• N National chartered commercial bank supervised by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
• SM State charter Fed member commercial bank supervised by the Federal Reserve
• NM State charter Fed nonmember commercial bank supervised by the FDIC
• SA State or federal charter savings association supervised by the Office of Thrift Supervision
• SB State charter savings bank supervised by the FDIC

Charter Type
A charter is the legal authorization to conduct business and is granted to a financial institution by federal or state government. Charter types include:

• All Charters
  Commercial banks, savings institutions and U.S. branches of foreign banks insured by the FDIC
• Insured Commercial Banks
  Commercial banks insured by the FDIC. These institutions are regulated by one of the three Federal commercial bank regulators (FDIC, Federal Reserve Board or Office of the Comptroller of the Currency). The institutions submit financial reports to the Federal Reserve (state member banks), the FDIC (state nonmember banks), or the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (national banks).
• Insured Savings Institutions
  Savings institutions insured by FDIC that operate under state or federal banking codes applicable to thrift institutions. These institutions are regulated by and submit financial reports to one of two Federal regulators (FDIC or Office of Thrift Supervision).
• Insured Branches of Foreign Banks
  Branches of foreign banks (banks chartered and headquartered outside the U.S.) that are insured by the FDIC. These institutions are regulated by one of the three Federal commercial bank regulators and submit financial data to the Federal Reserve.

Effective Date
The date that the failed / assisted institution ceased to exist as a privately held going concern. For institutions that entered into government ownership, such as FDIC Bridge Banks and RTC conservatorships, this is the date that they entered into such ownership.  

FDIC-Insured Commercial Banks
Includes all commercial banks insured by the FDIC. These institutions are regulated by and submit financial data to one of three federal commercial bank regulators (the Federal Reserve Board, the FDIC, or the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency). FDIC-insured commercial banks include the following categories of depository institutions insured by the FDIC:

• National banks
• State-chartered banks and trust companies, except savings banks
• Commercial banks, either nationally or state-chartered, insured either by the FDIC.
• Other financial institutions which operate under general banking codes, or are specifically authorized by law to accept deposits and in practice do so or the obligations of which are regarded as deposits for deposit insurance

FDIC-Insured Savings Institutions
Includes all institutions insured by either the FDIC operating under state or federal banking codes applicable to savings institutions. Data on savings institutions that have been placed in RTC conservatorship are not aggregated with those that were not, since the former do not operate as privately-held entities, and their resolution costs do not accrue to the FDIC. These RTC conservatorships are listed separately as memoranda, where applicable.

Cert
The certificate number assigned by the FDIC used to identify institutions and for the issuance of insurance certificates. By clicking on this number, you will link to the Institution Directory (ID) system which will provide the last demographic and financial data filed by the selected institution.

Estimated Loss
The estimated loss is the difference between the amount disbursed from the Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF) to cover obligations to insured depositors and the amount estimated to be ultimately recovered from the liquidation of the receivership estate. Estimated losses reflect unpaid principal amounts deemed unrecoverable and do not reflect interest that may be due on the DIF's administrative or subrogated claims should its principal be repaid in full.

Notes:
Comprehensive data on estimated losses are not available for FDIC-insured failures prior to 1986, or for FSLIC-insured failures from 1934-88. Estimated loss is presented as “N/A” in years for which comprehensive information is not available.

Estimated Loss data was previously referred to as ‘Estimated Cost’ in past releases of the Historical Statistic on Banking. For RTC receiverships, the ‘Estimated Cost’ included an allocation of FDIC corporate revenue and expense items such as interest expense on Federal Financing Bank debt, interest expense on escrowed funds and interest revenue on advances to receiverships. Other FDIC receiverships did not include such an allocation. To maintain consistency with FDIC receiverships, the RTC allocation is no longer reflected in the estimated loss amounts for failed / assisted institutions that were resolved through RTC receiverships.

Beginning with the release of 2007 information, the ‘Estimated Loss’ in the Historical Statistics on Banking is presented and defined consistently with the aggregate Estimated Receivership Loss for FRF-RTC institutions and Estimated Losses for FDIC receiverships that are reported in the FDIC’s Annual Report. The estimated loss is obtained from the FDIC’s Failed Bank Cost Analysis (FBCA) report and the RTC Loss report. The FBCA provides data for receiverships back to 1986. The RTC Loss Report provides similar data back to 1989.
Questions regarding Estimated Loss should be sent to DOFBusinessCenter@fdic.gov.

Also, for more detail regarding resolution transactions and the FDIC's receivership activities, see Managing the Crisis: The FDIC and RTC Experience, a historical study prepared by the FDIC's Division of Resolutions and Receiverships. Copies are available from the FDIC's Public Information Center.

Insurance Fund
Prior to 1989, there were two federal deposit insurance funds -- the FDIC fund, which insured deposits in commercial banks and state-chartered savings banks, and the FSLIC fund, which insured deposits in state- and federally-chartered savings associations. In 1989, the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act (FIRREA) specified that the FDIC would henceforth be the sole federal deposit insurer of all banks and savings associations. The FDIC fund was re-named the Bank Insurance Fund (BIF), while the insolvent FSLIC fund was replaced by the Savings Association Insurance Fund (SAIF).
On February 8, 2006, the President signed The Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act of 2005 (the Reform Act) into law. This legislation enacted the bulk of the FDIC’s deposit insurance reform proposals. The Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Conforming Amendments Act of 2005 which the President signed into law on February 15, 2006, contains necessary technical and conforming changes to implement deposit insurance reform, as well as a number of study and survey requirements.

The legislation provides for the following changes: