Index A Acrodermatitis enteropathica, 684 Acute renal failure Description of, 386, 387 Dietary management, 387-89 Protein-energy malnutrition, 387, 392 Protein role, 392 Adipose cell metabolism, 292-94 Aging population Alzheimer's disease. 4%. 500.613-14 Caloric intake, 603-4 Dental diseases, 348-50 Dietary guidance, 614-U Drug-nutrient interactions, 611, 673 Economic and social changes, 601 Energy and nutrient status, 603-10 Historical perspective, 596-97 Infections and immunity and, WI, 455,612-13 Life expectancy factors, 595 Mental function and, 613 Minerals and, 6OM Morbidity and mortality, 61 l-12 Nutritional status, 599-601 Nutritional status assessment, 601-I 1 Nutrition programs and services, 598, 615-16 Physiological changes, 600 Policy implications, 598-99.614 Protein and, 605 Psychologic changes, 600-601 Public health significance, 597-98 Research and surveillance, 61617 Vitamins and, 608-12 Aticultural Act of 1933. 35.542 A&icultural and Consumer Protection Act of 1973, 33 Agricultural support policies, 33 AIDS (acquired immunodeticiency syndrome), 445-41,455 Alcohol Abuse, 635 Caloric intake and, 639-41,649-5 1 Cancer and, 214, 216-17 Carbohydrates and, 64143 Cardiovascular diseases and, 656-59 Consumption, 632-34 Coronary heart disease and, 110, 123, 659 Diabetes and, 261 Dietary guidance, 660-61 Drug interactions, 636-37, 643, 682-83 Fats and, 641,658 Fetus and, 559-X&659-60 Gastrointestinal diseases and, 420 High blood pressure and, 153, 155 Historical perspective, 629-32 Minerals and, 64749 Neurologic disorders and, 498, 501 Nutritional deficiencies and. 638-39 Nutritional status and, 649-31 Nutrition programs and services, 661-62 Physiology of use, 635-37 Policy i&&cations, 660-62 Protein and. 638, 643, 646 Public health significance, 632-33 Recommendations and reports, 630-32 Recommendations for, 14 Reproductive disorders and, 659-60 Research and surveillance, 662 Scientific background, 633 Vitamins and, 638,64U7,654-56 Alcoholic cirrhosis, 418.420. 638. 651-52 Alcoholic hepatitis; 653 Allergies, 429,430,439,447,450-52,455, 456 Alternative sweeteners, 26162, 363, 499, 500,526,527 Aluminum, 331,500,613,676 Alzheimer's disease, 4%, 500,613-14 Amino acids. 58. 163. 392.436.443. 523-24,529,653 Anemia Alcohol use and, 645,647 Causes, 469-70 Definition, 465 Dietary guidance. 483 Folate-and, 482, 483 Historical perspective. 46M Iron role, &X-&8, 470-81 Nutrition programs and services, 483-84 Policy implications, 483-84 Public health significance, 466-69 Research and surveillance, 484 Scientific background, 469-73 Vitamin Blz, 470,482,684 Anorexia nervosa. 51&l 1. 5W22 Antabuse, 682 Antacids, 676 Antibacterial drugs, 678,680 Antibiotics, 677, 680, 683 Anticoagulants, 678 Anticonvulsants, 677-78 Antihypertensive drugs, 679 0 Nutrition and Health Antimalarial drugs, 678 Antisocial behavior, 528-29 Antitubercular drugs, 678-79 Apoproteins, 89 Appendicitis, 418 Appetite mechanisms, 675-76 Arachidonic acid, 57-58,393,444 ArtificiaI sweeteners. See Alternative sweeteners Ascorbic acid. See Vitamin C Aspartame, 261. 499, 500. 526, 527 Aspirin, 681,682 Asthma, 439, 451 Atherogenesis, 87-88,91 Atherosclerosis, 83,84,91,99, 100, 104-6. See also Coronary heart disease B Barbiturates, 678 Behavior Anorexia netvosa, 510-11,519-22 Antisocial, 528-29 Bulimia, 510, 511, 522-23 Childhood hyperactivity, 525-27 Dietarv guidance. 529 Eating-b;havior determinants, 5 12-14 Food and nutrients and, 523-25 Historic significance, 509-10 Hypoglycemia and, 528 Methodoloeical issues. 51 l-12 Nutrition piogtams and services, 529-30 Obesity, 514-19 Pica, 511, 523,555-56 Policy implications, 529-30 Public health significance, 510-l I Research and surveillance, 530 Scientific background, 511-12 Benzodiazepines, 682 Beta blockers, 679 Beta-carotene, 60, 209-10, 213 Body mass index, 280-81 Body weight. See also Obesity Alcohol use and, 639-41 Cancer and, 199,202-3 Diabetes and, 255-57, 262. 266. 267 Energy balance and, 54 Pregnancy and, 552-53 Recommendations for. I l-12 Reference standards, 279-8 1 Bone physiology, 314-15 Breast cancer, 194, 195, 199,216 Breastfeeding, 441,454,472,479,563, 577 Bulimia, 5 10. 5 11, 522-23 C Caffeine Behavioral effects, 524-25,527,529 Fetus and, 560-61 High blood pressure. and, 163-64 Neurologic disorders and, 501 Calcioi, 61 Calcitriol, 3 lt3-23, 327 Calcium Absorption, 316-17, 319 Aging population and, 319-20,6054 Alcohol use and, 648 Coronary heart disease and, 113-14 Dental diseases and, 362-64,366 Dietary guidance, 333-34 Drug interactions, 676, 679,680 High blood pressure and, 157-59 Infant and child health, 563,568,572 Intake estimates, 70 Kidney diseases and, 388 Peak bone mass and, 317-20 Recommendations for, 16 Retention, 317 Skeletal diseases and, 315-21 Toxicity, 321 Caloric intake Aging population, 603-t Alcohol and, 639-41,649-51 Cancer and, 199, 202-3 Diabetes and, 256, 262, 263,266, 267 Estimates, 68 Kidney diseases and, 388 Maternal and child health, 553. 557-58, 561-62, 570,512 Skeletal diseases and, 328-29 Cancer Alcohol and, 214, 216-17 Body weight and, 199, 202-3 Caloric intake, 199, 202-3 Carcinogenesis, 182-84, 213 Definition, 177 Dietary guidance, 190, 192, 224-26 Fats and, 194-95, 197-98 Fiber and, 203-4,20@ Food and color additives, 224 Gastrointestinal tract, 414-15, 420 Historical perspective, 177-78 Lifestyle factors, 179, 181-82 Methodological issues, 185-90 Nutritional support, 184-85 Nutrition programs and services, 226 Oral, 366-67 Policy implications, 224-27 Protein and, 220, 222 Public health significance, 178-79, 405 Research and surveillance. 227 714 Index 0 Salt-i&led. salt-cured. and smoked &Is and, 222-23 Scientific background, 179 Selenium and, 219-20 Vitamin A and, 2oP-10,213-14,366 Vitamin C and. 217-18 Vitamin E and, 218-19, 367 Carbohydrates See also Fiber Alcohol use and. 641-43 Behavioral effects, 524, 528 Cancer and, 226 Coronary heart disease and, 110-l 1 Definition, 54-56 Diabetes and, 257-58 Drug interactions, 676, 681 High blood pressure and, 161 Infant and child health and, 562.564, 568 Infections and immunity and, 438 Recommendations for. 12-l 3 Carcinogenesis, 182-84,213 Cardiomyopathy, 656-57 Cardiovascular diseases, 656-59 Camitine, 684 Carotenes, 60,61 Carotenoids, 209-10, 213 Celiac disease, 415 Cellular immunity, 433,437,438,440 Cereal product availability, 68 Cerebrovascular disease, 492,497-98 CHD. See Coronary heart disease Chemotherapeutic agents, 678 Child Care Food Program, 543 Child nutrition Adolescents, 551,555,571 Anemia, 467X&472,474-75,47&80, 482 Cholesterol guidelines, 95 Coronary heart disease, 573-74 Dental diseases, 348, 349,3.58, 361,369 Dietary guidance, 577-78 Eating patterns, 571, 572 Energy and nutrient requirements, 570-72 Goals and recommendations, 54446 Growth and development factors, 550-51 Historical perspective, 539-40,542-46 Hypera&e behavior, 525-27 Infants. 561-64.566-70.685 Infect&s and immune hiseases, 430, 440-41,450,451,454 Mental function, 575-76 Metabolic disorders and, 576 Nutrition programs and services, 578-79 Obesity, 287, 300-301, 574-75 Policy implications, 577-80 Public health significance, 546-49 Research and surveillance, 579-80 Scientific background, 550-51 Skeletal diseases and, 32, 328 Child Nutrition Act of 1966, 35, 542 Children's Bureau, 34, 36, 42, 542 Chloride, 159-60 Chlorpropamide , 643, 682 Cholecalciferol. 61 Cholestasis, 570 Cholesterol Alcohol use and, 110,658-59 Animal studies, 1046 Cancer and, 195 Carbohydrates and, 110, 111 Child health, 564, 573, 574 Clinical studies. 96-99. 115-20 Coffee and, 112 `- Coronary heart disease, 86-87.92, 102-6, 11620 Definition, 58 Dietary guidance, 92-95 Dietary intervention effects, 115 Drug interactions, 679 Epidemiologic studies, 99-104 Fish oil effects, 108-9 Gallbladder disease and, 418-19 Intake estimates, 68, 92 Lipoprotein metabolism and, 88-91 Protein and, 11 l-12 Recommendations, 9-l 1 Vitamins and minerals and, 113-15 Cholestyramine, 676 Choline, 4% Chronic renal failure Description of, 384-86 Dietary management, 387-89 Protein and, 389-91 Protein-energy malnutrition, 386-87 Chylomicrons, 88,99, 292 Cigarette smoking, 83,89,91,329,333 Cirrhosis, 418,420,638,651-52 Cocoa availability, 68 Coffee. See also Caffeine Availability, 68 Coronary heart disease and, 112 Cognitive function. See Mental function Colchicine, 677 Colestipol, 676 Colon, 412 Colon cancer, 194, 195, 199, 2034, 206-g. 216,405 Color additives, 224, 525 Color Additives Amendment, 33 715 0 Nutrition and Health Committee on Food and Nutrition, 48 Commodity Supplemental Food Program, 543 Community health centers, 544 Complex carbohydrates. See Polysaccharides Congregate Meals, 598 Constipation, 415 Conti&ng Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ICSFID. 68 Contraceptives, iiT .' Copper Bone metabolism role, 332 Coronary heart disease and, 114 Drug interactions, 676 Infections and immunity and, 445 Intake estimates, 70 Iron intake and, 481 Coronary heart disease (CHD) Alcohol use and, 110,659 Atherogenesis, 87*8,91 Carbohydrates and, 110-l 1 Causes,w 83-84 Children, 573-74 Cholesterol and, 86-87, 92, 102-6, 116-20 Coffee and, 112 Definition, 83 Dietary factors in, 109-15 Dietary guidance, 91-95, 120-23 Dietary intervention effectiveness, High blood pressure, 165-66 Kidney diseases, 389,394 Maternal and child nutrition, 577-79 Neurologic disorders, 502 Skeletal disease related, 334 Cow milk, 566-67 Crohn's disease, 416 CSFII. See Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals Cyclamate, 261. See also Alternative sweeteners Cycloserine, 678 D Dairy product availability, 64 Death rate Alcohol-related problems, 632, 633, 644,652 Cancer, 178, 181 Coronary heart disease, 85, 101 Diabetes, 254 Gastrointestinal diseases, 40,406 Infants, 547 Kidney diseases, 386 Obesity, 287 Delaney Clause, 33 Dementia, 655-56 Dental diseases Alternative sweeteners and, 363 Dietary guidance, 359, 368-69 Fat and. 361 Fluoride and, 3m7,349,358-60, 3W9 Historical perspective, 345-47 Minerals and, 3W7,349,358-60, 362-64.366.36849 ii5-20 Fat and, 90,95-W& 116-18 Historical perspective, 84-85 Lipoprotein metabolism, 8%91,99 Minerals and. 112-15 Nutrition programs and services, 123 Nutrition programs and services, Obesity and, 89,91,93,95, 109-10. 369-70 121-22 Oral cancer, 366-67 Policy implications, 12&24 Periodontal disease, 347, 349-50, Protein and, 111-12 355-56.36345 Public health significance, 85-86 Research and s&veillance, 123-24 Policy implications, 368-70 Prevention, 355, 358, 368-69 Scientific backaround. 87-95 Thrombosis, 1069 Protein and, 360-61, 365 Public health significance, 347-50 Vitamins and, 112-13, 117 Research and surveillance, 370 Counseling Residual ridge resorption, 365-66 Alcohol use and, 661,662 Scientific background, 350.352-56 Cancer, 226 Sugar and, 346: 356-58,368, 369 Coronary heart disease, 123 Tooth decav. 345-50.354-55.356-63. Dental diseases, 369,370 368.. Diabetes, 265-66 Tooth development, 350, 352-54 Diet change, 514 Tooth loss, 350, 367-68 Drug-nutrient interaction related, 686 Vitamins and, 36162, 364-65 Eating disorders, 530 Department of Health and Human Gastrointestinal diseases, 420,421 Services (DHHS), 37,42, 544 716 Index O Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (DHEW), 37. See also Department of Health and Human Services Depression, 517-19, 522,600-601 Develonmental disorders. 575-76 DHEW. See Department of Health, Education, and Welfare DHHS. See Department of Health and Human Services Diabetes Alcohol use and, 261,64243 Alternative sweeteners, 261-62 Caloric intake, 256,262,263,266,267 Carbohydrates and, 257-58 Coronary heart disease and, 89 Definition, 249-50 Dietary guidance, 263,266-67 Dietary therapy role, 262-66 Fat and, 258-59,266 Fiber and, 259-61 Historical perspective, 250-53 Nutrition programs and services, 267-68 Obesity and, 255-57,262, 266,267 Policy implications, 266-68 Pregnancy and, 556-57 Protein and, 259 Public health significance, 253-54 Research and surveillance, 268 Dietary adequacy, 45-46 Dietary fiber. See Fiber Dietary guidance, 42,45-46 Aging population, 614-15 Alcohol use, -1 Anemia, 483 Behavior related, 529 Cancer, 190, 192,224-26 Coronary heart disease, 91-95, 120-23 Dental diseases, 359,36869 Diabetes, 263,266-67 Drug-nutrient interactions, 685 Gastrointestinal diseases, 419-20 High blood pressure and, 141-42, 164-65 Infections and immunity, 4X55 Kidney diseases, 394 Maternal and child nutrition, 577-78 Neurologic disorders, 501-2 Nutrition fraud, 707 Obesity, 299-301 Skeletal diseases and, 333-34 Dietary intake estimates, 68.70 Diet-induced thermogenesis, 295 Diet therapy. See also Nutritional support Chronic renal failure, 387-89 Coronary heart disease, 122 Diabetes, 26266 Digestive system, 406,410-12.67677 Digitalis, 680 Dilantin, 500 Disaccharides, 55 Disuhiram, 682 Diuretics, 678,679 Diverticular disease, 415-16 Docosahexaenoic acid, 58 L-dopa, 501, 678 Drug-nutrient interactions Aging population and, 611,673 Alcohol related, 636-37. 643. 682-83 Dietary guidance, 685 Drug metabolism, 679-81 Drugs in animal feeds, 683 Historical perspective, 671-72 Methodological issues, 673-74 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 681-82 Neurologic disorders and, 500-501 Nutritional status and, 675-79 Nutrition programs and services, 685-86 Policy implications, 685-87 Public health significance, 672-73 Research and surveillance, 686-87 Scientific background, 673-74 Therapeutic nutrient doses, 683 Dysrhythmias, 657 E Eating disorders. See also Obesity Anorexia nervosa, 510-11, 51%22 Bulimia, 510, 511, 522-23 Counseling, 530 Pica, 511,523,555-56 Pregnancy and, 555-56 Public health significance, 510-11 Egg availability, 64 Eicosanoids, 393 Eicosapentaenoic acid, 58,439 Electrolyte metabolism, 445 End-stage renal disease (ESRD), 382, 385 Energy, 54. See also Caloric intake Environmental Protection Agency, 34 Epilepsy, 492,498-500,502 ESRD. See End-stage renal disease Estrogen, 320, 328,329, 334 Exchange lists, 264-65 Exercise Obesity and, 296-97,300 Skeletal diseases and. 332-33 717 O Nutrition and Health F Fair Packaging and Labeling Act of 1966, 34 Familial hypercholesterolemia, 90 Fats Alcohol use and, 641,658 Cancer and, 194-95, 197-98,226 Child health, 564 Cholesterol and, 96-106, 108-9, 115-17 Coronary heart disease and, 9&109, 116, 117 Dental diseases and, 361 Diabetes and, 258-59.266 Dietary guidance, 93-95 Drug interactions, 676,677,680 Gastrointestinal diseases and, 420 High blood pressure and, 162-63 Infant and child health, 562,564,573 Infections and immunity and, 438-39, 444 Intake estimates, 68.92, 100 Kidney diseases and, 393, 394 Recommendations, el 1 Fats and oils availability, 64 Fat-soluble vitamins Alcohol and, 64647 Definition, 60-61 Drug interactions, 676 Therapeutic doses, 684 Fatty acids Cancer and, 198 Cholesterol and, % Definition, 5658 High blood pressure and, 162 Infant and child health, 562.564 Infections and immunity and, 438-39, 444 Intake estimates, 68 Thrombotic effects, 106-9 Fatty liver, 653 FDA. See Food and Drug Administration Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 35 Federal Maternity and Infancy Act, 35 Federal Meat Inspection Act, 33 Federal Trade Commission, 34, 701 Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914, 698, 701 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 559, 660 Fetal health, 557-61, 659-60,684 Fiber Cancer and, 203-4, 206-8 Coronary heart disease and, 111 Definition, 55-56 Diabetes and, 259-61 Drug interactions, 680,681 Gastrointestinal diseases and, 414, 41&20 High blood pressure. and, 161 Intake estimates, 70 Recommendations for, 12-13 Fish availabilitv. 64 Fish oils, 107-i; 163, 198 Flour availability, 68 Fluoride Dental diseases and, 3ti7,349, 358-60,368-69 Infant health and, 563 Recommendations for, 15 Skeletal diseases and, 330-31 Folate Alcohol and, 644-45 Anemia and, 482,483 Dental diseases, 365 Drug interactions, 677 Maternal and child health, 554,564, 569,572 Folic acid, 678 Food additives, 224,500,525,529 Food Additives Amendment, 33 Food allergies, 429,430,439,447,450-52, 455,456 Food and Agriculture Act of 1977, 33,37 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 34, 42, 141-42,695,69p=MK), 708 Food and Nutrition Board, 48 Food assistance. 34-35.5434l Food-associated.diseases, 415,417, 428-30,447-54,499-500 Food availability data, 6344,68 Food consumption surveys, 68.70 Food Distribution Rogram, 35 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 33, 38, 698-700 Food faddism, 6%, 697 Food intake monitoring, 36-37 Food labeling, 34 Alcohol and, 661 Anemia and, 484 Behavior and, 529 Cancer and, 226 Coronary heart disease and, 123 Dental diseases and, 369 Diabetes and, 267 Drug-nutrient interactions and, 685& Gastrointestinal diseases and, 420 High blood pressure and, 140-42, 165 Infections and immunity and, 455 Kidney diseases and, 394 Neurologic disorders and, 502 Nutrition fraud and. 708 Obesity and, 301 718 Index O Recommendations for, 18 Skeletal diseases and, 334 Food products. See also Nutrition fraud Ag&g related, 616 Behavior disorders and, 530 Drug-nutrient interaction related, 686 Gastrointestinal diseases and, 421 Infections and immunity and, 455 Maternal and child nutrition and, 578-79 Neurologic disorders and, 502 Nutrition fraud and, 708 Obesity and, 301 Recommendations for, 19 Skeletal diseases and, 335 Food quackery, 6% Food safety and regulation, 33-34. See also Nutrition fraud Food services. See Nutrition services Food Stamp Act of 1%5,35 Food Stamo Program, 35,543, 598 Fortification, 34,335,479-81 Fructose, 54,55, 111,258,356 Fruit availability, 64 Furosemide, 679 G Galactose, 54,55 Gallbladder disease. 417-18. 420 Gastrointestinal diskase Bone loss and, 322 Cirrhosis, 418, 638, 651-52 Dietary guidance, 4 19-20 Digestive system, 406, 410-12 Fiber and, 414,416-20 Food-related, 415,417,451-54 Gallbladder disease, 417-18,420 Gastrointestinal function and, 412-14 Gastrointestinal system, 403 Historical oersoective. 403-4 Intestinal disoiders, 414-17 Malnutrition. 413 Nutrition p&rams and services, 420-2 1 Policy implications, 419-21 Public health significance, 404 Research and surveillance, 421 Scientific background, 406,410-12 Gingivitis, 355 Glucose, 54, 55, 161, 356,557-58,676 Glucose tolerance, 642, 679 Gluten-induced enteropathy, 415 Glycemic indexes, 257 Glycogen, 55 Goat milk, 567 H Hatch Act, 33 HDL. See High density lipoproteins Headaches, 492,498,502 Head Start, 544 Height and weight tables. 279-80 Heme iron, 472-73 Hemochromatosis, 481 Hepatitis, 653 High blood pressure Alcohol use and, 153, 155, 657 Blood pressure regulation, 144 Caffeine and, 163-64 Carbohydrates and, 161 Dietary guidance, 14142, 164-65 Fat and, 162-63 Fiber and, 161 Historical perspective, 14W2 Minerals and, 15541 Nutrition programs and services, 1654 Obesity and, 140, 142, 146, 148 Overview, 13W Policy implications, 164-66 Pregnancy and, 556 Protein and, 163 Public health sianificance. 142-44 Research and s&-veillance, 166 Scientific background, 1W Sodium and, 140-42, 148, 150-53 Stroke and, 497 High density lipoproteins (HDL), 88-89, 91, 110,658-59,679 Home-Delivered Meals, 598 Homocystinuria, 684 Human milk, 564, 566, 569. See also Breastfeeding Humoral immunity, 433-34,437 Hydralazine, 500.678.680 Hyperactive behavior, 525-27 Hypercholesterolemia, 86-87,90, 106, 110 Hyperlipidemia, 658,679 Hyperrnetabolism, 442-43 Hyperplastic obesity, 285-86 Hypertriglyceridemia, 658 Hypertrophic obesity, 285-86 Hypoglycemia, 528,642,643 I ICHNR. See Interagency Committee on Human Nutrition Research Imitation milk. 566 Incidence. See Prevalence and incidence Infant feeding, 563-68, 684 Infant Formula Act of 1980, 562 719 0 Nutrition and Health Infant formulas, 566, 569, 684 Infections and immunity Age-related factors, WI, 612-13 Carbohydrates and, 438 Dietary guidance, 454-55 Fats and, 438-39, 444 Food allergies, 429, 430,439, 447, 4X)-52,455,456 Food associated, 428-30, 447-54 Historical perspective, 427-29 Immune mechanisms, 433-34,437 Iron and. 478-79.481 Malnutrition and; 427-29,43 1,435-37, 446-47 Methodological issues, 434 Minerals, 439-40,445 Nonspecific defenses, 432-33 Nutritional status effects, 441-47 Nutrition programs and services, 455-56 Policy implications, 454-57 Protein aid, 438,443-44 Public health signiIicance, 429 Research and surveillance, 45&57 Scientific background, 431-34 Vitamins. 439. 440. 444 hfhmmato~~ bowel hisease, 416, 420 Insoluble fiber, 55, 56, 418 Interagency Committee on Human Nutrition Research (ICHNR), 42 Intestinal disorders, 414-17 Iodine, 494 Iron Absorption, 471-73,480 Adverse effects, 481 Age-related factors, 474-76, 606-8 Alcohol use and, 647 Anemia and, 466-68.470 Causes of deficiency, 474 Consequences of deficiency, 477-79 Infant and child health, 563,568, 572 Infections and immunity and, 440,445 Intake estimates, 70 Predisposing factors of deficiency. 473 Pregnancy and, 554 Prevention of, 479-81 Recommendations for, 16-17 Role of, 470-7 1 Stages of deficiency, 474 Irritable bowel syndrome, 417,420 Isoniazid, 678, 680. K Kidney diseases Acute renal disease, 386-89, 392 Caloric intake and, 388 Chronic renal disease, 384-91 Dietary guidance, 394 Fats, 393, 394 Historical perspectives, 381-82 Kidney function, 383 Minerals and, 38%89,392,394 Nutrition programs and services, 394 Phosphate and, 392 Policy implications, 39&% Protein and, 381. 386-92. 394 Public health significance, 382,386 Research and surveillance, 395-% Scientific background, 383-89 Skeletal diseases and, 324,331 Stones, 383-84, 394 Vitamins and, 389 L Lactose, 55 Lactose intolerance, 417,420 Laxatives, 676 LDL. See Low density lipoproteins Lead poisoning, 479 Life expectancy, 595 Linoleic acid, 57-58, 107, 162, 198, 562, 564,568 Linolenic acid, 57 Lipids, 5658. See also Fats Lipoprotein lipase, 293 Lipoprotein metabolism, 88-91, 99, 108 Liver disease, 420, 647,651-53 Low birth we&t. 547-49. 555. 568-70. 575, 578 - Low density lipoproteins (LDL), 87. 89-92,94,98-99, 112,679 Lower body obesity, 286 Lung cancer, 181, 210,213,218 M Macrocytic megaloblastic anemia, 645 Macrocytosis, 645 Macrominerals, 62 Magnesium Alcohol use and, 648 Coronary heart disease and, 114 Drug interactions, 676 Epilepsy and, 498-99 High blood pressure and, 160 Kidney diseases and, 388 Skeletal diseases and, 331 Mail fraud. 701 Mail Order Consumer Protection Amendments, 701 Malnutrition, 21 Alcohol and, 638,649,650 Gastrointestinal diseases, 413 720 Index 0 Infectious diseases and, 427-29,431, 435-37,446-47 Maltose, 55 Maternal and child nutrition programs, 5424l Maternal nutrition Adolescents, 555 Alcohol use and. 559-60.659-62 Caffeine and, 5&l Diabetes and, 55&57 Dietarv auk-lance. 577-78 Eating-disorders and, 555-56 Energy and nutrient requirements, 552-55 Fetal requirements, 557-59 Fetal risks, 559-61,659-60,684 Goals and rcsommendations, 5W Historical perspective, 539-46 Nutrition programs and services, 578-79 Obesity and, 553 Policy implications, 577-80 Pregnancy and lactation factors, 549-50 Public health significance, 546-49 Research and surveillance, 579-80 Scientific background, 549-50 Meat availability,drl Medicaid. 544 Menorrhagia, 475 Mental function Aging and, 613 Infants and children, 575-76 Metabolic rate, 294 Metronidazole, 682 Milk Availability, 64 Infant feeding, 564-67,569 Minerals Alcohol use and, 64749 Coronary heart disease and, 112-15 Definition, 62-63 Dental diseases and, 346-47,349, 358-60,362-44,366,36849 Drug interactions, 676, 677, 680 High blood pressure and, 155-61 Infections and immunity and, 439,440, 445 Intake estimates, 70-7 1 Kidney diseases, 388-89, 392, 394 Maternal and child health, 554-55.559, 563,568,570,572 Neurologic disorders and, 491,494, 498-99,501,502 Skeletal diseases and, 315-21,325-28, 330-32 Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, 500-501,681-82 Monosaccharides, 54-55 Monounsaturated fatty acids Cholesterol and, 96-98 Coronary heart disease and, 87 Definition, 57 High blood pressure and, 16243 Intake estimates, 68 Thrombotic effects, 109 Mood disorders, 517-19, 522 Mot-till Act, 33 Mortality rates. See Death rate Mouth Cancer, 366-67 Digestive role, 406,410 N National Cancer Institute, 190, 192 National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), 93 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 31, 37,38 National High Blood Pressure Education Program (NHBPEP), 142 National Institutes of Health (NIH), 37, 42 National Nutrition Monitoring System, 37 National School Lunch Act. 542 National School Lunch Program, 35,542 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS). 36 NCEP See National Cholesterol Education Program Neurologic disorders Alcohol related, 653 Drug-nutrient interactions, 500-501 Epilepsy, 492,498-500,502 Food additives and, 500,525, 529 Food-borne toxins, 499-500 Headache, 492,498, 502 Historical perspective, 491-92 Neurotransmitter dietary precursors, 49s-%,523-24 Nutrition programs and services, 502 Policy implications, 501-3 Public health significance, 492 Research and surveillance, 502-3 Scientific background, 493-% Stroke, 492,497-98, 501 Vitamin excess and, 499 Neurotransmitters. 495-%. 500,517, 518, 523-24, 529 NHANES. See National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys NHBPEP See National High Blood Pressure Education Program 721 O Nutrition and Health Niacin Alcohol and, 644 Coronary heart disease and, 113, 117 Drug interactions. 678 Neurologic disorders, 493 Therapeutic doses, 683,684 NIH. See National Institutes of Health Nitrofurantoin, 680 Nonheme iron, 471-72 Non-nutritive sweeteners, 261, 262, 363 Nonspecific host defenses, 432-33 Nontropical sprue, 415 Nursing bottle caries, 358 Nutrition Conclusion on, 2 Dietary patterns, 63-64, 68. 70-71 Findings and recommendations, 8-17 Health problems and, 2,4-6 Policy development, 29, 33-42, 454 Recommendations for, 3 Report organization, 23-24 Requirements. 46-48, 53-63 Science development, 24, 27-29 Scientific judgment criteria, 6-8. 71-75 Status of.il-22 Nutritional rehabilitation. 447 Nutritional requirements Carbohydrates, 54-56 Energy, 54 Infants and children, 561-63, 570-72 Lipids, 56-58 Minerals, 62 Pregnancy and. 554. 555 Principles of, 4647 Protein, 58-59 Recommended Dietary Allowances, 48, 53 Vitamins. 59-62 Nutritional science, 24, 27-29 Nutritional status Aging population. 599-611 Alcohol use and. 649-51 Drug-nutrient interactions and. 675-79 Monitoring, 36-37 Nutritional support AIDS. 44W7. 455 Alcoholic hepatitis. 653 Cancer. 184-85 Kidney diseases, 389. 392 Low birth weight infants. 568 Nutrition education, 42, 4546 Diabetes, 264-66 Eating behavior change, 514 Nutrition fraud, 700, 705, 707 Nutrition fraud Definitions. 695-96 Dietary guidance, 707 Economic consequences, 705-7 Federal agency roles, 699-701 Health consequences, 702-5 Historical perspective, 695-97 Nutrition programs and services, 708 Policy implications, 707-8 Regulation of, 697-99 Research and surveillance, 708 Nutrition Program for Older Americans, 598 Nutrition Program for the Elderly, 35, 598 Nutrition services, 35-36 Aging populations and, 598, 615-16 Alcohol use and, 661-62 Anemia and, 483-84 Behavior related, 529-30 Cancer related, 226 Coronary heart disease and, 123 Dental diseases and, 369-70 Diabetes and, 267-68 Drug-nutrient interaction related, 685-86 Gastrointestinal diseases and, 420-21 High blood pressure and, 165-66 Infections and immunity, 455-56 Kidney diseases and, 394 Maternal and child nutrition and, 578-79 Neurologic disorders and, 502 Nutrition fraud and, 708 Obesity and, 301 Recommendations for, 18-19 Skeletal diseases and, 334-35 Nutrition training. 18, 36,578 Nutritive sweeteners, 261, 262 0 Obesity Adipose cell metabolism and, 292-94 Aging population and. 604, 605 Alcohol use and. 639, 641 Behavioral aspects, 51619 Causes, 290-97 Children and. 287, 300-301, 574-75 Coronary heart disease and, 89.91.93, 95. 109-10. 121-22 Definition. 275, 279-81, 285-87 Diabetes and, 255-57,262,266,267 Dietary guidance, 299-301 Exercise and, 296-97 Genetic causes, 290-91 Health effects, 287-89 High blood pressure and, 140, 142, 146, 148 Historical perspective, 275-76 Medications and, 297 Nutrition programs and services, 301 722 Index 0 Overeating and, 29192 Policy implications, 299-302 Pregnancy and.553 Public health significance. 277-78 Recommendations for, 1 l-12 Reference body weight standards. 279-81 Research and surveillance, 301-2 Thermogenesis and, 294-96 Treatment of, 297-99 Tvpes, 285-87 Older Americans Act, 35 Oleic acid. 57, 107. 162-63. 198 Omega fatty acids, 57-58, 107-8. 163. 198 Oral cancer, 366+7 Oral contraceptives. 677 Osteomalacia, 311, 313-14. 323-26. 331. 677,678 Osteoporosis, 312-13, 319,322-23, 330-33 P Paraminosalicyclic acid, 679 Parenteral nutrition. See Nutritional support Parkinson's disease, 4% Peak bone mass, 314, 317-20 Penicillin. 680, 683 Periodontal disease Diet and, 363-65 Process of, 355-56 Public health significance, 347, 349-50 Peripheral neuropathy, 655 Pernicious anemia, 684 Phenobarbital, 677 Phenylketonuria, 576, 684-85 Phenytoin, 677,678 Phosphate, 363, 388, 392. 394 Phosphatidylcholine. 4% Phospholipids, 56 Phosphorus, 70. 325-28,568, 648 Pica, 511, 523, 555-56 Policy issues Aging population, 598-99. 614 Alcohol related, 66CL662 Anemia, 483-84 Behavior related. 529-30 Cancer, 224-27 Coronary heart disease, 12&24 Dental diseases, 368-70 Diabetes, 266-68 Drug-nutrient interactions, 685-87 Gastrointestinal diseases, 419-21 High blood pressure, 164-66 Historical perspective. 29. 33-42.45-46 Infections and immunity. 454-57 Kidney diseases, 394-96 Maternal and child nutrition, 577-80 Neurologic disorders. 501-3 Nutrition. 17-20 Nutrition fraud, 707-8 Obesity. 299-302 Skeletal diseases. 333-36 Polysaccharides. 12. 55 Polyunsaturated fatty acids Cancer and. 198 Cholesterol and. 9699. I IS-17 Coronary heart disease and. 90. 102. 103. 116-18 Definition. 57 Dietary guidance. 93. 95 High blood pressure and. I62 Infections and immunity and. 438-39 Intake estimates. 68 Thrombotic effects. IO9 Potassium Drug interactions. 676, 677. 679 High blood pressure and. 155-57 Intake estimates. 70 Neurologic disorders, 498 Poultry availability, 64 Pregnancy. See Maternal nutrition Prevalence and incidence Age-related disorders, 597. 613 Alcohol-related problems, 632 Anemia, 467. 468 Behavioral disorders, 510-I 1 Cancer, 178-79, 181-82 Coronary heart disease, 86, 100-101 Dental diseases, 347-49 Diabetes, 253 Food allergies, 430 Gastrointestinal diseases, 404-6. 415 High blood pressure and, 142 Infections, 429-30. 453-54 Kidney diseases. 382 Neurologic disorders and. 492 Obesity, 277-78 Skeletal diseases, 313 Primidone. 677 Propranolol. 680 Prostaglandins, 393 Prostate cancer, 194 Protein Aging. population and, 605 - -. . Alcohol and, 638. 643,646 Behavioral effects. 523-24 Cancer and, 220, 222 Cholesterol and, 99 Coronarv heart disease and. I I l-12 Definition. 58-59 Dental diseases and. 360-61. 365 Diabetes and. 259 Drug interactions. 676. 681. 682 723 O Nutrition and Health Protein (continued) High blood pressure and, 163 Infections and immunity and, 438, 441-44 Intake estimates, 68 Kidney diseases and, 381,386-92,394 Maternal and child health, 554,558, 562,564,568,570 Metabolism, 443-44 Skeletal diseases and, 329 Public health issues Aging population, 597-98 Alcohol use, 632-33 Anemia, 466-69 Behavior related, 510-I 1 Cancer, 178-79, 405 Coronary heart disease, 85-86 Dental diseases, 347-50 Diabetes, 253-54 Drug-nutrient interactions, 672-73 Gastrointestinal diseases, 404 High blood pressure. 1424 Infections &d immunity, 429 Kidney diseases, 382, 386 Maternal and child nutrition, 546-49 Neurologic disorders, 492 Obesity, 277-78 Skeletal diseases, 312-14 Public Health Service, 45 Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906,33,34, 698 Pyridoxine. 499. See also Vitamin B6 R Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA's), 45,48,49-51,53 Reference body weight standards, 279-81 Reflux esophagitis, 418-19 Relative weight, 280 Renal diseases. See Kidney diseases Reproductive disorders, 65W, 684 Research and surveillance Aging, 616-17 Alcohol use, 662 Anemia, 484 Behavior related, 530 Cancer, 227 Coronary heart disease, 123-24 Dental diseases, 370 Diabetes, 268 Drug-nutrient interaction related, 686-87 Gastrointestinal diseases, 421 High blood pressure, 166 Historical perspective, 37.42 Infections and immunity, 45657 Kidney diseases, 395-% Maternal and child nutrition, 579-80 Neurologic disorders, 502-3 Nutrition, 19-20 Nutrition fraud, 708 Obesity, 301-2 Residual ridge resorption, 36W Retinol, 60,209-10, 213,646 Riboflavin, 644 Rickets, 311-14, 323, 325, 326,677 S Saccharin, 261 Salt-cured foods, 223 Salt-pickled foods, 223 Saturated fat Cholesterol and, 87,90,96-99, 100, 102, 115 Coronary heart disease and, 87,90,92, 100, 102, 103, 117 Definition, 59 Dietary guidelines, 93-95 Intake estimates, 68, 92, 100-103 Thrombotic effects, 106, 107 School Breakfast Program, 35,543 School Lunch Program, 35,543 Selenium, 114-15, 219-20 Serotonin, 59, 518, 524, 526 Set points, 294 Simple carbohydrates, 54-55 Sinemet, 501 Skeletal diseases Alcohol and, 330 Bone physiology, 314-15 Calcium and, 315-21 Calorie intake and, 328-29 Dietary guidance, 333-34 Exercise and, 332-33 Historical perspective, 31 l-12 Minerals and, 315-21, 325-28,330-32 Nutrition moerams and services, 334-3-S - Osteomalacia, 311, 313-14, 323-26, 33 I, 677,678 Osteoporosis, 312-13, 319,322-23, 33&33 Phosphorus and, 325-28 Policy implications, 333-36 Protein and, 329 Public health significance, 312-14 Research and surveillance, 335-36 Rickets, 311-14, 323, 325. 326,677 Scientific background, 314-15 Vitamins and, 312, 321-25, 332-33 Skinfold thickness measurement, 281 Smoked foods, 222-23 724 Index 0 Social Security Act of 1935. 35, 542 Sodium Dietary guidance, 14142 Drug interactions, 676, 677 High blood pressure and, 140-42. 148. 15cL53 Intake, 70, 148, I50 Neurologic disorders and. 501, 502 Recommendations for. 13 Skeletal diseases and. 331-32 Soluble fiber. 55. 56, 260, 261. 418 Special Milk Program, 35, 543 Special populations Aging, 615. 616 Alcohol users. 661. 662 Anemia. 483,484 Behavior related. 529. 530 Cancer. 226 Coronary heart disease. 122. 123 Dental disease and, 369, 370 Diabetes, 267. 268 Drug-nutrient interaction related. 685. 686 Gastrointestinal diseases, 420. 421 High blood pressure, 165 infections and immunitv. 44U1. 455. 456 Maternal and child nutrition, 577-79 Neurologic disorders, 501-6 Nutrition related, 17-18 Obesity, 300-301 Skeletal disease, 334, 335 Special Supplemental Food Program for Women. Infants, and Children IWICL 35, 468,480-81, 543 Spironolactone, 679 Starch, 55, 110-l 1, 356 Stomach Cancer, 181, 223 Digestive role, 411 Stroke, 492, 497-98, 501 Sucrose, 55, 11 I, 161,257~58, 356, 357 Sugars Availability, 68 Behavioral effects, 526-27 Coronary heart disease and, I1 I Definition, 54-55 Recommendations for, 15-16 Tooth decay and, 346, 35658,368,369 Sulfasalazine, 678 Summer Food Service Program, 543 Supplements Aging population and, 610-12 Calcium, 316, 319-22, 334 Children and. 570-71 Fiber, 260 Fluoride. 3.59. 369. 563 Folate. 564 Iron, 480, 554, 555, 568 Market growth, 706 Maternal nutrition, 576 Phosphate, 363 Therapeutic doses, 684 Thiamin. 654, 655 Use of. 70-7 I. 7034 Vitamin D. 322-24. 563, 564.610 Vitamin E. 568 Vitamin K. 564 Surplus Commodities Corporation. 35 Sweetener availability. 68 T Tea availability, 68 Tetracycline. 680, 683 Thermogenesis, 294-% Thiamin Alcohol and, 643.654-56 Coronary heart disease and. 113 Drug interactions, 677, 681 Neurologic disorders and, 493 Thiazide diuretics, 679 Thrombosis, 106-9 Title V Maternal and Child Health Program, 544 Tooth decay Diet and, 356-63 Dietary guidance, 368 Historical perspective, 34547 Process of, 354-55 Public health significance, 347-50 Tooth development, 350, 352-54 Tooth loss, 350, 367-68 Trace elements. See also Fluoride; Iron; Zinc Cancer and.21920 Coronary heart disease and, 114-15 Definition, 62 Dental diseases and, 363 Drug interactions, 676 High blood pressure and, 161 infections and immunity and, 445 Intake estimates, 70,481 Kidney diseases and, 389 Neurologic disorders and, 494 Skeletal diseases and, 332 Tram fatty acids, % Triglycerides, 56, 88,91, lIl,292,444, 564,658,679 Tryptophan, 59,4%, 524 Tumor necrosis factor, 442 Tyramine, 682 Tyrosine, 496, 500, 524 125 O Nutrition and Health U Ulcerative colitis, 416 Ulcers, 419, 420 Unsaturated fatty acids, 106. See also Monounsaturated fatty acids; Polyunsaturated fatty acids Upper body obesity, 286 U:s. Depaitment df Agriculture (USDA), 33-37.42. 45.63. 543. 544 U.S. Postal Service, iO0 V Valproic acid, 678 Vegetable availability, 64 Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), 87,91,99, 111,658 Vitamin A Aging population and, 609 - -. . Alcohol use and, 646 Cancer and. 209-10. 213-14. 366 Definition, &O-61 Dental diseases and, 361-62 Drug interactions, 676 Fetus and, 558 Intake estimates, 70 Neurologic disorders and, 499 Skeletal diseases and, 332 Therapeutic doses, 683,684 Vitamin antagonists, 678-79 Vitamin B complex Aging population and, 608 Alcohol and, 638,643-45,654-56 Anemia and, 470.482,483 Coronary heart disease and, 113, 117 Definition, 61 Dental diseases and, 365 Drug interactions, 676-79 Intake estimates, 70 Maternal and child health and, 554. 564. 569. 572 Neurologic disorders and. 493-94.499 Therapeutic doses. 683-84 Vitamin Bh Alcohol and, 644 Drug interactions, 677, 678 Therapeuric doses, 684 Vitamin BII, Alcohol and, 644,645 Anemia and. 470. 482, 483 Drug interactions, 676, 679 Infant health and, 564 Neurologic disorders and, 493 Vitamin C Aging population and, 608-9.611-12 Alcohol use and, 645 Cancer and, 217-18 Coronary heart disease and, 113 Definition, 61 Dental diseases and, 364-65 Infections and immunity and, 440 Intake estimates, 70 Iron absorption and, 480 Skeletal diseases and, 332 Supplement use, 71 Vitamin D Aging population and, 609-10 Alcohol use and, 646 Dental diseases and, 362 Drug interactions, 676-78 Infants and, 563,564, 568 Skeletal diseases and, 312,321-25 Toxicity, 325 Vitamin D3, 61 Vitamin E Aging population and, 610 Alcohol use and, 647 Cancer and, 218-19, 367 Coronary heart disease and, 113 Definition, 61 Infant and child health, 568-69 Intake estimates, 70 Neurolotic disorders and. 494 Vitamin K- Alcohol use and, 647 Definition, 61 Drug interactions, 676-78 Infants and, 563, 564 Skeletal diseases and. 332 Vitamins Alcohol and. 638,643-47,654-56 Cancer and, 209-10, 213-14, 217-19, 367 Coronary heart disease and, 112-13 Definition, 59-62 Dental diseases and, 361-62, 364-65 Drug interactions, 676-79, 681 Infections and immunity and, 439,440, 444 Kidney diseases and, 389 Maternal and child health and, 554, 558, 563,564,568-72 Neurologic disorders and, 493-94,499 Skeletal diseases and, 312, 321-25, 332-33 Supplement use, 70-71 Therapeutic doses, 683-84 VLDL. See Very low density lipoproteins W Water intake, 562 Water-soluble fiber, 61-62, 1 Il. 260 Water-soluble vitamins, 64-5, 683-84 726 Index 13 Wemicke-Korsakoffs syndrome, 653-55 WIC See Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children n A Zinc Alcohol use and, 648 Bone metabolism role, 332 Coronary heart disease and, 114 Drug interactions, 677 Infections and immunity and, 439-40, 445 Intake estimates, 70 Iron intake and, 481 Maternal and child health and, 555, 572 Therapeutic doses, 684 4U.S.G.P.O. 1966 221-483/90196 121