They may look like airplane contrails, but the streaky clouds shown in this photo-like image formed around the exhaust left in the wake of ships traveling along the northwest coast of North America. All clouds form when water molecules coalesce onto tiny particles in the atmosphere. The particles can be natural things like dust or sea salt, but they can also be aerosols emitted by human activity. With only the water’s surface to influence it, air over the ocean tends to be uniform, often resulting in flat sheets of clouds that cover a wide area. When ships introduce new particles into the air by pumping out a stream of exhaust, water molecules readily cling to the particles, creating long clouds called ship tracks that trail behind a ship.
Scientists are interested in ship tracks because they want to understand how human emissions influence clouds and, ultimately, Earth’s climate. Most emissions—from things like factories, power plants, and cars—are released over land where the air is turbulent. It is difficult to track emissions in the constantly churning air, and even harder to determine how those emissions influenced cloud formation. Emissions from ships, on the other hand, end up in the relatively calm air over the ocean, and the clouds that form from ship exhaust are distinctly different from other clouds.
Ship tracks have shown that clouds that form around man-made aerosols are brighter than other clouds. Man-made aerosols are smaller than natural particles, so the clouds that form around man-made aerosols are made up of smaller cloud droplets. A cloud made of many smaller droplets reflects more light than a cloud made of few larger droplets, since the surface of each droplet reflects light. The brighter clouds that result from man-made aerosols reflect more of the Sun’s light back into space, decreasing the amount of light that reaches the Earth’s surface. This interaction of man-made aerosols with clouds has cooled the Earth, offsetting global warming, though scientists are still not sure by how much. More accurate predictions of future warming depend on understanding how much cooling the brighter clouds provide.
Ship tracks have also shown that man-made aerosols influence rainfall in some environments. The smaller droplets that make the cloud brighter may prevent rainfall, since water does not collect in large enough clusters to condense into rainfall. As a result, less rain may fall from clouds formed around man-made aerosols in some environments. In other environments, such as the hot-humid climate of the southeastern United States during the summer, aerosols seem to enhance rainfall because they can intensify thunderstorms.
The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite captured this image of ship tracks over the Pacific Ocean on January 21, 2008.
You can download a 250-meter-resolution KMZ file of the ship tracks suitable for use with Google Earth.
- References
- Bell, T. (2007, December 7). Changes in summertime U.S. rain with the day of the week and hour of the day. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Climate and Radiation Branch. Accessed January 25, 2008.
- Forster, P., V. Ramaswamy, P. Artaxo, T. Berntsen, R. Betts, D.W. Fahey, J. Haywood, J. Lean, D.C. Lowe, G. Myhre, J. Nganga, R. Prinn, G. Raga, M. Schulz and R. Van Dorland. (2007). Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
- Fry, J. (2007, February 21). Aerosols: The last frontier? Real Climate. Accessed January 25, 2008.
- Weier, J. (1999, September 30). Every cloud has a filthy lining. NASA’s Earth Observatory. Accessed January 25, 2008.
NASA image created by Jesse Allen, using data obtained from the Goddard Land Processes data archives (LAADS). Caption by Holli Riebeek.