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Probation and Parole Statistics
Summary
findings| BJS publications
| Selected statistics
Also by BJS staff | Related sites
See also,
Reentry Trends in the United States, a special section, summarizing BJS data on inmates returning to the community after serving time in prison.
Summary
findings
Probationers include adult offenders whom courts place
on community supervision generally in lieu of incarceration.
Parolees
include those adults conditionally released to community supervision whether
by parole board decision or by mandatory conditional release after serving
a prison term. They are subject to being returned to jail or prison for
rule violations or other offenses.
- At yearend 2007, over 5.1 million adult men and women were supervised in the community, either on probation or parole. More than 8 in 10 were on probation (4,293,163), while less than 2 in 10 were on parole (824,365).
- About 1 in every 45 adults in the U.S. was supervised in the community, either on probation or parole, at yearend 2007.
- The total community supervision population grew by 103,100 offenders during 2007. While the parole population (up 3.2%) increased at a faster pace than the probation population (up 1.8%) during the year, probation accounted for three-quarters (77,800) of the growth in the number of offenders under community supervision.
- At the end of 2007 —
– Among offenders on probation, about half had been convicted for committing a misdemeanor (51%), 47% for a felony, and 3% for other infractions. The most common type of offense for which offenders were on probation was a drug offense (27%).
– Nearly all offenders on parole had been sentenced to a period of incarceration of one year or more (96%). The most common type of offense for which offenders were on parole was a drug offense (37%).
– Women comprised 23% of the nation’s probationers and 12% of the nation’s parolees.
– Fifty-five percent of adults on probation were white, 29% were black, and 13% were Hispanic. Forty-two percent of parolees where white, 37% were black, and 19% were Hispanic.
- Entries to probation supervision (2.4 million) exceeded exits from supervision (2.3 million) during 2007.
- Similar to probation, entries to parole supervision (555,900) also exceeded exits from parole (531,400) during 2007.
- During 2007, a total of 1,180,469 parolees were at-risk of being re-incarcerated, which included those under parole supervision on January 1 or who entered parole during the year. Of these parolees, about 16% were returned to incarceration in 2007.
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BJS Publications
This list is in
order of the most recent publication first. Additional titles are listed
on other topical pages and a comprehensive list is contained on the
BJS publications page. To see a full abstract
of a publication with links to electronic versions of the publication,
click on the title below.
Probation
and Parole in the United States, 2007 - Statistical Tables , 12/08. Presents the number of persons on probation and parole at yearend 2007, by state, with percent changes in each state during the year. NCJ 224707
- Probation
and Parole in the United States, 2006, 12/07. NCJ 220218
- Probation
and Parole in the United States, 2005, 11/06. NCJ 215091
Probation
and Parole in the United States, 2004, 11/05. NCJ 210676
Probation
and Parole in the United States, 2003, 7/04. NCJ 205336
- Probation
and Parole in the United States, 2002, 8/03 NCJ 201135
- Probation
and Parole in the United States, 2001 , 8/02. NCJ 195663
Probation and Parole in the United States, 2000 -- Press release,
8/01. NCJ 188208
- Probation
and Parole in 1999 -- Press release, 7/00. NCJ 183508
- Full report: Probation
and Parole in the United States, 1998, 8/99. NCJ 178234
- Probation
and Parole Populations, 1997, 8/98. NCJ 172216
-
Probation and Parole Populations, 1996, 8/97. NCJ 166364
-
Probation and Parole Populations, 1995, 6/96. NCJ 161722
-
Probation and Parole Populations, 1994, 9/95. NCJ 156432
Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006,
8/08. Presents information for 52 state parole supervising agencies at midyear 2006, including the California Youth Authority and the District of Columbia. NCJ 222180
Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in Indian Country, 2002, 12/05. Presents detailed information gathered on tribal law enforcement agencies, tribal courts and services, and criminal record systems from the 2002 Census of Tribal Justice Agencies in American Indian Jurisdictions. NCJ 205332
American Indians and Crime: A BJS Statistical Profile, 1992-2002, 12/04. Reports the rates and characteristics of violent crimes experienced by American Indians and summarizes data on American Indians in the criminal justice system. NCJ 203097
Education and Correctional Populations, 01/03. Compares educational attainment of State and Federal prison inmates, jail inmates, and probationers to that of the general population. NCJ 195670
Correctional Populations in the United States, Presents data
on the number of persons in the United States who were under some form
of correctional supervision.
- In electronic formats only:
- Correctional Populations in
the United States, 1998 - Statistical tables, 09/02. NCJ
192929
In print and electronic formats:
Correctional Populations in the
United States, 1997, 11/00. Includes the Survey of State
and Federal inmates.
Full report NCJ 177613
Executive Summary NCJ 177614
Correctional Populations
in the United States, 1996, 4/99. Includes the survey of
Inmates in local jails.
Full report NCJ 170013
Executive Summary NCJ 171684
Correctional Populations in the United
States, 1995, 5/97. Summarizes the 1995 Census of State and
Federal Adult Correction Facilities.
Full report NCJ 163916
Executive Summary NCJ 163917
Correctional Populations in the
United States, 1994, 7/96. Includes data on military corrections.
Full report NCJ 160091
Executive Summary NCJ 161559
Correctional Populations in the United
States, 1993, 10/95. Includes State-by-State data about local
jails.
Full report NCJ 156241
Executive Summary NCJ 156675
-
Previous editions
(non-electronic)
Trends in State Parole, 1990-2000, 10/01. Examines the changing nature of offenders entering and leaving parole and the effects on the trends and composition of the prison population. NCJ 184735
Offenders Returning to Federal Prison, 1986-97, 9/00. Describes offenders returning to Federal prison within 3 years of release and their time served upon return. NCJ 182991
Mental Health and Treatment of Inmates and Probationers,
7/99 Presents survey data on offenders who were in prison or jail or
on probation and who reported prior treatment for a mental or emotional
problem. NCJ 174463
DWI Offenders under Correctional Supervision, 6/99 Provides
data on offenders in jail, in prison, or on probation for driving while
intoxicated. NCJ 172212
Prior Abuse Reported by Inmates and
Probationers, 4/99. Describes prior physical and sexual abuse
reported by persons in prison, in jail, or on probation. NCJ 172879
Substance Abuse and Treatment of Adults on Probation, 1995,
3/98. Presents data from the 1995 Survey of Adults on Probation concerning
probationers' use of alcohol and illegal drugs and substance abuse treatment
they received. NCJ 166611
Characteristics of Adults on Probation, 1995, 12/97. Provides
data from a nationally representative sample of official records of
nearly 6,000 adults under probation supervision in 166 State and local
probation offices nationwide. NCJ 164267
Probation and Parole Violators in State Prison, 8/95. Focuses
on prisoners whose probation or parole was revoked, using data from
the 1991 Survey of State Prison inmates, and provides details on offenses,
types of violations, time served on probation/parole, time expected
to serve, guns, alcohol and drug use, and personal characteristics.
NCJ 149076
National
Corrections Reporting Program, 1992 , 10/94. Describes
the demographic characteristics, offenses, sentence lengths, and time
served by persons admitted to and released from the Nation's prison
and parole systems in 1992. NCJ 145862
- Tables
for subsequent years are available in spreadsheets as listed
below.
Performance Measures for the Criminal Justice System, 10/93 . This compendium of Discussion Papers represents the work of the BJS-Princeton University Study Group on Criminal Justice Performance Measures. NCJ 143505
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Correctional Populations in the
United States - Statistical tables
in
spreadsheet and portable document format files. Subjects include:
- Jail inmates
- Probation
- Prisoners
- Parole
- Capital Punishment
- U.S. military corrections
1998 data are
currently available, 9/02
- Adults on probation, Federal and State-by-State, 1977-2006, 8/08,
Spreadsheet (26K)
- Probation in 2006, 8/08, (11 spreadsheets and explanatory notes in a zip archive).
- Adults on
parole, Federal and State-by-State, 1975-2006, 8/08, Spreadsheet
(27K)
- Parole in 2006, 8/08, (11 spreadsheets and explanatory notes in a zip archive).
- Correctional populations, 1980-2004
National
Corrections Reporting Program:
- Time
served in State prison, by offense, release type, gender,
and race, 10/05 Spreadsheets in zip format:
1993 (19K) | 1994
(22K) | 1995 (22K)
| 1996 (23K) |
1997 (29K) |
1998 (18K) |
1999 (17K) | 2000
(20K) | 2001 (20K) | 2002 (10K)
- Sentence
length of State prisoners, by offense, admission type,
gender, and race, 10/05, Spreadsheets in zip format:
1993 (24K) | 1994
(24K) | 1995 (26K)
| 1996 (27K) |
1997 (27K) |
1998 (21K) |
1999 (18K)| 2000
(21K) | 2001 (20K) | 2002
(10K)
- Most
serious offense of State prisoners, by offense, admission
type, age, gender, race, and Hispanic origin, 10/05, Spreadsheets in
zip format:
1993 (29K) | 1994
(29K) | 1995 (29K)
| 1996 (30K) |
1997 (23K) |
1998 (27K) |
1999 (27K) | 2000
(27K) | 2001 (20K) | 2002
(11K)
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Also
by BJS staff
Hughes, Timothy, James-Wilson, Doris, and Beck, Allen J.
"Trends in State Parole, The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same"
Perspectives (Journal of the American Probation and Parole Association), 26, No. 3 (Summer 2002): 28-33.
Beck, Allen J.
"State and Federal prisoners returning
to the community: Findings from the Bureau of Justice Statistics,"
(PDF file, 30K) Presented at the First Reentry Courts Initiative Cluster
Meeting, Washington, D.C., April 13, 2000
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