnose and study acute brain injury in avian species.
Control of nematode infections in captive birds. Lloyd, C. In Practice, 2003, v. 25 (4), p. 198, 201-206. ref. ISSN: 0263-841X.
NAL call no: SF601.I4
Descriptors: nematode infections, diagnosis and control, captive birds, Serratospiculum, Syngamus, Cyathostoma, Baylisascaris.
Abstract: Avian parasitic nematodes are most frequently found within the gastrointestinal system although a number of species show a predilection for other parts of the body such as the air sacs (Serratospiculum species), trachea (Syngamus species, Cyathostoma species), sinuses (Cyathostoma species) or central nervous system (Baylisascaris species). Methods of control in captive birds vary depending on the husbandry requirements of the host species and the life cycle of the nematode. This article briefly reviews relevant diagnostic techniques and discusses the basic principles of nematode control in captive birds.
Dealing with hepatomegaly in psittacines. Lightfoot, T.; Coles, G. (ed); Dobson, J. (ed); Elliott, J. (ed); Elwood, C. (ed); Hall, E. (ed); Heath, S. (ed); Hill, P. (ed); Moore, P.H. (ed); Innes, J. (ed); Jeffery, A. (ed); Redrobe, S. (ed); Tasker, S. (ed); Williams, J. (ed); Wotton, P. (ed); Yam, P. Scientific Proceedings Veterinary Programme; British Small Animal Veterinary Association, 46th Annual Congress, Birmingham, UK. Apr. 3-6, 2003, p. 401-403. ref. ISBN: 0905214773.
NAL call no: 410 B774
Descriptors: hepatomegaly, psittacines, methods, techniques.
Diagnosis of Erysipelothrix septicemia in a little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor). Boerner, Leslie; Nevis, Kathleen R.; Hinckley, Lynn S.;Weber, E.Scott; Frasca, Salvatore Jr. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003. 333 pp. p.209.
NAL call no: SF605.A4
Descriptors: Erysipelothrix septicemia, little blue penguin, Eudyptula minor, diagnosis, culturing, PCR
Abstract: In summer 2002, a 5 yr-old little blue penguin (Eudyptula minor) was presented to veterinary clinicians by husbandry staff agonal and died within 10 min despite emergency treatment. Microscopic examination of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections revealed intravascular Gram-positive, non-acid-fast bacilli in multiple organs, with necrosis of tips of intestinal villi and histocytic infiltrates in pulmonary interstitium and hepatic sinusoids. Frozen samples of lung, liver and intestines were cultured on blood agar under microaerophilic and anaerobic conditions at 37°C and 42°C. Cultures from lung, liver and intestine yielded isolates identified by standard methods as Eyrsipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Genomic DNA was extracted from paraffin tissue blocks and cultures from lung, liver and intestine, and a previously published protocol was modified slightly to allow amplification of E. rhusiopathiae DNA from formalin-fixed tissues. Single-band amplicons of comparable molecular weight to positive control products were obtained from bacterial cultures of lung, liver and intestine and from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of lung and intestine. Standard nucleotide-nucleotide BLAST sequence comparisons of PCR products against NCBI nucleotide databases demonstrated 99% nucleotide sequence identity with 16S SSU ribosomal DNA of E. rhusiopathiae and E. tonsillarum. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed case of erysipelas in a penguin and expands our knowledge of the range of aquatic animal considered susceptible to acute Erysipelothrix sp. septicemia. Application of a previously published PCR protocol allowed retrospective analysis and correlation of culture results with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues, which may be pertinent to cases from other aquatic species wherein this diagnosis is suspected.
Doxycycline in drinking water for treatment of Chlamydophila psittaci in fruit doves. Padilla, Luis R.; Miller, R. Eric; Flammer, Keven. Proceedings of the Amaerican Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003. 333 pp. p. 267-268.
NAL call no: SF605.A4
Descriptors: Chlamydophila psittaci, fruit doves, group treatment protocol, doxycycline.
Abstract: Chlamydophila psittaci (formerly Chlamydia psittaci) infections have been described in a large number of avian species, but the disease is most commonly associated with psittacines, turkeys and pigeons. Clinical signs are variable and nonspecific, but a large number of birds show no clinical signs while actively shedding the organism. These subclinical carriers may serve as reservoirs of the disease in aviary flock situations. Management of the disease has been complicated by the zoonotic nature of the organism, the inherent difficulties in its diagnosis, and the lack of practical treatment modalities. Tetracyclines are effective antibiotics in treating the obligate intracellular bacterium C. psittaci, and are the treatment recommended by animal and public health regulatory agencies. Doxycycline has greater tissue penetration when compared to other tetracyclines and absorption in mammals is less affected by food ingestion. Being a basteriostatic antibiotic, therapy is most efficacious during active bacterial replication, and specific treatment for C. psittaci should last 30-45 days to address the possibility of intracellular dormancy in host cells. However, daily handling of birds for purposes of medicating is not ideal for delicate species, or in large collections where the added labor of treating individual birds is impractical or cost prohibitive. The purpose of this study was to establish a group treatment protocol that produced therapeutic levels of doxycycline for C. psittaci infections. Similar studies done in selected psittacine birds have considered plasma doxycycline concentrations greater than 1 ug/ml as adequate for inhibiting Chlamydolphia replication. During routine screening of Columbiformes at the Saint Louis Zoo, we identified C. psittaci in cloacal swabs of 50% of a small group of fruit doves. Since these birds were housed in areas shared with other fruit doves and the diseases is difficult and costly to diagnose, we decided to treat all potentially exposed birds. Treatment of selected individuals was monitored for this study. Eighteen doves of four species (black-naped fruit doves, beautiful fruit doves, Jambu fruit doves and ring-necked doves) were offered a 500 mg/L solution of doxycycline hyclate as the only source of drinking water ad lib for 45 days. Blood was collected from jugular or basilic veins six times during treatment to measure plasma doxycycline concentrations and complete blood counts. Weight was monitored weekly in all birds, and birds were monitored for clinical signs of doxycycline toxicity. Birds were retested for C. psittaci upon completion of therapy. During the course of the study, birds experienced no significant changes in weight or body condition. No significant differences were seen in blood counts monitored throughout the study. Preliminary results show that plasma concentrations were more erratic than those measured in similarly dosed psittacine birds. Some birds failed to maintain doxycycline concentrations above 1 ug/ml for the entire treatment period, but the majority of birds reached or exceeded these levels at some point during treatment. However, since few studies have been done to establish blood concentrations that inhibit replication of C. psittaci, it is possible that many of the birds below 1 ug/ml were reaching therapeutic levels. PCR swabs collected upon completion of therapy showed no evidence of C. psittaci in the collection. This study provides preliminary evidence that doxycycline administered in drinking water ad lib results in therapeutic plasma levels for some species of fruit doves without adverse effects at concentrations of 500 mg/L. For birds where therapeutic levels were not achieved, the effects of calcium content in the diet, water consumption and other factors need to be explored to maximize the efficacy of this protocol in aviary situations. Although doxycycline plasma levels varied significantly between individual birds, this treatment protocol has significant potential for the management of C. psittaci in aviaries and zoological institutions, and has application towards conservation of rare or endangered fruit doves.
Endoscopic techniques for the collection of lymphoid tissue from pigeons: Evaluation of the splenic and bursa of Fabricus biopsy technique and histopathologic quality. Hernandez-Divers, Stephen J.; Lester, Vanessa K.; Latimer, Kenneth S.; Wilson, G. Heather; Hernandez-Drivers, Sonia M.; Hanley, Christopher S.; Ritchie, Branson W. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003. 333 pp. p. 269-270.
NAL call no: SF605.A4
Descriptors: pigeons, endoscopic techniques, lymphoid tissue, histopathology.
Abstract: As a part of a large ongoing investigation into pigeon circovirus, endoscopic techniques to biopsy lymphoid tissue from 71 juvenile and adult white Carneaux pigeons (Colunbua livia) were investigated under an Institutional animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) license at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia. Each pigeon was premedicated using butorphanol. Anesthesia was induced by face mask using isoflurane and oxygen. Each bird was intubated and maintained on oxygen and isoflurane adjusted to individual patient requirements. Cloacoscopy was performed with the pigeon in dorsal recumbancy using a 2.7 mm telescope housed within a 14.5 Fr sheath. Sterile saline warmed to 100°F was used for irrigation. The dorsal wall of the urodeum just caudal to the urodeal fold was closely examined for the opening of the bursa of fabricus. If located, 5 Fr biopsy forceps were introduced and one or two biopsies were collected from within the bursa. Then each pigeon was placed into right lateral recumbency. The left flank was aseptically prepared, and a standard approach was made to the coelom behind the last rib. The telescope, sheath and instruments were cold sterilized using 2% glutaraldehyde solution between every procedure. From within the left abdominal air sac, the spleen was located just caudal to the isthumus of the proventriculus and ventriculus. On occasion, it proved necessary to incise the abdominal air sac membrane using 3-Fr scissors to gain clear access to the spleen. Biopsy forceps (5Fr) were used to harvest one or two biopsies from the spleen. Single biopsies were submitted for circovirus DNA detection, and where two biopsies were collected the second was submitted for histopathologic examination. All birds except one recovered uneventfully from the procedures. One bird died immediately after the endoscopic procedure due to perforation of the bursa and flooding of the air sac system as a consequence of bursal biopsy. A second bird died 10 days later from severe coelomitis. Post endoscopy infection cannot be ruled out as none of the birds received postoperative antibiotics. Of the 62 birds examined by cloacoscopy, it was only possible to visualize and biopsy the bursa of 28 individuals (45.2%). Of these 28 birds, 10 were submitted for histopathology (the remainder were submitted for circovirus DNA detection), and only three possessed lymphoid tissue of diagnostic quality (4.8%). Splenic biopsies were successfully obtained from 61 of 71 birds (85.9%). All 10 cases in which the spleen could not be visualized involved female birds exhibiting extensive reproductive activity. Histologically, splenic biopsies were judged as good to excellent for cell preservation and tissue orientation. In conclusion, endoscopic biopsy appears to be safe a and rewarding diagnostic procedure in pigeons. However, per cloacal endoscopic biopsy of the bursa of Fabricus is problematic and not recommended in the pigeon due to the lack of lymphoid tissue obtained and the potential risk of cloacal perforation.
Evaluation of the hematology and biochemistry of scarlet macaws before and after reintroduction in Costa Rica. Martinez-Perez, Pedro Armando, DVM. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003. 333 pp. p. 49-50.
NAL call no: SF605.A4
Descriptors: hematology, biochemistry, scarlet macaw, reintroduction, Costa Rica, Ara macao, soft release program.
Abstract: As part of a rehabilitation and reintroduction program of scarlet macaws (Ara macao), hematologic and biochemistry values were determined during captivity, at the release site, and once they were released back into the wild. A group of 21 scarlet macaws (Ara macao), 13 females and 8 males were confiscated during 1993, 1994 and 1996, their average age was estimated to be 20 yr. They were rehabilitated and reintroduced in 1998 and 1999 in the central Pacific area of Costa Rica. This species had disappeared from this area approximately 40 yr ago due to hunting and illegal capture for sale as pets. A soft release program was used to reintroduce the individuals. A special cage was developed to condition the animals to natural feeding behaviors. Two cages were constructed. One was hung inside the release cage while the other one was hung outside. The exterior cage functioned as a feeding trap device in order to feed the animals and capture them for future analysis. Several artificial nests were built. Two were hung inside the release cage and eight were hung throughout the release area in order to encourage nesting in the area. An environmental education program was developed and executed. Changes (before release vs. after release) in the hematology and blood chemistry values of released macaws were used to evaluate adaptation of the released animals. All of the birds had identical housing, diet and health status during captivity. The results of all analytes during captivity were within the range reported for this species. There were 19 individuals in the final release group. One individual died with severe obstructive uropathy due to renal parasite, while the second one developed bilateral ocular dysfunction related to the presence of cataracts. Two wets of blood samples (July, 1998 and September, 1998) were taken during captivity and two more (May 1999 and June 1999) were taken once the animals were released. Data obtained both in captivity and after release were compared using nonparametric statistics to verify significant changes. All of the hematologic values except lymphocyte, monocyte and eosinophil counts tended to increase over time. However, only seven of the 10 variables measured were statistically different before and after release. (Ht, Hgb, MCHC, heterophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and unopettee cell count). Out of the nine biochemistry values (TP, glucose, uric acid, Ca2+, P, ALKP, CPK, ALT, AST) measured, six tended to increase (TP, Ca, P, CPK, uric acid, BUN, AST) and three to decrease (ALT, ALKP, glucose) but only five were statistically significant (TP, Ca, P, CPK, ALT). According to the results, variables tended to increase 1 mo after the release date and then to decrease 1 mo after. Hematologic and biochemistry variables measured in this study, after the release, were not that different from the data published for captive individuals for the same species. Minor differences could be due to diet, environmental conditions, gender, laboratory procedures, or sample handling. It is reported therefore, that based on observations and the results after release, the individuals were apparently healthy and that the changes found, were due to adaptation to several factors such as stress, hypoxia and exercise.
Exotic Newcastle disease outbreak in Southern California: Biosecurity measures for prevention in zoo collections. Janssen, Donald L.; Southerland-Smith, Meg.; Papendick, Rebecca; Lamberski, Nadine; Lewins, Ed; Mace, Michael; Edwards, Mark. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003. 333 pp. p. 107-110.
NAL call no: SF605.A4
Descriptors: Exotic Newcastle disease, outbreak, biosecurity measures, zoo collections, history of outbreak.
Abstract: Exotic Newcastle disease (END) is classified as an Office International des Epizooties (OIE) List A disease and is a foreign animal disease in the United States. It is caused by highly contagious and pathogenic paramyxovirus strain that affects many species of birds. In domestic poultry, the mortality rate is high, though there is variable mortality in other species of birds. A carrier state may exist in psittacine and some wild birds. Southern California had an extensive outbreak in commercial poultry in the early 1970's that lasted 2 yr and resulted in 12 million birds being destroyed. In October 2002, END was diagnosed in southern California backyard poultry flocks that spread to commercial poultry flocks in early December 2002. On December 30. 2002 END was confirmed in a commercial egg-laying facility in San Diego County within 10 miles of the San Diego Wild Animal Park. As of April 1, 2003, 22 commercial poultry premises were affected, seven of which were in San Diego County within a 15 mile radius of the San Diego Wild Animal Park. The consequences would be catastrophic if our premises at the San Diego wild Animal Park became infected. Those consequences could include partial or complete depopulation of the avian collections, closing all or part of the public facilities, and loss of genetic diversity for key conservation programs, including the California condor (Gymcnogyps californianus). It was recognized early on that prevention, through stringent biosecurity measures, was essential. Close communications were established with the mult-agency END Task force including critical protocol reviews, site visits, and outreach presentations to employees. The following is a summary of the biosecurity measures, based on recommendations for domestic poultry, put into place in response to the threat of END occurring in our region. Since many of these measures are generally a good practice, some will likely stay in place once the quarantine is lifted. These biosecurity measures are categorized by the potential source of infection to the avian collection.
Fatal disseminated yeast infection in orinoco geese (Neochen jubata) and brown pelicans (Pelecanus fuscus). Garner, Michael M.; Dunker, Freeland; Ochsenreiter, John; Nordhausen, Robert W.; Barr, Bradd C.; Coleman, Gary; Murray, William. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003. 333 pp. p. 276-277.
NAL call no: SF605.A4
Descriptors: yeast infection, orinoco geese, brown pelican, fatality, case histories.
Abstract: This report describes systemic yeast infection occurring in three captive Orinoco geese and two captive brown pelicans from the San Francisco Zoo during 1996 and 1999. Case 1 was a 2-yr old female captive bred Orinococ goose (295001), and had a history of recurrent lameness of 4 mo duration. The bird was hospitalized during a 5-day period of lameness in September, 1996. The goose received supportive care but died. Case 2 was a 2-yr old make Orinoco goose (295004) that had a history of recurrent lameness of 4 mo duration. The bird had been hospitalized during a 7-day period of lameness in September, 1996. The goose received supportive care but dies. Case 3 (298079/00-0010) and 4 (298045) were adult female brown pelicans that were found dead in a lake on the zoo grounds in January, 1999. Case 5 was a male Orinoco goose (298064/1999-0086) that was found dead on the zoo grounds in 1999. Histologically in all birds, intracytoplasmic organisms were detected in the endothelial cells or luminal macrophages of veins, venules and capillaries of the lung with associated mild to moderate perivascular lymphoid cuffs and interstitial lymphohistiocytic pneumonia. The organisms were also detected in endothelial cells of vessels in peripheral nerves of the leg in cases 1 and 2, and occasionally in low numbers in other tissues. The organisms in the endothelial cells were ovoid and approximately 1-3um in greatest dimension. The organisms stained positive with PAS and GMS, and did not react with Brown and Brenn or Fite’s acid fast stains. Electron microscopy revealed that the organisms were 1.10x2.04 um, had a single central to slightly eccentric nucleus, trilaminar cell wall, thin outer capsule, and replicated by budding from the apical or apico-lateral regions of the cell wall. The light microscopic, ultrastructural, and tinctorial properties of the organisms were features consistent with yeasts. Despite extensive culturing for fungal organisms from tissues of case 3, no significant fungal growth was obtained. Disseminated yeast infection has been documented in birds, primarily those belonging to the order Anseriformes, particularly from Northwest America. The identity of these organisms is based on light and electron microscopic morphology and tinctorial properties. The etiologic agent or agents of this condition have not been named or further characterized because culture attempts have been unsuccessful. The organisms typically infect endothelial cells and macrophages and death is attributed to associated inflammation and vascular damage.
Health evaluation of the flamingo populations of the Phoenicopurrus genus in northern Chile. Fabry, Mauricio; Parada, Mario; Bonacic, Cristian. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003. 333 pp. 51-52.
NAL call no: SF605.A4
Descriptors: flamingo, Phoenicoparrus, health evaluation, northern Chile.
Abstract: The objectives of our study were to assess the health status of free-ranging flamingo populations and to improve the capture methods in terms of safety and effectiveness. The first sampling campaign was performed in November 2002 in the Salar de Atacama, II district, Chile (23° 18' 31'’ S, 68°08' 25'’ W, at 2,330m above sea level). Thirty-two flamingos (11 Andean, 21 James) were captured with foot traps (n=8) or during night captures with nets (n=24). The second sampling campaign was performed in March 2002, in Surire I district (18° 50' 42'’ S, 68° 59' 21'’ W, at 4,283 m above sea level).³ Nineteen flamingos (7 Andean, 12 James) were captured with foot traps (n=1) or during night captures with nets (n=18). The animals were weighed and then physically examined and tagged. Swabs were collected for complete blood cell counts, biochemical analysis and serology. Fresh fecal samples were obtained for parasitology. The Andean flamingos weighed an average of 2.86+ 0.34kg, while the James flamingos weighed 2.32+0.32kg. The average of white cell count was 8,084.62 +2,584.52 cells/mm³ for the Andean flamingos, and 5,909.58+1,615.87 cells/mm³ for the James flamingos. The most frequent bacteria isolated from the cloaca and choana was Bacillus spp. In addition, Penicillium and Aspergillus were identified in both species. Antibodies were present for influenza virus (n=4), Newcastle disease virus (n=11), and Eastern and Western equine encephalitis disease virus (n=2). Fecal samples were negative. At necropsy, one Andean flamingo was found heavily parasitized with Flamingolepsis spp. Two hundred Flamingolepsis tapeworms were recovered from a James flamingo. This parasite has not previously been reported in this species.
Heart rate response to cooling in emu hatchlings. Tamura, A.; Akiyama, R.; Chiba, Y.; Moriya, K.; Dzialowski, E.M.; Burggren, W.W.; Tazawa, H. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A; Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 2003, v. 134 (4), p. 829-838. ref.
Descriptors: emu, hatchlings, cooling, heart rate response.
Abstract: Among fluctuations of instantaneous heart rate (IHR) in newly hatched chicks, heart rate (HR) oscillation with a mean frequency of 0.7 Hz has been designated as Type II HR variability characterized by low frequency (LF) oscillation [Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A 124 (1999) 461]. In response to exposure to lowered ambient temperature (Ta), chick hatchlings raised their HR baseline accompanied with the production or augmentation of Type II HR oscillation, indicating that LF oscillation is a phenomenon relating to thermoregulation [J. Therm. Biol. 26 (2001) 281]. In emu hatchlings that are precocial like chickens, type II HR oscillation also occurred, but less frequently in comparison with chick hatchlings [Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A 131 (2002) 787]. This present experiment was conducted to elucidate how IHR of emu hatchlings responds to changes in Ta. Six hatchlings were measured for IHR and skin temperature (Ts) during a 3-h period when they were exposes to controlled Ta (ca 35°C), lowered Ta (ca. 15-30°C) and again the controlled Ta for individual 1-h periods. In response to all the cooling and re-warming procedures, HR baseline changed depending upon the intensity of the Ta differences; i.e. large differences of a Ta produced large changes in HR. HR fluctuations tended to augment during cooling with a few exceptions, but LF oscillation was not produced. Thus, LF oscillation, which was scarce even at the controlled Ta, could not be used as a thermoregulatory indicator in emus.
Hematologic and biochemical reference ranges for the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus). Dujowich, Mauricio; Mazet, Jonna K.; Zuba, Jeffery R. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003. 333 pp. p. 283-284.
NAL call no: SF605.A4
Descriptors: hematologic and biochemical ranges, California condo, Gymnogyps californianus, blood sampling, captive animals, various parameters sampled.
Abstract: Introduction: The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) was at the point of extinction with only 22 individuals in the wild 2 decades ago. Condors were taken into captivity for captive propagation and subsequent reintroduction with the last condor being captured in 1987. Today there are approximately 200 condors; 130 condors in captivity and 70 successfully reintroduced in the wild (J. Zuba, personal communication). In order to provide proper medical care for this endangered species, veterinarians need accurate hematologic and biochemical reference ranges on which to base medical evaluations and treatments. Methods: Blood samples from 61 captive California condors housed at the San Diego Wild Animal Park were evaluated by sex and age to determine serum biochemical and hematologic reference ranges. Chloride, cholesterol, and total plasma protein concentrations were higher in males than n females (n=23 males, 21 females: P<0.05). The condors were grouped by age for analysis as follows: group 1 included bird 30 days of age or less; group 2 included birds from 30 days to 6 mo of age; group 3 included birds from 6 mo tp 5 yr of age; group 4 included all birds older than 5 yr. Results and Discussion: When comparing biochemical values by age, significant differences in glucose, potassium, phosphorous, calcium, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, and bile acid concentrations, as well as, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and crestine phosphokinase activities were identified. When comparing hematologic values by age, differences in white blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, total plasma protein concentration, heterophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils were identified. A steady increase in glucose and a decrease in alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase activities, as well as cholesterol, bile acid, calcium, and phosphrous concentrations were correlated with age. Condors from age group 1 and age group 2 were identified as unique compared to other age groups. Due to these differences two reference ranges (condors under 6 mo of age and condors over 6 mo of age) have been established by calculating a 90% confidence interval. Reference ranges obtained from other published avian data including those for psittaciformes, ratites, galliformes, anseriformes, and raptors were similar to the condors in this study.
Incidence of juvenile osteodystrophy in hand-reared grey parrots (Psittacus e erithacus). Harcourt-Brown, N. Veterinary Record, 2003, v. 152 (14), p. 438-439. ref. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL call no: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: osteodystrophy, hand-reared grey parrots, incidence, Psittacus e erithacus, furcula, carina, ribs, wing and leg bones.
Abstract: Radiographic examinations of grey parrots (Psittacus e erithacus, n=34) were undertaken to assess for the presence of osteodystrophy. The following bones were examined: furcula (fused clavicles), carina (keel), ribs, humerus, radius, ulna and pelvis, including the synsacrum, femur and tibiotarsus. Results showed that 19 birds (56%) had normal bones, whereas 44% had signs of juvenile osteodystrophy. Based on the radiographic appearance, the furcula was not affected in 25% of the birds; the percentage of birds with affected ribs, humerus, radius, ulna, pelvis/synsacrum and femur was 41, 8, 33, 33, 25 and 25%.
Management of egg-related peritonitis in a blue and gold macaw (Ara ararauna). Wilson, H.; Graham, J. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 2003, v. 25 (1), p. 42-47. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL call no: SF601.C66
Descriptors: egg related peritonitis, management, macaw, Ara ararauna, case study.
Abstract: A 16 year old female blue and gold macaw (Ara ararauna) was presented with a history of a nutritionally inadequate diet, inappetence, and mild depression [place and date not given]. Clinical signs included severe dyspnea, depression, anorexia, coelomic distention, and cloacal prolapse. Radiographs indicated a soft tissue mass in the midcoelomic cavity. Laparoscopic examination provided a timely diagnosis: septic egg-related peritonits. Salpingohysterectomy, with removal of inspissated egg yolk, and antimicrobial treatment with enrofloxacin resolved clinical signs. Dietary changes resolved poor feather quality.
Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in the Blue and Gold Macaw (Ara ararauna). Carpenter, James W.; Olsen, John H.; Henry, Heather, Koch, David E.; Isaza, Ramiro; Hunter, Robert P. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003. 333 pp. p. 79.
NAL call no: SF605.A4
Descriptors: marbofloxacin, antimicrobial agent, pharmacokinetics, blue and gold macaw, Ara ararauna.
Abstract: Because there is a lack of approved pharmaceutical agents in the United States for pet birds there has been an increased interest in the clinical pharmacology of pet bird species in recent years to insure proper dosing and treatment of these animals. Marbofloxacin is a synthetic antimicrobial agent of the fluoroquinolone class. This drug is safe and efficacious, and is approved for the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections in dogs and cats, and urinary tract infections in dogs. There have been no pharmacokinetic studies on marbofloxacin in pet birds, Although the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in broiler chickens and Eurasian buzzards (Buteo buteo) have been determined, there have been no pharmacokinetic studies of marbofloxacin in pet birds. Because antimicrobial management of bacterial infections is one of the most challenging aspects of therapy encountered in avian medicine, a study was designed to determine the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in blue and gold macaws (Ara ararauna), a species commonly kept both as a companion animal and as a display animal in zoological collections. Marbofloxacin (2.5 mg/kg) was administered orally via crop gavage to five birds and intravenously to five birds, and blood samples obtained at 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr post-marbofloxacin administration. Following a 4-wk wash-out period, the study was repeated, with the first five birds receiving the intravenous dose and the second five birds receiving the oral dose. The data derived from this study was used to calculate therapeutic dosage regimes for treating infectious disease.
Radiography of birds. Forbes, N.A,; Coles, G. (ed); Dobson, J (ed); Elliott, J. (ed); Elwood, C. (ed); Hall, E. (ed); Heath, S. (ed); Hill, P. (ed); Moore, P.H. (ed); Innes, J. (ed); Jeffery, A. (ed); Redrobe, S. (ed); Tasker, S. (ed); Williams, J. (ed); Wotton, P. (ed); Yam, P. Scientific Proceedings Veterinary Programme; British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Birmingham, UK. Apr. 3-6, 2003, p. 399-401. ref. ISBN: 0905214773.
NAL call no: 41.9 B774
Descriptors: birds, radiography, methods, techniques.
Radiography and image-intensified fluoroscopy of barium passage through the gastrointestinal tract in six healthy Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva). Vink, Nooteboom, M.; Lumeij, J.T.; Wolvekamp, W.T.C. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound, 2003, v. 44 (1). p. 43-48. ref. ISSN: 1058-8183.
NAL call no: SF757.8.A4
Descriptors: radiography, fluoroscopy, gastrointestinal tract, barium, parrots.
Abstract: Gastrointestinal contrast studies were performed in six clinically healthy blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva) using radiography and image-intensified fluoroscopy. During examination, the birds were confined in a perspex cage. The quality of the lateral radiographs was adequate for assessment of the contrast medium-filled gastrointestinal tract. Thirty minutes after administration of 20 mL/kg of a 25% barium sulfate suspension directly into the crop, in all birds the ventriculus was totally outlined by barium. After 60 minutes, the small intestine was filled in five of six birds. After 180 minutes, the crop was empty in all birds. The barium outlined ventriculus had differences in shape on radiographs of individual birds and also between birds. The colon and cloaca had further filling after 120 to 300 minutes. With image-intensified fluoroscopy, gastrointestinal motility was evaluated. Contractions of the crop were seen, and boluses of contrast medium passing through the oesophagus toward the proventriculus were easily identified. Proventricular contractions were rarely noted, but ventriculus motility was present and clearly defined. The ventriculus had a mean of 3.7 contraction cycles/minute. In the duodenum and small intestine, rapid antegrade and retrograde peristaltic movements in combination with segmental contractions were seen. In the colon, occasionally very slow peristaltic activity, mainly of segmental nature, was present. During the examination, no defeacation was recorded. Confinement in a small perspex cage provides an adequate and handy radiological set-up for evaluation of gastrointestinal passage and motility in birds, minimizing the influences of stress and anaesthesia.
Raptor mites. Philips, James R. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003. 333 pp. p. 300.
NAL call no: SF605.A4
Descriptors: raptors, mites, feather mites, quill mites, skin and subcutaneous mites, respiratory mites.
Abstract:
Birds of prey host many mites, ranging from harmful to harmless to beneficial
species. These mites include feather mites, quill mites, skin and subcutaneous
mites and respiratory mites, and they reproduce either on or in the host or
in the nest. The mites feed on blood, tissue fluid, skin and feather lipids
and debris, keratin, fungi, algae and other mites. The mite fauna of over half
the falconiform and stringiform species is completely unknown, but 21 families
of mites are associated with falconiformes and 17 families are associated with
owls, with nearly 100 total mite species in each case, and up to 18 mite species
known from an individual raptor species. Healthy looking raptors without obvious
mites may harbor populations of 15,000 feather mites and 4,000 quill mites.
Abnormal host transferences can occur with birds in captivity (e.g. crane mites
occurring on falcons). Owls tend to have the greatest variety of raptor mites,
and both owls and eagles often host large mite populations. Hawks tend to have
fewer mites and falcons very few. My website at http://raptormites.babson.edu
provides a more detailed overview of the varied raptor mites, with photographs,
and an up-to-date host/parasite species checklist for mites of the Falconiformes
and Stringiformes of the world. Zoo veterinarians have the opportunity to examine
many of the raptor species whose mite fauna is poorly known or unknown, and
to discover many new raptor mite species and host relationships.
Sex determination in the common buzzard (Buteo buteo) by means of endoscopy and DNS analysis. Angioletti, A.; Battocchio, M.; Veronesi, M.C.; Raimindi, S. Veterinary Research Communications, Sept. 2003, v. 27 (Suppl. 1), p. 197-199. ISSN: 0165-7380.
NAL call no: SF601.V38
Descriptors: common buzzard, sex determination, endoscopy.
Suspected ivermectin toxicity in a nenday parakeet (Nandayus nenday). Perpinan, David; Melero, Roberto. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003. 333 pp. p. 298-299.
NAL call no: SF602.A4
Descriptors: parakeet, ivermectin toxicity, Nanadayus nenday, case study.
Abstract: Twenty birds in an aviary were prophylactically treated with a single dose of ivermectin. The following morning one adult Nenday parakeet (Nandayus nenday) was found on the floor of the cage, prostrate with some wind movement and signs of bradypnea, hypothermia ataxia, and depression. The animal was placed in a warm place and treated with intraosseous fluid therapy and a single high dose of corticosteroids. The parakeet did not recover and died 10 hr after the onset of the treatment. No necropsy was performed. The death was supposed to be an adverse reaction to ivermectin.
Symblepharon with aberrant protrusion of the nictitating membrane in the snowy owl (Nyctea scandiaca). Williams, D.L.; Flach, E. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 2003, v. 6 (1), p. 11-13. ref.
NAL call no: SF891.V47
Descriptors: symblepharon, nictitating membrane, protrusion, snowy owl, treatment, case study.
Abstract: Two young snowy owl chicks were presented with aberrant protrusion of the nictitating membranes. This was caused by conjunctival adhesions causing symblepharon secondary to a previous septiceaemia episode. While symblepharon has been noted in birds before, this unusual presentation of the nictitating membrane has not been reported. Surgical intervention ameliorated the clinical signs, allowing vision in one bird by removal of the nictitating membranes, a technique which appeared to have no deleterious effects on the ocular surface.
Tissue content of novel renal disease markers in pigeons (Columba livia). Wimsatt, Jeffery; Pearce, Roger D.; Nelson, Scott; Shanahan, Lynne T.; Vap, Linda M. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003. 333 pp. p. 317-318.
NAL call no: SF605.A4
Descriptors: renal disease, markers, pigeons, tissue content.
Abstract: Acute renal disease remains challenging to diagnose in avian species due to their ability to hide illness, an absence of specific clinical signs, and a lack of validated sensitive markers of glomerular and tubular dysfunction or damage. Acute avian renal disease occurs in response to a range of nephron damaging events, including: severe dehydration, high protein load, vitamin A deficiency, nephrotoxin exposure, and renal adenocarcinoma. Introduction: Mammalian renal indices are of limited value. For example, birds make predominately creatine, not creatinine; they are more uricotelic than ureotelic, and BUN when produced is strongly influenced by dietary protein intake and differential handling by functionally discrete nephron populations. The purpose of the present study was to determine tissue levels of creatine and N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) as a prelude to renal disposition and diseases studies. Methods: A modified two-step creatinine assay procedure (Boehringer-Mannheim, now Roche) was previously adapted and validated and used to measure creatine, using an Hitachi 917 clinical chemistry Autoanalyzer. NAG was similarly assayed using a standard commercial kit (Roche). Selected tissue samples (pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and small/large intestine) from four captive-bred homing pigeons fed a standard diet and humanely euthanatized as a part of flock culling were rapidly collected, snap frozen, powdered in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C. At the time of assay. Aliquots of frozen powdered tissues were resuspended in cold Tris buffer (pH 8.0), vortexed 30 sec, centrifuged at 10,000 rpm, and assayed for creatine and NSG. Analysis employed one-way ANOVA tissues as factors. Results: Results indicated that creatine was significantly (P<00001) elevated in skeletal muscle as compared to other tissues examined, and that NAG was significantly (P<00001) elevated in renal tissue as compared to other tissues.
Vaccination of Andean condors (Vultur gryphus) and California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) with a West Nile virus DNA vaccine. Stringfield, Cynthia E.; Davis, Brent S.; Chang, Gwong-Jen J. Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians Annual Conference, Minneapolis, MN. Oct. 4-10, 2003. 333 pp. p. 193-194.
NAL call no: SF605.A4
Descriptors: condors, West Nile virus, vaccine.
Abstract: During the late summer and early fall of 1999, an outbreak of viral encephalitis occurred in New York, resulting in fatal neurologic disease in humans and a variety of native and exotic birds, and horses. West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus never before identified in the western Hemisphere was shown to be the cause of disease. The virus has spread across the United States in the past 3 yr, killing thousands of birds of many species, and is expected to cross the Rocky Mountains imminently reaching the home of the last 200 plus members of the endangered species, the California condor (Gymnogyps californianus). The only commercially available vaccine is one manufactured and approved for horses. It is a killed vaccine in a lipid adjuvant (Metastim™) (West Nile-Innovator, fort Dodge, Fort Dodge, IA) with variable results in some species of birds and of unknown efficacy in most species. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has developed an experimental recombinant DNA plasmid vaccine in an aluminum phosphate adjuvant, that in experimental studies has shown promise in protecting two very sensitive crow species, Fish crows (Corvus ossifragus) and American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) (Bunning et al., personal communication). The CDC included the California condor in its evaluation of their experimental DNA plasmid vaccine. Eight Andean condors (Vultur gryphus) and 27 California condors residing at the Los Angeles Zoo were vaccinated twice, 21 days apart. Serum was collected at day 0, day 21, and at 3 mo (or longer) post vaccine. There were no adverse reactions, and preliminary evaluations show good immune response to this vaccine, and further titer evaluation is pending. Vaccination of the rest of the population is in progress. The candidate vaccine looks to be a promising one for future avian vaccination for WNV; however, it is currently for research only and not commercially available at this time.
Variability in brain and arterial blood temperatures in free-ranging ostriches in their natural habitat. Fuller, A.; Kamerman, P.R.; Maloney, S.K.; Mitchell, G.; Mitchell, D. Journal of Experimental Biology, 2003, v. 206 (7), p. 1171-1181. ref.
NAL call no: 442.8 B77
Descriptors: brain and arterial blood temperature, variability, natural habitat, carotid blood, daily rhythm, air temperature impacts.
Abstract: We used implanted miniature data loggers to measure brain (in or near the hypothalamus) and carotid arterial blood temperatures at 5 min intervals in six free-ranging ostriches Struthio camelus in their natural habitat, for a period of up to 14 days. Carotid blood temperatures exhibited a large amplitude (3.0-4.6° C) circadian rhythm, and was positively correlated with air temperature. During the day, brain temperature exceeded carotid blood temperature by approx. 0.4° C, but there were episodes when brain temperature was lowered below blood temperature. Selective brain cooling, however, was not present in all ostriches, and was not tightly coupled to the prevailing body temperature. Brain temperature was maintained within narrow daily limits of approx. 2° C, and varied significantly less than blood temperature at short time scales of 5 to 20 min. At night, brain temperature exceeded blood temperature by as much as 3° C. We attribute the elevated brain temperatures to warming of cerebral arterial blood, by reduced heat exchange in the ophthalmic rete or possibly heat gain from cranial structures, before supplying the hypothalamus. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the significance of such variations in brain temperature and the importance of selective brain cooling in free-living birds.
Waterfowl in practice. Saunders, R. Veterinary Times, 2003, v. 33 (8). p. 12. ref.
Descriptors: waterfowl, veterinary practice.
2002
Abdominal effusion in a bird. Caruso, Kimberly J.; Cowell, Rick L.; Meinkoth, James H.; Klaassen, James K. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2002, v. 31 (3), p. 127-128. ISSN: 0275-6382.
NAL call no: SF601.A54
Descriptors: abdominal effusion, peritonitis, digestive system disease, case study.
Avian critical care. Echols, M.S.; Marx, K.L.(ed).; Roston, M.A. Proceedings 23rd Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery, Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Fredericksburg, VA. Apr. 28-30, 2002. P. 1-9. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: aviary birds, blood transfusion, fluid therapy, intensive care.
Basic and advanced diagnostic testing in pet birds. Echols, M.S.; Marx, K.L.(ed); Roston, M.A. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery, Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Fredericksburg, VA, Apr. 28-30, 2002. p. 20-35. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: biopsy, blood specimen collection, cytology, diagnostic techniques.
Birds of prey. Chitty, J.; Meredith, A. (ed.); Redrobe, S. BSAVA Manual of Exotic Pets, 2002, ed. 4. p. 179-192. ref. ISBN: 0905214471.
NAL call no: SF981. B78
Descriptors: anesthetics, animal diseases, drug therapy, restraint of animals.
Birds of prey: Health and Diseases. Cooper, J.E.; Cooper, J.E. 2002, ed. 3, xvii. 345 pp. ref. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK. ISBN: 0632051159.
NAL call no: SF994.5.C65 2002
Descriptors: anesthesia, animal anatomy, nutrition, diagnosis, diseases, feet, reviews.
Abstract: This book reviews the health and diseases of birds of prey. It is divided into the following chapters: the history of raptor medicine; nomenclature, anatomy; methods of investigation and treatment; non-infectious diseases; infectious diseases, excluding macroparasites; parasitic diseases; foot conditions; neurological disorders; nutritional diseases, including poisoning, in captive birds; poisoning in wild raptors; anaesthesia and surgery; miscellaneous and emerging diseases; diseases in wild bird populations; and discussion and conclusions. The following are also presented: list of species and raptors; clinical examination forms; post-mortem and egg/embryo protocol examination form; cytology and blood smear report forms; key to major clinical diagnosis; key to major post-mortem diagnosis including findings in eggs; the principles of health monitoring, with particular reference to the movement of raptors; minimally invasive health monitoring; medicines and other agents used in treatment, including emergency anaesthesia kit and avian resuscitation protocol; field work, field kit and portable equipment, and field post-mortem technique; and legislation and codes of practice relevant to working with raptors.
BSAVA Manual of Exotic Pets. 2002, ed. 4, viii, 304 pp. ref. ISBN: 0905214471.
NAL call no: SF981.B78
Descriptors: anesthesia, anatomy, diseases, husbandry, diagnosis, birds, drug therapy.
Abstract: This manual discusses the anatomy, biology, husbandry, handling and restraint, diagnosis of diseases, principles of anaesthesia and analgesia, common surgical procedures, euthanasia and drug formulation for exotic animals and pets like rats, mice, hamsters, gerbils, chipmunks, guinea pigs, chinchillas, rabbits, ferrets, fancy pigs, aviary birds, pigeons, tortoises, turtles, lizards, snakes, amphibians, ornamental fishes and other invertebrates.
Care and aviary birds. Stanford, M.D.; Meredith, A. (ed).; Redrobe, S. BSAVA Manual of Exotic Pets. 2002, ed. 4, p. 157-167. ref. ISBN: 0905214471.
NAL call no: SF981.B78
Descriptors: anesthetics, bird feeding, bird diseases, diagnosis, drug therapy.
Clinical chemistry of companion avian species: A review. Harr, Kendal E. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Inc. 2002, v. 31 (3), p. 140-151. ISSN: 0275-6382.
NAL call no: SF601.A54
Descriptors: clinical chemistry reference values, biochemistry, biophysics.
Abstract: Birds have evolved alternate physiological strategies to contend with dehydration, starvation, malnutrition, and reproduction. Basic anatomic and functional differences between birds and mammals impact clinical chemistry values and their evaluation. Interpretation of the results of standard biochemical analyses, including BUN, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine kinase, gamma glutamyltransferase, bilirubin, ammonia, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, bile acids, glucose, albumin, globulins, calcium, phosphorous, prealbumin (transthyretin), fibrinogen, iron, and ferritin, is reviewed and discussed in relation to these physiological differences. The use and interpretation of alternative analytes appropriate for avian species, such as uric acid, biliverdin, glutamate dehydrogenase, and galactose clearance, also are reviewed. Normal avian urine and appropriate use of urinalysis, an integral part of laboratory diagnosis in mammalian species that frequently is omitted from avian diagnostic protocols, is discussed.
The influence of stress from transport and handling on haematological and clinical blood chemistry parameters of racing pigeons (Columbia livia domestica). Scope, A.; Filip, T.; Gabler, C.; Resch, F. Avian Diseases, 2000. v. 46 (1), p. 224-229. ISSN: 0005-2086. ref.
NAL call no: 41.8 AV5
Descriptors: blood chemistry, hematology, handling, transport stress.
Abstract: In the present study, the influence of stress from handling and transport on some frequently examined blood parameters of racing pigeons was evaluated. After 3 h. there was a highly significant (P<0.01) increase the number as well as the percentage of heterophils and a decrease in lymphocytes. For blood chemistry, increases in creatine kinase and glucose and a decrease in uric acid were observed. There was a mean decrease of the total white blood cell count of >15% that was less significant (P<0.05). Changes in lactate dehydrogenase, basophils, and monocytes did not prove to be significant; eosinophils, aspartate aminotransferase, total protein, and packed cell volume were not influenced by stress.
Pigeons. Redrobe, S.; Meredith, A. (ed).; Redrobe, S. BSAVA Manual of Exotic Pets. 2002, ed. 4, p. 168-178. ref. ISBN: 0905214471.
NAL call no: SF981.B78
Descriptors: anesthetics, diagnostic techniques, restraint of animals, surgical operations.
Plasma chemistry reference values in ostriches. Verstappen, F.L.A.M.; Lumeij, J.T.; Bronneberg, R.G.G. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, Jan. 2002, v. 38 (1), p. 154-159. ref. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: albumins, blood chemistry, normal values, glucose, bile acids, proteins, potassium, methods.
Abstract: Reference values for 18 plasma chemical values in blue neck ostriches (Struthio camelus australis, n=60, age 24-36 months) in the reproductive age were established for use in veterinary clinical practice using non-parametric statistics. The following values were established for the percentiles P2.5 and P97.5: sodium 147-157 mmol/litre, calcium 2.4-4.8 mmol/litre, inorganic phosphate 1.3-2.3 mmol/litre, chloride 94-105 mmol/litre, glucose 10.3-13.7 mmol/litre, urea 0.5-0.8mmol/litre, uric acid 351-330 umol/litre, bile acids 8-33 umol/litre, total protein 39-56 g/litre, albumin-globulin ratio 0.45-0.59, osmolality 304-330 mOsm/kg, alkaline phosphate 69-217 IU/litre, aspartate aminotransferase 243-418 IU/litre, gamma-glutamyltransferase0-1 IU/litre, creatine kinase 1648-4894 IU/litre, glutamate dehydrogenase 8-17 IU/litre, and lactate dehydrogenase 860-2236 IU/litre. The plasma calcium concentration was significantly (P<0.001; r=0.74) related to the total protein concentration and an adjustment formula for calcium was derived. This formula was: adjusted Ca (mmol/litre)=Ca (mmol/litre)-0.09 TP (g/litre)+4.4. The influence of blood sample treatment on the plasma potassium concentration as seen in other avian species was demonstrated in a separate experiment, emphasizing the need to separate plasma and cells immediately after collection in avian blood samples.
Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery, Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Fredericksburg, VA. Apr. 28-30, 2002, 186 pp. ref.
NAL call no: SF605.A4
Descriptors: anesthesia, animal behavior, dermatology, diagnosis, diet, surgery.
Abstract: The 27 articles compiled elaborate on different aspects of avian medicine and surgery, including critical care, anaesthesia and analgesia, transfusion and fluid therapy, and clinical techniques. Common injuries and illnesses, disease surveillance of West Nile virus infections, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, duck plague/duck viral enteritis, the prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci and Pacheco’s disease virus in Guatemala, and cases of chlamydophilosis, metal toxicoses, pancreatic cancer and stifle luxation are discussed. Basic and advanced diagnostic techniques as well as therapeutical regimens, particularly for megabacteria, are presented. The other articles elaborate on avian haematology, dermatology and behaviour; nutrition; clinical consequences of routine grooming procedures; and pet parrot taxonomy and disease predilections.
‘Sick bird syndrome’- differential diagnosis and initial therapy. Keeble, E.J. Irish Veterinary Journal, 2002, v. 55 (6), p. 287-290. ref. ISSN: 0368-0762.
NAL call no: 41.8 IR4
Descriptors: analgesics, antibiotics, clinical aspects, diagnostic techniques, drug therapy.
Sonographic investigations of the gastrointestinal tract of granivorous birds. Krautwald Junghanns, Maria Elisabeth; Stahl, Anja; Pees, Michael; Enders, Frank; Bartels, Thomas. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound, Nov./Dec. 2002, v. 43 (6), p. 576-582. ISSN: 1058-8183.
NAL call no: SF757.8.A4
Descriptors: digestive system, radiology, methods and techniques, normal gastrointestinal tract.
Abstract: This article describes the sonographic examination of the normal gastrointestinal tract of granivorous birds. Preliminary tests with dead birds were performed to get an idea of the sonographic echotexture of the avian gastrointestinal tract. Later, clinically healthy seedeaters of different weights were examined sonographically. As equipment a convex microcurved scanner with a particularly small coupling surface and an adjustable frequency from 5.5-7.5 MHz was used. For the investigation of the gastrointestinal tract, six sonographic approaches are described. After a starving time of 18 hours in the granivorous birds and water input, the best sonographic image quality could be obtained. Using this method, the crop, ventriculus, intestines, and cloaca could be demonstrated sonographically; whereas, it was not possible to visualize the normal proventriculus in granivorous birds. In contrast to mammals, the different layers of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract could not be visualized with the equipment used. Motilty of individual parts of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), however, could be well demonstrated.
Stomach impaction in ostriches (Struthio camelus): blood chemistry, hematology, and treatment. Yuksek, Nazmi; Agaoglu, Zahid; Kaya, Abdullah; Asian, Logman; Erdogan, Hidayet Metin; Akgul, Yakup. Avian Diseases, Jul./Sept. 2002, v. 46 (3), p. 757-760. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8 AV5
Descriptors: stomach impaction, digestive system diseases, etiology, therapy, clinical signs.
Abstract: This study involved 14 ostriches of both sexes between 3 and 24 mo of age. Some hematologic and biochemical parameters were studied in animals with stomach impaction. Clinical examination of the birds revealed anorexia, emaciation, decreased defecation, listlessness, separation from the flock and recumbence. The total number of leukocytes (10.4 X 103 mm3), the concentrations of serum glucose (166 mg/dl), and total protein (2.4 g/dl) decreased; serum creatine phosphokinase (1240 U/L) and alkaline phosphatase (598 U/L) increased, whereas no changes were found in the concentrations of calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, zinc, and copper. Medical treatment was initiated in 13 animals; six of them recovered and seven birds died. Necropsy revealed edema, erosions, and hemorrhagic ulcers in the stomach of the dead birds. Foreign bodies such as sand; stone; pieces of wood, glass, and plastic; and metallic objects were encountered in the stomach at necropsy. In one bird, metallic foreign body was diagnosed and the bird was referred to surgery. Under stress factors, ostriches tend to eat foreign material; therefore, adequate housing, nutrition, and care are crucial in prevention of stomach impaction.
Techniques de rehydratation des oiseaux sauvages. [Techniques for rehydration of wild birds.] Risi, E. Point Veterinaire, 2002, v. 33 (222), p. 28-32. ref. ISSN: 0335-4997. Note: In French.
NAL call no: SF605.S59
Descriptors: oral rehydration therapy, rehydration, wild birds.
The use of surgical lasers in exotic and avian practice. Rupley, Agnes E.; Parrott, Nenezian, Terri. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice, May 2002, v. 32 (3), p. 703-721. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL call no: SF601.V523
Descriptors: carbon dioxide laser, diode laser, laser surgery, therapeutic method.
Abstract: Laser use on exotics is a relatively new but expanding field. Protocols are being developed to determine which surgical techniques will benefit from CO2 laser use. Techniques should be modified as needed to accomplish the goal of the surgery. The diode laser overlaps the carbon dioxide laser in many clinical uses in small mammals. Use of diode laser energy with fiberoptic endoscopic delivery in exotic animal and avian practices offers a minimally invasive method for performing specific surgical procedures.
2001
Common avian emergencies. Stahl, S.J. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Jan. 13-17, 2001, Orlando, FL, Eastern States Veterinary Association, 2001, v. 15, p. 777-780. ref. In the volume: Small Animal and Exotics. Part of a three volume set.
NAL call no: SF605.N672
Descriptors: birds, intensive care.
Diagnosis of pericardial effusion in birds by ultrasound. Straub, J.; Pees, M.; Krautwald-Junghanns, M.E. Veterinary Record, 2001 , v. 149 (3) p. 86-88. ref. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL call no: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: aviary birds, diagnostic techniques, heart disease, pericardial effusion, various species, parrots, ducks pigeons, mynahs..
Abstract: Over a period of 12 months (July 1999 to June 2000), the cardiovascular system of 60 severely diseased parrots and several other bird species, including ducks, pigeons, mynahs, displaying medium-to-high-grade deterioration of general condition, was examined by ultrasonography. Of the 60 birds examined, five (8.3%) exhibited pericardial effusion. The pericardium as well as the pericardial cavity could only be seen sonographically in the presence of pathological alterations. Based on the ultrasound, dilation of the right ventricle and an anechoic area between the pericardium and the epicardium were observed. These results suggest that pericardial effusion in caged and aviary birds is not rare. The apparent capacity of ultrasound examinations to differentiate between echopoor fluid and echogenous tissues, such as myocardium and pericardium, indicates that it is the only routine method to definitively diagnose pericardial effusion in birds. Radiological examination and ECG only permit tentative diagnosis.
Diagnosis and therapy of white muscle disease in young ostriches. Liu, ZhenXiang; Zeng, YuanGen; Zhong, FuSheng; Tang, XiaoLing; Liu, Z.X.; Zeng, Y.G.; Zhong, F.S.; Tang, X.L. Chinese Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology, 2001, v. 31 (3), p. 38-39. ISSN: 1000-6419.
Descriptors: deficiency diseases, mineral deficiencies, nutrient deficiencies, vitamin E, young animals, China.
Abstract: Among 96 young ostriches of 1 - 2 months old reared on a farm in southern Hunan, China, 29 died in March/April 1999. Samples were taken from tissues of the dead birds and their feed examined. The samples of both the tissues and feed had their Se level significantly lower than that in the normal birds and their standard feed. For its control, the young ostriches were injected subcutaneously with sodium selenite 1.0g/litre at 2 ml/bird, and vitamin E at 0.2 mg/bird at 15 day interval. In addition, sodium selenite and vitamin E were supplemented to their feed at 0.3 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, respectively. Then, the disease was brought under control.
Electrocardiography, heart rates, and heart weights of free-living birds. Machida, N.; Aohagi Y. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Mar. 2001, v. 32 (1), p. 47-54. ref. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL call no: SF601.J6
Descriptors: cardiac rhythm, electrocardiograms, heart rate, myocardial ischaemia, activity effects.
Abstract: To examine the waveforms of electrocardiograms, cardiac rhythm, heart rates at rest and during excitement, and the rate of increase of heart rate, electrocardiograms were recorded with standard bipolar limb leads from 79 free-living birds, including 19 species which are members of the family Procellariidae, Anatidae, Accipitridae, Ardeidae, Fringillidae, Scolopacidae, Laridae, Podicipedidae, Columbidae, Corvidae, Muscicapidae, Ploceidae and Strigidae. The heart weights and heart-to-body weight ratios were obtained from an additional 96 free-living birds, including 20 species. In the majority of the electrocardiograms, lead I was of low amplitudes for all waves except the P wave, and leads II and III were very similar to each other with a predominant S wave and a very short or elevated ST segment. The P wave was often superimposed on the T wave when the heart rate increased to 330 beats/minute. Four types of arrhythmia were observed in 50 of the 79 birds (63.3%): 48 sinus arrhythmias, 4 sinus arrests, 2 atrial premature contractions and 1 ventricular premature contraction. The resting heart rate was negatively associated with the rate of increase, suggesting that a bird with a low resting rate might be able to maintain a greater capacity to increase its heart rate than one with a high resting rate. A negative correlation on a bilogarithmic scale was obtained between the heart weight and the resting heart rate, indicating that a bird with a high heart weight had lower resting heart rate than a bird with a low heart weight. When the heart-to-body weight ratios of free-living birds were compared according to their motility, the ratios of more active birds were greater than those of less active ones.
Electrocardiographic reference values for macaws (Ara species) and cockatoos (Cacatua species). Oglesbee, B.L.; Hamlin, R.L.; Klingman, H.; Clanicola, J.; Hartman, S.P. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 2001, v. 15 (1), p. 17-22. ref. ISSN: 1082-6742.
NAL call no: SF994.J6
Descriptors: electrocardiograms, heart rate, macaws, cockatoos.
Abstract: Electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded from 41 healthy macaws (Ara species) and 31 healthy cockatoos (Cacatua species). All birds were anesthetized via face mask with isoflurane anesthesia. Standard bipolar (I, II, III) and augmented unipolar (aVR, aVL, aVF, V10) leads were recorded with birds in dorsal recumbency using a direct-writing oscillograph. Heart rates for macaws and cockatoos ranged from 231 to 571 beats per minute. A sinus arrhythmia was observed in 32% and 23% of the macaws and cockatoos, respectively. The mean electrical axis for the macaw ECGs ranged from -76 to -87, whereas the mean electrical axis for the cockatoo ECGs ranged from -73 to -89. The QRS was of the rS contour in lead II in 73% of the macaw ECGs and 84% of the cockatoo ECGs. Electrocardiographic parameters reported in this study can aid clinicians in evaluating commonly seen species of macaws and cockatoos.
Emergency care for the avian patient. Orosz, Susan E. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 2001, v. 22, p. 139-142.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: Aves, treatment techniques, emergency veterinary care procedures.
Geriatric birds require comprehensive care: With their extended life spans, older birds need special attention. Vaughn, S. Veterinary Practice News, 2001, v. 13 (9), p. 39. ISSN: 1528-6398.
Descriptors: cirrhosis, diet, fatty liver, life spans, neoplasms, therapy, vitamin E.
Herbal treatment for liver disease. Ness, R. Exotic DVM, 2001, v. 3 (6), p. 15-16. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL call no: SF981.E96
Descriptors: herbal drugs, lipidosis, liver disease.
How to perform abdominocentesis in birds. Flinchum, G. Exotic DVM, 2001, v. 3 (5), p. 20-21. ref. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL call no: SF981.E96
Descriptors: aspiration, diagnostic technique, birds, abdominocentesis.
Intravenous cisplatin administration in sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita): Clinical and pathological bservations. Filippich, L.J.; Bucher, A.M.; Charles, B.G.; Sutton, R.H. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 2001, v. 15 (1), p. 23-30. ref. ISSN: 1082-6742.
NAL call no: SF994.J6
Descriptors: blood pressure, clinical aspects, heart rate, intravenous injection.
Abstract: The prevalence of neoplasia in birds is generally low, however, in some species of companion and aviary birds the incidence is high and neoplasia is a common cause of death. Surgical excision or limb amputation has been performed as the therapeutic plan. Chemotherapy in the treatment of avian neoplasia is largely empirical and poorly documented. For example, cisplatin has been used intralesionally in macaws (Ara species) with limited clinical success. Eight sulphur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita), under general isoflurane anesthesia, were infused intravenously with cisplatin at 6.4 or 1.0 mg/kg over 1 hour and hydrated with lactated Ringer’s solution for 1 hour before and 2 hours after cisplatin infusion. Birds were euthanatized 96 hours after infusion, except for 2 birds given the low cisplatin dose, which were euthanatized on day 25 after dosing. All birds tolerated the study procedure while under anesthesia. Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate did not change significantly. In the low-dose group, the mean cloacal temperature decreased significantly during the infusion period (P< .001) and then rose progressively to preinfusion values by 24 hours. Also in this group, the mean body weight tended to increase during the infusion before significantly decreasing (P<.05) by 5% at 96 hours after dosing. AT 24 hours after dosing, all birds were bright and eating. However, intermittent regurgitation and fecal changes (moist, dark green feces and yellow urates) occurred in 3 of 8 birds, especially those given the high dose. By 72 hours after dosing, droppings in the low-dose group were normal in appearance. One bird in the high-dose group died by 94 hours after dosing. Myelosuppression was not observed in any bird and at necropsy, no evidence of cisplatin toxicity was found except in 1 bird given the high cisplatin dose. On histology, this bird showed nephrotoxicity, and its serum uric acid levels and mean estimated white blood cell count increased significantly by 24 hours after dosing. This paper reports for the first time the effect of systemic cisplatin administration in birds and provides veterinarians data for formulating efficacious and safe protocols for platinum-containing compounds when treating neoplasia in parrots and other companion birds.
Intravenous pharmacokinetics of penicillin G and antipyrine in ostriches (Struthio camelus) and emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Clarke, Cyril R.; Kocan, A. Alan; Webb, Alistair I.; Wang, Zuncal; Cudd, Laura. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, Mar. 2001, v. 32 (1), p. 74-77. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL call no: SF601.J6
Descriptors: antipyrine, penicillin, intravenous administration, pharmacokinetics.
Abstract: Penicillin G and antipyrine, which served as model drugs to assess the relative capacities of renal and hepatic pathways, respectively, were each administered intravenously to six ostriches (Struthio camelus) and to six emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Drug concentrations in blood samples collected over a period of 12 hr after administration were assayed, and elimination half-life, mean residence time, clearance, and steady-state volume of distribution were calculated. Mean values for elimination half-life and mean residence time of penicillin G were significantly higher in emus than in ostriches; no significant differences in antipyrine pharmacokinetics between species were demonstrated.
Morphological study of red blood cells as a tool for animal identification. Shehata, A.; Abdel-Mohsen, M.A. Assiut Veterinary Medical Journal, 2001, v. 45 (89), p. 326-335. ref. ISSN: 1012-5973.
NAL call no: SF604.A77
Descriptors: cell ultrastructure, diameter, morphology, nuclei, species, erythrocytes, birds, fish, amphibians.
Abstract: The present study recorded the different morphological measurements of red blood cells in different animals, birds, fish, and amphibian as a tool for identification. Blood smears sere prepared from fresh-collected blood of individual species (mammals, birds, fish and amphibians). Ten blood samples were collected from each investigated species. The blood smears were stained with Geimsa stain. Twenty cells from each sample were examined and measured by the computerized program. Diameter, total surface area and contour of each cell were measured. In addition the total surface area of the nucleus, in nucleated cells was measured and the ratio between it and total area was calculated. Our results revealed that, the cell diameter was 4.5, 5.2, 5.7, 5.9, 6.0, 7.0, 7.5, 7.7 and 7.4 x 4.3 um in sheep, cow, buffalo, cat, donkey, dog, rabbit, human and camel respectively. The smallest area and contour were recorded in sheep (16.2+2.3 um2 and15.7+1.5um), where it has also the smallest diameter (4.5+0.5um). The largest surface area and contour were recorded in human red blood cells (42.3+5.4um2 and 26.4+2.5um) which have the largest diameter (7.7+0.6um). In nucleated red blood cells, the maximum diameter, contour and surface area were recorded in frog (23.2 x 14.7, 67.9+3.0um and 110.9+2.5um2). The minimal diameter, contour and surface area were recorded in Clarias gariepinus fish, (9.8x7.2, 31.5+2.6um and 56.9+8.5um2). The results indicated that the ratio of nucleus surface area to the total surface area (%) of the cell was 17.5, 20.8, 25.5, 24.05, 19.9, 22.6, 24.3, 16.0 and 23.4% of the total area in chicken, turkey, duck, goose, pigeon, frog, Oreochromis niloticus, Clarias gariepinus and Ctenopharyngodon idella respectively.
Order Falconiformes (hawks, eagles, falcons, vultures), raptor medicine and surgery. Aguilar, Roberto F. Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals. 2001. i-x. 1-536. Chapter pagination: 118-124. Fowler, Murray E.; Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828465.
NAL call no: SF996.4.B56 2001
Descriptors: care in captivity, surgical techniques, medicine and surgery, parasites.
Order Passeriformes (songbirds). General medicine. Godoy, Silvia Neri. Biology, Medicine and Surgery of South American Wild Animals, 2001, i-x. 1-536. Chapter pagination: 201-207. Fowler, Murray E.; Cubas, Zalmir S. (eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828465.
NAL call no: SF996.4.B56 2001
Descriptors: care in captivity, pathological techniques, parasites, diseases, pathology.
Psittacine restraint in the examination room. Wilson, Liz. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Exotic Animal Practice. Sept. 2001, v. 4 (3), p. 633-639. ISSN: 1094-9194.
NAL call no: SF997.5.E95E97
Descriptors: handling techniques, physical restraining techniques, examination.
Radiography of the thoraco-abdominal cavity of the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Wagner, Wencke M.; Kiberger, Robert M. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound, Mar./Apr. 2001, v. 42 (2), p. 134-140. ISSN: 1058-8183.
NAL call no: SF757.8.A4
Descriptors: radiography, diagnostic methods, six frame technique.
Abstract: A standard radiographic procedure was developed for the thoraco-abdominal cavity of female non-breeding ostriches. Positioning, collimation, centering and a technique chart were defined to give reproducible and consistently good quality radiographs. Radiographs were obtained from one adult ostrich cadaver, two adult female ostriches as well as two growing ostriches at various stages. A 6-frame technique was established for lateral views taking the topographic tissue distribution into consideration and using easily palpable landmarks as centering points. Standing true right lateral radiographs are recommended for standard procedures. For dorsoventral exposures a 3-frame technique in the recumbent ostrich was found to be optimal. Birds should be fasted if possible. A technique chart for lateral exposures is provided.
Raptor emergency and critical care: Assessment and examination. Heatley, J.J.; Marks, S.; Mitchell, M.; Tully, T. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, Veterinary Learning Systems, Trenton, N.J. May 2001, v. 23 (5), p. 442-450. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL call no: SF601.C66
Descriptors: trauma, prognosis, clinical examination, blood chemistry, normal values.
Raptor emergency and critical care: Therapy and techniques. Heatley, J.J.; Marks, S.; Mitchell, M.; Tully, T. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, Veterinary Learning Systems, Trenton, N.J. Jun. 2001, v. 23 (6), p. 561-570. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL call no: SF601.C66
Descriptors: trauma, intensive care, fluid therapy, cannulation, fracture fixation.
Semen collection, examination and spermiogram in ostriches. Hemberger, M.Y.; Hospes, R.; Bostedt, H. Reproduction in Domestic Animals [Zuchthygiene]. Oct. 2001, v. 36 (5), p. 241-243. ref. ISSN: 0936-6768.
NAL call no: SF105.A1Z8
Descriptors: ostriches, semen, collection, fertility, efficiency, morphology.
Supportive care of the avian patient. Orosz, Susan E.; Jones, Michael P. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 2001, v. 22, p. 143-149.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: Aves, care in captivity, treatment techniques, supportive care, therapies.
Tips for avian radiography. Taylor, B.; Hays, C. Exotic DVM, 2001, v. 3 (2), p. 33-35. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL call no: SF981.E96
Descriptors: methodology, radiography, veterinary equipment, birds.
A ventricular septal defect in a juvenile ostrich (Struthio camelus): A case report. Sikala, E.T.; Chananza, R.; Zimhunga, T.; Erlwanger, K. Zimbabwe Veterinary Journal, 2001, v. 32 (3-4), p. 76-80. ref. ISSN: 1016-1511.
NAL call no: SF601.R5
Descriptors: case reports, congenital abnormalities, heart diseases, histopathology, liver.
What every veterinarian needs to know about pionus parrots. Leck, S.L. Exotic DVM, v. 3 (2), p. 38-40. ISSN: 1521-1363.
NAL call no: SF981.E96
Descriptors: aggressive behavior, animal nutrition, blood chemistry, normal values.
Wound care and non-surgical fracture repair in pet birds. Antinoff, Natalie. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 2001, v. 22, p. 22-26.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: treatment techniques, injuries, wound care, non-surgical repair of fractures.
2000
Application of diagnostic endoscopy in birds. Lierz, M. ICE 2000. Proceedings of the International Conference on Exotics, May 12-14, 2000, Lago Mar Beach Resort, Ft. Lauderdale, FL. Exotic DVM, 2000 v. 2 (3), p. 19-24.
NAL call no: SF981.E96
Descriptors: diagnosis, endoscopy, aviary birds, wild birds.
Avian ophthalmology. Andrew, S.E. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Eastern States Veterinary Association, 2000, v. 14, p. 851-853. ref.
NAL call no: SF605.N672
Descriptors: birds, eyes, eye diseases, animal anatomy.
The avian spleen: Anatomy, physiology, and diagnostics. Powers, L.V. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 2000, v. 22 (9), p. 838-843. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL call no: SF601.C66
Descriptors: spleen, anatomy, physiology, splenic diseases, diagnostic techniques.
Birds 2000: The KVF Jubb Refresher Course for Veterinarians, Aug. 21-25, 2000. Post Graduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 2000, xiv. 486 pp. ill. ref. ISBN: 1875582924.
NAL call no: SF604.R37 no. 334
Descriptors: avian medicine, congresses.
Blood plasma chemistries from wild mourning doves held in captivity. Schulz, J.H.; Bermudez, A.J.; Tomlinson, J.L.; Firman, J.D.; He, Z.Q. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, Jul. 2000, v. 36 (3), p. 541-545. ref. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL call no: 41.9.W64B
Descriptors: columbiformes, game birds, physiology, biochemistry.
Abstract: Despite the extensive amount of research conducted on mourning doves (Zenaida macroura), no biochemical reference values exist for this species. Our objective, therefore, was to establish base line clinical chemistry reference values for mourning doves to assist with establishing clinical diagnoses. Wild mourning doves were captured 19 March 1996 to 8 August 1996, and 6 February 1998 to 12 May 1998; blood samples were collected from 382 mourning doves. Plasma biochemical values were established for glucose, sodium, potassium, chloride, enzymatic CO2, albumin, total protein, globulin, calcium, phosphorous, cholesterol, magnesium, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and uric acid. These reference values are invaluable for determining diagnosis of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, hepatic, renal, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and endocrine systems.
The care and the maintenance of the captive cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo. Finney, J.K. Animal Technology, 2000, v. 51 (1), p. 37-46. ref. ISSN: 0264-4754.
NAL call no: QL55.I5
Descriptors: animal husbandry, enrichment, housing, behavior, hygiene, wild birds.
[Clinical aspects of pet birds (7). External wounds and fractures. Part 1. External wounds.] Nakatsu, S. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan, 2000, v. 53 (3), p. 31-35. ISSN: 0447-0192. Note: In Japanese.
Descriptors: aviary birds, wounds, pets, wound treatment.
[Clinical aspects of pet birds (9). Abdominal swellings and neoplasms of the anterior part of the body. Part 1. Over-expansion of the abdominal wall.] Nakatsu, S. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan, 2000, v. 53 (3), p. 204-206. ISSN: 0447-0192. Note: In Japanese.
Descriptors: neoplasms, aviary birds, pets, surgery.
[Clinical aspects of pet birds (10). Abdominal swellings and neoplasms of the anterior part of the body. Part 2.] Nakatsu, S. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan, 2000, v. 53 (4), p. 286-290. ISSN: 0447-0192. Note: In Japanese.
Descriptors: aviary birds, neoplasms, pets, diagnosis, case reports.
[Clinical aspects of pet birds (15). Intramedullary transfusion and physiology of the digestive organs.] Nakatsu, S. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Japan, 2000, v. 53 (9), p. 767-769. ref. ISSN: 0447-0192. Note: In Japanese.
Descriptors: digestive system, physiology, pets, aviary birds, transfusion.
[Clinical aspects of pet birds (16). Digestive tract physiology and characteristics of the excreta.] Nakatsu, S. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Japan, 2000, v. 53 (10), p.862-865. ref. ISSN: 0447-0192. Note: In Japanese.
Descriptors: digestive system, physiology, aviary birds, excreta, faces.
Comparative electrocardiography in four species of macaws (genera Anodorhynchus and Ara). Casares, M.; Enders, F.; Montoya, J.A. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, Jun. 2000, v. 47 (5), p. 277-281. ISSN: 0931-184X.
NAL call no: 41.8 Z5
Descriptors: heart, circulatory system, electrocardiography.
Abstract: Electrocardiograms (ECGs) were recorded during isoflurane anaesthesia from 52 macaws of four species of the genera Anoforhynchus and Ara in order to establish electrocardiographic reference values. The birds examined were clinically healthy macaws of the following species: hyacinth macaw (HM; Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, n=14); green-winged macaw (GWM; Ara chloroptera, n=11); blue-throated macaw (BTM; Ara glaucogularis, n=15), and red-fronted macaw (RFM; Ara rubrogenys, n=12). All ECGs were recorded using a paper speed of 50 mm/s and a calibration of 10 mm=1 mV. Significant differences were determined between species for the heart rate, duration and amplitude of the P wave, amplitude of the T wave, and amplitude of the QRS complex, especially comparing the RFM to the other macaw species. No significant differences were found between two species of similar body weight: the HM and the GWM.
Diagnosis and treatment of common diseases of finches. Steinhort, L.A.; Bonagura, J.D. Kirk’s Current Therapy XIII, Small Animal Practice, 2000, p. 1119-1123. ref. ISBN: 0721655238.
NAL call no: SF745 K57
Descriptors: diagnosis, treatment, anatomy, diets, drug therapy, diseases, parasitoses.
Diagnostic use of protein electrophoresis in birds. Cray, C.; Bonagura, J.D. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIII, Small Animal Practice, 2000, p. 1107-1109. ref. ISBN: 0721655238.
NAL call no: SF745 K57
Descriptors: diagnosis, blood protein, electrophoresis, blood protein disorders.
Differentiating abdominal swelling in birds with ultrasonography. Zantop, D.W. ICE 2000, Proceedings of the International Conference on Exotics, May 12-14, 2000. Lago Mar Beach Resort, Ft. Lauderdale, FL. Exotic DVM, 2000, v. 2 (3), p. 11-12.
NAL call no: SF981.E96
Descriptors: ultrasonic diagnosis, aviary birds, wild birds.
Electrodiagnostic evaluation of peripheral nerve function in rheas and barred owls. Clippinger, T.L.; Platt, S.R.; Bennett, R.A.; Chrisman, C.L. American Journal of Veterinary Research, Apr. 2000, v. 61 (4), p. 469-472. ref. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: rhea, strix, peripheral nerves, diagnostic techniques, anesthesia, muscles.
Endoscopy in birds and reptiles. Divers, S.J. Veterinary Times, 2000, v. 30 (9), p. 26. ISSN: 0378-6213.
Descriptors: endoscopy, diagnostic techniques.
Endoscopy-guided biopsy in birds. Lierz, M. ICE 2000, Proceedings of the International Conference on Exotics, May 12-14, 2000. Lago Mar Beach Resort, Ft. Lauderdale, FL. Exotic DVM, 2000, v. 2 (3), p. 25-27.
NAL call no: SF981.E96
Descriptors: biopsy, endoscopy, aviary birds.
Fracture healing after stabilization with intramedullary xenograft cortical bone pins: A study in pigeons. Wander, Kathy W.; Schwarz, Peter D.; James, Susan P.; Powers, Barbara E.; Taylor, Bobbi; Wimsatt, Jeffery H. Veterinary Surgery, May/Jun. 2000, v. 29 (3), p. 237-244. ISSN: 0161-3499.
NAL call no: SF911.V43
Descriptors: humeral fracture, bone disease, injury, pigeons, Columbia livia.
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of intramedullary xenograft cortical pins compared with stainless steel Kirshner wire for the repair of a standardized avian humoral fracture. Study Design: Prospective randomized study. Sample population: Thirty mature pigeons (Columbia livia). Methods: Birds were randomly assigned to 3 groups. Transverse mid-diaphyseal humeral fractures were created in 1 humerus in each bird. Fractures were stabilized with intramedullary ostrich or canine xenograft cortical bone pins of Kishner wire. Radiographic, histological, and biomechanical assessments were used to compare fracture healing 6 weeks after fracture stabilization. The contralateral humerus of each bird was used as a control. Results: All fractures healed regardless of intramedullary pin type. There were no statistically significant biomechanical differences among groups or within groups. Xenograft bone pins induced a mononuclear inflammatory reaction that did not impair bone healing. Bones stabilized with intramedullary cortical bone pins had more periosteal callus and inflammation at the fracture site than bones stabilized with stainless steel Kirshner wires. Conclusions: Intramedullary xenograft cortical bone pins, derived from mammalian or avian sources, appear to represent an alternative for the repair of avian fractures. Clinical Revelance: Intramedullary xenograft cortical bone pins are biodegradable and may reduce the need for additional surgery to remove implants after fracture healing.
Innovative approach to liver and kidney diseases in psittacine birds. Hochleithner, C.; Hochleithner, M. ICE 2000, Proceeding of the International Conference on Exotics, May 12-14, 2000. Lago Mar Beach Resort, Ft. Lauderdale, FL. Exotic DVM, 2000, v. 2 (3), p. 84-87.
NAL call no: SF981.E96
Descriptors: kidney diseases, liver diseases, parrot-type birds.
Magnetic resonance imaging in psittacine birds with chronic sinusitis. Pye, G.W.; Bennett, R.A.; Newell, S.M.; Kindred, J.; Johns, R. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 2000, v. 14 (4), p. 243-256. ref. ISSN: 1082-6742.
NAL call no: SF994.J6
Descriptors: diagnostic techniques, magnetic resonance imaging, skull, surgery, Ara species, Psittacus erithacus, Ara ararauna, Ara macao, Ara ararauna x macao, Amazona ochrocephala auropalliata.
Abstract: Ten psittacine birds (3 African grey parrots [Psittacus erithacus], 3 blue and gold macaws [Ara ararauna], 2 scarlet macaws [Ara macao], a harlequin macaw [Ara ararauna x macao], and a yellow-naped Amazon parrot [Amazona ochrocephala auropalliata] with histories of chronic sinusitis were referred for evaluation before possible surgical therapy. The duration of clinical signs in these birds ranged from 8 months to 11 years, and response to conventional medical therapy had been poor. Diagnostic procedures performed in each bird included a physical examination, complete blood count, plasma biochemical analysis, survey whole body and skull radiographs, and skull magnetic resonance imaging. In 7 of the 10 birds, a discrete lesion was localized by using magnetic resonance imaging. Six of these 7 birds had surgery performed to remove the lesion. Four granulomas, a mucocele, and a polyp were diagnosed by histopathologic examination. The chronic sinusitis resolved after surgery in 5 birds. Magnetic resonance imaging proved to be an excellent diagnostic tool for examining the avian infraorbital sinus, allowing identification, localization, and characterization of lesions within the sinuses.
Manual of Standards for Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines: List A and B Diseases of Mammals, Birds and Bees. ed. 4. Office International des Epizooties. 2000. i-xxxii. 1-957 p. ISBN: 9290445106 (cloth).
NAL call no: SF771.M36 1992
Descriptors: bacterial diseases, diagnosis, prevention and control, diseases.
Abstract: This 957 page monograph aims to facilitate international trade in animals by describing internationally standardized laboratory methods for diagnosis of specific veterinary diseases and requirements for the production and control of biological products. Three parts include general information, Office International des Epizooties (OIE) listed diseases, and other diseases of importance in international trade. These parts are further divided into sections of specific animal groups, such as sheep, equine, swine, avian, lagomorphs,, and bees. The 104 chapters are each a specific disease organized under the respective animal section. Selected chapters include African swine fever, screwworm, Japanese encephalitis, fowl cholera, tularemia, varroosis, and scrapie. Each chapter includes a list of references. The book highlights a list of contributors and their respective institutions. The text is written in English and indexed by subject with an appendix of OIE reference laboratories, a glossary, a list of abbreviations, and illustrations. Users of this book will include veterinarians, researchers in animal biologicals, disease surveillance officials, agricultural producers, and commercial representatives in the international trade of livestock.
Rontgenpraxis bei Zier- und Wildvogeln. [Radiography in pet birds and wild birds.] Brinkmeier, J.; Kummerfeld, N. Praktische Tierarzt, 2000, v. 81 (5), p. 374-386. ref. ISSN: 0032-681X. Note: In German.
NAL call no: 41.8 P882
Descriptors: pets, wild birds, radiography, diagnostic techniques.
Serum cortisone concentrations in response to restraint, anesthesia, and skin testing in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Heatley, J.J.; Oliver, J.W.; Hosgood, G.; Columbini, S.; Tully, T.N. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 2000, v. 14 (3), p. 172-176. ref. ISSN: 1082-6742.
NAL call no: SF994.J6
Descriptors: anesthesia, stress, handling, corticosterone, restraint, skin tests.
Abstract: Serum corticosterone concentrations were evaluated in 40 adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots after manual restraint and anaesthesia and before and after skin testing. 24 to 72 hours before the skin testing, blood samples were collected immediately after capture from manually restrained birds. On 2 separate days, half of the parrots in the study group (20 birds each) were anaesthetized with isoflurane, and blood samples were taken immediately before and at 2.5, 7.5 and 17 minutes after skin testing. Serum samples were assayed by radioimmunoassay for corticosterone concentration. Although baseline corticosterone concentrations plotted against time varied in both anaesthetized and manually restrained parrots, a downward trend was seen at 14.00 h (anaesthetized birds) and at 13.00 h (manually restrained birds). The mean baseline concentration (plus or minus SEM) of corticosterone measured in birds that were manually restrained was significantly higher (33.7 + 2.83 ng/ml) than that in anaesthetized birds (10.8 + 1.97 ng/ml). Mean corticosterone concentrations (plus or minus SEM) in anaesthetized birds increased progressively after skin testing, from 19.8 + 2.02 ng/ml before skin testing to 52.7 + 2.63 ng/ml at 2.5 minutes, 63.1 + 2.3 ng/ml at 7.5 minutes, and 74.5 + 2.79 ng/ml at 17.0 minutes after skin testing. In birds, this increase in serum corticosterone concentration may account for the wheal formation observed during skin testing and emphasizes the need to read skin test results within a few minutes after intradermal injection.
Veterinary care of the mute swan. Routh, A. In Practice, Sept. 2000, v. 22 (8), p. 426-443. ref. ISSN: 0263-841X.
NAL call no: SF601.I4
Descriptors: animal health, wild birds, diseases, treatment, water pollution, swans.
What every veterinarian should know about swans. Flinchum, G. Exotic DVM, 2000, v. 2 (1), p. 36-38. ref.
NAL call no: SF981.E96
Descriptors: animal behavior, diseases, health, reproduction, diets, housing.
1999
Avian critical care for the veterinary nurse/technician. Echols, S.; Roston, M.A. (ed); Marx, K.L. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery, Baltimore, MD. Apr. 25-27, 1999, Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1999. p. 15-19. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: first aid, intensive care, anesthesia, fluid therapy, nutrition, pain.
Avian obstetric medicine. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W.; Birchard, S.J. (ed); Sherding, R.G. Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice, 1999 ed. 2, p. 1449-1458. ref. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. ISBN: 0721670784.
NAL call no: SF981.S29
Descriptors: obstetrics, ovulation, endometritis, peritonitis, neoplasms, egg, pets.
Avian ophthalmology. Part 1: anatomy, examination, and diagnostic techniques. Willis, A.M.; Wilkie, D.A. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, Sept. 1999, v. 13 (3), p. 160-166. ISSN: 1082-6742. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.J6
Descriptors: diagnosis, diagnostic techniques, bird eyes, anatomy, clinical examination.
Avian renal disease part I of II: Antemortem diagnosis. Echols, M.S.; Roston, M.A. (ed); Marx, K.L. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery, Baltimore, MD. Apr. 25-27, 1999, Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians. 1999. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: diagnosis, bird kidney disease, liver disease, kidney, biopsy, treatment.
Avian renal disease part II: Management. Echols, M.S.; Roston, M.A. (ed); Marx, K.L. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery, Baltimore, MD. Apr. 25-27, 1999. Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1999. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: bird kidney diseases, treatment.
Avian techniques. Oglesbee, B.L.; Birchard, S.J.(ed); Sherding, R.G. Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice, 1999, ed. 2, p. 1396-1402. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. ISBN: 0721670784.
NAL call no: SF981.S29
Descriptors: clinical examination, diagnostic techniques, restraint, radiography, birds.
[Clinical aspects of aviary birds. 2. Respiratory diseases.] Nakatsu, S. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan, 1999, v. 52 (8), p. 678-683. ref. ISSN: 0447-0192. Note: In Japanese.
Descriptors: aviary birds, respiratory diseases, pathology, drug therapy.
[Clinical aspects of aviary birds. 3. Respiratory diseases.] Nakatsu, S. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Japan, 1999, v. 52 (9), p. 727-732. ref. ISSN: 0447-0192. Note: In Japanese.
Descriptors: respiratory diseases, pathology, pollution, aviary birds.
Critical care of companion birds. Oglesbee, B.L. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Jan. 9-13, 1999, Orlando, FL. Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1999, v. 13, p. 737-739. ref. .
NAL call no: SF605.N672
Descriptors: birds, intensive care.
Diagnostic radiology of pet and wild birds: A review. I. Radiographic techniques and radiographs of healthy birds. Beregi, A.; Molnar, V.; Felkai, F.; Biro, F.; Szentgali, Z.S. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 1999, v. 47 (3), p. 291-303. ref. ISSN: 0236-6290.
NAL call no: 41.8 AC83
Descriptors: reviews, techniques, radiography, diagnosis, restraint of animals, anatomy.
Abstract: The first part of the present review summarises the basic technical conditions of radiological examinations, analyses of the radiographic features of healthy birds, and describes the procedure and radiological indications of contrast radiography.
Diagnostic radiology of pet and wild birds: A review. II. Indications of radiological examination and radiographs of pathological lesions. Beregi, A.; Molnar, V.; Felkai, F.; Biro, F.; Szentgali, Zs. Acta Veterinaria Hungaria, 1999, v. 47 (4), p. 395-408. ISSN: 0236-6290.
NAL call no: 41.8 AC83
Descriptors: bone fractures, injury, surgical management, diagnostic methods.
Abstract: The second part of the review dealing with the diagnostic radiology of pet and wild birds discusses the indications of radiological examination, the interpretation of radiographs taken of pathological lesions, and the differential diagnosis of such lesions. Radiology has paramount importance in the diagnosis of diseases affecting the skeletal, digestive, respiratory, urogenital and cardiovascular systems. Certain diseases (storage of grits, ovarian cysts) cannot be recognised without radiography. Other conditions (e.g. Macaw Wasting Disease, renal tumors, egg retention) require this complementary diagnostic method for confirmation of a suspicion based upon the clinical signs. Radiographic examination is also indicated for follow-up of the surgical management of a bone fracture and for facilitating the implantation of transponders aimed at individual identification of birds.
Exotic animal ophthalmology. Kern, Thomas J. Veterinary Ophthalmology, 3rd ed. 1999, p. 1273-1305. Gelatt, K.N. (ed). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. ISBN: 0683300768.
NAL call no: SF891 G45 2001
Descriptors: ophthalmic disease, bird eye disease, ophthalmic anatomy, examination.
Health management and veterinary procedures. Perelman, B.; Deeming, D.C. The Ostrich: Biology, Production and Health, 1999, p. 321-346. ref. CABI Publishing Co. Walingford, UK. ISBN: 0851993508.
NAL call no: SF511.0773 1999
Descriptors: reviews, disease control, hematology, blood chemistry, serology, ostriches.
Haematological and immunological variables in a domesticated and wild subspecies of ostrich (Struthio camelus). Spinu, M.; Spinu, O.; Degen, A.A. British Poultry Science, Dec. 1999, v. 40 (5), p. 613-618. ref. ISSN: 0007-1668.
NAL call no: 47.8.B77
Descriptors: ostriches, leucocyte count, lymphocytes, ratios, antibody, stress response.
Holistic Care for Birds: A Manual of Wellness and Healing. McCluggage, David; Higdon, Pam. Howell book House, N.Y., 1999, xi. 180 pp. ill. ref. ISBN: 0876055668.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1M33 1999
Descriptors: cage birds, diseases, alternative treatments, health, holistic medicine.
Initial evaluation and care of raptors. Hudelson, K.S. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1999, v. 13, p. 857-858.
NAL call no: SF605.N672
Descriptors: predatory birds, treatment, clinical examination.
Management of respiratory diseases in psittacine birds. Lwaton, M.P.C. In Practice, 1999, v. 21 (2), p. 76-88. ref. ISSN: 0263-841X.
NAL call no: SF601.I4
Descriptors: respiratory diseases, aviary birds, pets, etiology, diagnosis, treatment, parrot type birds.
Medical management of the California condor. Ensley, P.K.; Fowler, M.E. (ed); Miller, R.E. Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy, 4th ed. 1999. p. 277-292. ref. ISBN: 0721686648.
NAL call no: SF996.Z66
Descriptors: wild animals, wild birds, animal husbandry, diseases.
Physical restraint. Ryan, Thomas. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1999, v. 20, p. 32.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: physical restraining techniques, recommendations for use in veterinary care.
Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery, Baltimore, MD. Apr. 25-27, 1999. Roston, M.A. (ed); Marx, K.L. Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1999. 175 pp. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: animal behavior, trauma, diagnostic techniques, handling, surgery, treatment.
Raptor medicine: Basic principles and noninfectious conditions. Deem, S.L. Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, Mar. 1999, v. 21 (3), p. 205-215, 268. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL call no: SF601.C66
Descriptors: predatory birds, restraint of animals, anesthesia, clinical examination.
Review of techniques for the diagnosis of Chlamydia psittaci infection in psittacine birds. Elder, J.; Brown, C. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 1999, v. 11 (6), p. 539-541. ref. ISSN: 1040-6387.
NAL call no: SF774.J68
Descriptors: diagnosis, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, parrot-type birds.
A technique for evaluating analgesia in conscious perching birds. Paul Murphy, Joanne R.; Brunson, David B.; Miletic, Vjekoslav. American Journal of Veterinary Research, Oct. 1999, v. 60 (10), p. 1213-1217. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no: 41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: behavior, analgesic drug, analgesic evaluation.
Abstract: Objective: To develop a technique for objective assessment of nociperception in conscious perching birds. Animals: 31 adult African gray parrots. Procedure: Birds were randomly assigned to receive saline (0.9%NaCl) solution (n=10), butorphanol tartrate (11), or buprenorphine hydrochloride (10), IM. Birds were fitted with a surface electrode on the medial metatarsus of 1 leg. An electrical stimulus was delivered to the birds foot through an aluminum surface on half of the perch. The alternate side of the perch delivered a noxious thermal stimulus. A withdrawal response to either stimulus was recorded when the bird lifted its foot or vigorously flinched its wings. Results: Responses to thermal stimuli were extremely variable during baseline testing and after administration of drugs. Thus, significant differences were not detected after drug injection. In contrast, responses to an electrical stimulus were predictable with much less variation. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: This method and device allowed for the reliable determination of withdrawal threshold in perching birds. Use of this technique for objective assessment of modulation of nociperception in conscious perching birds will enable assessment of analgesic drugs.
Transcutaneous ultrasonography of the avian urogenital tract. Hofbauer, Helmut; Krautwald Junghanns, Maria E. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound, Jan./Feb. 1999, v. 40 (1), p. 58-64. ISSN: 1058-8183.
NAL call no: SF757.8.A4
Descriptors: radiology, urinary system, urogenital tract, excretory system, pet birds.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to provide a survey of the diagnostic use of transcutaneous sonographic examination of the urogenital tract of pet birds. Possibilities and limitations in imaging normal and altered components of this organ system are discussed. Ultrasonographic examination of the avian urogenital tract was evaluated in 386 birds. Abnormal clinical signs were present in 289 birds; 97 birds were normal. Transcutaneous ultrasonography proved to be a useful, noninvasive, and fast diagnostic tool, especially in imaging laminated eggs and changes of the oviduct. Until now, these pathologic changes were not diagnosable in birds with other common noninvasive methods (e.g. radiology). The imaging of low-grade changes of the oviduct, disorders of the kidney without enlargement of the organ, as well as roughening of the egg shell proved to be difficult. Sonographic imaging of neither the normal kidney nor the inactive gonads was possible.
Use of enrofloxacin (Baytril R) in psittacine birds. Flammer, K.; Ford, R.B. Third International Veterinary Symposium on Fluroquinolones, Proceeding. Seville, Spain. Mar. 11-12, 1999. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 1999, v. 21 (12 suppl.), p 107-109. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL call no: SF601.C66
Descriptors: enrofloxacin, drug therapy, treatment, dosage, phamacokinetics, parrot-type birds.
Waterfowl: Health and management. UK, Wildlife Information Network. 1999, London, UK.
Descriptors: waterfowl, diseases, management, husbandry, toxicology.
Abstract: This multimedia CD-ROM contains text and pictures on the diseases and the management of many different species of waterfowl from around the world. The information is backed up by references and includes techniques on general field procedures, recording and submitting specimens, specimen collection and preservation, specimen shipment, and disease control operations. The data can be accessed via the species of waterfowl, the infectious or non-infectious agents, or by the environmental factors. The species list, which contains about 160 species of mainly geese, ducks and swans includes common names in several languages. The CD can be searched through a web browser and contains Internet links. This will be of great interest to veterinarians and others those involved in management of waterfowl in zoos or in the wild.
1998
Avian respiratory disease. Forbes, N.A. Veterinary Quarterly, 1998, 20 Suppl. 1, p. S67-S69. Voorjaarsdagen Congress 1998. ISSN: 0165-2176.
NAL call no: SF601.V46
Descriptors: respiratory diseases, aviary birds, symptoms, drug therapy.
Badania bakterioskopowe w diagnostyce chorob ptakow. [Bacterioscopic diagnosis of bird diseases.] Kruszewicz, A. Magazyn Weterynaryjny, 1998, v. 7 (3), p. 182-183. ISSN: 1230-4425. Note: In Polish.
Descriptors: bacteriology, diagnostic techniques, diagnosis.
Birds, reptiles, ferrets, rabbits, and rodents. Tully, T.N.; McCurnin, D.M. Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians, 1998, ed. 4, p. 593-613. ref. ISBN: 0721621961.
NAL call no: SF745.C625 2002
Descriptors: restraint of animals, diseases, veterinary medicine.
Evaluation of pulmonary volumetric morphometry at the light and electron microscopy level in several species of passerine birds. Vitali, S.D.; Richardson, K.C. Journal of Anatomy, Nov. 1998, v. 193 (4), p. 573-580. ISSN: 0021-8782.
NAL call no: 447.8 J826
Descriptors: morphology, respiratory system, methods and techniques, microscopy, perching birds.
Abstract: The lungs of 3 small passerine species, having similar body mass but different diurnal activity patterns, were analysed morphometrically to assess the relationship between diurnal activity and pulmonary volumetry at the light and electron microscopic levels. The percentage volumes of the major lung and exchange tissue components of the 3 species- an aerial insectivore, a foliage gleaner/nectarivore and a ground forager-were strikingly similar, and consistent with literature values for other passerine species. The only significant difference found was exchange tissue plasma volume and pulmonary haematocrit, with the ground-foraging, low activity Malurus splendens having significantly lower values than the other 2 species. This may indicate that cardiovascular parameters are more important determinants of metabolic activity in small passerines than aspects of pulmonary anatomy.
Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. Second Edition. Allen, Dana G.: Pringle, John K.; Smith, Dale A. 1998, ix. 886 p. Lippencott Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, PA. ISBN: 0397584350.
NAL call no: SF917 A44 1998
Descriptors: veterinary drugs, administration routes, side effects, dosage, interactions.
Abstract: This revised second edition of the “Handbook of Veterinary Drugs” provides a quick reference for commonly used drugs in veterinary medicine. The text is divided into three major parts: small animals (dogs and cats), large animals (horses, pigs, cattle, sheep, and goats), and exotic species (rodents, rabbits, ferrets, reptiles, and birds). Each part is subdivided into sections covering these animal categories. The first section contains lists of common drug names, dosages, and recommended administration of these drugs. The second section has tables listing parasites, helminths, and bacteria and presents useful drugs for the treatment of these microbials. The third section provides a description of veterinary drugs under the following headings: indications, adverse and common side effects, drug interactions, supplied as, and other uses. Veterinary students and practitioners will find this to be a useful pocket manual. Supplementing the book is a body weight-to-surface area conversion chart for small animals, a list of common abbreviations, tables, and a subject index.
Health examinations and clinical diagnostic procedures of ratites. Tully, T.N. Jr. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 1998, v. 14 (3), p. 401-420. ref. ISSN: 0749-0720.
NAL call no: SF601.V535
Descriptors: clinical examination, diagnosis, restraint, blood chemistry, haematology.
Hematologic and plasma chemistry values in captive Psittacine birds. Polo, F.J.; Peinado, V.I.; Viscor, G.; Palomeque, J. Avian Diseases, Jul./Sept.1998, v. 42 (3), p. 523-535. ref. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8 AV5
Descriptors: hematology, blood plasma, blood chemistry, normal values, parrot-type birds, Probosciger aterrimus, Cacatua goffini, C. alba, Calyptorhynchus funereus, Psittacus erithacus, Amazona amazonica, A. aestiva, A. festiva, A. leucocephala, A. ochrocephala, A. vinacea, Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, Ara ararauna, A. chloroptera, A. maco, A. militaris, Aratinga guarouba, Cyanoliseus patagonus, Eos bornea.
Abstract: Reference values for some haematological parameters in 19 species and plasma chemical values in 11 species of Psittacine birds, including cockatoos (Probosciger aterrimus, Cacatua goffini, C. alba, Calyptorhynchus funereus), parrots (Psittacus erithacus), amazons (Amazona amazonica, A. aestiva, A. festiva, A. leucocephala, A. ochrocephala, A. vinacea), macaws (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, Ara ararauna, A. chloroptera, A. maco, A. militaris), conures (Aratinga guarouba, Cyanoliseus patagonus), and lories (Eos bornea), were established. The following parameters were studied: haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte number, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemablobin, mean corpuscular haemaglobin concentration, erythrocyte dimensions, leukocyte number and differential leukocyte count, glucose, urea, uric acid, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphotase, creatinine phosphokinase, lactic dehydrogenase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, total plasma protein, albumin, globulins, albumin-globulin ratio, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, total phosphorous, chloride, and osmolality. Haematologically, the Psittacine is a very homogeneous avian group, with small differences between species. They are, however, different from other groups of birds.
Holding power of different pin designs and pin insertion methods in avian cortical bone. Degernes, Laurel A.; Roe, Simon C.; Abrams, C. Frank Jr. Veterinary Surgery, Jul./Aug. 1998, v. 27 (4), p. 301-306. ISSN: 0161-3499.
NAL call no: SH911.V43
Descriptors: equipment, apparatus, surgery, fixator pin, holding power.
Abstract: Objective: To measure pullout strength of four pin types in avian humeri and tibiotarsi bones and to compare slow-speed power and hand insertion methods. Study design: Axial pin extraction was measured in vitro in avian bones. Animal population: Four cadaver red-tailed hawks and 12 live red-tailed hawks. Methods: The pullout strength of four fixator pin designs was measured: smooth, negative profile threaded pins engaging one of two cortices and positive profile threaded pins. Part 1. Pins were placed in humeri and tibiotarsi after soft tissue removal. Part 2. Pins were placed in tibiotarsi in anesthetized hawks using slow-speed power or hand insertion. Results: All threaded pins, regardless of pin design, had greater pullout strength than smooth pins in all parts of the study (P<0.001). The cortices of tibiotarsi were thicker than the cortices of humeri (P<.0001). There were few differences in pin pullout strengths between threaded pin types within or between bone groups. There were no differences between the pullout strength of pins placed by slow-speed power or by hand. Conclusions: There is little advantage of one threaded pin type over another in avian humeri and tibiotarsi bones. It is possible that the ease of hand insertion in thin cortices minimizes the potential for wobbling and therefore minimizes the difference between slow-speed drill and hand insertion methods. Clinical Relevance: threaded pins have superior bone holding strength in avian cortices and may be beneficial for use with external fixation devices in birds.
How I approach the feather picking bird. Lightfoot, T.L. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Association, Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1998, v. 12, p. 758-760.
NAL call no: SF605.N672
Descriptors: birds, feather picking, drug therapy.
How I approach the polyuric, polydipsic bird. Murray, M.J. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Jan. 10-14, 1998, Orlando, FL. Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1998, v. 12, p. 772-773. ref.
N AL call no: SF605.N672
Descriptors: birds, polyuria, polydipsia, etiology, treatment, diagnostic techniques.
How I approach the sneezing dyspneic bird. Murray, M.J. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1998, v. 12, p. 769-771. Jan. 10-14, 1998, Orlando, FL. ref.
NAL call no: SF605.N672
Descriptors: birds, dyspnea, respiratory disorders, diagnosis, treatment.
Intensive care of the critically ill bird. Murray, M.J. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Jan. 10-14, 1998, Orlando, FL. Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1998, v. 12p. 763-766. ref.
NAL call no: SF605.N672
Descriptors: birds, illness, fluid therapy, therapeutic diets, monitoring.
Managing the avian intensive care unit. Barnes, S.M.; Marx, K.L. (ed); Roston, M.A. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery, Lancaster, PA. Apr. 26-28, 1998. Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1998, p. 1-7.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: intensive care units, intensive care, apparatus, techniques.
Methods to provide artificial passive immunity in birds. Reynolds, D.L. Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Patents, Sept. 15, 1998, v. 1214 (3), p. 2867. ISSN: 0098-1133.
NAL call no: T223.A21
Descriptors: egg administration, immunologic agent, avian antibody.
Naturally occurring adenovirus-associated gastrointestinal lesions in Coturnix (Coturnix coturnix) quail. Tsai, S.S.; Chang, T.C.; Chang, G.N.; Chern, R.S.; Chien, M.S.; Itakura, C. Avian Pathology, 1998, v. 27 (6), p. 641-643. ref. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL call no: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: avianadenovirus, quails, lesions, pathology, digestive system.
Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid combination after intravenous and intramuscular administration to pigeons. Escudero, E.; Vicente, M.S.; Carceles, C.M. Research in Veterinary Science, 1998, v. 65 (1), p. 77-81. ref. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL call no: 41.8 R312
Descriptors: pharmacology, drug combinations, pigeons, dosage, antibiotics.
Physical examination of ratites. Tully, Thomas N. Jr.; Shane, Simon M. Large Animal Practice, Nov./Dec. 1998, v. 19 (6), p. 26-28. ref. ISSN: 1092-7603.
NAL call no: SF601.B6
Descriptors: animal husbandry, veterinary medicine, ratites.
Ratites. Shane, S.M.; Tully, T.N. Jr. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Food Animal Practice, 1998, v. 14 (3), i-vi, p. 373-550. ref. ISSN: 0749-0720.
NAL call no: SF601.V535
Descriptors: diagnosis, infectious diseases, therapy, anesthesia, restraint.
Abstract: The 10 paper in this issue include: Ratite production as an agricultural enterprise; restraint and housing of ratites; Health examination and clinical diagnostic procedures; Ratite diagnostic imaging; Ratite reproduction; Infectious and parasitic conditions of ratites; Current ratite therapy; ratite anaesthesia and surgical techniques; Jurisprudence for ratite practitioners; and Federal regulations relating to ratite and food products. There is an index.
Serum biochemical values of farmed ostrich (Struthio camelus) in Botswana. Muchi, E. Z.; Binta, M.G.; Chabo, R.G.; Isa, J.F.W.; Modisa, L. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, Sept. 1998, v. 65 (3), p. 189-193. ISSN: 0030-2465.
NAL call no: 41.8 On1
Descriptors: animal husbandry, veterinary medicine, serum biochemical values.
Abstract: reference biochemical values for serum analytes of 126 clinically normal farmed ostriches on one farm in Botswana were established. These included sodium, potassium, chloride, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, uric acid, cholesterol, total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, glucose, triglyceride, calcium, phosphorous, manganese, copper, zinc, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase and creatinine kinase. The values obtained in this study can be used as reference values.
Splinting techniques for nestlings and small adult birds. Davis, Lessie M. Wildlife Rehabilitation, 1998, v. 18, p. 47-63. ISSN: 0737-1829.
NAL call no: SF996.45.J64
Descriptors: treatment techniques, splinting, injuries, limb fractures, sprains.
Triage and stabilization of the critical avian patient. Barnes, S.M.; Marx, K.L. (ed); Roston, M.A. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery, Lancaster, PA. Apr. 26-28, 1998. Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1998, p. 8-24. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: first aid, intensive care, artificial respiration, fluid therapy.
Twenty years pf progress in pet bird research. Flammer, K. 1997 AVMA Animal Welfare Forum: Pet Bird Welfare. Journal of the American Veterinary Association, 1998, v. 212 (8), p. 1231-1233. ref. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL call no: 41.8 AM3
Descriptors: research, veterinary medicine, aviary birds, diseases, pets.
The use of computer assisted tomography as an instrument in collecting information on anatomical structures of the respiratory tract in live birds. Krautwald-Junghanns, M.E.; Schumacher, F.; Sohn, H.G. Zoology, 1998, v. 101 (3), p. 139-147. ref.
NAL call no: 410.9 B772B
Descriptors: computed-tomography, respiratory system, anatomy, morphology.
Veterinary aspect of preventive medicine in ostriches. Perelman, B.; Huchzemeyer, F.W. Proceedings of the Second International Scientific Ratite Congress, Oudtshoorn, South Africa. Sept. 21-25, 1998. p. 181-186. ref.
Descriptors: disease prevention, biosafety, disease control, disinfection, prophylaxis.
Veterinary care of oiled seabirds. Nomura, O.; Komatsu, Y.; Uematsu, K.; Sasaki, T.; Niizuma, I.; Baba, K.; Okio, S.; Morita, A.; Noguchi, Y. Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 1998, v. 3 (2), p. 113-116. ref. ISSN: 1342-6133.
Descriptors: marine environment, mineral oils, oil spills, sea birds, treatment.
1997
Approach to the vomiting bird. Flammer, K.; Sokolowski, J.H.; Gumbs, M.W. The 21st Annual Waltham-OSU Symposium for the Treatment of Small Animal Diseases: Exotics, Sept. 27-28, 1997, p. 19-21. ref. ISSN: 0893-777X.
NAL call no: SF981 K34
Descriptors: vomiting, regurgitation, digestive disorders, clinical examination.
Avian viewpoints. An overview of emergency avian medicine for the practitioner. Worell, A.B. Exotic Pet Practice, 1997, v. 2 (4), p. 25-28.
Descriptors: emergencies, treatment, diseases, trauma, intensive care, pet birds.
Birds of Prey: Medicine and Management. Heidenreich, M. Blackwell Science Ltd. Oxford, UK. 1997, 304 pp. ISBN: 0632041862.
NAL call no: SF994.5 H4513 1997
Descriptors: birds of prey, surgery, treatment, diagnosis, nutrition, behavior.
Clinica delle malattie dell'apparato digerente degli uccelli familiari. (Canarini, colombi, fringillidi, pappagalli, rapaci, ecc.). [Clinical aspects of digestive system diseases of pet birds (canaries, pigeons, finches, parrots, birds of prey, tec.).] Zucca, P.; Oberosier, R.; Ballarini, G. Obiettivi e Documenti Veterinari, 1997, v. 18 (5), p.7-14. ref. ISSN: 0392-1913. Note: In Italian.
Descriptors: predatory birds, pets, digestive system diseases, drug therapy, aviary birds.
Diagnosing and preventing common viral infections in companion birds. Ritchie, B.W. Proceeding of the 18th Annual Conference on Avian Medicine and Surgery, Clinton, MD. 1997. Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veteriarians, 1997, p. 27-29, 81-99.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: viral diseases, aviary birds, drug therapy, immunization, carrier state.
Drug metabolizing enzymes in the ostrich (Struthio camelus):Comparison with the chicken and the rat. Amsallem-Holtzman, E.; Ben-Zvi, Z. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology, 1997, v. 116 (1), p. 47-50. ISSN: 0742-8413.
NAL call no: QP901.C6
Descriptors: rats, liver enzymes, physiological functions, drugs, ostrich, metabolism, comparison study.
Emergency and supportive care for the avian patient. Rose, K.; Squires, R.A. Proceedings from the Annual Seminar of the New Zealand Veterinary Nursing Association, Jun. 29-Jul. 4, 1997, No. 177, p. 83-94. ref. ISSN: 0112-9643.
NAL call no: SF604.P82
Descriptors: wild birds, pets, emergencies, first aid, fluid therapy.
Endoscopy in parrots. Harcourt-Brown, N. In Practice, 1997, v. 19 (1), p. 2-7, 9-13. ref. ISSN: 0263-841X.
NAL call no: SF601.I4
Descriptors: parrots, diagnosis, biopsy, endoscopy, aviary birds, methods.
Medical considerations in neonatal psittacines. Worell, A.B. Exotic Pet Practice, 1997, v. 2 (8), p. 57-60.
Descriptors: pets, newborn animals, diseases, body-weight, parrot family.
Psittacine pediatric husbandry. Harris, D.J.; Sokolowski, J.H. (ed); Gumbs, M.W. The 21st Annual Waltham OSU Symposium for the Treatment of Small Animal Diseases: Exotics, Sept. 27-28, 1997, p. 23-24. ref. ISSN: 0893-777X.
NAL call no: SF981 K34
Descriptors: pediatrics, young animals, weaning, husbandry, risk factors, parrot family.
Psittacine pediatric husbandry and medicine. Clubb, Susan L. Avian Medicine and Surgery, Altman, Robert B.; Clubb, Susan L.; Dorrestein, Gerry M.; Quesenberry, Katherine. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA. i-xv. 1-1070. Chapter pagination: 73-95. ISBN: 0721654460.
NAL call no: SF994.A95 1997
Descriptors: diet in captivity, pathological techniques, parasites, diseases, disorders, parrot family.
Stabilization of the emergency avian patient. Campbell, T. Exotic Pet Practice, 1997, v. 2 (12), p. 89-90.
Descriptors: emergencies, treatment, trauma, diseases, fluid therapy, pets.
Ultrasonography. Krautwald-Junghanns, Maria E.; Enders, Frank. Avian Medicine and Surgery, Altman, Robert B.; Clubb, Susan L.; Dorrestein, Gerry M.; Quesenberry, Katherine. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London. 1997. i-xv. 1-1070. Chapter pagination: 200-209. ISBN: 0721654460.
NAL call no: SF994.A95 1997
Descriptors: Aves, diagnostic techniques, ultrasonography, examination, birds.
1996
Allergies in pet birds. Johnson-Delaney, Cathy; Nye, Richard R. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 507-510. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: allergy, hypersensitivity, immune system disease, medication reaction.
Avian cardiology. Oglesbee, B.L.; Roston, M.A. (ed); Marx, K.L. Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference, Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Pocono Manor, PA. Apr. 28-30, 1996, p. 71-75.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: cardiovascular system, diagnostic techniques, echocardiography, bird hearts.
Avian clinical biochemistry. Fudge, Alan M. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 773-782. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: biochemistry, physical examination, serum enzyme, bile acid, captive birds.
Avian cytology. Fudge, Alan M. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). 1996, p. 806-820. Williams & Wilkins, Co. Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: cytology, bone marrow sampling, impression smear, staining, captive birds.
Avian emergency medicine and critical care. Morrisey, J.K.; Roston, M.A. (ed).; Marx, K.L. Proceedings 17th Annual Conference, Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Pocono Manor, PA. Apr. 28-30, 1996, p. 142-148. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: fluid therapy, clinical examination, blood transfusion, shock, oxygen, bird care.
Avian emergency therapy. Westerhof, I. Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 1996, v. 51 (304), p. 121-123. ISSN: 0334-9152.
NAL call no: 41.8 R25
Descriptors: avian emergency therapy, diagnosis, general treatment, pathology.
Abstract: The confrontation with a bird in a critical health situation can be very alarming. In this overview some of the frequently seen emergency patients will be discussed.
Avian hematology. Basic cell identification, white blood cell count determinations, and clinical pathology. Lane, R.A.; W.J. Rosskopf Jr. (ed); R.W. Woerpel. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, ed. 3, 1996, p. 739-772. fig. ref. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: blood cells, leukocytes, hematology, aviary birds.
Avian hysterectomy. Smith, Richard E. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 1996, p. 694-696. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: hysterectomy, surgical method, chronic dystocia, yolk peritonitis, captive birds.
Avian radiology. Krautwald-Junghanns, Maria Eisabeth. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 630-663. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: contrast media, diagnostic radiology, sedation, positioning, captive birds.
Avian urinalysis. A practical guide to analysis and interpretation. Lane, Rosalie A. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 783-794. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: urinalysis, urinary sediment analysis, indications, bird urine.
Baby bird science and medicine. Speer, B.L.; Roston, M.A.; Marx, K.L. Proceedings 17th Annual conference Mid-Atlantic States of Avian Veterinarians, Pocono Manor, PA. Apr. 28-30, 1996, p. 40-58. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: anatomy, incubators, hatching weight, hatching, chicks, hatchlings.
Bandaging and collaring. McCluggage, David M. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 672-674. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: acrylic bandage, acrylic splint, body bandage, collar, dressing, captive birds.
Beak repair and surgery. Rosskoph, Walter J. Jr.; Woerpel, Richard W. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 718-721. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: beak deformity, beak fracture, surgery, injury, prosthesis, captive birds.
BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A. (eds); Lawton, M.P.C. 1996, 239 pp. 17 contributors, British Small Animal Veterinary Association. ISBN: 0905214307.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996
Descriptors: veterinary medicine, aviary birds, parrot family, care, diagnosis, treatment.
Abstract: While the commonest psittacine patient seen in veterinary practice is the budgerigar, this book also caters for Amazon parrots, cockatiels, cockatoos, conures, eclectus parrots, lorikeets, lories, lovebirds, macaws, parakeets and rosellas. As in other titles in the well-established series of BSAVA manuals, basic care, clinical examination and treatments are described by various authors. Many of the 150 illustrations are in colour. Selected references are provided.
Clinical management and biomedicine of sea birds. Pokras, M.A.; W.J. Rosskopf Jr.(ed); R.W. Woerpel. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, ed. 3, 1996, p. 981-1001. ref. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: nutrition, protozoal infections, diseases.
Diagnosis in the feather picking bird. Rosenthal, K. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Association, Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1996, v. 10, p. 741.
NAL call no: SF605.N672
Descriptors: feather picking, diagnosis, abnormal behavior.
Diagnostik und medizinische betreuung von greifvogeln in einer zusammenstellung der falle von 1985-1994. [Diagnosis and therapy of raptors with a compilation of cases 1985-1994.] Hatt, J.M.; Baumgartner, R.; Isenbugel, E. Schweizer Archiv fuer Tierheilkunde, 1996, v. 138 (8), p. 434-440. ISSN: 0036-7281. Note: In German.
NAL call no: 41.8 SCH9
Descriptors: birds of prey, diagnosis, therapy, starving, rehabilitation, case summaries, diagnosis, treatment, wild birds, injuries.
Abstract: This article summarizes the findings in 554 birds of prey, that were admitted to the zoo animal and exotic pet clinic of the veterinary faculty in Zurich between 1 January 1985 and 31 December 1994. Details on the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis are intended to give the practitioner information on the possibilities for the management of diseased raptors. However, it has to be emphasized that the ultimate goal of treatment has to be the rehabilitation of an animal that will be able to survive to a suitable environment. The data presented shows that 31% of the birds of prey were successfully released. The most frequent reason for admission was trauma and 47% of the patients had one or more fractures. But only one out of three fractures was considered suitable for treatment. The management of birds that are starving is a challenge because they require a special dietary regimen. Successful work in the field of the treatment and rehabilitation of raptors requires detailed knowledge of their biology and medicine.
Diarrhoea and vomiting. Hall, Christopher. BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds, New Ed. 1996, p. 171-185. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton, M.P.C. (eds). Iowa State university Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1M37 1996
Descriptors: anatomy, bacterial diseases, digestive system, vomiting, neoplastic, parrot family, birds.
Endoscopy. McDonald, Scott E. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 699-717. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: endoscopy, laparoscopy, diagnostic method, endoscopic equipment, birds.
Finch and canary medicine update. Bauck, L.; Roston, M.A. (ed); Marx, K.L. Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference, Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Pocono Manor, PA. Apr. 28-30, 1996, p. 100-109.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: amyloidosis, diarrhea, parasitoses, nutrition, antibiotics, aviary birds.
Foot and leg problems. Harcourt-Brown, Nigel H. Manual of Raptors, Pigeons and Waterfowl, 1996, p. 147-168. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Harcourt-Brown, N.H. (eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813818767.
NAL call no: SF994.B73 1996
Descriptors: anatomy, arthritis, bone disease, fracture, bumble foot, treatment.
Further studies of brain cholinesterase: Cholinergic receptor ratios in the diagnosis of acute lethal poisoning of birds by anticholinesterase pesticides. Burn, John D.; Leighton, Frederick A. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 1996, v. 32 (2), p. 216-224. ISSN: 0090-3558.
NAL call no: 41.9 W64B
Descriptors: acute lethal poisoning, bird brains, diagnosis, toxicology, 20 species, organophosphate chlorpyrifos.
Abstract: Cholinesterase (ChE) and the muscarinic (mAChR) and nicotinic (nAChR) cholinergic receptors were measured in the brains of 88 birds of 20 different species collected in Saskatchewan, Canada during 1991 and 1992. There was a strong correlation between ChE and mChR, and the ratio of ChE: mACgR was 38% less variable than was ShE alone. In a hypothetical test for minimal acute lethal poisoning of all birds based on a reduction by 50% of the normal ChE measured in each, the use of a single diagnostic threshold value of the ChE: mChR ratio had a diagnostic sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 99%, thus making theoretically possible the diagnosis of acute lethal poisoning by anticholinesterase chemicals without the use of reference control values for ChE. Both ChE and mAChR were highly stable during 12 days of postmortem decomposition under several different daily temperature regimes. Substantial changes in these molocules occurred only under conditions of constant high temperature (36 C). Acute lethal poisoning by the organophosphate chlorpyrifos did not affect the density of mACgR. Postmortem decomposition did not appear to be an important confounding factor in the diagnostic interpretation of either ChE or the ChE:mAChR ratio except under hot climatic conditions.
Head and neck problems. Wallis, Alan S. Manual of Raptors, Pigeons and Waterfowl, 1996, p. 238-245. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Harcourt-Brown, N.H. (eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828767.
NAL call no: SF994.B73 1996
Descriptors: head problems, neck problems, anatomy, infectious disease of birds.
Idiopathic disorders. Goodman, Gloria J. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 501-506. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co, Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: baldness, abnormal molting, mental disorders, feather picking, birds.
Introduction. Cooper, John E. Manual of Raptors, Pigeons and Waterfowl, 1996, p. 9-16. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Harcourt-Brown, N.H. (eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828767.
NAL call no: SF994.B73 1996
Descriptors: anatomy, bird welfare, diets, health precautions, molting, taxonomy.
Medicine and surgery of gallinaceous birds. Labonde, Jerry. Diseases of Caged and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 951-955. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: anesthesia, husbandry, diseases, nutrition, surgery, surgical method.
Medicine and surgery of mynahs. Labonde, Jerry. Diseases of Caged and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 928-932. Rosskopf. W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: anesthesia, nutrition, surgery, common diseases, reproduction.
Medicine and surgery of toucans. Worell, Amy Beth. Diseases of Caged and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 933-943. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: housing, nutrition, pediatrics, surgery, veterinary care.
Necropsy findings in ratites (70 cases). Clark, f. Dustan; Kelly, E. Jane; Phillips, S. Nannette. Agri Practice, 1996, v. 17 (8), p. 34-35. ISSN: 0745-452X.
NAL call no: SF601.B6
Descriptors: necropsy findings, ratites, pathology, diseases, ostriches, emus, rheas.
Abstract: A variety of infectious and noninfectious diseases have been diagnosed to date in the ratite industry. From January 1991 through April 1994, 70 ratites were submitted to the Utah State University Provo Branch Diagnostic Laboratory for necropsy. The birds ranged in age from 1 day to adults. Both infectious and noninfectious diseases were diagnosed in the birds. Ostriches accounted for 50 971.4%), rheas for 17 (24.3%) and emus for three (4.3%) of the 70 necropsy cases. This report summarizes necropsy findings from 70 ratites.
Non surgical sexing technology. Pence, Patricia A. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: behavior, hormonal sexing, physical characteristics, cytogenetics, birds.
Orthopedic surgery. Maccoy, Douglas M. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 722-738. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0638073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: bone disease, external fixation, fracture, injury, orthopedic surgery, birds.
Otoscopic sexing. Harlin, Roger W. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 697-698. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpe l R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: otoscopic sexing, surgical method, veterinary medicine, birds.
Pathology of caged birds. Major diseases encountered in pet avian practice. Schmidt, R.E.; W.J. Rosskopf Jr. (ed); R.W. Woerpel. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, ed. 3, 1996, p. 857-879. fig. ref. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: small animal practice, diseases, pathology, pet/captivebirds, reviews.
Pelvic limb problems. Harcourt-Brown, Nigel H. BSAVA Manual of Psittacine Birds, New ed., 1996, p. 123-133. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Lawton, M.P.C. (eds). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813823498.
NAL call no: SF994.B73 1996
Descriptors: bird bone disease, fracture, injury, joint dislocation, anatomy, nutrition.
Practical avian therapeutics with dosages of commonly used drugs. Rosskopf, W. Jr.; Woerpel, R.W.; W.J. Rosskopf Jr. (ed); R.W. Woerpel. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 255-259. ref. ISBN: 0683073826. Williams & Wilkens, Baltimore, MD.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: drug therapy, aviary birds.
Psittacine paediatrics. Harris, D.J.; Roston, M.A. (ed); Marx, K.L. Proceedings 17th Annual Conference Mid Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Pocono Manor, PA. Apr. 28-30, 1996, p. 59-67.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: young bird diseases, animal husbandry, feeding, chicks, aviary birds, parrot family.
Radiology. Harcourt-Brown, Nigel H. Manual of Raptors, Pigeons and Waterfowl, 1996, p. 89-97. Beynon, P.H.; Forbes, N.A.; Harcour t-Brown, N.H. (eds). Iowa State university Press, Ames, IA. ISBN: 0813828767.
NAL call no: SF994.B73 1996
Descriptors: anatomy, contract techniques, diagnostic method, interpretation, birds.
Ratite Management, Medicine and Surgery. Angel, C.R.; Cornick-Seahorn, J.L.; Crabill, M.R.; Craig, T.M.; Diamond, P.L.; Fowler, M.E.; Fudge, A.M.; Hicks-Alldredge, K.D.; Honnas, C.M.; Minteer, L.; Raines, A.M.; Speer, D.L.; Stewart, J.S.; Wade, J.R.; Tully, T.N. Jr.(ed.); Shane, S.M. 1996, xvii. 188 pp. ref. Krieger Publishing Co., Malabar, FL. ISBN: 0894648748.
NAL call no: SF995.5.R37 1996
Descriptors: diseases, surgery, animal production, veterinary medicine.
Abstract: The ratites comprise ostrich, emu, rhea, cassowary and kiwi. The first 3 birds have been exploited commercially in North America since the late 1980s. Chapters in this book are: clinical anatomy, by M.E. Fowler; nutrition, by C.R. Angel and others; biosecurity and control of diseases by S.M. Shane & L. Minteer; restraining and handling ostriches, by R. Wade; restraining and handling emus, by D. Mouser; reproduction, by K.D. Hicks-Alldredge; hatchery management in ostrich production (J.S. Stewart) and emu production (S.M. Shane); anaesthesia, by J.L. Cornick-Seahorn; surgical conditions, by M.R. Crabill & C.M. Honnas; clinical haematology, by A.M. Fudge; parasites, by T.M. Craig & P.L. Diamond; infectious diseases, by Shane & Tully; developmental problems, by B.L. Speers; therapeutics, by Tully; health certification, by A.M. Raines & Shane; jurisprudence, by Shane.
Reproductive disorders in birds. Smith, Richard E. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 449-457. Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: anatomy, breeding failure, nutrition, bird reproductive disorders.
Soft tissue surgery. Rosskopf, Walter J. Jr.; Woerpel, Richard W. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 1996, p. 675-693. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woerpel, R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: surgery, ascitic fluid, abdominal incision, fluid problems, birds.
Traumatic disorders, Rich, Gregory A. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 3rd ed. 1996, p. 523-534. Rosskopf, W.J.; Woe rpel R.W. (eds). Williams & Wilkins Co. Baltimore, MD. ISBN: 0683073826.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D57 1996
Descriptors: bite wound, burns, injuries, blood-feather trauma, broken bones, bird injuries.
Using contrast radiography to diagnose gastrointestinal diseases in birds. Sander, J. E. Veterinary Medicine, 1996, v. 91 (7), p. 652-655. ref. ISSN: 8750-7943.
NAL call no: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: barium, contrast media, diagnosis, digestive system, radiography, bird diseases.
Veterinary care of sea birds. Tseng, F.S. Proceeding of the North American Veterinary Conference, Jan. 13-17, 1996, Orlando, FL. Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1996, v. 10, p. 882-884. ref.
NAL call no: SF605.N672
Descriptors: bird, veterinary medicine, marine birds.
Vomiting and diarrhea in the avian patient. Oglesbee, B.L.; Roston, M.A. (ed); Marx, K.L. Proceedings of the 17th Annual Conference, Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Pocono Manor, PA. Apr. 28-30, 1996, p. 71-75.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: symptoms, gastrointestinal diseases, diagnostic techniques, vomiting, birds.
1995
Avian acupuncture. Partington, M.; Roston, M.A.; Marx, K.L. Proceedings 16th Annual Conference, Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Williamsburg, VA. Apr. 29-May 2, 1995, p. 127-155. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: therapy, techniques for birds, history, abnormal behavior, anatomy, acupuncture.
Avian dermatology. Orosz, S.E. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1995, v. 9, p. 564-565. ref.
NAL call no: SF605.N672
Descriptors: birds, skin diseases, animal anatomy.
Avian respiratory diseases: Clinical overview. Tully, T.N. Jr. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 1995, v. 9 (3), p. 162-174. ISSN: 1082-6742. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.J6
Descriptors: diagnosis, reviews, aviary birds, respiratory diseases, respiratory system, anatomy, physiology.
Intratendinous ossification in birds: A review. Vanden Berge, James C.; Storer, Robert W. Journal of Morphology, Oct. 1995, v. 226 (1), p. 47-77. ISSN: 0362-2525.
NAL call no: 444.8 J826
Descriptors: skeletal musculature, tendons, ossification, literature review.
Pharmacokinetic considerations of the renal system in birds: Part 1. Anatomic and physiologic principles of allometric scaling. Frazier, D.L.; Jones, M.P.; Orosz, S.E. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 1995, v. 9 (2), p. 92-103. ISSN: 1082-6742. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.J6
Descriptors: reviews, anatomy, physiology, drug excretion, kidneys, dosage.
Ratite neuromuscular diseases. Speer, B.L.; Roston, M.A.; Marx, K.L. Proceedings of the 16th Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, Williamsburg, VA. Apr. 29-May 2, 1995. p. 167-184. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: anatomy, muscles, nervous system, nutrition, rickets, congenital, birds.
Treatment of tracheal obstruction in psittacine birds using a suction technique: A retrospective study of 19 birds. Westerhof, I. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 1995, v. 9 (1), p. 45-49. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.J6
Descriptors: respiratory diseases, dyspnea, trachea, obstruction, surgery, grey parrots, cockatoos, Amazon parrots.
Abstract: Tracheal obstruction in 19 dyspnoeic birds (10 Amazon parrots, 7 African grey parrots, 2 cockatoos) aged 4 months to 40 years was treated with a vacum technique. Diagnosis was made by tracheoscopy. Following localization of the obstruction, the obstructive material was removed by vacuum suction. Aspergillus fumigatus was cultured from the tracheal swab samples in all birds. All birds had a history of dietary nutritional deficiencies; they had been fed an all-seed diet. Eight birds (42%) died during or following the suction procedure. In all the birds that died, the obstruction could not be removed completely during the first suction attempt. The tracheal suction procedure in conjunction with an air sac tube is a lifesaving technique in acutely dyspnoeic psittacine birds with a trachael obstruction. Whole-body radiographs and tracheoscopic findings provided information about the prognosis of the bird.
1994
Administration of total parenteral nutrition in pigeons. Degernes, L.; Davidson, G.; Flammer, K.; Kolmstetter, C.; Munger, L. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 1994, v. 55 (5), p. 660-665. ref. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no: 41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: pigeons, Columba livia, jugular vein catheters, liquid nutrient requirements, treatment and diagnosis, nutrition, techniques and methodologies.
Abstract: Venous access devices connected to jugular vein catheters were implanted s.c. in 2 groups of 6 White Carneau pigeons (Columba livia). Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), or a control solution (lactated Ringer’s solution) was infused as a bolus 4 times daily. Physiological, haematological, and biochemical variables were monitored over 5 days. Complications in the TPN-treated pigeons included 8.7% weight loss during the 5 day trial, hyperglycemia for up to 90 min after infusion, and glucosuria after infusion. Control pigeons lost 1.3% of their body weight and did not become hyperglycaemic of glucosuric after infusion. Haematocrit in both groups of pigeons decreased to to a value slightly below published reference values for pigeons. Five pigeons developed venous thrombosis in the proximal part of the cranial vena cava. Results indicated that intermittent administration of TPN is possible in birds, however, further research is required to develop better techniques for administration of TPN solutions. Additionally, it is important to determine, more specifically, the caloric and nutrient requirements of pigeons under stress and receiving TPN.
Avian Medicine: Principles and Application. Ritchie, B.W.; Harrison, G.J.; Harrison, L.R. Wingers Publishing Inc., Lake Worth, USA. 1994, 1384 pp. ISBN: 0963699601.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1A94 1996
Descriptors: veterinary medicine, pathology, surgery, nutrition, diagnosis, examination, anatomy, physiology, diseases, nutrition, toxicology, all groups of birds, captive, wild, ornamental.
Abstract: The authors (and their 39 contributors) have succeeded in their aim to produce ‘a definitive reference text that blends the science of health with the art of clinical medicine’. It provides clear, thorough, extensive and well illustrated coverage of all aspects of avian medicine and all groups of birds including aviary birds, wild fowl and ornamental birds (though most of the principles have been detailed with respect to psittacines). Husbandry, nutrition, welfare, life cycles and behaviour are covered as are anatomy and physiology, clinical examination and diagnostic considerations, and pathological conditions and infectious diseases of each body system. As well as the medicine being divided by body system, there are also chapters dedicated to each family of birds concentrating on their specific needs and problems. There are also chapters on each group of pathogens and a chapter on toxicology. Many impressive colour photographs and radiographs of cases are included. Diagnostic techniques are described thoroughly including cytology, haematology, biochemistry, imaging techniques, endoscopy and biopsy and postmortem examination. Pharmacology and drug therapy coverage includes extensive tables of dosage regimes. The detailed surgery section covers anaesthesia and general surgical considerations and has detailed line drawings describing many surgical procedures. This book will benefit both the veterinary student and the seasoned practitioner and will be coveted by the caged bird enthusiasts.
Diszmadarak az allatorvosi praxisban I. A tartasi mod jelentosege a diszmadarbetegsegek diagnosztizalasaban. [Pet birds in the veterinary practice. Part 1. The importance of examining housing and management practice in the diagnosis of pet bird diseases.] Steiner, A. Kisallatvorvoslas, 1994, v. 1 (4), p. 15-17, 20. ref. Note: In Hungarian.
Descriptors: bird housing, cages, cage density, reviews, small animal practice, diseases.
Abstract: The first article of a series discusses the problems concerning the diagnosis of diseases in pet birds. Although the diagnostic procedure is almost the same as for other pets, the emphasis should be put on anamnesis and observation. It should be clarified whether the bird has been kept alone or in pairs for a longer time (‘room bird’) or it has originated from an aviary with the possibility of exposure to other birds. Commonest causes of diseases in the case of a ‘room bird’ are behavioral changes, malnutrition, inappropriate husbandry and neoplasms. They are frequently injured or they can swallow foreign bodies. Infectious diseases more often develop in aviary birds are described including diseases caused by Sternostoma tracheacolum, respiratory form of avipoxvirus infection, coccidiosis, ascaridosis and bacterial diseases. Disease of room and aviary birds are reviewed.
Emergency care of avian patients. Ritchie, B.W. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Jan. 15-20, 1994, Orlando, FL. Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1994, p. 806-808. ref.
NAL call no: SF605.N672
Descriptors: birds, intensive care.
Ophthalmology. Williams, David. Avian Medicine: Principles and Application. Ritchie, Branson W.; Harrison, Gregg J.; Harrison, Linda R. Wingers Publishing Inc. Lake Worth, FL. 1994, 1384 pp. Chapter pagination: 673-694.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1A94 1996
Descriptors: diagnostic techniques, treatment techniques, eye, anatomy, pathology, bird patients.
Practical avian first aid care. Part 1. Hedberg. G. Veterinary Practice-Staff, 1994, v. 6 (1), p. 15-16. ISSN: 1047-8639.
NAL call no: SF601.V4747
Descriptors: emergencies, trauma, shock, diagnosis.
Practical avian first aid care for the veterinary technician. Part 2. Hedberg, G. Veterinay Practice-Staff, 1994, v. 6 (2), p. 26-30. ref. ISSN: 1047-8639.
NAL call no: SF601.V4747
Descriptors: technicians, first-aid, emergencies, birds.
Veterinary care for young birds. Tully, T.N. Jr. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Jan. 15-20, 1994, Orlando, FL. Eastern States Veterinary Association, 1994, p. 940. ref.
NAL call no: SF605.N672
Descriptors: ostriches, rhea, emus, veterinary practice, birds.
1993
Avian respiratory diseases. Gill, J. Respiratory & Pulmonary Conditions: Refresher Course for Veterinarians, Proceedings 222, Oct. 4-8, 1993, University of Sydney, p. 75-83. ref. ISBN: 1875582312.
NAL call no: SF604 R37 no. 222
Descriptors: aviary birds, respiratory diseases, rhinitis, anatomy.
Evaluation of latex agglutination for detecting chlamydial antibody activity in psittacine bird sera by comparison with direct complement fixation. Arizmendi, F.; Grimes, J.E. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, Apr. 1993, v. 5 (2), p. 277-279. ISSN: 1040-6387.
NAL call no: SF774.J68
Descriptors: psittaciformes, Chlamydia psittaci, latex agglutination test, diagnostics, parrot family.
Odor thresholds in passerines. Clark, L.; Avilova, K.V.; Bean, N.J. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A; Comparative Physiology, Feb. 1993, v. 104 (2), p. 305-312. ref. ISSN: 0300-9629.
NAL call no: QP1.C6
Descriptors: passeriformes, smell, odors, detection, olfactory organs, brain, parrot family.
Abstract: 1. Eight species of passerines were evaluated for their ability to form conditioned responses to odor stimuli. Only 5 species met training criteria and were tested for odor detection thresholds. 2. Detection thresholds were comparable to other passerines tested. Detection values were also similar to mammalian macrosomatic species, such as rats and rabbits. Thus, despite the poorly elaborated olfactory anatomy of passerines, these birds possess an adequate sense of smell. 3. Within the Passeriformes there is no correlation between olfactory acuity and relative size of the olfactory bulb. However, there is a correlation between acuity and olfactory bulb size across orders of birds. These latter observations are consistent with hypotheses correlating form and function.
Ostrich Bibliography. Westhuizen, E. Van der (ed); Earle, A. Veterinary Library, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, 0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa, 1993, iii. 316 pp. ref. ISBN: 0869799258.
NAL call no: Z5333.08088 1993
Descriptors: diseases, anatomy, bacterial, viral, mycoses, parasites, hematology.
Abstract: This bibliography was compiled from reference collections belonging to 4 South African ostrich experts (Brooke, F. Huchzermeyr, A. Bezuidenhout and H. Ebedes) as well as from the CAB ABSTRACTS, BIOSIS and Agricola databases and other bibliographies. Many references have abstracts attached, which are usually based on the authors summaries. Entries are arranged alphabetically by first author under main subject headings. Additional descriptors have been allocated where necessary and items are listed alphabetically under these descriptors in a separate list of descriptors. There is also an author list. Both the descriptor and author lists have numbers allocated to each entry to enable the user to distinguish between the entries. The user is directed to the entry of interest by means of the main subject heading and author names, rather than by the numbers. The bibliography is well produced and should prove most useful. It is not clear whether it is available in electronic form.
Pharmacokinetic properties of gentamicin and amikacin in the cockatiel. Ramsay, Edward C.; Vulliet, Richard. Avian Diseases, 1993, v. 37 (2), p. 628-634. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8 Av5
Descriptors: metabolism, pharmacology, gentamicin, amikacin, Aves, Nymphicus hollandicus.
Abstract: Gentamicin and amikacin are commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat a variety of gram-negative bacterial infections, The present study evaluates the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin sulfate and amikacin sulfate in the cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus), a small (approximate body-weight=100 g) psittacine bird, utilizing treatment regimens developed in larger parrot species. Serum antibiotic concentrations were determined in cockatiels following twice-daily intramuscular treatment with 5 mg gentamicin/kg body weight and 15mg amikacin/kg body weight. In the present study, peak values of gentamicin were 4.6 +1.45 mu-g/ml, and trough values were 0.17 + 0.04 mu-g/ml. Amikacin administration resulted in peak values of 27.3 + 6.9 mu-g/ml and trough concentrations of 0.9 + 0.3 mu-g/ml. Based on the present study, an appropriate intramuscular dose regimen for gentamicin in cockatiels is 5 to 10 mg/kg body weight two of three times per day. An intramuscular amikacin dosage of 15 to 20 mg/kg body weight either two or three times per day is recommended for treatment of infection caused by susceptible bacteria.
Preliminary care for injured wild birds. Hedberg, G. Veterinary Practice-Staff, 1993, v. 5 (4), p. 25-27. ISSN: 1047-8639.
NAL call no: SF601.V4747
Descriptors: emergencies, stress, therapy, trauma, wild birds.
Surgical correction of impaction of the proventriculus in ostriches. Gamble, K.C.; Honnas, C.M. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, Feb. 1993, v. 15 (2), p. 235-245. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL call no: SF601.C66
Descriptors: ostriches, proventriculus, surgical operations, anesthesia.
Veterinary Care of Birds, Rodents, Rabbits, Ferrets and Guinea Pigs. Pass, David; Scott, Lyndy. Perth, W.A.: Murdoch University, Foundation for Continuing Veterinary Education, May 5, 1993, c 1995. ii. 116 pp. ill. ISBN: 0869053566.
NAL call no: SF981.V48 1993
Descriptors: veterinary therapeutics, pet medicine.
1992
Application du diagnostic radiologique, avec ou sans moyen de contraste, a la description de differentes images pathologiques chez les oiseaux. [Radiological diagnosis in birds with or without contrast media.] Grimm, F. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire, 1992, v. 143 (3), p. 213-217. ref. Note: In French.
NAL call no: 41.8 R32
Descriptors: diagnosis, anatomy, radiography, contrast media, birds.
Avian acupuncture. Partington, M. Problems in Veterinary Medicine, 1992, v. 4 (1), p. 212-222. ref. ISSN: 1041-0228.
NAL call no: SF601.P76
Descriptors: anatomy, acupuncture, birds, case reports.
Avian radiology birds, anatomy, disease diagnosis. McMillan, M.C. Diseases of Cage and Aviary Birds, 2nd ed. Margaret L. Petrak (ed). Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA. 1982, p. 329-360. ill. ref. ISBN: 081210692X.
NAL call no: SF994.2.A1D5 1982
Descriptors: birds, radiology, diseases, anatomy.
Basic avian medical techniques. McCluggage, David M. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Mid-Atlantic States Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1992, No. 13, p. 78-93.
NAL call no: SF994.M52
Descriptors: Aves, handling techniques, care in captivity, medical procedures.
Electrocardiogram of the African grey (Psittacus erithacus) and Amazon (Amazona spp.) parrot. Nap, A.M.P.; Lurneij, J.T.; Stokhof, A.A. Avian Pathology, Journal of the W.V.P.A. 1992, v. 21 (1), p. 45-53. ref. ISSN: 0307-9457.
NAL call no: SF995.A1A9
Descriptors: Psittacus, Amazona, electrocardiograms, reference standards, heart rate.
Fluid dynamics of intraosseous fluid administration in birds. Lamberski, N.; Daniel, G.B. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 1992, v. 23 (1), p. 47-54. ref. ISSN: 1042-7260.
NAL call no: SF601.J6
Descriptors: catheters, fluid therapy, birds, pigeons, Columba livia, 99mTc-DTPA.
Abstract: This study documents the fluid dynamics of substances injected into the medullary cavity of clinically normal adult pigeons (Columba livia). A radioactive blood pool agent (99mTc-DTPA) was administered via an intraosseous catheter, and its distribution in the body was recorded with a gamma camera. When a bolus of 99mTc-DTPA was administered into the distal ulna, >50% of the administered dose passed from the ulna to the systemic circulation within 30 sec. In a second trial, an infusion pump administered 99mTc-DTPA in a lactated Ringer’s solution at 10 ml/hr for 2 hr. Radioisotope passed into the systemic circulation at 9.85 ml/hr, paralleling the rate of fluid administration. The results suggest that intraosseous fluid administration is a viable alternative to intravenous catheterization in avian patients.
Survey of clinical psittacine bird sera for Salmonella typhimurium agglutins. Grimes, J.E.; Arizmendi, F. Avian Diseases, Jul./Sept. 1992, v. 36 (3), p. 813-815. ISSN: 0005-2086.
NAL call no: 41.8 AV5
Descriptors: psittaciformes, Salmonella typhimurium, agglutinins, serological surveys.
Abstract: Of 2407 serum samples from various kinds of psittacine birds submitted for Chlamydia serology, 2343 (97.4%) were negative, 26 (1.0%) were equivocal, and 39 (1.6%) were positive for Salmonella typhimurium agglutinins. In additional serum samples from two groups of African gray parrots, the prevalence of agglutinins was 0.0% (0/38) in the Timneh variety and 24.0% (6/25) in the Congo variety. In sera from one macaw, one cockatoo, and one Amazon parrot, which were negative for chlamydial antibody activity there were strongly reactive agglutinins for S. typhimurium. Two Amazon parrots had antibody activity against Salmonella and Chlamydia antigens.
Der Ziervogel als Notfallpatient. [Emergency care in pet bird medicine.] Hochleithner, M. Praktische Tierarzt, 1992, v. 73 (2), p. 87-88, 91-91. ref. ISSN: 0032-681X. Note: In German.
NAL call no: 41.8 P882
Descriptors: drug therapy, clinical examination, emergencies, aviary birds.
Abstract: Emergency care medicine is a very important part of pet bird practice. Different emergency cases are discussed. The possibilities of pet bird examination, steps for diagnosis, and therapeutic methods are demonstrated. The most important drugs and dosages are shown in tables.
1991
Avicultural medical management. An introduction to basic principles of flock medicine and the closed aviary concept. Speer, B.L. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice, Nov. 1991, v. 21 (6), p. 1393-1404. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL call no: SF601.V523
Descriptors: birds, aviculture, veterinary medicine, flock approach.
Basic history taking and the avian physical examination. Rich, G.A. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice, Nov. 1991, v. 21 (6), p. 1135-1145. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL call no: SF601.V523
Descriptors: birds, clinical examination, veterinary history.
General principles of avian surgery. MacCoy, D.M. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, Jun. 1991, v. 13 (6), p. 989-992. ref. ISSN: 0193-1903.
NAL call no: SF601.C66
Descriptors: birds, surgery, fracture fixation, anesthesia, surgical equipment.
Homoeopathic Treatment for Birds. Chapman, B.M. 1991, 64 pp. Daniel (C.W.) Co. Ltd. Saffron Walden, UK. ISBN: 085207235X.
Descriptors: homoeopathy, treatment, wild birds, trauma, diseases.
Introduction to psittacine birds. Clipsham, R. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice, 1991, v. 21 (6), p. 1361-1391. ref. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL call no: SF601.V523
Descriptors: aviary birds, animal husbandry, foot diseases, therapy, housing, parrot family.
A preliminary study of skeletal pathology of birds in zoos and its implications. Feduccia, A. Acta 20 Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, Bell, B.D.; Cossee, R.O.; Flux, J.E.C.; Heather, B.D.; Hitchmough, R.A.; Robertson, C.J.R.; Williams, M.J. (eds.). Christchurch, New Zealand, Dec. 2-9, 1990. V. 3 New Zealand Ornithological Congress Trust Board, Wellington. 1297-1946. Chapter pagination: 1930-1936.
Descriptors: housing techniques, skeletal pathology, implications, skeleton, diseases, captive birds.
Routes and prevalence of shedding of psittacine beak and feather disease virus. Richie, B.W.; Niagro, F.D.; Latimer, K.S.; Steffens, W.L.; Pesti, D.; Ancona, J.; Lukert, P.D. American Journal of Veterinary Research, Nov. 1991, v. 52 (11), p. 1804-1809. ref. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no: 41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: psittaciformes, viruses, viral disease transmission, feces, dust, crop.
Abstract: Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) virus was recovered from the feces and crop washings from various species of psittacine birds diagnosed with PBFD. High concentrations of the virus also could be demonstrated in feather dust collection from a room where 22 birds with active cases of PBFD were being housed. The virons recovered from the feces, crop, and feather dust were confirmed to be PBFD virus by ultrastructural, physical, or antigenic characteristics. Virus recovered from the feather dust and feces hemagglutinated cockatoo erythrocytes. The specificity of the agglutination was confirmed by hemagglutination inhibition, using rabbit antibodies against PBFD virus. During the test period, 26% (8 of 31) of the birds screened were found to be excreting PBFD virus in their feces, and 21% (3 of 14) of crop washings were positive for PBFD virus. Some birds in the sample group had active cases of diarrhea, whereas others had normal appearing feces. Diarrhea was found to be the only significant indicator of whether a bird was likely to be excreting virus from the digestive tract. These findings suggest that exposure of susceptible birds ro PBFD virus may occur from contact with contaminated feather dust, feces, or crop secretions, Viral particles that were morphologically similar to parvovirus (2-to 24nm-icosahedral nonenveloped virions) also were recovered from feces of some of the birds.
1990
Avian endoscopy. Satterfield, W.C. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice, Sept. 1990, v. 20 (5), p. 1353-1367. ill. ref. ISSN: 0195-5616.
NAL call no: SF601.V523
Descriptors: birds, endoscopy, anesthesia, liver, biopsy, anatomy.
Emergency care of avian patients. Ritchie, B.W. Veterinary Medicine Report, 1990, v. 2 (3), p. 230-245. ref. ISSN: 0895-7703.
NAL call no: SF601.V4742
Descriptors: trauma, emergencies, drugs, anesthesia, gases, symptoms, reviews, toxins, organophosphates; gases; plants; rodenticides and bacteria and the management of poisoning.
Haematology of birds, reptiles and fish. Campbell, T.W. Veterinary Technician, 1990, v. 11 (8), p. 538, 540-542. ref. ISSN: 8750-8990.
NAL call no: SF406.A5
Descriptors: erythrocytes, leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, blood cells.
Raptor foot care. Degernes, L.A.; Talbot, B.J.; Muelller, L.R. Journal of the Association of Avian Veterinarians, 1990, v. 4 (2), p. 93-95. ref. ISSN: 8750-8990.
NAL call no: SF994.J6
Descriptors: pathology, therapy, foot diseases.
1988
Imaging of avian urogenital diseases. McMillan, M.C. AAV Today, 1988, v. 2 (2), p. 74-82. ref.
NAL call no: SF994.A2
Descriptors: bird kidney diseases, anatomy, diagnosis, radiography, physiology.
An overview of avian serum chemical profiles. Allen, J.L. Contemporary Issues in Small Animal Practice, 1988, v. 9, p. 143-157. ref. Churchill Livingstone, N.Y., N.Y. ISSN: 0891-9747.
NAL call no: SF601.C84
Descriptors: birds, blood chemistry, blood serum, normal values, animal physiology.
1987
Antibiotic therapy. Harry, E.G. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 1-247. Chapter pagination: 204-213. ISBN: 0813803624.
NAL call no: SH994.2A1C66 1987
Descriptors: Aves, treatment of diseases, antibiotics, birds.
Avian diagnostics: A guide to caring for caged birds. Levine, B.S. Veterinary Medicine, May 1987, v. 82 (5), p. 469-481. ill. ref. ISSN: 0042-4889 (0750-7943).
NAL call no: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: ornamental birds, diagnostic techniques, pet care, veterinary medicine.
Avian haematology. Van der Heyden, N. Care and Rehabilitation of Injured Owls. A User’s Guide to the Medical Treatment of Raptorial Birds - and the Housing, Release Training and Captive Breeding of Native Owls. McKeever, K. The Owl Rehabilitation Research Foundation, Vineland, Ontario. 1987. 1-196. Chapter pagination: 87-99.
NAL call no: SF994.52.O9M15
Descriptors: blood, hematology techniques, normal parameters, birds.
Clinical examination. Wise, R.D. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. (ed). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987, i-x. 1-247. Chapter pagination: 20-27. ISBN: 0813803624.
NAL call no: SF994.2A1C66 1987
Descriptors: handling techniques, clinical examination, treatment of diseases, pet birds.
Clinical pathology and laboratory diagnostic tools. Woerpel, R.W.; Rosskopf, W.J. Jr.; Monahan, Brennan M. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. (ed). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1987. i-x. 10247. Chapter pagination: 180-196. ISBN: 0813803624.
NAL call no: SF994.2A1C66 1987
Descriptors: diagnosis of parasites, hematological techniques, treatment of diseases, pet birds.
Companion Bird Medicine. Burr, E.W. 1987. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. i-x. 1-247. ill. col. ISBN: 0813803624.
NAL call no: SF994.2A1C66 1987
Descriptors: textbooks, care in captivity, treatment of diseases, pet birds.
Orthopedics. Blass, C.E. Companion Bird Medicine, Burr, E.W. 1987. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. i-x. 1-247. Chapter pagination: 120-128. ISBN: 0813803624.
NAL call no: SF994.2A1C66 1987
Descriptors: surgical techniques, orthopedics, treatment of diseases, pet birds.
Pathology and the complete autopsy. Evans, R.H. Care and Rehabilitation of Injured Owls. A User’s Guide to the Medical Treatment of Raptorial Birds - and the Housing, Release Training and Captive Breeding of Native Owls. McKeever, K. The Owl Rehabilitation Research Foundation, Vineland, Ontario. 1987. 1-196. Chapter pagination: 81-86.
NAL call no: SF994.52.O9M15
Descriptors: surgical techniques, injury pathology, autopsy, injuries, owls, raptors.
A radiological review of fracture management in raptors. Redig, P.T. Care and Rehabilitation of Injured Owls. A User’s Guide to the Medical Treatment of Raptorial Birds - and the Housing, Release Training and Captive Breeding of Native Owls. McKeever, K. The Owl Rehabilitation Research Foundation, Vineland, Ontario. 1987. 1-196. Chapter pagination: 50-80.
NAL call no: SF994.52.O9M15
Descriptors: radiography, injuries, fractures, radiological review, injured owls.
1985
Selected soft tissue–pet avian surgical procedures. Rosskopf, W.J. Jr.; Woerpel, R.W. Proceedings of the Western Poultry Disease Conference, Univ. of Calif., Davis, CA. 1985, p. 101-103. Mar. 3-6, 1985. ref.
NAL call no: SF995.W4
Descriptors: aviary birds, surgical operations, anesthesia, antibiotics, pet birds.
1984
Bird amputees. Elder, W.H. North American Bird Bander, 1984, v. 9 (4), p. 21. ISSN: 0363-8 979.
Descriptors: tagging, limbs, injuries, leg loss due to ringing, hindlimbs.
Comparative use of various mydriatic drugs in kestrels (Falco tinnunculus). Mikaelian, I.; Paillet, I.; Williams, D. American Journal of Veterinary Research, Feb. 1994, v. 55 (2), p. 270-272. ref. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no: 41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: drugs, eyes, dilation, topical application, drug effects, adverse effects, hawks, alcuronium chloride, vecuronium bromide.
Abstract: The mydriatic effect of 3 curare-like neuromuscular blocking agents was tested in European kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) after topical application. Alcuronium chloride (5mg/ml) was found to be effective at a dose of 1 drop (20 drops=1ml) administered twice at a 15 minute interval. Mydriasis was achieved at t=26 + 11 minutes, maximal effect was reached at t=60 + 39 minutes, and sufficient mydriasis ended at t=364 + minutes. Nevertheless, side effects, including temporary full paralysis in 1 bird, indicated that this drug should not be used. Pancuronium bromide (2mg/ml) had an inconsistent effect on each bird at a dose of 2 drops administered twice at 15 minute intervals, and total mydriasis was not reached in 5 of 8 birds. Mydriasis was achieved at t=34 + 11 minutes, maximal effect was reduced and reached at t=43 + 13 minutes, and sufficient mydriasis ended at t=90 + 39 minutes. Vecuronium bromide (4mg/ml) was administered at a dose of 2 drops, 3 times, at 15 minute intervals. Mydriasis was achieved at t=23 + 8 minutes, maximal effect was reached at t=65 + 12 minutes, and sufficient mydriasis ended at t=253 + 65 minutes. Side effects were not detected. Vecuronium bromide should be used in raptorial birds whenever retinal examination requires fundoscopy.
Symposium on caged bird medicine. Harrison, Greg J. The Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice, v. 14, no. 2. ISSN: 0195-5616. Saunders, c1984, vi, p. 145-406. ill. Philadelphia.
NAL call no: SF601.V523
Descriptors: cage birds, diseases, congresses.
Tonometry of normal eyes in raptors. Stiles, J.; Buyukmihci, N.C.; Farver, T.B. American Journal of Veterinary Research, Apr. 1994, v. 55 (4), p. 477-479. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no: 41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: hawks, eagles, owls, eyes, species differences, internal pressure, intraocular pressure, red-tailed hawks, Buteo jamaicensis, Swainson’s hawks, Buteo swainsoni, golden eagles, Aquila chrysaetos, bald eagles, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, great horned owls, Bubo virginianus, barn owls, Tyto alba.
Abstract: An applanation tonometer was used to estimate intraocular pressure in normal eyes of several species or raptors. No bird had active injury or illness, though some were nonreleasable to the wild because of previous injury. Mean (+ SD) intraocular pressure was 20.6 (+ 3.4)mm of Hg in red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis, n=10), 20.8 (+ 2.3) mm Hg in Swainson’s hawks (Buteo swainsoni, n=6), 21.5 (+ 3.0) mm Hg in golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos, n=7)), 20.6 (+ 2.0) mm Hg in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus, n=3), and 10.8 (+ 3.6) mm Hg in great horned owls (Bubo virginianus, n=6). There was no significant differences in intraocular pressure between hawks and eagles. Mean pressure in great horned owls was significantly (P,0.01) lower than pressure in hawks or eagles. Reliable intraocular pressure readings could not be obtained in barn owls (Tyto alba).
1983
Diagnostic Procedures for Pet Birds: Proceedings of a 1983 Veterinarian Seminar. American Federation of Aviculture, 79 p.
NAL call no: SF461.D5
Descriptors: cage birds, diseases, congresses, diagnosis.
Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in birds of prey. Bird, J.E.; Miller, K.W.; Larson, A.A.; Duke, G.E. American Journal of Veterinary Research, Jul. 1983, v. 44 (7), p. 1245-1247. ill. ref. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no: 41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: gentamicin, pharmacokinetics, birds of prey.
Toxicity of gentamicin in red-tailed hawks. Bird, J.E.; Walser, M.M.; Duke, G.E. American Journal of Veterinary Research, Jul. 1983, v. 44 (7), p. 1289-1293. ill. ref. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL call no: 41.8 AM3A
Descriptors: gentamicin, toxicity, red-tailed hawks.
Veterinary Care of Birds, Rodents, Rabbits, Ferrets, and Guinea Pigs. Pass, David; Scott, Lyndy. Perth, W.A. Murdoch University, Foundation for Continuing Veterinary Education, May 5, 1993, no. 93/2, ii, 116 p. ill. ref. ISBN: 0869053566.
NAL call no: SF981.V48 1993
Descriptors: veterinary therapeutics, pet medicine.
1982
Stabilization of a tibiotarsal fracture using a modified Kirschner Ehmer apparatus in a Mullocan cockatoo. Treatment of a broken leg in large tropical bird. Kock, M.D. California Veterinarian, Sept. 1982, v. 36 (9), p. 11-13. ill. ref. ISSN: 0006-1612.
NAL call no: 41.8 C12
Descriptors: leg fracture, tibiotarsal, stabilization, cockatoo.
1981
Caged Bird Medicine: Selected Topics. 1st ed. Steiner, Charles V.; Davis, Richard B. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. 1981, xi. 176 pp. ill. ISBN: 0813817153.
NAL call no: SF461.S7 1981
Descriptors: caged birds, birds diseases.
1979
Care and Rehabilitation of Injured Owls: A User’s Guide to the Medical Treatment of Raptorial Birds, and the Housing, Release Training and Captive Breeding of Native Owls. McKeever, Katherine. Lincoln, Ont.: W.F. Rannie, 1979, 112 pp. ill. plans.
NAL call no: SF994.52.O9M15
Descriptors: owls, diseases, birds of prey diseases, first aid, captive, wild birds.
Finding and examining wild birds. Dall, J.A. First Aid and Care of Wild Birds, Cooper, J.E.; Eley, J.T. (eds.). David & Charles, Newton, Abbot, London & North Pomfret (Vancouver) 1979. 1-288. Chapter pagination: 64-75.
Descriptors: handling techniques, housing techniques, injured wild birds.
1978
Restraint and Handling of the Bird-Special Groups. Fowler, Murray E. School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, 1978, 1 videocassette (VHS) (34 min), sd. col.
NAL call no: Videocassette no. 403
Descriptors: animal immobilization, wild birds, captive animal welfare.