Title	Year	Author	Topic<
+ New Directions Derived from Variations on the Theme of Feedback in Augmented Cognition	2006	A. Pope	Human-Automation Systems
Citation: Augmented Cognition conference track at the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) Annual Meeting held in San Francisco, California, October 17, 2006
+ Design and Testing of an Unlimited Field-of-regard Synthetic Vision Head-worn Display for Commercial Aircraft Surface Operations	2007	Arthur, Jarvis J., III; Prinzel, Lawrence J., III; Shelton, Kevin J.; Kramer, Lynda J.; Williams, Steven P.; Bailey, Randall E.; Norman, Robert M.	Head-Worn Displays; Synthetic Vision
Abstract: Experiments and flight tests have shown that a Head-Up Display (HUD) and a head-down, electronic moving map (EMM) can be enhanced with Synthetic Vision for airport surface operations. While great success in ground operations was demonstrated with a HUD, the research noted that two major HUD limitations during ground operations were their monochrome form and limited, fixed field of regard. A potential solution to these limitations found with HUDs may be emerging Head Worn Displays (HWDs). HWDs are small, lightweight full color display devices that may be worn without significant encumbrance to the user. By coupling the HWD with a head tracker, unlimited field-of-regard may be realized for commercial aviation applications. In the proposed paper, the results of two ground simulation experiments conducted at NASA Langley are summarized. The experiments evaluated the efficacy of head-worn display applications of Synthetic Vision and Enhanced Vision technology to enhance transport aircraft surface operations. The two studies tested a combined six display concepts (1) paper charts with existing cockpit displays, (2) baseline consisting of existing cockpit displays including a Class III electronic flight bag display of the airport surface (3) an advanced baseline that also included displayed traffic and routing information, (4) a modified version of a HUD and EMM display demonstrated in previous research (5) an unlimited field-of-regard, full color, head-tracked HWD with a conformal 3-D synthetic vision surface view and (6) a fully integrated HWD concept. The fully integrated HWD concept is a head-tracked, color, unlimited field-of-regard concept that provides a 3-D conformal synthetic view of the airport surface integrated with advanced taxi route clearance, taxi precision guidance, and data-link capability. The results of the experiments showed that the fully integrated HWD provided greater path performance compared to using paper charts alone. Further, when comparing the HWD with the HUD concept, there were no differences in path performance. In addition, the HWD and HUD concepts were rated via paired-comparisons the same in terms of situational awareness and workload. However, there were over twice as many taxi incursion events with the HUD than the HWD. + Visit NTRS
+ Head-Worn Display Concepts for Surface Operations for Commerical Aircraft	2008	Arthur, J., Prinzel, L., Bailey, R., Shelton, K., Williams, S., Kramer, L. & Norman, R.	Head Worn Displays
Abstract: Experiments and flight tests have shown that a Head-Up Display (HUD) and a head-down electronic moving map (EMM) can be enhanced with Synthetic Vision for airport surface operations. While great success in ground operations was demonstrated with a HUD, the research noted that two major HUD limitations during ground operations were its monochrome form and limited, fixed field-of-regard. A potential solution to these limitations found with HUDs may be emerging with Head Worn Displays (HWDs). HWDs are small display devices that may be worn without significant encumbrance to the user. By coupling the HWD with a head tracker, unlimited field-of-regard may be realized. The results of three ground simulation experiments conducted at NASA Langley Research Center are summarized. The experiments evaluated the efficacy of head-worn display applications of Synthetic Vision and Enhanced Vision technology to improve transport aircraft surface operations. The results of the experiments showed that the fully integrated HWD provided greater pilot performance with respect to staying on the path compared to using paper charts alone. Further, when comparing the HWD with the HUD concept, there were no differences in path performance. In addition, the HWD and HUD concepts were rated via paired-comparisons the same in terms of situation awareness and workload. + Visit NTRS
+ Evaluation of Head-Worn Display Concepts for Commercial Aircraft Taxi Operations	2006	Bailey, Randall E.; Arthur, Jarvis J., III; Prinzel, Lawrence J., III; Kramer, Lynda J.	Head-Worn Displays; Synthetic Vision
Abstract: Previous research has demonstrated that a Head-Up Display (HUD) can be used to enable more capacity and safer aircraft surface operations. This previous research also noted that the HUD exhibited two major limitations which hindered the full potential of the display concept 1) the monochrome HUD format and, 2) a limited, fixed field of regard. Full-color Head Worn Displays (HWDs) with very small sizes and weights are emerging to the extent that this technology may be practical for commercial and business aircraft operations. By coupling the HWD with a head tracker, full-color, out-the-window display concepts with an unlimited field-of-regard may be realized to improve efficiency and safety in surface operations. A ground simulation experiment was conducted at NASA Langley to evaluate the efficacy of head-worn display applications which may directly address the limitations of the HUD while retaining all of its advantages in surface operations. The simulation experiment used airline crews to evaluate various displays (HUD, HWD) and display concepts in an operationally realistic environment by using a Chicago, O Hare airport database. The results pertaining to the implications of HWDs for commercial business and transport aviation applications are presented herein. Overall HWD system latency was measured and found to be acceptable, but not necessarily optimal. A few occurrences of simulator sickness were noted while wearing the HWD, but overall there appears to be commercial pilot acceptability and usability to the concept. Many issues were identified which need to be addressed in future research including continued reduction in user encumbrance due to the HWD, and improvement in image alignment, accuracy, and boresighting. + Visit NTRS
+ Fusion of Synthetic and Enhanced Vision for All-Weather Commercial Aviation Operations	2007	Bailey, Randall E.; Kramer, Lynda J.; Prinzel, Lawrence, III	Synthetic Vision; Enhanced Vision
Abstract: NASA is developing revolutionary crew-vehicle interface technologies that strive to proactively overcome aircraft safety barriers that would otherwise constrain the full realization of the next-generation air transportation system. A piloted simulation experiment was conducted to evaluate the complementary use of Synthetic and Enhanced Vision technologies. Specific focus was placed on new techniques for integration and or fusion of Enhanced and Synthetic Vision and its impact within a two-crew flight deck during low visibility approach and landing operations. Overall, the experimental data showed that significant improvements in situation awareness, without concomitant increases in workload and display clutter, could be provided by the integration and or fusion of synthetic and enhanced vision technologies for the pilot-flying and the pilot-not-flying. During non-normal operations, the ability of the crew to handle substantial navigational errors and runway incursions were not adversely impacted by the display concepts although the addition of Enhanced Vision did not, unto itself, provide an improvement in runway incursion detection. + Visit NTRS
+ Aspects of Synthetic Vision Display Systems and the Best Practices of the NASA's SVS Project	2008	Bailey, R.; Kramer, L.; Jones, D.; Young, S.; Arthur, J.; Prinzel, L.; Glaab, L.; Harrah, S.; Parrish, R.
Abstract: NASA's Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) Project conducted research aimed at eliminating visibility-induced errors and low visibility conditions as causal factors in civil aircraft accidents while enabling the operational benefits of clear day flight operations regardless of actual outside visibility. SVS takes advantage of many enabling technologies to achieve this capability including, for example, the Global Positioning System (GPS), data links, radar, imaging sensors, geospatial databases, advanced display media and three dimensional video graphics processors. Integration of these technologies to achieve the SVS concept provides pilots with high-integrity information that improves situational awareness with respect to terrain, obstacles, traffic, and flight path. This paper attempts to emphasize the system aspects of SVS - true systems, rather than just terrain on a flight display - and to document from an historical viewpoint many of the best practices that evolved during the SVS Project from the perspective of some of the NASA researchers most heavily involved in its execution. The Integrated SVS Concepts are envisagements of what production-grade Synthetic Vision systems might, or perhaps should, be in order to provide the desired functional capabilities that eliminate low visibility as a causal factor to accidents and enable clear-day operational benefits regardless of visibility conditions. + Visit NTRS
+ Pressing the Approach - A Study of Recent Accidents Yielding a New Perspective on Pilot Error, Aviation Safety World, Flight Safety Foundation	2006	Berman, B & Dismukes, R.K.	Accident Analysis
Citation: Aviation Safety World, Flight Safety Foundation.
+ Small-vocabulary speech recognition using surface electromyography, Interacting with Computers	2006	Betts, B. J., Binsted, K., and Jorgensen, C.	Multi-Modal Interfaces
Abstract: Interacting with Computers, 18(2006) pp. 1242-1259.
+ A near infra-red lidar system for external hazard detection and mitigation	2008	Billmers, R., Billmers, E., Ludwig, M., Matchett, J. & Claussen, G.
+ SPIE Optics & Photonics Conference, San Diego, CA (August 10-15, 2008)
+ Spatial Awareness in Synthetic Vision Systems: Using Spatial and Temporal Judgments to Evaluate Texture and Field of View	2007	Bolton, M., Bass, E. & Comstock, J.	Synthetic Vision
Abstract: This work introduced judgment-based measures of spatial awareness and used them to evaluate terrain textures and fields of view (FOVs) in Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) displays. SVS are cockpit technologies which depict computer generated views of terrain surrounding an aircraft. In the assessment of textures and FOVs for SVS, no studies have directly measured the 3 levels of spatial awareness with respect to terrain: 1) identification of terrain, 2) its relative spatial location, and 3) its relative temporal location. Eighteen pilots made 4 judgments (relative azimuth angle, distance, height, and abeam time) regarding the location of terrain points displayed in 112 5-second, non-interactive simulations of a SVS head down display. There were 2 between subject variables (texture order and FOV order) and 5 within subject variables (the relative azimuth angle, distance, and height of the terrain point, texture, and FOV). Texture produced significant main and interaction effects for the magnitude of error in the relative angle, distance, height, and abeam time judgments. FOV interaction effects were significant for the directional magnitude of error in the relative distance, height, and abeam time judgments. Spatial awareness was best facilitated by the Elevation Fishnet (EF), Photo Fishnet (PF), and Photo Elevation Fishnet (PEF) textures. This study recommends that the EF, PF, and PEF textures be further evaluated in future SVS experiments. Additionally, the judgment-based spatial awareness measures used in this experiment could be used to evaluate other display parameters and depth cues in SVS. + Visit NTRS
+ Perturbing the System: Emergency and Off-Nominal Situations under NextGen	2008	Burian, B.
Citation: Human Factors and NextGen: The Future of Aviation Conference, Arlington, TX (April 28-29, 2008)
+ Very Light Jets in the National Airspace System	2007	Burian, B.	Very Light Jets
Citation: 14th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, Dayton OH, April 2007.
+ Alone at 41,000 feet	2007	Burian, B. & Dismukes, R.	Very Light Jets
Citation: Aerosafety World, November 2007, 30-34. Download: http://www.flightsafety.org/pubs/asw_2007.html
+ Tropospheric Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting (TAMDAR) Overview	2008	Daniels, T., Moninger, W., & Mamrosh, R.	Weather Sensing
Abstract: This paper is an overview of the Tropospheric Airborne Meteorological Data Reporting (TAMDAR) project, giving some history on the project, various applications of the atmospheric data, and future ideas and plans. As part of NASA's Aviation Safety and Security Program, the TAMDAR project developed a small low-cost sensor that collects useful meteorological data and makes them available in near real time to improve weather forecasts. This activity has been a joint effort with FAA, NOAA, universities, and industry. A tri-agency team collaborated by developing a concept of operations, determining the sensor specifications, and evaluating sensor performance as reported by Moosakhanian et. al. (2006). Under contract with Georgia Tech Research Institute, NASA worked with AirDat of Raleigh, NC to develop the sensor. The sensor is capable of measuring temperature, relative humidity, pressure, and icing. It can compute pressure altitude, indicated and true air speed, ice accretion rate, wind speed and direction, peak and average turbulence, and eddy dissipation rate. The overall development process, sensor capabilities, and performance based on ground and flight tests is reported by Daniels (2002), Daniels et. al. (2004) and by Tsoucalas et. al. (2006). An in-service evaluation of the sensor was performed called the Great Lakes Fleet Experiment (GLFE), first reported by Moninger et. al. (2004) and Mamrosh et. al. (2005). In this experiment, a Mesaba Airlines fleet was equipped to collect meteorological data over the Great Lakes region during normal revenue-producing flights. + Visit NTRS
+ Some Properties Of Multilayered Patterns (of Information): Insights from Medieval Architecture	2008	Degani, A.	Design Methods
Citation: Human Factors and NextGen: The Future of Aviation Conference, Arlington, TX (April 28-29, 2008).
+ Toward Automatic Generation of User Interfaces: Abstraction of Internal States and Transitions	2007	Degani, A. & Heymann, M.	Design Methods
Citation: 10th IFAC Symposium on Analysis, Design, and Evaluation of Human-Machine Systems. Seoul, Korea (September 4-6, 2007) Aviation Conference, Arlington, TX (May 28-29, 2008)
+ Abstraction, Integration, and Organization of Information: Approach and Emerging Methodologies	2008	Degani, A. Jorgensen, C., Shafto, M., & Olson, M.	Design Methods
Citation: Human Factors and NextGen: The Future of Aviation Conference, Arlington, TX (April 28-29, 2008)
+ Abstraction, Integration, and Organization of Information: Approach and Emerging Methodologies	2007	Degani, A. Shafto, M., Olson, L. & Jorgensen, C.	Design Methods
Citation: 2007 International Symposium of Aviation Psychology Poster Presentation
+ Prospective Memory in Aviation and Everyday Settings	2007	Dismukes, R.	Operator Performance
Citation: Kliegel, M., McDaniel, M.A. & Einstein, G.O. (Eds), Prospective Memory: Cognitive, Neuroscience, Developmental, and Applied Perspectives. Mahwah: Erlbaum.
+ The Limits of Expertise - Rethinking Pilot Error and the Causes of Airline Accidents	2007	Dismukes, K., Berman, B., and Loukopoulos, L.	Accident Analysis
Citation: Ashgate Studies in Human Factors for Flight Operations, Ashgate, 2007.
+ Interruptions create prospective memory tasks	2008	Dodhia, R. & Dismukes, R.	Operator Performance
Citation: Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22: 1-17. + Download
+ Automatic Detection of Interaction Vulnerabilities in an Executable Specification	2007	Feary, M.	Design Methods
Citation: 12th International Human Computer Interaction Conference, Bejing, China, July 22-27, 2007
+ Human Performance Models	2007	Foyle, D.	Human Performance Modeling
Citation: In Irving C. Statler (Ed.) The Aviation System Monitoring and Modeling (ASMM) Project: A Documentation of its History and Accomplishments 1999-2005. NASA TP-2007-214556
+ Human Performance Modeling in Aviation	2007	Foyle, D. & Hooey, B.	Human Performance Modeling
Citation: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, 2007.
+ Airborne Forward Looking Interferometer Turbulence Investigation	2007	Gimmestad, G., et. al.	Weather Sensing; Remote Sensing
Citation: 45th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV(Jan 2007)
+ Requirements for a design knowledge capture tool to support NASA's Complex Systems. International Workshop on Managing Knowledge for Space Missions	2007	Hooey, B., and Foyle, D.	Design Methods
Citation: International Workshop on Managing Knowledge for Space Missions. Pasadena, CA (July 17-19, 2007)
+ Effectively Transforming IMC Flight Into VMC Flight: An SVS Case Study	2006	Glaab, L.J., Parrish, R.V., Hughes, M., and Takallu, M.	Synthetic Vision
Citation: Proceedings of the 25th Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Portland, OR, Oct. 15-19, 2006.
+ Application of the H-Mode, a Design and Interaction Concept for Highly Automated Vehicles, to Aircraft	2006	Goodrich, Kenneth H.; Flemisch, Frank O.; Schutte, Paul C.; Williams, Ralph A.	Automation
Abstract: Driven by increased safety, efficiency, and airspace capacity, automation is playing an increasing role in aircraft operations. As aircraft become increasingly able to autonomously respond to a range of situations with performance surpassing human operators, we are compelled to look for new methods that help us understand their use and guide their design using new forms of automation and interaction. We propose a novel design metaphor to aid the conceptualization, design, and operation of highly-automated aircraft. Design metaphors transfer meaning from common experiences to less familiar applications or functions. A notable example is the "Desktop metaphor" for manipulating files on a computer. This paper describes a metaphor for highly automated vehicles known as the H-metaphor and a specific embodiment of the metaphor known as the H-mode as applied to aircraft. The fundamentals of the H-metaphor are reviewed followed by an overview of an exploratory usability study investigating human-automation interaction issues for a simple H-mode implementation. The envisioned application of the H-mode concept to aircraft is then described as are two planned evaluations. + Visit NTRS
+ Piloted Evaluation of the H-Mode, a Variable Autonomy Control System, in Motion-Based Simulation	2008	Goodrich, K., Schutte, P., & Williams, R.	Automation
Abstract: As aircraft become able to autonomously respond to a range of situations with performance surpassing human operators, we are compelled to look for new methods that help understand their use and guide the design of new, more effective forms of automation and interaction. The "H-mode" is one such method and is based on the metaphor of a well-trained horse. The concept allows the pilot to manage a broad range of control automation functionality, from augmented manual control to FMS-like coupling and automation initiated actions, using a common interface system and easily learned set of interaction skills. The interface leverages familiar manual control interfaces (e.g., the control stick) and flight displays through the addition of contextually dependent haptic-multimodal elements. The concept is relevant to manned and remotely piloted vehicles. This paper provides an overview of the H-mode concept followed by a presentation of the results from a recent evaluation conducted in a motion-based simulator. The evaluation focused on assessing the overall usability and flying qualities of the concept with an emphasis on the effects of turbulence and cockpit motion. Because the H-mode results in interactions between traditional flying qualities and management of higher-level flight path automation, these effects are of particular interest. The results indicate that the concept may provide a useful complement or replacement to conventional interfaces, and retains the usefulness in the presence of turbulence and motion. + AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference, Honolulu, HI (18-21 August, 2008)
+ Meeting the Challenge of Cognitive Human Performance Model Interpretability Through Transparency: MIDAS v5.x	2008	Gore, B, Hooey, B, Foyle, D. & Scott-Nash, S.	Human Performance Modeling
Abstract: Transparency in integrated human performance models (HPMs) is needed to support model verification, validation, and credibility. However, model transparency can be difficult to attain because of the complex interactions that can exist among the cognitive, physical, environment and crewstation models, and because the cognitive models embedded within integrated HPMs produce behaviors that are not directly observable. This paper will illustrate several techniques adopted by the Man-machine Integration Design and Analysis System (MIDAS) to increase three forms of transparency: input transparency, model architecture transparency, and output transparency. + Visit NTRS
+ Formal Analysis and Automatic Generation of User Interfaces: Approach, Methodology, and an Algorithm	2007	Heymann, M., and Degani, A.	Design Methods
Citation: Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Human Factors, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 311-330, Apr 2007
+ Terrain Portrayal for Synthetic Vision Systems Head-Down Displays Evaluation Results	2007	Hughes, M. & Glaab, L.
Abstract: A critical component of SVS displays is the appropriate presentation of terrain to the pilot. At the time of this study, the relationship between the complexity of the terrain presentation and resulting enhancements of pilot SA and pilot performance had been largely undefined. The terrain portrayal for SVS head-down displays (TP-HDD) simulation examined the effects of two primary elements of terrain portrayal on the primary flight display (PFD) variations of digital elevation model (DEM) resolution and terrain texturing. Variations in DEM resolution ranged from sparsely spaced (30 arc-sec) to very closely spaced data (1 arc-sec). Variations in texture involved three primary methods constant color, elevation-based generic, and photo-realistic, along with a secondary depth cue enhancer in the form of a fishnet grid overlay. + Visit NTRS
+ A Laboratory Study of Dual-Polarization Scattering Characterizations for Meteorological Objects	2008	Huston, A., Zhang, Y., Zhang, G., Yeary, M. & Neece, R.
Abstract: Radar sensors with dual-polarization capability allow a better understanding and characterization of weather hazards. Especially, scattering characteristics become important for optimally designing and utilizing phase-array dual-polarization radar systems. In this investigation, an experimental approach was designed with the assistance of a controlled laboratory environment. As such, an advanced network analyzer-based scatterometer system has been developed in harmony with a new room that resembles an anechoic chamber. As discussed in the results section of this paper, the instrumented facility allows for key radar cross-section (RCS) parameters and preliminary validations through detailed scattering measurements. + Visit Site
+ Cockpit Displays for Enhancing Terminal-Area Situational Awareness and Runway Safety	2007	Hyer, P.V. and Otero, S.	Runway Incursions; Surface Operations
Abstract: HUD and PFD displays have been developed to enhance situational awareness and improve runway safety. These displays were designed to seamlessly transition through all phases of flight providing guidance and information to the pilot. This report describes the background of the Langley Research Center (LaRC) HUD and PFD work, the steps required to integrate the displays with those of other LaRC programs, the display characteristics of the several operational modes and the transitional logic governing the transition between displays. + Visit NTRS
+ Runway Incursion Prevention for General Aviation Operations	2006	Jones, Denise R.; Prinzel, Lawrence J., III	Runway Incursions
Abstract: A Runway Incursion Prevention System (RIPS) and additional incursion detection algorithm were adapted for general aviation operations and evaluated in a simulation study at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Langley Research Center (LaRC) in the fall of 2005. RIPS has been designed to enhance surface situation awareness and provide cockpit alerts of potential runway conflicts in order to prevent runway incidents while also improving operational capability. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the airborne incursion detection algorithms and associated alerting and airport surface display concepts for general aviation operations. This paper gives an overview of the system, simulation study, and test results. + Visit NTRS
+ The NASA Human Performance Modeling Project: Implications for future modeling efforts and a concrete modeling example	2008	Kirlik, A., Foyle, D., Hooey, B. & Byrne, M.	Human Performance Modeling
Citation: Human Factors and NextGen: The Future of
+ Simulation Evaluation of Synthetic Vision as an Enabling Technology for Equivalent Visual Operations	2008	Kramer, L.; Williams, S.; Bailey, R.	Synthetic Vision
Abstract: Enhanced Vision (EV) and synthetic vision (SV) systems may serve as enabling technologies to meet the challenges of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) Equivalent Visual Operations (EVO) concept that is, the ability to achieve or even improve on the safety of Visual Flight Rules (VFR) operations, maintain the operational tempos of VFR, and even, perhaps, retain VFR procedures independent of actual weather and visibility conditions. One significant challenge lies in the definition of required equipage on the aircraft and on the airport to enable the EVO concept objective. A piloted simulation experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of the presence or absence of Synthetic Vision, the location of this information during an instrument approach (i.e., on a Head-Up or Head-Down Primary Flight Display), and the type of airport lighting information on landing minima. The quantitative data from this experiment were analyzed to begin the definition of performance-based criteria for all-weather approach and landing operations. Objective results from the present study showed that better approach performance was attainable with the head-up display (HUD) compared to the head-down display (HDD). A slight performance improvement in HDD performance was shown when SV was added, as the pilots descended below 200 ft to a 100 ft decision altitude, but this performance was not tested for statistical significance (nor was it expected to be statistically significant). The touchdown data showed that regardless of the display concept flown (SV HUD, Baseline HUD, SV HDD, Baseline HDD) a majority of the runs were within the performance-based defined approach and landing criteria in all the visibility levels, approach lighting systems, and decision altitudes tested. For this visual flight maneuver, RVR appeared to be the most significant influence in touchdown performance. The approach lighting system clearly impacted the pilot's ability to descend to 100 ft height above touchdown based on existing Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) 91.175 using a 200 ft decision height, but did not appear to influence touchdown performance or approach path maintenance. + Visit NTRS
+ Synthetic Vision Systems - Operational Considerations Simulation Experiment	2007	Kramer, Lynda J.; Williams, Steven P.; Bailey, Randall E.; Glaab, Louis J.	Synthetic Vision
Abstract: Synthetic vision is a computer-generated image of the external scene topography that is generated from aircraft attitude, high-precision navigation information, and data of the terrain, obstacles, cultural features, and other required flight information. A synthetic vision system (SVS) enhances this basic functionality with real-time integrity to ensure the validity of the databases, perform obstacle detection and independent navigation accuracy verification, and provide traffic surveillance. Over the last five years, NASA and its industry partners have developed and deployed SVS technologies for commercial, business, and general aviation aircraft which have been shown to provide significant improvements in terrain awareness and reductions in the potential for Controlled-Flight-Into-Terrain incidents accidents compared to current generation cockpit technologies. It has been hypothesized that SVS displays can greatly improve the safety and operational flexibility of flight in Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC) to a level comparable to clear-day Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC), regardless of actual weather conditions or time of day. An experiment was conducted to evaluate SVS and SVS-related technologies as well as the influence of where the information is provided to the pilot (e.g., on a Head-Up or Head-Down Display) for consideration in defining landing minima based upon aircraft and airport equipage. The "operational considerations" evaluated under this effort included reduced visibility, decision altitudes, and airport equipage requirements, such as approach lighting systems, for SVS-equipped aircraft. Subjective results from the present study suggest that synthetic vision imagery on both head-up and head-down displays may offer benefits in situation awareness workload and approach and landing performance in the visibility levels, approach lighting systems, and decision altitudes tested. + Visit NTRS
+ Airborne bistatic radar for external hazard detection and avoidance	2008	Lawrence, R., Torres, O., & Ganoe, G.
Abstract: The detection and avoidance of external hazards is an important aspect of overall efforts to improve the safety of future aircraft. Advanced sensor concepts may enhance the detection and quantification of risk due to external hazards. Such sensors, when integrated into cockpit operations, may substantially improve vehicle safety. This paper will describe research efforts to develop a simulation environment to evaluated advanced microwave sensor concepts such as airborne bistatic radars utilizing multiple non-cooperative illuminators or emitters-of-opportunity to detect weather hazards, area traffic, runway incursions, or other potential aircraft hazards. We will present initial efforts to develop a flexible microwave sensor simulation and assessment tool. This tool will be developed to assess the feasibility of various sensor concepts. Existing and potential future capability of the simulation environment will be described. In addition, the results of the application of the simulation tool to a bistatic sensor concept will be presented. + SPIE Optics & Photonics Conference, San Diego, CA (August 10-15, 2008)
+ Experimental Evaluation of a Strategic Trajectory Automation Concept for the NAS	2007	Mueller, E.	Human-Automation Systems
Citation: 7th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration and Operations Conference (ATIO), September 18-20, 2007
+ Measurement of eye velocity using active illumination	2008	Mulligan, J.	Operator State
Citation: Eye Tracking Research and Applications Symposium, Savannah, GA (March 26-28, 2008).
+ A frequency-sweep method for the measurement of visual delays	2008	Mulligan, J & Stevenson, S.	Operator State
Citation: Vision Sciences Society Annual Meeting, Naples, FL (May 9-14, 2008).
+ Cockpit Technology for Prevention of General Aviation Runway Incursions	2007	Prinzel, Lawrence J., III; Jones, Denise R.	Runway Incursions
Abstract: General aviation accounted for 74 percent of runway incursions but only 57 percent of the operations during the four-year period from fiscal year (FY) 2001 through FY2004. Elements of the NASA Runway Incursion Prevention System were adapted and tested for general aviation aircraft. Sixteen General Aviation pilots, of varying levels of certification and amount of experience, participated in a piloted simulation study to evaluate the system for prevention of general aviation runway incursions compared to existing moving map displays. Pilots flew numerous complex, high workload approaches under varying weather and visibility conditions. A rare-event runway incursion scenario was presented, unbeknownst to the pilots, which represented a typical runway incursion situation. The results validated the efficacy and safety need for a runway incursion prevention system for general aviation aircraft. + Visit NTRS
+ Multi-Dimensionality of Synthetic Vision Cockpit Displays Prevention of Controlled-Flight-Into-Terrain	2006	Prinzel, Lawrence J., III; Kramer, Lynda J.; Arthur, Jarvis J.; Bailey, Randall E.	Synthetic Vision
Abstract: NASA's Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) project is developing technologies with practical applications that will help to eliminate low visibility conditions as a causal factor to civil aircraft accidents while replicating the operational benefits of clear day flight operations, regardless of the actual outside visibility condition. The paper describes experimental evaluation of a multi-mode 3-D exocentric synthetic vision navigation display concept for commercial aircraft. Experimental results showed the situation awareness benefits of 2-D and 3-D exocentric synthetic vision displays over traditional 2-D co-planar navigation and vertical situation displays. Conclusions and future research directions are discussed. + Visit NTRS
+ Going Below Minimums The Efficacy of Display Enhanced Synthetic Vision Fusion for Go-Around Decisions during Non-Normal Operations	2007	Prinzel, Lawrence J., III; Kramer, Lynda J.; Bailey, Randall E.	Synthetic Vision; Enhanced Vision
Abstract: The use of enhanced vision systems in civil aircraft is projected to increase rapidly as the Federal Aviation Administration recently changed the aircraft operating rules under Part 91, revising the flight visibility requirements for conducting approach and landing operations. Operators conducting straight-in instrument approach procedures may now operate below the published approach minimums when using an approved enhanced flight vision system that shows the required visual references on the pilot's Head-Up Display. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the complementary use of synthetic vision systems and enhanced vision system technologies, focusing on new techniques for integration and or fusion of synthetic and enhanced vision technologies and crew resource management while operating under these newly adopted rules. Experimental results specific to flight crew response to non-normal events using the fused synthetic enhanced vision system are presented. + Visit NTRS
+ Progress towards the remote sensing of aircraft icing hazards	2008	Reehorst, A., Brinker, D., Politovich, M., Serke, D., Ryerson, C., Pazmany, A. & Solheim, F.
Abstract: NASA has teamed with the FAA, DoD, industry, and academia for research into the remote detection and measurement of atmospheric conditions leading to aircraft icing hazards. The ultimate goal of this effort is to provide pilots, controllers, and dispatchers sufficient information to allow aircraft to avoid or minimize their exposure to the hazards of in-flight icing. Since the hazard of in-flight icing is the outcome of aircraft flight through clouds containing supercooled liquid water and strongly influenced by the aircraft's speed and configuration and by the length of exposure, the hazard can't be directly detected, but must be inferred based upon the measurement of conducive atmospheric conditions. Therefore, icing hazard detection is accomplished through the detection and measurement of liquid water in regions of measured sub-freezing air temperatures. The icing environment is currently remotely measured from the ground with a system fusing radar, lidar, and multi-frequency microwave radiometer sensors. Based upon expected ice accretion severity for the measured environment, a resultant aircraft hazard is then calculated. Because of the power, size, weight, and view angle constraints of airborne platforms, the current ground-based solution is not applicable for flight. Two current airborne concepts are the use of either multi-frequency radiometers or multi-frequency radar. Both ground-based and airborne solutions are required for the future since ground-based systems can provide hazard detection for all aircraft in airport terminal regions while airborne systems will be needed to provide equipped aircraft with flight path coverage between terminal regions. + SPIE Optics & Photonics Conference, San Diego, CA (August 10-15, 2008)
+ Pilot State Classification and Mitigation in a Fixed and Rotary Wing Platform	2007	Schnell, T., et. al.	Operator State
Citation: presented at the Aerospace Medical Association (ASMA) annual conference, New Orleans, LA, May 16, 2007
+ Assessing the Effects of Momentary Priming on Memory Retention During an Interference Task	2007	Schutte, P.	Operator Performance
Abstract: A memory aid, that used brief (33ms) presentations of previously learned information (target words), was assessed on its ability to reinforce memory for target words while the subject was performing an interference task. The interference task required subjects to learn new words and thus interfered with their memory of the target words. The brief presentation (momentary memory priming) was hypothesized to refresh the subjects memory of the target words. 143 subjects, in a within subject design, were given a 33ms presentation of the target memory words during the interference task in a treatment condition and a blank 33ms presentation in the control condition. The primary dependent measure, memory loss over the interference trial, was not significantly different between the two conditions. The memory prime did not appear to hinder the subjects performance on the interference task. This paper describes the experiment and the results along with suggestions for future research. + Visit NTRS
+ The Naturalistic Flight Deck System: An Integrated System Concept for Improved Single-Pilot Operations	2007	Schutte, P., Goodrich, K., Cox, D., Jackson, B., Palmer, M., Pope, A., Schlecht, R., Tedjojuwono, K. Trujillo, A., Williams, R., Kinney, J., Barry, J.	Operator Performance
Abstract: This paper reviews current and emerging operational experiences, technologies, and human-machine interaction theories to develop an integrated flight system concept designed to increase the safety, reliability, and performance of single-pilot operations in an increasingly accommodating but stringent national airspace system. This concept, know as the Naturalistic Flight Deck (NFD), uses a form of human-centered automation known as complementary-automation (or complemation) to structure the relationship between the human operator and the aircraft as independent, collaborative agents having complimentary capabilities. The human provides commonsense knowledge, general intelligence, and creative thinking, while the machine contributes specialized intelligence and control, extreme vigilance, resistance to fatigue, and encyclopedic memory. To support the development of the NFD, an initial Concept of Operations has been created and selected normal and non-normal scenarios are presented in this document. + Visit NTRS
+ The use of x-band radar to support the detection of in-flight icing hazards by the NASA icing remote sensing system during AIRS-II	2008	Serke, D., Politovich, M., Reehorst, A., & Gaydos, A.
Abstract: As aircraft become able to autonomously respond to a range of situations with performance surpassing human operators, we are compelled to look for new methods that help understand their use and guide the design of new, more effective forms of automation and interaction. The "H-mode" is one such method and is based on the metaphor of a well-trained horse. The concept allows the pilot to manage a broad range of control automation functionality, from augmented manual control to FMS-like coupling and automation initiated actions, using a common interface system and easily learned set of interaction skills. The interface leverages familiar manual control interfaces (e.g., the control stick) and flight displays through the addition of contextually dependent haptic-multimodal elements. The concept is relevant to manned and remotely piloted vehicles. This paper provides an overview of the H-mode concept followed by a presentation of the results from a recent evaluation conducted in a motion-based simulator. The evaluation focused on assessing the overall usability and flying qualities of the concept with an emphasis on the effects of turbulence and cockpit motion. Because the H-mode results in interactions between traditional flying qualities and management of higher-level flight path automation, these effects are of particular interest. The results indicate that the concept may provide a useful complement or replacement to conventional interfaces, and retains the usefulness in the presence of turbulence and motion. + SPIE Optics & Photonics Conference, San Diego, CA (August 10-15, 2008)
+ Interferometric radiometer for in-flight detection of aviation hazards	2008	Smith, B., Kireev, S., West, L., Gimmestad, G., Cornman, L. Feltz, W., Perram, G. & Daniels, T.
Abstract: The Forward-Looking Interferometer (FLI) is a new instrument concept for obtaining the measurements required to alert flight crews to potential weather hazards to safe flight. To meet the needs of the commercial fleet, such a sensor should address multiple hazards to warrant the costs of development, certification, installation, training, and maintenance. The FLI concept is based on high-resolution Infrared Fourier Transform Spectrometry (FTS) technologies that have been developed for ground based, airborne, and satellite remote sensing. The FLI concept is being evaluated for its potential to address multiple hazards including clear air turbulence (CAT), volcanic ash, wake vortices, low slant range visibility, dry wind shear, and icing, during all phases of flight. This project has three major elements: further sensitivity studies and applications of EOF (Empirical Orthogonal Function) Regression; development of algorithms to estimate the hazard severity; and field measurements to provide an empirical demonstration of the FLI aviation hazard detection and display capability. These theoretical and experimental studies will lead to a specification for a prototype airborne FLI instrument for use in future in-flight validation. The research team includes the Georgia Tech Research Institute, Hampton University, the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, the Air Force Institute of Technology, and the University of Wisconsin. + SPIE Optics & Photonics Conference, San Diego, CA (August 10-15, 2008)
+ Piloted Simulation of Various Synthetic Vision Systems Terrain Portrayal and Guidance Symbology Concepts for Low Altitude En-Route Scenario	2008	Takallu, M., Glaab, L., Hughes, M., Wong, D., Bartolone, A.	Synthetic Vision
Abstract: In support of the NASA Aviation Safety Program's Synthetic Vision Systems Project, a series of piloted simulations were conducted to explore and quantify the relationship between candidate Terrain Portrayal Concepts and Guidance Symbology Concepts, specific to General Aviation. The experiment scenario was based on a low altitude en route flight in Instrument Metrological Conditions in the central mountains of Alaska. A total of 18 general aviation pilots, with three levels of pilot experience, evaluated a test matrix of four terrain portrayal concepts and six guidance symbology concepts. Quantitative measures included various pilot/aircraft performance data, flight technical errors and flight control inputs. The qualitative measures included pilot comments and pilot responses to the structured questionnaires such as perceived workload, subjective situation awareness, pilot preferences, and the rare event recognition. There were statistically significant effects found from guidance symbology concepts and terrain portrayal concepts but no significant interactions between them. Lower flight technical errors and increased situation awareness were achieved using Synthetic Vision Systems displays, as compared to the baseline Pitch/Roll Flight Director and Blue Sky Brown Ground combination. Overall, those guidance symbology concepts that have both path based guidance cue and tunnel display performed better than the other guidance concepts. + Visit NTRS
+ Scene Context Dependency of Pattern Constancy of Time Series Imagery	2008	Woodell, G., Jobson, D. & Rahman, Z.	Enhanced Vision
Abstract: A fundamental element of future generic pattern recognition technology is the ability to extract similar patterns for the same scene despite wide ranging extraneous variables, including lighting, turbidity, sensor exposure variations, and signal noise. In the process of demonstrating pattern constancy of this kind for retinex/visual servo (RVS) image enhancement processing, we found that the pattern constancy performance depended somewhat on scene content. Most notably, the scene topography and, in particular, the scale and extent of the topography in an image, affects the pattern constancy the most. This paper will explore these effects in more depth and present experimental data from several time series tests. These results further quantify the impact of topography on pattern constancy. Despite this residual inconstancy, the results of overall pattern constancy testing support the idea that RVS image processing can be a universal front-end for generic visual pattern recognition. While the effects on pattern constancy were significant, the RVS processing still does achieve a high degree of pattern constancy over a wide spectrum of scene content diversity, and wide ranging extraneousness variations in lighting, turbidity, and sensor exposure. + Visit NTRS
+ Detection of Digital Elevation Model Errors Using X-band Weather Radar	2007	Young, Steven D.; deHaag, Maatren Uijt	Weather Sensing
Abstract: Flight in Instrument Meteorological Conditions requires pilots to manipulate flight controls while referring to a Primary Flight Display. The Primary Flight Display indicates aircraft attitude along with, in some cases, many other state variables such as altitude, speed, and guidance cues. Synthetic Vision Systems have been proposed that overlay the traditional information provided on Primary Flight Displays onto a scene depicting the location of terrain and other geo-spatial features.Terrain models used by these displays must have sufficient quality to avoid providing misleading information. This paper describes how X-band radar measurements can be used as part of a monitor, and or maintenance system, to quantify the integrity of terrain models that are used by systems such as Synthetic Vision. Terrain shadowing effects, as seen by the radar, are compared in a statistical manner against estimated shadow feature elements extracted from the stored terrain model from the perspective of the airborne observer. A test statistic is defined that enables detection of errors as small as the range resolution of the radar. Experimental results obtained from two aircraft platforms hosting certified commercial-off-the-shelf X-band radars test the premise and illustrate its potential. + Visit NTRS
+ Multi-functional airborne external hazard monitoring radar with antenna diversity	2008	Zhang, Y., Palmer, R., Zhang, G., Yu, T., Brewster, K., Yeary, M., Xue, M. & Chilson, P.
Abstract: An airborne radar sensing technology for detecting and monitoring of multiple types of external hazards is investigated. Antennas with spatial and polarimetry diversity are adopted in the radar sensor to support the comprehensive hazard monitoring requirements. A knowledge-aided joint space-time processing approach is developed for monitoring wind hazard as well as estimating target direction and Doppler spectrum simultaneously. The hazard microphysics information can be retrieved through polarimetric data processing. In addition to the intelligent processing algorithms, the system design and the tradeoffs are considered. + SPIE Optics & Photonics Conference, San Diego, CA (August 10-15, 2008)