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Preface Chapter 1 Basic Brick Positions and Brick Sizes The Manufacturing of Brick Extruded Brick Wood Mold Brick The Six Brick Positions Stretcher Position Header Position Rowlock Position Soldier Position Sailor Position Shiner Position Brick Sizes Standard Modular Size Brick Engineered or Oversize Brick Economy or Jumbo Utility Brick Hollow Masonry Clay Units Queen Size Brick Chapter 2 Brick Pattern Bonds Brick Masonry Pattern Bonds Running Bond Flemish Bond English Bond American Bond Stack Bond Chapter 3 Masonry Hand Tools Brickmason's Trowel Mason's Hammers Jointers Convex Jointers Grapevine Jointers Joint Rakers "V" Jointers Struck/Weathered Jointers Concave Beaders Mason's Levels Spirit Levels Electronic Levels Plumb Bobs Mason's Rules and Tapes Mason's Lines Line Fasteners Line Blocks Line Pins Line Stretchers Line Twigs Chisels Brick Set Plugging Chisel Mason's Chisel Flat Chisel Star Chisels Concrete Chisel Pointing Trowels Tuckpointer Margin Trowel Finishing Trowels Chalk Line Reels Framing Square Combination Square Mason's Brushes Mason's Tool Bags Tool Care Chapter 4 Masonry Construction Equipment Mortarboards and Pans Mortar Box Mortar Hoe Shovels Rakes, Mattocks, Picks, and Scrapers Wheelbarrows Brick Tongs Mortar Mixers Masonry Saws Paver Splitters Grout Bags Grout Guns Scaffolding Scaffolding Planking and Platforms Scaffold Weather Enclosures Swivel Head Hoist Arm and Wheel Builders' Levels Corner Poles Chapter 5 Laying Brick to the Line Dry Bonding Choosing Course Spacing Scale Hanging the Line Twigging the Line Laying Brick to the Line Aligning the Pattern Bond Facing the Brick Aligning the Brick Level Aligning the Brick Plumb Laying the Closure Brick Holding Bond at Openings Holding Bond when Racking a Wall Chapter 6 Constructing Brick Leads Leads Building an Outside Brick Corner Building an Inside Brick Corner Building a 4" Brick Jamb Building an 8" Brick Jamb Building a 12" Brick Jamb Toothing a Corner Using Corner Poles Quoined Corners Chapter 7 Masonry Spacing Scales Mason's Scales Standard-Size Brick Spacing Scales Oversize Brick Spacing Scales Modular Spacing Scales Chapter 8 Masonry Mortars The Development of Mortars Masonry Cement and Mortar Types of Mortars Portland Cement-Lime Mortars Masonry Cements Mortar Cements Types of Mortar Admixtures Accelerators Retarders Pigments Plasticizers Sand Water Standard Proportions for Mortar Mixtures Retempering Mortar Mortars for Historical Buildings Specialty Mortars Surface Bonding Cements Cold Weather Construction Hot Weather Construction Applications and Types of Grout Standard Proportions for Grout Mixtures Mixing Grout Placing Grout Chapter 9 Concrete Masonry Units Hollow and Solid CMUs Heavyweight CMUs Lightweight CMUs Architectural CMUs Split Face CMUs Fluted CMUs Exposed Aggregate CMUs Ground Face CMUs Glazed CMUs Sound-Absorbing CMUs Stone Veneer CMUs CMU Sizes and Dimensions Pattern Bonds Chapter 10 Laying Block to the Line Laying Out the Wall Hanging the Line Twigging the Line Laying Block to the Line in the Running Bond Pattern Spreading the Bed Joints Applying the Head Joints Establishing the Bond Facing the Block Aligning the Block Level Aligning the Block Plumb Beginning Walls on Surfaces Not Level Wire Joint Reinforcement Dry-Stacked Surface Bonded CMU Walls Chapter 11 Constructing Block Leads Laying Out the Wall Building a Block Corner Building a Block Jamb Simplifying Designs 4" Block Corners 6" Block Corners 8" Block Corners 10" Block Corners 12" Block Corners Aligning Cut Block Toothing Block Leads Using Corner Poles Installing Wire Reinforcement in Joints Intersecting Walls Chapter 12 Estimating Masonry Costs The Importance of Accurate Estimates Estimating Brick Estimating Block Estimating Masonry Sand Estimating Concrete for Concrete Footings Estimating Concrete for Concrete Slabs Estimating Steel Reinforcements Steel Rod Reinforcement Welded Wire Fabric Reinforcement Prefabricated Wire Joint Reinforcement Corrugated Steel Veneer Ties Estimating Labor Costs Chapter 13 Residential Foundations Elements of a Foundation Footings Footing Size Compressive Strength Reinforcement Methods for Constructing Footings Perimeter Footings Monolithic Slab Foundations Concrete Masonry Foundation Walls CMU Size Mortar Type Vertical Bar Reinforcement and Grouting Anchorage Damp-Proofing and Waterproofing Water Drainage Ventilation Egress Route Laying Out the Footings Placing the Concrete Laying Out the Block Walls Building the Block Walls Preventing Walls from Collapsing Chapter 14 Constructing Water-Resistant Brick Veneer Walls Controlling Water Migration Moisture Content of Brick Mortar Joints Air Space Flashing and Weeps Mortar Collection Systems Efflorescence New Building Bloom Water Repellants Film Formers Penetrants Air Infiltration Barriers Chapter 15 Brick Veneer Walls Brick Veneer Supporting the Weight of Brick Veneer Provisions for an Air Space Brick Width Trim Thickness Accuracy of the Plumb Alignment of the Exterior Wall Framing Design of Roof Eaves Laying Out the Brick Walls Building the Walls Anchoring the Brick Walls Corrugated Steel Ties Veneer Wire Anchoring System Adjustable Anchor Assemblies Adjustable Ladder and Truss-Type Joint Reinforcement Assemblies Sill, Jamb, and Head Details Masonry Sills Masonry Jambs Heads Arching Action Toothing a Brick Wall Holding Bond in Gables Chapter 16 Composite and Cavity Walls Multiwythe Walls Comparing Composite and Cavity Walls Controlling Moisture Insulating Composite and Cavity Walls Granular Fill Insulations Rigid Insulations Rain Screen Walls Wall Reinforcement Ladder-Type Wall Reinforcement Truss-Type Wall Reinforcement Adjustable Assemblies Masonry Backed Brick Veneer Walls Accommodating Differential Movements Expansion Joints Control Joints Shelf Angles Sound Resistance Constructing Composite and Cavity Walls Course Spacing Raising the Adjacent Wythes Installing Horizontal Joint Reinforcement Insulating the Cavity Installing Flashings Weeps Parapets, Copings, and Caps Grout Reinforced Walls Steel Bearing Plates Chapter 17 Brick Paving Design Considerations for Selecting Clay or Shale Brick Pavers Intended Use Type of Base Desired Appearance Brick Size Pattern Bonds Running Bond Pattern Basket Weave Patterns Herringbone Pattern Stacked Bond Pattern Laying Mortared Brick Paving Providing the Base Laying the Brick Borders Laying the Field Pattern Grouting the Joints Tooling the Joints Cleaning the Surface Chapter 18 Steps, Stoops, and Porches Parts of a Step Designing Steps Determining the Rise Determining the Tread Depth Determining the Number and Height of Risers Determining the Number of Treads Constructing Brick Steps Placing a Concrete Slab Footing Completing Below-Grade Masonry Laying Mortared Brick Steps Brick Paved Concrete Steps Porches and Stoops Chapter 19 Piers, Columns, Pilasters, and Chases Piers and Pilasters Nominal and Actual Sizes Types of Masonry Piers Radial Piers Hollow Piers Structural Piers Reinforced Masonry Piers Masonry Columns Laying Out Piers and Columns Constructing Piers and Columns Masonry Pilasters Laying Out Pilasters Constructing Pilasters CMU Piers and Pilasters Masonry Chases Chapter 20 Appliance Chimneys Chimney Support Chimney Walls Chimney Linings Sizing the Chimney Liner Cleanout Openings Chimney Thimbles Chimney Height Constructing an Appliance Chimney Placing the Footing Laying Out the Chimney Walls Building the Brick Walls Providing a Cleanout Opening Installing Clay Flue Linings Installing Clay Thimbles Providing Adequate Clearances Anchoring a Chimney Topping Out a Chimney Installing Chimney Flashing Providing a Chimney Cricket Chapter 21 Masonry Fireplaces Styles of Fireplaces Single-Face Fireplaces Multi-face Fireplaces Air-Circulating Fireplaces Rumford Fireplaces Rosin Fireplaces Fireplace Base Firebox Opening Hearth Combustion Chamber Throat Smoke Chamber Chimney Fireplace Surround Constructing a Single-Face Fireplace Placing the Footing Constructing the Base Constructing the Hearth Support Constructing the Inner Hearth Constructing the Firebox Walls Setting the Throat Damper Constructing the Smoke Chamber Constructing the Chimney Constructing the Fireplace Surround Constructing the Hearth Extension Prefabricated Fireplace Kits Chapter 22 Brick Masonry Arches Arch Terminology Shapes Spans Depth Brick Shapes for Arches Keystones Abutments Constructing a Semicircular Arch Building an Arch Form Laying Out the Voussoirs Setting the Form Constructing the Abutments Aligning the Voussoirs Laying Brick Outside of the Arch Ring Removing the Arch Form Structural Steel Arch Lintels Installing Flashing and Weeps Laying Out Other Arch Shapes Segmental Arches Multicentered Arches Gothic Arches Tudor Arches Jack Arches Circular Arches Horseshoe Arches Triangular Arches Venetian Arches Chapter 23 Cleaning Brick and Concrete Masonry Preventing Soiled and Stained Walls Under Construction Protecting Material Stockpiles Exercising Care When Bedding Brick and Block in Mortar Training Workers for Handling Mortar Taking Precautionary Measures with Scaffold Planks Protecting Walls at Ground Level Covering Walls Under Construction Classifications of Cleaning Agents Muriatic Acid Propriety Compounds Household Detergents Cleaning Brickwork Bucket and Brush Method Pressure Washing Method Abrasive Blasting Method Cleaning CMU Walls Today's Trends Removing Specific Stains Brick Dust Dirt and Mud Egg Splatter Manganese (Brown) Stain Oil and Tar Stains Organic Growth Paint and Graffiti Smoke Vanadium (Green) Stain Welding Splatter Stains of Unknown Origin Cleaning Historic Structures Chapter 24 Masonry as a Career Work Performed by Masons Physical Qualifications Career Benefits Employment Outlooks and Opportunities Career Pathways Knowledge and Experience Personal Attributes Operating a Masonry Contracting Business Licensing and Certifications Insurance Tools and Equipment Training Estimates and Contracts Documentation and Records Reliable Service Chapter 25 Safety for Masons Complying with Safety Standards Personal Protection Equipment Protective Clothing Foot Protection Eye Protection Face Protection Hearing Protection Head Protection Respiratory Protection Hand Protection Maintaining a Safe Work Area Lifting and Carrying Materials by Hand Maintaining a Clean and Safe Lab Using Hand Tools Safely Hammers Chisels Masons' Lines and Line Holders Levels Measuring Tapes Electric-Powered Tools, Machinery, and Equipment Reporting Accidents and Injuries Guidelines When Exposed to and/or Using Products and Chemicals Material Safety Data Sheets Scaffolds Step-Type End Frames Open-End Frames Scaffold Planking Sawn Planking Engineered Lumber Scaffold Platforms Mudsills Base Plates and Leveling Screw Jacks Guardrails Coupling Pins Scaffold Tipping Restraints Fall Protection Chapter 26 Working Drawings and Specifications Lines Object Line Dimension Line Extension Line Leader Line Centerline Break Line Section Line Section Reference Lines Hidden Line Border Line Symbols Topographical Symbols Building Material Symbols Electrical Symbols Plumbing Symbols Climate Control Symbols Drawing Identification Symbols Abbreviations Scale Drawings Working Drawings Plot Plans Foundation Plans Floor Plans Framing Plans Landscaping Plans Elevations Presentation Drawings Construction Details Specifications General Conditions Supplementary Conditions Special Conditions Change Orders Appendix A Math Review Appendix B Masonry Construction Materials Glossary Index
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Masonry.
Bricklaying.
Concrete blocks.