NAME
gated - The gateway routing daemon
SYNOPSIS
gated [-teiHprRu]
The gated daemon processes multiple routing protocols
according to the configuration set in gated.conf file.
FLAGS
-e Logs all external errors due to EGP, exterior routing
errors, and EGP state changes.
-H Traces all HELLO packets received.
-i Logs all internal errors and interior routing errors.
-p
Traces all EGP packets sent and received.
-R Traces all RIP packets received.
-r Logs all routing changes.
-t If used alone, the -t flag starts the -i, -e, -r, and
-p trace flags.
When used with another flag, the -t flag has no effect
and only the accompanying flags are recognized. Note
that when other flags are used, the -t flag must be
used with them and must be the first flag given in the
command line.
-u Logs all routing updates sent.
The gated daemon always logs fatal errors. If no log
file is specified and none of the preceding trace flags
are set, all messages are sent to the /dev/null file.
DESCRIPTION
The gated daemon manages multiple routing protocols, includ-
ing the Routing Information Protocol (RIP), Exterior Gateway
Protocol (EGP), and Local Network Protocol (HELLO). The
gated process can be configured to perform all or any combi-
nation of these routing protocols. It replaces daemons that
use the HELLO routing protocol; for example, routed (8) and
egpup (8). The configuration for the gated daemon is by
default stored in the /etc/gated.conf file, and can be
changed at compile time in the file defs.h. The gated dae-
mon stores its process ID in the /etc/gated/pid file.
When a routing update indicates that the route in use is
being deleted, the gated daemon waits for 2 minutes before
deleting the route. Be aware that unpredictable results may
occur when the gated and routed daemons are run together on
the same host.
Start the gated daemon with a log file that you specify on
the command line. You can also enter one or more trace flags
on the command line or specify the flags in the traceflags
stanza of the gated.conf configuration file. When trace
flags are specified without a log file, all trace output is
sent to the controlling terminal.
By default, the gated daemon forks and detaches itself from
the controlling terminal.
When certain networks are restricted from using the Internet
network, the gated daemon uses both the syslogd daemon at
the LOG_WARNING log level and the LOG_DAEMON facility to
record all invalid networks.
If you use the EGP when you supply the default route (by the
RIP or HELLO gateway) and all EGP neighbors are lost, the
default route is not advertised until at least one EGP
neighbor is regained.
The RIP both propagates and listens to host routes. This
allows the gated daemon to handle point-to-point links with
consistency. The gated daemon also supports the RIP_TRACE
commands.
The gated daemon detects changes made to the network inter-
faces and its own start-up flags while it is running. Thus,
you need not restart the gated daemon if you change the con-
figuration. However, if the net mask, subnet mask, broadcast
address, or interface metric is changed, use the ifconfig(8)
command to mark the interface down and then up 30 seconds
later.
Subnet interfaces are supported. Subnet information is
passed through interfaces to other subnets of the same net-
work.
The gated daemon listens to host and network REDIRECT sig-
nals. The daemon tries to take an action for its own inter-
nal tables. This action is parallel to the action the kernel
takes on the REDIRECT signal.
In addition, the gated daemon cancels (times out) all routes
learned from REDIRECT signals in 6 minutes. The daemon then
deletes the route from the kernel routing tables, which
keeps the routing tables consistent.
No routing protocol announces routes learned from REDIRECT
signals.
The gated EGP code verifies that all networks sent and
received are valid class A, B, or C networks as specified by
the EGP. The gated daemon does not contribute information
about networks that do not meet EGP specifications. If an
EGP update packet contains information about a network that
is not class A, B, or C, the gated daemon considers the
update to be in error and ignores it.
Signals
The gated server performs the following actions when you use
the kill(1) command to send it the SIGHUP and SIGINT sig-
nals.
SIGHUP
When a SIGHUP signal is sent to a gated daemon that was
invoked with trace flags and a log file, tracing is
toggled off and the log file is closed. At this point
the log file can be moved or deleted. When the next
SIGHUP signal is sent to the gated daemon, tracing is
toggled on. The gated daemon reads the /etc/gated.conf
configuration file and sets the trace flags to those
specified by the traceflags stanza.
If no traceflags stanza exists, tracing resumes and
uses any trace flags specified on the command line.
Trace output is sent to the log file specified on the
command line. The output is appended if the log file
already exists, and the file is created if it does not
exist.
SIGINT
Sending the gated daemon a SIGINT signal causes a
memory dump to be scheduled within the next 60 seconds.
The memory dump is written to a file named
/usr/temp/gated_dump. The gated daemon processes all
pending routing updates before performing the memory
dump.
The memory dump contains a snapshot of the current gated
daemon status, including the interface configurations, EGP
neighbor status, and the routing tables. If the
/usr/tmp/gated_dump file already exists, the memory dump is
appended to the existing file.
Internal Metrics for the gated Daemon
The gated daemon stores all metrics internally as a time
delay in milliseconds to preserve the granularity of HELLO
time delays. The internal delay ranges from 0 to 30,000 mil-
liseconds, with 30,000 representing infinity. Metrics from
other protocols are translated to and from a time delay as
they are received and transmitted. EGP distances are not
comparable to HELLO and RIP metrics but are stored as time
delays internally for comparison with other EGP metrics. The
conversion factor between EGP distances and time delays is
100.
RIP and interface metrics are translated to and from the
internal time delays with the use of the following transla-
tion tables. The first two columns represent the time delay
to RIP metric translation, while the second two columns
represent the RIP metric to time delay translation.
Time Delay
Minimum Maximum RIP Metric RIP Metric Time Delay
0 0 0 0 0
1 100 1 1 100
101 148 2 2 148
149 219 3 3 219
220 325 4 4 325
326 481 5 5 481
482 713 6 6 713
714 1057 7 7 1057
1058 1567 8 8 1567
1568 2322 9 9 2322
2323 3440 10 10 3440
3441 5097 11 11 5097
5098 7552 12 12 7552
7553 11,190 13 13 11,190
11,191 16,579 14 14 16,579
16,580 24,564 15 15 24,564
24,565 30,000 16 16 30,000
CAUTIONS
Unpredictable results may occur when the gated and routed
daemons are run together on the same host.
FILES
/usr/sbin/gated
Specifies the command path
/etc/gated.conf
Contains the gated configuration information
/etc/gated.pid
Contains the gated process ID
/usr/tmp/gated_dump
Specifies the memory dump file
RELATED INFORMATION
Commands: kill, routed(8)
Acknowledgement and Disclaimer