RESIDENTIAL CHIMNEY ENGINEERING REQUIRED Earthquake Damage: 1989, Loma Prieta, California Photo Credit: California Office of Emergency Services, Earthquake Program CHIMNEY 12 GAUGE X 3” MOUNTING Angle SET BENT SHEET IN ROOFING MASTIC METAL STRAP STEEL ANGLE MOUNTING ANGLE FLAT BLOCK A FLAT 4” X 10” EXTEND MINIMUM SECTION THRU ROOF RAFTER BEYOND EACH Brace CHIMNEY Upgrade Detail U38 (Recommended only for areas of low lo moderate seismicity). Approximate coat: $1,000 Schematic Upgrade Detail U38 (Recommended only for areas of low to moderate seismicity). Approximated Cost: $1,000 BUILT-IN PARTIAL-HEIGHT PARTITIONS ENGINEERING REQUIRED Earthquake Damage: 1994, Northridge, California Photo Credit: Wiss, Janney, Eistner Associates, Inc. ANCHOR BOLT OR LAG BOLT ATTACHED T0 CEILING STRUCTURE ABOVE 60* MAXIMUM ANGLE BRACES AT APPROXIMATELY 6* ON CENTERS 5/16” DIAMETER PARTIAL-HEIGHT BOLT TYPE PARTITION HEAVIER BRACES OR CLOSER SPACING ONE BOLT OR MAY BE REQUIRED IF PARTITION IS USED TO THREE (3) SUPPORT OR SEISMICALLY RESTRAIN HEAVY #12 SHEET METAL SHELVES OR OTHER NONSTRUCTURAL ITEMS OR WOOD SCREWS. TYP. Schematic Upgrade Detail A2a Approximated Cost: Varies, $20-$40 per lineal foot BUILT-IN FULL-HEIGHT partitions ENGINEERING REQUIRED Earthquake Damage: 1994, Northridge, California Photo Credit: Wiss, Janney, Eistner Associates, Inc. STRUCTURE ABOVE PARTITION FREE TO SLIDE AT TOP BUT RESTRAINED METAL OR LATERALLY PACKING OR WOOD STUDS SEALANT REQUIRED FOR ACOUSTIC ISOLATION FIRE RATING MUST BE HEAVIER GAGE METAL STUDS AND CHECKED FOR FIRE ATTACHMENTS MAY BE REQUIRED IF SEPARATION WALLS HEAVIER SHELVES ARE TO BE LATERALLY (1-HOUR| WALLS, ETC) SUPPORTED BY PARTITION ADDITION OF MID-HEIGHT BLOCKING OR SURFACE MOUNTED SEISMIC PARTITION FIXED AT BASE MOLDING PROVIDES FLEXIBILITY FOR EQUIPMENT ANCHORAGE LOCATIONS FOR GLAZED PARTITIONS, SEE WINDOWS FLOOR Schematic Upgrade Detail A2b Approximated Cost: Varies, depending on design SUSPENDED T-BAR CEILINGS ENGINEERING REQUIRED Earthquake Damage: 1994, Northridge, California Photo Credit: Wiss, Janney, Eistner Associates, Inc. DIAGONAL BRACING WIRES ANCHOR WIRES N0. 12 GAUGE TO STRUCTURE ADJUSTABLE ABOVE LENGTH COMPRESSIONS STRUT TO PREVENT VERTICAL MOVEMENT APPROX. 45” MIN. 3 TIGHT PROVIDE 4 WAY TURNS IN DIAGONAL BRACING 1-1/2” AND COMPRESSION EACH END STRUT OF WIRE APPROXIMATELY EVERY 12 FT. EACH WAY. MAIN RUNNER CROSS RUNNER Schematic Upgrade Detail A3 Approximate Cost: $50 per brace SUSPENDED LIGHT FIXTURES , DO-IT-YOURSELF Earthquake Damage: 1994, Northridge, California Photo Credit: Wiss, Janney, Eistner Associates, Inc. 12 GAUGE WIRE @ EACH CORNER OR AT LEAST @ MINIMUM 3 TIGHT TURNS IN 1-1/2”AT EACH END OF WIRE DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE CORNERS ANCHOR WIRES TO STRUCTURE ABOVE FLORESCENT LIGHT BULBS OR FIXTURE LENSES SUBJECT To FALLING SECURE IN PLACE WITH 2 WIRES THAT WRAP BENEATH THE LENS OR BULBS AND ATTACH SECURELY TO THE FIXTURE LAY-IN LIGHT FIXTURE Upgrade Detail U5a Approximate Cost: $50 per fixture PENDANT LIGHT FIXTURES DO-IT-YOURSELF Failure of light fixtures in Northridge Junior High School Earthquake Damage: 1994, Northridge, California Photo Credit: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Gary L. McGavin ALTERNATE RUN CABLE OUTSIDE BOLT TO STEM AND ATTACH CEILING JOIST WITH A LAG SCREW SLACK SAFETY CABLE CEILING CMLE BOLT TO FIXTURE HOLLOW FIXTURE PIPING PENDANT LIGHT FIXTURE Upgrade Detail U5a Approximate Cost: $80 STAIRWAYS ENGINEERING REQUIRED Earthquake Damage: 1994, Northridge, California Photo Credit: Wiss, Janney, Eistner Associates, Inc. * TO PREVENT DAMAGE TO STAIRS THEY SHOULD BE MODIFIED TO ALLOW THEM TO SLIDE AT LANDINGS WITH “GANG PLANK” DETAILS; THIS IS DESIRABLE FOR FLEXIBLE FRAME BUILDINGS. * IF STAIR ENCLOSURES ARE CONSTRUCTED USING BRITTLE MATERIALS, SUCH AS, HOLLOW CLAY TILE, GLASS BLOCK PARTITIONS, OR SKYLIGHTS IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THEY BE ENCAPSULATED OR REPLACED TO PREVENT FALLING HAZARDS AND DEBRIS IN THE STAIRWELL. * PROVIDE ANCHORAGE FOR PIPE, LIGHTING OR DUCTS IN STAIRWELLS TO PREVENT FALLING HAZARDS AND DEBRIS. Schematic Upgrade Detail A9 Approximate Cost: Depends on design WINDOWS ENGINEERING REQUIRED Earthquake Damage: 1994, Northridge, California Photo Credit: Wiss, Janney, Eistner Associates, Inc. * USE OF TEMPERED GLASS WILL GREATLY REDUCE THE SEISMIC HAZARD. TEMPERED GLASS MAY STILL BREAK BUT WILL BREAK 1NTO SMALL DULL FRAGMENTS INSTEAD OF LARGE DANGEROUS SHARDS. * POLYESTER SHATTER RESISTANT FILMS ARE AVAILABLE THAT HELP HOLD TOGETHER FRAGMENTS OF ANY PANES THAT CRACK IN AN EARTHQUAKE. (TYPICAL SOLAR FILM MAY NOT BE ADEQUATE FOR THIS PURPOSE). * USE OF LAMINATED GLASS FOR STOREFRONTS REDUCES SEISMIC RISK AND ALSO INCREASES PROTECTION FROM BURGLARY OR VANDALISM, * SMALLER, OPERABLE, AND WOODEN FRAMED WINDOWS TOLERATE MORE LATERAL DRIFT. * FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION, STIFFER BUILDINGS AND GLAZING WITH MORE THAN THE STANDARD EDGE CLEARANCES MAY BE DESIRABLE. CHECK WHETHER OR NOT THE BUILDING'S CALCULATED SEISMIC DRIFT HAS BEEN CONSIDERED IN THE DESIGN OF THE GLAZ|NG. Schematic Upgrade Detail A12 Approximate Cost: Depends on design UNREINFORCED BRICK PARAPETS ENGINEERING REQUIRED Earthquake Damage: 1989, Loma Prieta, California Photo Credit: Wiss, Janney, Eistner Associates, Inc. UNREINFORCED BRICK PARAPET CONTINUOUS STEEL ANGLE WATERPROOFING IS VERY IMPORTANT. THRU BOLT STEEL ANGLES WOOD BLOCK ANCHOR BOLTS THRU BOLTS ENDS COUNTERSUNK TYPICAL BRACE CONFIGURATION SHOWN PARAPET AND ROOF THRU BOLTS HOLDOWNS NAILED CLIP CONDITION MAY ANGLE VARY WIDELY. Schematic Upgrade Detail A12a Approximate Cost: $50 per foot VENEER ENGINEERING REQUIRED Earthquake Damage: 1994, Northridge, California Photo Credit: Robert Reitherman * SEE APPL|CABLE BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR LIMITATIONS REGARDING THE HEIGHT. AREA UNIT SIZE, AND UNIT WEIGHT OF EITHER ADHERED OR ANCHORED VENEER SYSTEMS. REFER TO THE CODE SECTIONS FOR SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR BACKING, TIES, AND REINFORCEMENT (FOR EXAMPLE, SECTION 1403 OF THE 1994 UBC) * VENEER SYSTEMS MUST ALSO AT LEAST MEET THE MINIMUM LATERAL FORCE REQUIREMENTS FOR NONSTRUCTURAL COMPONENTS (FOR EXAMPLE THE REQUIREMENTS FOR EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR ORNAMENTATION AND APPENDAGES IN CHAPTER 16 OF THE 1994 UBC) * REMOVAL OF VENEER MOUNTED OVER ENTRANCES OR OTHER POTENTIALLY CROWDED LOCATIONS IS THE MOST RELIABLE UPGRADE SOLUTION Schematic Upgrade Detail A15b Approximate Cost: Varies FREESTANDING WALLS OR FENCES ENGINEERING REQUIRED Earthquake Damage: 1994, Northridge, California Photo Credit: Robert Reitherman * MANY MILES OF POORLY CONSTRUCTED CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT (CMU) FENCES WERE DAMAGED DURING THE 1994 NORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE. COLLAPSE OF WALLS WITH INADEQUATE OR ABSENT REINFORCING AND/OR FOUNDATIONS WAS COMMON IN NORTHRIDGE AND SYLMAR. IN MANY CASES, MOST OF THE SIDEWALK WAS COVERED WITH DEBRIS, AS SHOWN ABOVE. * FREESTANDING WALLS OB FENCES BUILT OF CMU, BRICK, OR STONE NEED TO BE ENGINEERED AND CONSTRUCTED WITH APPROPRIATE FOUNDATIONS, ADEQUATE REINFORCEMENT, AND GOOD QUALITY MORTAR. * STANDARD DETAILS FOR LOW FENCES OR SHORT RETAINING WALLS MAY BE AVAILABLE FROM THE LOCAL BUILDING DEPARTMENT. Schematic Upgrade Detail A16 Approximate Cost: Depends on the design EXTERIOR SIGNS ENGINEERING REQUIRED Earthquake Damage: 1979, Imperial Valley, California Photo Credit: Robert Reitherman /BSD, Inc. TOP STRUT, RATHER THAN CHAIN, CAN PREVENT SEISMIC BOUNCING RUSTPROOFING ESSENTIAL CONNECTIONS DIRECTLY TO CANTILEVER BACK-UP CAPABILITY HEAVY MARQUEE, SIGN, CANOPY Schematic Upgrade Detail A21 Approximate Cost: $500-$800 LARGE COMPUTERS AND ACCESS FLOORS ENGINEERING REQUIRED Temporary bracing for collapsed access floor Earthquake Damage: 1994, Northridge, California Photo Credit: Wiss, Janney, Eistner Associates, Inc. VARIOUS RESTRAINT SCHEMES ADVOCATED FOR CABINETS CASTERS TO SOMEWHAT ISOLATE COMPUTER FROM MOTION PRETENSED THREADED ROD FROM COMPUTER CABINET BASE THROUGH RAISED FLOOR TETHER GABLES PLACE ANGLES AROUND CABLE OPENINGS TO PREVENT COMPUTER FEET FROM FALLING INTO HOLES PROVIDE DIAGONAL BRACES AND BOLT PEDESTAL BASES TO CONCRETE SLAB BOLT PEDESTAL BASES TO CONCRETE SLAB (REQUIRED FOR HEAVILY LOADED FLOOR (USUALLY ADEQUATE FOR PEDESTALS UP TO AND TALLER PEDESTAL) CHECK WITH 1” HIGH). VENDOR FOR SPECIAL SEISMIC MODELS. Schematic Upgrade Detail CB Approximate Cost: Access floor alone - $3 - $7 per square foot Cabinet restraint - $300-$500 per cabinet DESKTOP COMPUTERS AND OFFICE EQUIPMENT DO-IT-YOURSELF Unsecured computers may fall and suffer damage Photo Credit: Wiss, Janney, Eistner Associates, Inc. RUBBER “DOORKNOB” BUMPERS HOOK AND LOOP CHAIN MATERIAL GLUED ON OR ADHESIVE THREADED MOUNTS BACKED LATCHES “BICYCLE” OR “BUNGEE” ELASTIC CORD CONNECTING STRAP SHELF EDGE Upgrade Detail C10 Approximate Cost: $50 per computer TALL SHELVING: FREESTANDING ENGINEERING REQUIRED Earthquake Damage: 1972, Managua, Nicaragua Photo Credit: John F. Meehan BOLT ANGLE 2-1/4” STEEL ANGLE TO WALL OR STUD BOLTS PER UNIT, TYP. STEEL ANGLES TOP OF SHELVING – ANCHOR TO WALL (NOTE: STUD WALLS NOT STRONG ENOUGH FOR MULTIPLE ROWS OR LONG RANGES. 6”-8” MIN. BOTTOM OF SHELVING UNIT STEEL STRAP EXPANSION CROSS BRACING. ANCHOR BOLT (3/8” MIN. DIAMETER SHELVING . . X 2 1/2” MIN UNIT TIE (STEEL STRAP EMBEDMENT) Schematic Upgrade Detail C12a Approximate Cost: Access $20 per lineal foot of shelving LIBBARY STACKS ENGINEERING REQUIRED Failure of library shelving Earthquake Damage: 1987, Whittier Narrows, California Photo Credit: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Larry Parsons Failure of inadequately upgraded library shelving Earthquake Damage: 1987, Whittier Narrows, California Photo Credit: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Marshall Law & Greg Brandow TALL SHELVING: WALL UNIT DO-IT-YOURSELF Failure of inadequately upgraded shelving; toggle bolt pulled out of gypsum board. Earthquake Damage: 1994, Northridge, California Photo Credit: Wiss, Janney, Eistner Associates, Inc. BRACKET AT TOP OR EXTERIOR AT SIDES BOOK CASE CASE BRACKET ¼” x 2” WOOD SCREW (SHOWN) WOOD STUD OR ¼” MACHINE BOLT LAG SCREW WITH NUT WASHER INTERIOR ANGLE BOOKCASE BRACKET WOOD STUD BOOKCASE LAG SCREW (1/4” WITH 2” BOOKCASE EMBEDMENT IN WOOD STUD, TYP.) METAL, WIRE, OR ELASTIC GUARDPAILS OR PLASTIC “Z” CLIP STRIP WILL HELP BRACKET PREVENT OBJECTS FROM FALLING OFF SHELVES WOOD STUD Upgrade Detail C12c Approximate Cost: $20 per lineal foot of shelving TALL FILE CABINETS DO-IT-YOURSELF Failure of inadequately upgraded shelving; toggle bolt pulled out of gypsum board. Earthquake Damage: 1994, Northridge, California Photo Credit: Wiss, Janney, Eistner Associates, Inc. ANGLE USED TO TOP CONNECTIONS FASTEN UNITS TO TO THE UNITS WALL STUD TOGETHER TO FORM 2-1/4” BOLTS OR A MORE STABLE ¼” LAG SCREWS SHAPE WITH 2” MIN. STEEL STRAP AND EMBEDMENT IN 3/16” BOLT MIN. (USE WOOD STUD THRU BOLT WITH NUT & WASHER.) ALTERNATIVE BOLT SIDES OF ADJACENT CABINETS TOGETHER AT 4 CORNERS. USE ¼” BOLT WITH NUT & 2” FENDER WASHERS EACH SIDE. FOR FREE-STANDING STRONG LATCHES UNITS, FASTEN ON DRAWERS CONTINUOUS ANGLE TO UNITS AND FLOOR Upgrade Detail C13 Approximate Cost: $20 per lineal foot FLEXIBLE CONNECTION FOR GAS OR FUEL LINES DO-IT-YOURSELF Flexible connection at pipe attachment to tank Photo Credit: Wiss, Janney, Eistner Associates, Inc. SHUT-OFF VALVE FLEXIBLE UTILITY PIPING UTILITY INLET NOTE: REQUIRES PLUMBING EXPERTISE. ENGINEERING MAY BE REQUIRED FOR LARGE DIAMETER PIPING. RIGID CONNECTION TO HEATER, WATER HEATER, STOVE, OR OTHER EQUIPMENT. Upgrade Detail C18 Approximate Cost: $100 for residential appliance, varies for larger items DRAWER AND CABINET LATCHES DO-IT-YOURSELF Unrestrained drawers and cabinets Photo Credit: Wiss, Janney, Eistner Associates, Inc. INSTALL STRONG MECHANICAL CABINET CATCHES (SAFETY HASP, SLIDE BOLT, TOUCH-DOOR CABINET CATCH, CLIP-ROLLER OR SNAP-ACTION CABINET CATCH, ETC ) ALTERNATIVE PROVIDE BABY-PROOF CLOSURE INSTALL MECHANICAL DRAWER CLOSURE (BABY-PROOF LATCHES, DRAWER LOCKS, OR OTHER SPECIALTY LATCHES) Upgrade Detail C19 Approximate Cost: $50 per cabinet FREESTANDING WQQD @T*W DO-IT-YOURSELF Unrestrained wood burning stove Photo Credit: Wiss, Janney, Eistner Associates, Inc. 1” MIN. ROOF CLIP FLUE T0 GROUT RAFTER RADIATION BED SHIELD AT ROOF STEEL STRAPS RADIATION 8” SQUARE SHIELD BRIGK WITH FLUE 3/8” PAD WITH EMBED IN POCKET GROUT POCKET WOOD STUD ALTERNATIVE STOVE NEW BOLT SCREW FLUE BRICK TOGETHER DO NOT PENETRATE INNER WALL OF DOUBLE WALLED FLUE PIPE 1” GROUT BED BOLT ALTERNATIVE Upgrade Detail C20 Approximate Cost: $500 COMPRESSED-GAS CYLINDERS DO-IT-YOURSELF Earthquake Damager: 1971, San Fernando, California Photo Credit: Scientific Service, Inc. ¼” DIAMETER SCREW EYE (OR EXPANSION ANCHOR TO CONCRETE) CHAIN RESTRAINT GAS CYLINDER 3/16” MIN. WELDED CLOSED-LINK STEEL CHAIN (SAFE WORKING LOAD 500 LB.) ¼” MIN. STRONGER HARDWARE AND THREADED WALL SUPPORT REQUIRED CONNECTOR FOR MULTIPLE CYLINDERS. (SAFE WORKING E NGINEERING RECOMMENDED. LOAD 500 LB.) Upgrade Detail C21 Approximate Cost: $30 per lineal foot; $50 for single units CONTAINERS of HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ENGINEERING REQUIRED Spilled pharmaceutical and medical supplies Earthquake Damage: 1994, Northridge, California Photo Credit: Robert Reitherman ANCHOR STORAGE SUPPLY SHELF SHELVES PROVIDE SAFETY LIP OR WOOD, METAL, OR PLEXIGLAS SHELF EDGE “LIP” EDGE SCREWED TO SHELVING UNIT PROVIDE MECHANICAL LATGHES FOR CABINETS AND DRAWERS STORE SMALL OR PROVIDE NYLON STRAP BREAKABLE ITEMS IN BUNGEE CORD ORIGINAL PACKING OR ANGLE BRACKET AROUND INDIVIDUAL EGGCRATE BOXES, NOT LOOSE ON SHELF OR IN DRAWER STORE INCOMPATIBLE SUPPLY SHELF MATERIALS AT A SAFE DISTANCE TO AVOID PACKING BOXES OR MIXING IF THE “EGGCRATE” BOX TO HOLD CONTAINERS FALL SMALL BOTTLES ORDER HAZARDOUS LAB CHEMICALS IN UNBREAKABLE PLASTIC BOTTLES OR IN GLASS METAL WIRE OR BOTTLES WITH AN ELASTIC GUARDRAILS SAFETY COATING EYE BOLT Upgrade Detail C22 Approximate Cost: Varies