ENDNOTES

I. Interpreting the Colbert Raid

1. Mesdames J. S. Pollard, S. E. Carroll, and B. Brazil to J. Rumburg, Jr., undated, files Arkansas Post NM.

II. ARKANSAS POST AND THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR

1. Philip Pittman, The Present State of the European Settlements on the Mississippi, with a Geographic Description of that River Illustrated by Plans and Draughts, with Introduction, Notes, and Index by Frank H. Hodder (Cleveland, 1906), pp. 82-83.

2. Ibid., p. 83.

3. Ibid.

4. Lawrence Kinniard, ed., Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 1765-1794, 3 parts (Washington, 1946), l:xxiv-xxv.

5. Ibid., pp. xxvi, 256.

6. Ibid., pp. xxvi-xxvii; John Caughey, “Willing’s Expedition Down the Mississippi, 1778,” The Louisiana Historical Quarterly 15, no. 1:5-36 The men stopped at Arkansas Post on Jan. 8, 1779. Willing, himself, sought to return to Philadelphia by ship. The vessel was captured and Willing was taken to New York City by the British, where he was held prisoner until late 1782, when he was exchanged.

7. Stanley Faye, “The Arkansas Post of Louisiana: Spanish Dominion,” The Louisiana Historical Quarterly 27, no. 3: 658-59.

8. Ibid., pp. 688-89.

9. Jack D. L. Holmes, “A Spanish Province 1779-1798,” in A History of Mississippi, ed. Richard A. MeLemore, 2 vols. (Hattiesburg, 1973), 1:158; J.F.H. Claiborne, Mississippi as a Province, Territory and State, with Biographical Notices of Eminent Citizens (Jackson, 1880), p. 125; Albert W. Haarmann, “The Spanish Conquest of British West Florida, 1779-1781,” The Florida Historical Quarterly 39, no. 2:113.

10. Claiborne, Mississippi, p. 125.

11. Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” p. 662; “Act of Possession of East Bank of the Mississippi River North of the District of Natchez,” in Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 1:401.

12. Orieta to Governor, May 31, 1775, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

13. De la Villebeuvre to Gálvez, Dec. 12, 1779, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

14. Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” pp. 63-64

15. John Caughey, “The Natchez Rebellion of 1781 and Its Aftermath,” The Louisiana Historical Quarterly 16, no. 1:57-58; Claiborne, Mississippi, p. 127.

16. Claiborne, Mississippi, pp. 127-28.

17. Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” pp. 663-64.

18. Claiborne, Mississippi, p. 128.

19. John W. Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez in Louisiana, 1776-1783 (Berkeley, 1934), p. 218; Caughey, “The Natchez Rebellion of 1781 and Its Aftermath,” pp. 59-60.

20. Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, pp. 218-19.

21. Ibid., pp. 220-21; Caughey, “The Natchez Rebellion of 1781 and Its Aftermath,” pp. 62-63; Claiborne, Mississippi, pp. 128-31.

22. Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, pp. 222-23; Claiborne, Mississippi, pp. 129-31.

23. Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, pp. 223-24.

24. Ibid., pp. 224-25; Caughey, “The Natchez Rebellion of 1781 and Its Aftermath,” pp. 66-67.

25. Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, p. 226.

26. Ibid., pp. 226-27.

27. Louis Houck, ed., The Spanish Regime in Missouri, 2 vols. (Chicago, 1909), 1:220-21.

28. Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, p. 227.

29. Ibid., pp. 227-28.

30. James Adair, The History of the American Indians (London, 1775), p. 370.

31. Guy Braden, “The Colberts and the Chickasaw Nation,” The Tennessee Historical Quarterly 17, no. 3:223.

32. Ibid.; D. C. Corbitt, “James Colbert and the Spanish Claims to the East Bank of the Mississippi,” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 24, no. 4:458.

33. De la Villebeuvre to Gálvez, Dec. 12, 1779, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

34. Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” p. 458.

35. Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, pp. 228-29.

36. Braden, “The Colberts and the Chickasaw Nation,” pp. 223-24.

37. Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” p. 661.

38. Ibid., p. 663.

39. De Villiers to Gálvez, July 11, 1781, in Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 1:429-31.

40. Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” pp. 670-71.

41. Ibid., pp. 672-73.

42. Ibid., p. 673; Declaration of Silbestre Labadie, July 5, 1782, in Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 2:21-23.

43. Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” pp. 673-74; Archivo General de Indias, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107, May 26, 1782, Last Will and Testament of Baltasar de Villiers.

44. Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” pp. 674-75; Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, p. 229.

45. Declaration of Labadie, Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 2:21-23.

46. Ibid., pp. 22-23; Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” p. 459; Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, p. 229.

47. Declaration of Labadie, Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 2:23-24.

48. Ibid., pp. 24-25; Col. Estevan Miró’s interrogation of Madame Cruzat, in Houck, Spanish Regime in-Missouri, 1:223; Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” p. 459; Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, pp. 229-30.

49. Declaration of Labadie, Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 2:31-32.

50. Ibid., pp. 25-26; Col. Miró’s interrogation of Madame Cruzat, Spanish Regime in Missouri, 1:225; Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” pp. 459-61; Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, p. 430.

51. Colonel Miró’s interrogation of Madame Cruzat, Spanish Regime in Missouri, 1:228; Declaration of Labadie, Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 2:25-27.

52. Declaration of Labadie, Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 2:28.

53. Colonel Miró’s interrogation of Madame Cruzat, Spanish Regime in Missouri, 1:224.

54. Ibid., p. 230.

55. Declaration of Labadie, Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 2:27-29; John W. Caughey, McGillivray of the Creeks (Norman, 1938), p.16.

56. Declaration of Labadie, Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 2:29.

57. Ibid. p. 32; Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, p. 232.

58. Declaration of Labadie, Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 2:31-2

59. Ibid., p. 30.

60. Ibid., p. 32.

61. Ibid., pp. 32-33; Colonel Miró’s interrogation of Madame Cruzat, Spanish Regime in Missouri, 1:223.

62. Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,”p. 460; Colonel Miró’s interrogation of Madame Cruzat, Spanish Regime in Missouri, 1:223.

63. Colonel Miró’s interrogation of Madame Cruzat, Spanish Regime in Missouri, l:229; Declaration of Labadie, Spain in the Mississippi valley, 2:33.

64. Colonel Miró’s interrogation of Madame Cruzat, Spanish Regime in Missouri, 1:227-28; Corbitt, ‘Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi," p. 461.

65. Colonel Miró’s interrogation of Madame Cruzat, Spanish Regime in Missouri, l:228.

66. “Parole of Honour," May 15, 1782, in Spanish Regime in Missouri, 1:220. Turner, unlike the others, was not a prisoner. He had been indicted, however, and was subject to arrest if apprehended.

67. Colbert to Governor of Louisiana, May 15, 1782, in Spanish Regime in Missouri, 1:219.

68. Declarations of Picoté Belestre, Francisco Vallé and Silbestre Labadie, made at St. Louis, July 5 and 8, 1782, in Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 2:34-39.

69. Declaration of Madame Cruzat, May 30, 1782, in Spanish Regime in Missouri, 1:229.

70. Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” p. 677.

71. Declaration of Labadie, Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 2:26-27, 33; Colonel Miró’s interrogation of Madame Cruzat, Spanish Regime in Missouri, 1:229.

72. Declaration of Labadie, Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 2:34; Colonel Miró’s interrogation of Madame Cruzat, Spanish Regime in Missouri, 1:229.

73. Corbitt,”Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi:’ pp. 462-63; Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, pp. 223-24.

74. Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,”p. 463.

75. Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, p. 234.

76. Ibid., pp. 235-36.

77. Ibid., p. 236.

78. Ibid., p. 237; Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” p. 464.

79. Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” pp. 464-65.

80. Ibid., pp.465-66; Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, p. 237.

81. Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” p. 466.

82. Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” p. 677.

83. Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, p. 238.

84. Ibid.

85. Ibid.; Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” pp. 667-68. The 9th Article read: “Prisoners taken respectively by the arms of His Catholic Majesty and [those] of His Brittanic Majesty, by sea and by land, shall immediately upon the ratification of the definitive treaty be restored reciprocally and in good faith, without exception.”

86. Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, pp. 238-39.

87. Ibid., p. 239; Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” pp. 668-69.

88. Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, p. 240.

89. Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” pp. 463-64.

90. Ibid., p. 466.

91. Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” pp. 681-82.

92. Ibid., p. 682.

93. Receipt signed by Dubreuil, Jan. 7, 1783; De Villars to Miró, Jan. 12, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 197.

94. Dubreuil to Miró Jan. 11, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107; Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” p. 466.

95. Dubreuil to Miró Jan. 17, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

96. Miró to Dubreuil, Feb. 5, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

97. Miró to de Villars, Feb. 5, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

98. Dubreuil to Miró, Feb. 18, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

99. Dubreuil to Miró Feb. 21, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

100. Dubreuil to Miró, Mar. 1, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

101. Dubreuil to Miró, Mar. 26, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

102. Captain Dubreuil placed the strength of Colbert’s force at 100 whites and 14 Indians and mixed-bloods. The figures used in the text were extracted by D. C. Corbitt from the Declaration of Malcom Clark, a participant, in Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 3, No. 8.

103. Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” pp. 466-67; Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” pp. 682-84; Dubreuil to Miró, May 5, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

104. Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” p. 467.

105. Ibid.; Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” p. 684; Dubreuil to Miró, May 5, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

106. Dubreuil to Miró, May 5, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107; Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” pp. 467-68; Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” pp. 684-85.

107. Dubreuil to Miró, May 5, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107; Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” p. 468; Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” p. 685.

108. Dubreuil to Miró, May 5, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107; Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” p. 685; Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” pp. 468-69; Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, pp. 240-41.

109. Dubreuil to Miró, May 5, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

110. Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” pp. 469-70; Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, p. 241.

111. Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” pp. 470-71.

112. Dubreuil to Colbert, undated, in “Notes and Documents, Fort Charles III, Arkansas, Reports for the Year 1783 by Jacobo Dubreuil, Commandant,” trans. and ed. Anna Lewis, Mississippi Valley Historical Review 20, no. 4:545.

113. Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” p. 471.

114. Colbert to Dubreuil, Aug. 3, 1783, “Notes and Documents,” pp. 545-46.

115. Pedro Classin’s task was to translate the documents into English, which were read to Colbert by Lorginos. While in the Chickasaw Nation, Lorginos’s foot became infected, and he was left to return to the post as soon as he could remount his horse.

116. Dubreuil to Miró, Aug. 26, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

117. Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” p. 471; Caughey, Bernardo de Gálvez, p. 241; Braden, “The Colberts and the Chickasaw Nation,” p. 226; Caughey, McGillivray of the Creeks, p. 68.

III. PHYSICAL SETTING

1. Dubreuil to Miró, Feb. 21, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

2. Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” pp. 466-67; Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” pp. 682-84.

3. Abraham Nasatir, Spanish War Vessels on the Mississippi, 1792-1796, (New Haven, 1968), p. 165.

4. Thomas Nuttall, Travels in the Arkansas Territory, 1819, ed. Reuben C. Thwaites (Cleveland, 1905), p. 105.

5. Timothy Flint, Recollections of the Last Ten Years, (Boston, 1826), p. 264.

6. “Map of Fort at Post of Arkansas, 1807,” Records of the Office of the Secretary of War, Unregistered Letters Received, NA, RG 107.

7. Dubreuil to Miró, May 5, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107; Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” pp. 467-68; Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” pp. 684-85.

8. Telephone conversation, D. L. Huggins with E. Bearss, June 13, 1974.

9. Nuttall, Travels in the Arkansas Territory, p. 110.

10. Ibid., p. 105.

11. Nasatir, Spanish War Vessels on the Mississippi, p. 166.

12. Francois Perrin du Luc, “Travels Through the Two Louisianas and Among the Savage Nations of the Missouri,” in A Collection of Modern and Contemporary Voyages and Travels (London, 1807), 6:83.

13. Dubreuil to Miró May 5, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

14. Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” p. 688.

15. Nasatir, Spanish War Vessels on the Mississippi, p. 166.

16. Nuttall, Travels in the Arkansas Territory, p. l05

17. Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” p. 688.

18. Nasatir, Spanish War Vessels on the Mississippi, p. 166.

19. Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” p. 688.

20. Nasatir, Spanish War Vessels on the Mississippi, pp. 165-66.

21. Ray Mattison, “Report on the Historical Investigations of Arkansas Post, Arkansas,” NPS, 1957, p. 95-96; Nasatir, Spanish War Vessels on the Mississippi, p. 164.

22. Nasatir, Spanish War Vessels on the Mississippi, p. 164.

23. Ibid., p. 166.

24. Treat to John Mason, Sept. 10, 1810, Letter Book, Arkansas Trading House, NA, RG 75.

25. Index to Book of Records (Deeds, Commissions, Indentures), Louisiana Territory, District of Arkansas, Aug. 3, 1808-Dec. 23, 1809, pp. 76-77; copy of contract, scull Papers, Scull & Co. with Daniel Mooney, Apr. 10, 1809, Arkansas History Commission, Little Rock, Arkansas.

26. Arkansas Gazette, Nov. 20, 1819.

27. William H. Pope, Early Days in Arkansas, Being the Most Part Personal Recollections of an Old Settler (Little Rock, 1895), pp. 66-67.

28. Be Villiers to Gálvez, July 11, 1781, in Spain in the Missi Valley, 1:429-31.

29. Dubreuil to Miró, Feb. 21, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

30. Dubreuil to Miró, May 5, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

31. Ibid.

32. Dubreuil to Miró May 22, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

33. Fort Carlos III, Apr. 17, 1784, Folio I, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

34. Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” p. 683.

35. Pittman, Present State of the European Settlements on the Mississippi, p. 82.

36. “Map of Fort at Post of Arkansas, 1807.”

37. Mattison, “Report on the Historical Investigations of Arkansas Post, Arkansas, p. 126.

38. De Villiers to Gálvez, July 11, 1781, in Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 1:429-31.

39. Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” p. 682.

40. De Villiers to Gálvez, July 11, 1781, in Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 1:429-31.

41. Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” p. 683.

42. Dubreuil to Miró Nay 22, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

43. Fort Carlos III, Apr. 17, 1784, Folio I, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

44. Dubreuil to Miró, Nay 5, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

45. Pittman, Present State of the European Settlements on the Mississippi, pp. 82-83.

46. Mattison,. “Report on the Historical Investigations of Arkansas Post, Arkansas,” p. 126.

47. Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” p. 683.

48. Ibid., p. 682; Orieta to Unzaga, July 14, 1774, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

49. Fort Carlos III, Apr. 17, 1784, Folio VII, in “Notes and Documents,” pp. 542-43.

50. Dubreuil to Miró, May 5, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

51. Francisco Ferrer Lull and J. Hefter, “The Spanish Louisiana Regiment in the Floridas 1779-1781,” Military Collector and Historian: Journal of the Company of Military Historians 16, no. 3:79-80.

52. Ibid., p. 80.

53. Ibid.

54. Ibid.

55. Ibid.

56. Dubreuil to Miró, Aug. 26, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

57. Lull and Hefter, “The Spanish Louisiana Regiment in the Floridas 1779-1781,’ p. 80

58. Ibid.

59. Ibid.

60. Faye, “Arkansas Post of Louisiana,” p. 672.

61. Ibid., p. 686.

62. Commandant to Maxant, Mar. 25, 1775; Report of Expenses for scouting party sent to Chickasaw Bluffs, Jan. 12, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

63. Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” p. 466.

64. Dubreuil to Miró, May 5, 1783, Papeles de Cuba, Legajo 107.

65. John R. Swanton, The Indians of the Southeastern United States, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 137 (Washington, 1946), pp. 456-57; Adair, History of the American Indians, p. 8.

66. Swanton, Indians of the Southeastern United States, pp. 458-59.

67. Adair, History of the American Indians, pp. 6-7.

68. Swanton, Indians of the Southeastern United States, pp. 462-63.

69. Adair, History of the American Indians, p. 7.

70. Swanton, Indians of the Southeastern United States, pp. 463-64; Adair, History of the American Indians, p. 8.

71. Swanton, Indians of the Southeastern United States, pp. 479-80

72. Ibid., pp. 498, 507.

73. Ibid., pp. 510, 513.

74. Ibid., p. 522.

75. Ibid., p. 523.

76. Ibid., p. 528.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid., pp. 693-94.

79. Ibid., p. 465.

80. Telephone and personal interviews, Carol Irwin Mason, Jack Walker, and William Sturtevant with E. Bearss, May 15 and June 13, 1974.

81. Declaration of Labadie, Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 2:23-24; Col. Miró’s interrogation of Madame Cruzat, Spanish Regime in Missouri, 1:223; Corbitt, “Colbert and Spanish Claims to Mississippi,” p. 459.

82. Declaration of Labadie, Spain in the Mississippi Valley, 2:31-32.