ORNL/CDIAC-84 NDP-052 TOTAL CARBON DIOXIDE, HYDROGRAPHIC, AND NITRATE MEASUREMENTS IN THE SOUTHWEST PACIFIC DURING AUSTRAL AUTUMN, 1990: RESULTS FROM NOAA/PMEL CGC-90 CRUISE Contributed by Marilyn F. Lamb and Richard A. Feely Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory Seattle, Washington and Lloyd Moore and Donald K. Atwood Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Miami, Florida Prepared by Alexander Kozyr Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee Environmental Sciences Division Publication No. 4420 Date Published: September 1995 Prepared for the Global Change Research Program Environmental Sciences Division Office of Health and Environmental Research U.S. Department of Energy Budget Activity Number KP 05 02 00 0 Prepared by the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335 managed by LOCKHEED MARTIN ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC. for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under contract DE-AC05-84OR21400 ABSTRACT Lamb, M. F., R. A. Feely, L. Moore, and D. K. Atwood. 1995. Total Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Nitrate Measurements in the Southwest Pacific during Austral Autumn, 1990: Results from NOAA/PMEL CGC-90 Cruise. ORNL/CDIAC-84, NDP-052. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. In support of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate and Global Change (C&GC) Program, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) scientists have been measuring the growing burden of greenhouse gases in the thermocline waters of the Pacific Ocean since 1980. Collection of data at a series of hydrographic stations along longitude 170 W during austral autumn of 1990 was designed to enhance understanding of the increase in the column burden of chlorofluorocarbons and carbon dioxide in the thermocline waters since the last expedition in 1984. This document presents the procedures and methods used to obtain total carbon dioxide (TCO2), hydrographic, and nitrate data during the NOAA/PMEL research vessel (R/V) Malcolm Baldrige CGC-90 Cruise. Data were collected along two legs; sampling for Leg 1 began along 170 W from 15 S to 60 S, then angled northwest toward New Zealand across the Western Boundary Current. Leg 2 included a reoccupation of some stations between 30 S and 15 S on 170 W and measurements from 15 S to 5 N along 170 W. Along the cruise track 68 CTD stations were occupied for collection of chemical and hydrographic data. The following data report summarizes the TCO2, salinity, temperature, and nitrate measurements from 63 stations. In addition, potential density and potential temperature were calculated from the measured variables. The TCO2 concentration in seawater samples was measured using a coulometric/extraction system (Models 5011 and 5030, respectively) originated by Ken Johnson (Johnson et al. 1985, 1987). Throughout the cruise, the accuracy was determined to be within 0.15%, and the precision was within 0.12%. The NOAA/PMEL R/V Malcolm Baldrige CGC-90 Cruise data set is available without charge as a numeric data package (NDP) from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. The NDP consists of two oceanographic data files, two FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routine files, a documentation file, and this printed documentation, which describes the contents and format of all files as well as the procedures and methods used to obtain the data. Keywords: carbon dioxide; nitrate; hydrographic measurements; carbon cycle; Pacific Ocean PART 1: OVERVIEW 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Human activity is rapidly changing the composition of the earth's atmosphere, causing the greenhouse warming effect from excess carbon dioxide (CO2) and other trace gas species such as chlorofluorocarbons, methane, and nitrous oxide. Combined, these gases play a critical role in controlling the earth's climate due to the increased trapping of outgoing infrared radiation. This mechanism has a large potential for significantly altering the world's climate. Of all the anthropogenic CO2 that has been released into the atmosphere, only about half still remains there; it is the missing CO2 for which the global ocean is considered to be a dominant sink. Understanding the assimilation process is critical in determining the moderating role the oceans will play in delaying and damping the greenhouse warming predicted in the coming decades. Our goal is to help provide quantitative answers to the ways in which the oceans regulate and assimilate the excess CO2, so that we can better predict the ocean's role in the natural climate cycle. In response to these concerns, the Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL) conducted Cruise CGC-90 to the southwest Pacific onboard the research vessel (R/V) Malcolm Baldrige under the sponsorship of the Climate and Global Change Program(C&GC) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Chemical and hydrographic data from 68 CTD stations were collected along the cruise track. Several tracers were measured during the cruise, including chlorofluorocarbons, helium, tritium, total carbon dioxide (TCO2), 13C, pH, nutrients, salinities and oxygens. The following data report summarizes the TCO2, salinity, temperature, and nitrate data from 63 stations of this cruise. 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE EXPEDITION. 2.1 R/V Malcolm Baldrige Technical Details The R/V Malcolm Baldrige (previously Researcher r103) is owned by the U.S. Department of Commerce and operated by NOAA. The basic features of the vessel are described below. Port of registration: Miami, Florida Call sign: WTER Operator: NOAA Launched: October 1968 Delivered: June 1970 Commissioned: October 1970 Basic Dimensions: length 84.8 m beam 15.5 m draft 5.6 m gross tons 2802 power 3200 hp maximum speed 15.0 knots cruise speed 13.0 knots Personnel: crew: 36; scientists: 14 Navigation Equipment: Radar Loran SatNav Gyro DopLog Hull: welded steel (ice-strengthened) Cranes: Stern, Midships 2.2 NOAA/PMEL CGC-90 Cruise Information The following is the cruise information: Ship Name: Malcolm Baldrige Cruise/Leg: CGC-90/1,2 Location: Southwest Pacific Ocean Dates: February 22 - April 16, 1990 List of Participants: Chief Scientist: David Wisegarver, NOAA/PMEL Project Manager: Richard Feely Total CO2: Marilyn Lamb-Roberts Paulette Murphy CTD: Linda Mangum Kristy McTaggart Marguerite McCarty Dana Greeley Jeff Benson Salinity: Survey Department of NOAA R/V Malcolm Baldrige Nitrate: Lloyd Moore Don Atwood Computer Support: Cathy Cosca Dan Lee Doug Wilson 2.3 Brief Cruise Summary The cruise track for Leg 1 of CGC-90 started at 15 S/170 W and proceeded south along the meridional line; after reaching 60 S, it angled northwest, crossing the Western Boundary Current and ending in New Zealand. The cruise track for Leg 2 crossed the Kermadec Trench, included a reoccupation of selected stations between 30 S and 15 S on 170 W, and additional stations along the meridional line crossing the equator, to 5 N (Table A-1 in Appendix A). Stations 2 through 7 were sampled using a 24-position rosette package equipped with 10-L Niskin bottles, and a Neil Brown (Mark III) CTD sampling system. While occupying Station 8, the CTD cable parted, and the equipment package was lost. Subsequently, the remaining stations (Stations 9 through 68) were sampled using a spare 12-position rosette with 10-L Niskin bottles and Neil Brown (Mark III) CTD sampling system. Multiple casts were performed at these stations to ensure high density sample profiles. Occasionally while at the most extreme latitudes, weather deteriorated and prevented the occupation of some stations. Several stations sampled during Leg 1 were reoccupied on Leg 2 for data quality checks. Two moorings were retrieved, and two deployed at the equator. 3. DESCRIPTION OF VARIABLES AND METHODS Each station consisted of the lowering of a CTD/rosette package, upon which 10-L standard Niskin bottles were suspended. Pressure, temperature, and CTD salinities for the tabulated data were taken from the calibrated CTD data. The discrete water samples were drawn from the Niskin bottles upon retrieval of the rosette on deck. Samples were collected for analyses of oxygen, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), helium, tritium (Leg 1 only), TCO2, 13C, pH (Leg 1 only), nutrients, and salinity. In addition, underway partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) was measured throughout the cruise. This report addresses the temperature, salinity, TCO2, and nitrate data. CTD data were collected using a Neil Brown (Mark III) Instrument System. Pressure, temperature, and conductivity were recorded on the downtrace, and the discrete water samples were collected on the upcast with an electronically fired rosette sampler. The bottle salinity samples were analyzed with a Guideline Autosal, which was calibrated at the beginning of each day's run with a vial of Wormley standard seawater, and again after each case of samples was analyzed with another vial. An accuracy of 0.002 Practical Salinity Scale (PSS) and a precision of 0.001 PSS were achieved. A more detailed description of the CTD data processing has been published as a NOAA Data Report (McTaggart et al, 1993). Nutrient analyses included nitrate, silicate, and phosphate. Due to accuracy and precision problems for silicate and phosphate, only nitrate data are included in this report. Nitrate samples were collected from each Niskin bottle in aged 60-mL linear polyethylene bottles and analyzed for dissolved inorganic nitrate (NO3--N). Analyses were performed on samples from all CTD casts with a five-channel Technicon Auto-Analyzer (AA-II) aboard ship. The analytical procedures and methodologies used in the analysis of nitrate are similar to those described by Armstrong et al. (1967), with modifications described in Atlas et al. (1971) and in a Technicon Corporation (1977) technical report. The detection limit for nitrate was 0.39 umol/kg with a standard deviation of 0.1 umol/kg. The precision of duplicate measurements was 0.25%, full scale. The accuracy was assumed to be 1% because no absolute standards were available. Nitrate measurements are reported in umol/kg at 1 atm and an assumed laboratory temperature of 25 C. Calibration standards ranged between 0 and 30 umol/kg; therefore, only samples within that concentration range are reported in Appendix B and data file. Upon retrieval of the CTD-rosette package on deck, samples for TCO2 were collected in 500-mL glass-stoppered bottles and poisoned with 0.5 mL of saturated HgCl2 solution to decrease bacterial oxidation of organic matter prior to analysis. The samples were analyzed immediately when possible, but always within 24 h after collection. The coulometric technique for TCO2 analyses in seawater was originated by Ken Johnson (Johnson et al. 1985, 1987). UIC, Inc. supplied the coulometic/extraction system (Models 5011 and 5030, respectively). The following changes were made to the standard extraction system: 1. Both the pipet and seawater sample bottle were jacketed (the sample bottle was placed in a jacketed beaker) and were connected to a circulating bath set at 25 C. 2. Ultra-pure N2 was used for both carrier gas and sample delivery; prior to hook-up to glassware, the N2 was sent through an in-line NaOH (Malcosorb) scrubber to remove any CO2. 3. The condensing column was connected to a circulating bath filled with antifreeze and run at 1 C. 4. An ORBO (activated Si gel from Supelco) tube was placed in-line between the glassware and titration cell to eliminate any excess moisture. 5. Standardization of instrumentation was modified (as described later in this section). The computer interfaced to the system was a Zenith ZBF-2339-BK. The program supplied by UIC was modified significantly, to accommodate our particular needs. In coulometric analysis of TCO2, all carbonate species in seawater (CO2(aq), H2CO3, HCO3- and CO32-) are converted to CO2 by addition of excess acid. The evolved CO2 is then moved into the titration cell by N2 carrier gas where it is titrated potentiometrically by reacting quantitatively with ethanolamine to form hydroxyethyl carbamic acid; this is titrated with OH- ions electrogenerated by the reduction of H2O at a platinum cathode: CO2 + HO(CH2)2NH2 -- HO(CH2)2NHCOO- + H+ Ag(s) -- Ag+ + e- H2O + e- -- 0.5H2(g) + OH- H+ + OH- -- H20 The equivalence point is detected photometrically with thymolphthalein as an indicator. The cell solution is blue at the equivalence point of 10.5 pH and colorless at pH 9.3 after the addition of CO2 in aqueous solutions. CO2 drives down the pH and raises percent transmittance. As the acid is titrated, pH increases (hence, the blue color returns) and percent transmittance decreases, thus causing the titration current to pass from high to low to zero as the equivalence point is approached and sensed by the optical detector. The CO2 level is calculated based on the quantity of electricity required to reach the equivalence point and the time of passage. The entire sequence takes from 8 to 11 min. The volume of the pipet was ~ 50 mL, and was calibrated in the laboratory before and after the cruise. The pipet was cleaned by drawing a 25% solution of NaOH into the cell and allowing it to soak overnight. This eliminated any organic film inside the pipet and ensured a clean delivery. Pipet calibrations were conducted to be within the measured pipet temperature range during the cruise (24.5 C 25.5 C) utilizing a circulating bath. Milli-Q water was drawn into the pipet in the exact manner that a liquid standard or seawater sample was handled. The water was delivered by N2 (flow rate is 200 mL/min) into a tared, ground-glass stoppered mixing flask, and drained for an additional 5 s (monitored by a stop-watch) to allow the droplets of water to be delivered; the flask was then immediately stoppered and weighed on a Mettler AE240 balance. Approximately 15-20 samples were collected per experiment. The following references were used to correct the weighings: 1. Volume Properties of Ordinary Water. 2. Reductions of Weighings in Air to Vacuo for Brass Weights and a Water Density of 1.00. Density of air used was 0.0012. 3. Temperature Correction for Glass Volumetric Apparatus. The corrected volumes were then linearly regressed with temperature, and a calibration curve was established (typical r2 = 0.80). Schott-Duran glass 500-mL bottles were annealed at 450 C for 1 h, then cleaned in a dishwasher with commercial grade dishwashing detergent. Prior to collection of samples, the solid ground-glass stoppers were coated with Type M Apiezon grease. Acid used to convert carbonate species to CO2 was a 1:10 solution of Baker reagent grade H3PO4. All coulometric chemicals (cathode solution, anode solution, and KI) were purchased from UIC, Inc. Liquid standards were made up in a 0.7 M solution of KCl. The standards were treated just as a seawater sample and were delivered through the pipet under the same conditions. The standard used was Na2CO3 (Ultrex, Lot 935113); the KCl was reagent grade from Mallinkrodt. The Na2CO3 was prepared in the laboratory by baking at 260 270 C for 0.5 h, and desiccated overnight. The standards were weighed into pre cleaned ground-glass stoppered vials with weights ranging from 0.20 to 0.25 g. They were immediately stored in an evacuated desiccator with fresh Si gel until prepared. The KCl was baked in a muffle furnace for 0.5 h at 260-270 C, and cooled in a desiccator overnight. The KCl solution and liquid standards were prepared in the following manner: Milli-Q water was boiled in a 3-L boiling flask for 20 min to drive off CO2, then cooled overnight with a NaOH column attached to the neck of the flask. A glove-box was purged with ultra-pure N2 for about 20 min; in the glove box, the KCl was mixed with the CO2-free water in a clean 2-L volumetric. Half of this solution was stored in a 1-L sample bottle with siphon tube and clamp and was used to determine blank values for the KCl (see following discussion). The other half was used to make the Na2CO3 in a 1-L volumetric. After the standard equilibrated, it was poured into a 1-L bottle with siphon tube and clamp. This work was performed in an N2 environment in the glove box. The KCl solution was analyzed to determine a mean blank for the standard. Being careful not to expose the KCl solution to the atmosphere, it was drawn into the pipet in the same way as a sample. When handled in this way, the KCl blank was very constant, usually with a mean of around 6.0 +/- 0.3 ug C for an individual batch and an over the cruise mean of 6 +/- 1 ug C. The standards yielded a mean calibration factor of 99.6588% +/- 0.0600 (n = 25). A Certified Reference Material (CRM) was prepared and bottled by Dr. Andrew Dickson of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO). The TCO2 concentration of the CRM was determined to be 2020 +/- 0.009 umol/kg by manometric technique in the laboratory of Dr. Charles Keeling of the SIO. Bottles of the CRM were taken on the cruise and analyzed frequently to determine the accuracy and precision of the coulometric method; the results are reported in Table 1. Throughout the cruise, the accuracy was determined to be within 0.15% and the precision was within 0.12%. Replicates analyzed at three different stations throughout the cruise yielded a precision of +/- 0.05%. The reported TCO2 data have been corrected to reflect the difference in accuracy to the CRM; the correction applied is +3 umol/kg TCO2. Samples were analyzed with the same method as standards, that is, 4.5 mLs of acid were dispensed into the reaction vessel, and 2-3 minutes were allowed to pass to purge CO2 from the acid. Following that, the pipet was rinsed twice with the sample, and the third fill was isolated and used for analysis. The sample was emptied into the reaction vessel, and allowed to drain for an additional 5 seconds (monitored via stopwatch) to allow droplets of water to be delivered. Table 1. Certified Reference Material (batch 1) analyzed for total CO2 during R/V Malcolm Baldrige CGC-90 Cruise ---------------------- Date TCO2 (umol/kg) ---------------------- 24 Feb. 1990 2012 25 Feb. 1990 2024 27 Feb. 1990 2014 2 Mar. 1990 2015 5 Mar. 1990 2012 5 Mar. 1990 2016 6 Mar. 1990 2019 7 Mar. 1990 2019 8 Mar. 1990 2019 10 Mar. 1990 2015 11 Mar. 1990 2016 12 Mar. 1990 2016 13 Mar. 1990 2017 15 Mar. 1990 2017 16 Mar. 1990 2017 20 Mar. 1990 2017 29 Mar. 1990 2017 30 Mar. 1990 2014 2 Apr. 1990 2018 3 Apr. 1990 2014 5 Apr. 1990 2016 6 Apr. 1990 2017 7 Apr. 1990 2018 7 Apr. 1990 2018 11 Apr. 1990 2020 12 Apr. 1990 2017 -------------------- Mean 2017 Sta. Dev 2.5 -------------------- Sigma-t and sigma-theta were calculated using standard UNESCO algorithms (Fofonoff and Millard 1983), and the CTD measured in situ temperature and bottle salinities. When no bottle salinities were available or when they were defined as a questionable or unacceptable measurements, CTD salinities were used in the calculation. 4. DATA CHECKS AND PROCESSING PERFORMED BY CDIAC An important part of the NDP process at the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) involves the quality assurance (QA) of data before distribution. Data received at CDIAC are rarely in a condition that would permit immediate distribution, regardless of the source. To guarantee data of the highest possible quality, CDIAC conducts extensive QA reviews. Reviews involve examining the data for completeness, reasonableness, and accuracy. Although they have common objectives, these reviews are tailored to each data set, often requiring extensive programming efforts. In short, the QA process is a critical component in the value-added concept of supplying accurate, usable data for researchers. The following summarizes the data QA checks and processing performed by CDIAC on the data obtained during the NOAA/PMEL R/V Malcolm Baldrige CGC-90 Cruise in the Southwest Pacific. 1. These data were provided to CDIAC as two ASCII-formatted files and accompanying printed documentation (NOAA Data Report ERL PMEL-42) (Lamb et al. 1993). A FORTRAN 77 retrieval code was written and used to reformat the original files. 2. To check for obvious outliers all data were plotted by use of a PLOTNEST.C program written by Stewart C. Sutherland, of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. The program plots a series of nested profiles, using the station number as an offset; the first station is defined at the beginning, and subsequent stations are offset by a fixed interval. Several outliers were identified and flagged after consultation with the principal investigators. 3. To generate a section profile plot of TCO2 concentrations along the 170 W, the PLOTSECT.C program written by Stewart C. Sutherland, LDEO was used. 4. To identify noisy data and possible systematic methodological errors, property-property plots for all parameters were generated, carefully examined, and compared with plots from previous expeditions in the Southwest Pacific. 5. To identify possible instrumentation drifts and methodological errors, the data intercomparison for reoccupied stations was provided. 6. All variables were checked for values exceeding physical limits, such as sampling depth values that are greater than the given bottom depths. 7. Station locations (latitudes and longitudes) and sampling dates were examined for consistency with maps and with cruise information supplied by Lamb et al. (1993). 8. The designation for missing values, given as "-99.00" in the original files, was changed to "-999.90". 5. HOW TO OBTAIN THE DATA AND DOCUMENTATION This data base is available upon request in machine-readable form, free-of-charge from CDIAC. CDIAC will also distribute subsets of the data base as needed. It can be acquired on 9-track magnetic tape; 8-mm tape; 150-mB, quarter-inch tape cartridge; IBM-formatted floppy diskettes; or from CDIAC's anonymous File Transfer Protocol (FTP) area via Internet (see FTP address below). Requests should include any specific media instructions (i.e., 1600 or 6250 BPI, labeled or nonlabeled, ASCII or EBCDIC characters, and variable- or fixed-length records; 3.5- or 5.25-inch floppy diskettes, high or low density; and 8200 or 8500 format 8-mm tape) required by the user to access the data. Magnetic tape requests not accompanied by specific instructions will be filled on 9-track, 6250 BPI, standard-labeled tapes with EBCDIC characters. Requests should be addressed to: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Post Office Box 2008 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335 U.S.A. Telephone: (615) 574-0390 or (615) 574-3645 Fax: (615) 574-2232 Electronic Mail: INTERNET: CDIAC@ORNL.GOV The data files can be also acquired from CDIAC's anonymous FTP account via Internet: FTP to cdiac.esd.ornl.gov (128.219.24.36) Enter "ftp" or "anonymous" as the userid Enter your electronic mail address as the password (e.g., alex@alex.esd.ornl.gov ) Change to the directory "/pub/ndp052" Acquire the files using the FTP "get" or "mget" command or World Wide Web URL: http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/cdiac/ 6. REFERENCES Armstrong, F. A. J., C. R. Stearns, and J. D. H. Strickland. 1967. The measurement of upwelling and subsequent biological processes by means of the Technicon Auto-Analyzer and associated equipment. Deep-Sea Res. 14:381-89. Atlas, E. L., J. C. Callaway, R. D. Tomlinson, L. I. Gordon, L. Barstow, and P. K. Park. 1971. A Practical Manual for Use of the Technicon Autoanalyzer Nutrient Analysis, revised. Oregon State University Technical Report 215, Reference No. 71-22. Fofonoff, N. P., and R. C. Millard, Jr. 1983. Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater. UNESCO Technical Paper. Johnson, K. M., A. E. King, and J. McN. Sieburth. 1985. Coulometric TCO2 analyses for marine studies; an introduction. Mar. Chem. 16:61-82. Johnson, K. M., P. J. Williams, L. Brandstrom, and J. McN. Sieburth. 1987. Coulometric total carbon analysis for marine studies: automation and calibration. Mar. Chem. 21:117-33. McTaggart K. E., D. Wilson, and L. J. Mangum. 1993. CTD Measurements Collected on a Climate and Global Change Cruise along 170 N during February April 1990. NOAA Data Report. URL-PMEL-44. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Wash. Lamb M. F., R. A. Feely, L. Moore, and D. K. Atwood. 1993. Total CO2 and Nitrate Measurements In the Southwest Pacific During Austral Autumn, 1990. NOAA Data Report ERL PMEL-42. Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Wash. Technicon Industrial Systems. 1977. Nitrate and nitrite in water and seawater. Technicon Auto- Analyzer II, Industrial Method No. 158 71W/A. Technicon Instrument Corporation, Tarrytown, N.Y. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science. 1991. Reference Materials for Oceanic Carbon Dioxide Measurements 60. PART 2: CONTENT AND FORMAT OF DATA FILES 7. FILE DESCRIPTIONS This section describes the content and format of each of the five files that comprise this NDP (Table 2). Because CDIAC distributes the data set in several ways (e.g., via anonymous FTP, floppy diskette, and on 9-track magnetic tape), each of the five files is referenced by both an ASCII file name, which is given in lower-case, bold-faced type (e.g., ndp052.txt), and a file number. The remainder of this section describes (or lists, where appropriate) the contents of each file. The files are discussed in the order in which they appear on the magnetic tapes. Table 2. Content, size, and format of data files ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ File number, name, Logical File size Block Record and description records in bytes size length ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. ndp052.txt: 954 50,859 8,000 80 a detailed description of the cruise network, the two FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routines, and the two oceanographic data files 2. stainv.for: 30 1,062 8,000 80 a FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routine to read and print cgc90sta.inv (File 4) 3. cgc90dat.for: 36 1,368 8,000 80 a FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routine to read and print cgc90.dat (File 5) 4. cgc90sta.inv: 63 3,906 4,100 41 a listing of the station locations, sampling dates, and sounding bottom depths for each station 5. cgc90.dat: 1,224 134,640 16,000 160 hydrographic, carbon dioxide, and nitrate data from 63 stations. _____ ______ Total 2,307 191,835 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7.1 ndp052.txt (File 1) This file contains a detailed description of the data set, the two FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routines, and the two oceanographic data files. It exists primarily for the benefit of individuals who acquire this database as machine-readable data files from CDIAC. 7.2 stainv.for (File 2) This file contains a FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routine to read and print cgc90sta.inv (File 4). The following is a listing of this program. For additional information regarding variable definitions, variable lengths, variable types, units, and codes, please see the description for the cgc90sta.inv file. c**************************************************************** c* This is a FORTRAN 77 retrieval code to read and print the * c* file named "cgc90sta.inv" (File 4) * c**************************************************************** INTEGER sta, cast, dep REAL lat, lon CHARACTER date*8, time*4 OPEN (unit=1, file='cgc90sta.inv') OPEN (unit=2, file='pmel90sta.inv') write (2, 5) 5 format (2X,'STANBR',1X,'CASTNBR',1X,'LATITUDE',1X, 1 'LONGITUDE',6X,'DATE',4X,'TIME',3X,'DEPTH',/,18X, 2 'DEC.DEG',3X,'DEC.DEG',5X,'D/M/Y',5X,'GMT',7X,'M',/) 7 CONTINUE read (1, 10, end=999) sta, cast, lat, lon, date, time, 1 dep 10 format (6X, I2, 5X, I3, 2X, F7.3, 2X, F8.3, 2X, A8, 4X, 1 A4, 4X, I4) write (2, 20) sta, cast, lat, lon, date, time, 1 dep 20 format (6X, I2, 5X, I3, 2X, F7.3, 2X, F8.3, 2X, A8, 4X, 1 A4, 4X, I4) GOTO 7 999 close(unit=1) close(unit=2) stop end 7.3 cgc90dat.for (File 3) This file contains a FORTRAN 77 data retrieval routine to read and print cgc90.dat (File 5). The following is a listing of this program. For additional information regarding variable definitions, variable lengths, variable types, units, and codes, please see the description for the cgc90.dat file. c**************************************************************** c* This is a FORTRAN 77 data retrieval code to read and format * c* the file named "cgc90.dat" (File 5) * c**************************************************************** INTEGER sta, samp, qcfl REAL pres, temp, theta, ctdsal, botsal, sigma, sigmat REAL no3, tco2 OPEN (unit=1, file='cgc90.dat') OPEN (unit=2, file='pmel90.dat') write (2, 5) 5 format (3X,'STANBR',3X,'SAMPID',3X,'CTDPRS',2X,'CTDTEMP',4X, 1 'THETA',3X,'CTDSAL',3X,'BOTSAL',4X,'SIGMA',2X,'SIGMA-T',2X, 2 'NITRATE',4X,'TCARB',3X'QC_FLAG',/,23X'DBAR',3X,'DEG(C)', 3 3X,'DEG(C)',6X,'PSS',6X,'PSS',4X,'THETA',11X,'UMOL/KG',2X, 4 'UMOL/KG',/,56X,'*******',20X,'*******',2X,'*******') 7 CONTINUE read (1, 10,end=999) sta, samp, pres, temp, theta, ctdsal, 1 botsal, sigma, sigmat, no3, tco2, qcfl 10 format (7X,I2,4X,I5,3X,F6.1,3X,F6.3,3X,F6.3,3X,F6.3,1X,F8.3, 1 3X,F6.3,3X,F6.3,1X,F8.3,2X,F7.1,7X,I3) write (2, 20) sta, samp, pres, temp, theta, ctdsal, 1 botsal, sigma, sigmat, no3, tco2, qcfl 20 format (7X,I2,4X,I5,3X,F6.1,3X,F6.3,3X,F6.3,3X,F6.3,1X,F8.3, 1 3X,F6.3,3X,F6.3,1X,F8.3,2X,F7.1,7X,I3) GOTO 7 999 close(unit=1) close(unit=2) stop end 7.4 cgc90sta.inv (File 4) This file provides station inventory information for each of 63 stations occupied during the R/V Malcolm Baldrige CGC-90 Cruise. There is one entry for each station. Each line contains a section number, cast number, latitude, longitude, sampling date (day/month/year), sampling time, and sounding depth of the station. The file is sorted by station number and can be read using the following FORTRAN 77 code (contained in stainv.for, which is File 2): INTEGER sta, cast, dep REAL lat, lon CHARACTER date*8, time*4 read (1, 10, end=999) sta, cast, lat, lon, date, time, 1 dep 10 format (6X, I2, 5X, I3, 2X, F7.3, 2X, F8.3, 2X, A8, 4X, 1 A4, 4X, I4) Stated in tabular form, the contents include the following: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Variable Variable Starting Ending Variable type width column column ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- sta Numeric 2 7 8 cast Numeric 3 14 16 lat Numeric 7 19 25 lon Numeric 8 28 35 date Character 8 38 45 time Character 4 50 53 dep Numeric 4 58 61 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ where sta is the station number; cast is the cast number; lat is the latitude of the station (in decimal degrees). Stations in the Southern Hemisphere have negative latitudes; lon is the longitude of the station (in decimal degrees). Stations in the Western Hemisphere have negative longitudes date is the date the station was sampled (day/month/year); time is the time the station was sampled (Greenwich Mean Time); dep is the sounding depth of the station (in m). 7.5 cgc90.dat (File 5) This file provides hydrographic, carbon dioxide, and nitrate data for the 63 stations occupied during R/V Malcolm Baldrige CGC-90 Cruise in the Southwest Pacific. Each line of the file consists of a station number, sample ID, CTD pressure, CTD temperature, potential temperature, CTD salinity, bottle salinity, sigma-t, sigma-theta, nitrate, total CO2, and data quality flags. The file is sorted by station number and pressure and can be read using the following FORTRAN 77 code (contained in cgc90dat.for, which is File 3): INTEGER sta, samp, qcfl REAL pres, temp, theta, ctdsal, botsal, sigma, sigmat REAL no3, tco2 read (1, 10,end=999) sta, samp, pres, temp, theta, ctdsal, 1 botsal, sigma, sigmat, no3, tco2, qcfl 10 format (7X,I2,4X,I5,3X,F6.1,3X,F6.3,3X,F6.3,3X,F6.3,1X,F8.3, 1 3X,F6.3,3X,F6.3,1X,F8.3,2X,F7.1,7X,I3) Stated in tabular form, the contents include the following: Variable Variable Starting Ending Variable type width column column sta Numeric 2 8 9 samp Numeric 5 14 18 pres Numeric 6 22 27 temp Numeric 6 31 36 theta Numeric 6 40 45 ctdsal Numeric 6 49 54 botsal Numeric 8 56 63 sigma Numeric 6 67 72 sigmat Numeric 6 76 81 no3 Numeric 8 83 90 tco2 Numeric 7 93 99 qcfl Numeric 3 107 109 where sta is the station number; samp is the sample number; pres is the CTD pressure (in dbar); temp is the CTD temperature (in deg. C); theta is the potential temperature (in deg. C); ctdsal is the CTD salinity (in PSS); botsal* is the bottle salinity (in PSS); sigma is sigma-theta (in sigma units); sigmat is sigma-t (in sigma units); no3* is the nitrate concentration (in umol/kg); tco2* is the total carbon dioxide concentration (in umol/kg); qcfl is an 3-digit variable that contains data quality flag codes for parameters flagged by an asterisk in the output file. Quality flags definitions: 2 = Acceptable measurement; 3 = Questionable measurement; 5 = Not reported; 9 = Sample not drown for this measurement from this bottle. 8. VERIFICATION OF DATA TRANSPORT The data files contained in this numeric data package can be read by using the FORTRAN 77 data retrieval programs provided. Users should visually examine each data file to verify that the data were correctly transported to their systems. To facilitate the visual inspection process, partial listings of each data file are provided in Tables 3 and 4. Each of these tables contains the first and last five lines of a data file. Table 3. Partial listing of cgc90sta.inv (File 4) First five lines of the file: 2 2 -15.001 -170.005 24/02/90 0151 4817 3 3 -16.472 -169.993 24/02/90 1238 5073 4 4 -18.003 -170.007 24/02/90 2149 4929 5 7 -20.012 -169.993 25/02/90 2049 5320 7 10 -21.992 -169.997 26/02/90 1300 4839 Last five lines of the file: 64 105 0.000 -170.001 11/04/90 1400 5612 65 106 0.500 -170.005 11/04/90 1837 5285 66 107 1.001 -170.005 11/04/90 2145 5316 67 108 2.005 -170.015 12/04/90 0308 5357 68 109 5.001 -170.010 12/04/90 1655 7161 Table 4. Partial listing of cgc90.dat (File 5) First five lines of the file: 2 222 3.0 28.197 28.196 35.525 35.527 22.729 22.729 -999.900 -999.9 259 2 110 3.6 28.214 28.213 35.531 -999.900 22.727 22.726 0.391 1954.7 522 2 109 18.2 28.152 28.147 35.531 -999.900 22.748 22.746 -999.900 2047.9 553 2 108 39.0 28.043 28.034 35.522 35.527 22.782 22.779 0.391 1966.5 223 2 219 47.7 27.715 27.704 35.521 35.513 22.879 22.876 0.391 -999.9 229 Last five lines of the file: 68 10945 196.6 14.442 14.413 34.595 34.613 25.801 25.795 18.641 2124.9 222 68 10953 295.9 9.985 9.951 34.668 34.661 26.696 26.690 -999.900 2222.9 252 68 10943 496.6 7.978 7.927 34.611 -999.900 26.979 26.972 -999.900 2263.0 552 68 10942 695.1 6.208 6.145 34.558 34.553 27.181 27.173 -999.900 2292.0 253 68 10941 996.9 4.493 4.413 34.568 34.564 27.396 27.387 -999.900 2310.1 252 APPENDIX A STATION INVENTORY This appendix lists station inventory information for the 63 sites occupied during R/V Malcolm Baldrige CGC-90 Cruise in the Southwest Pacific. The meanings of the column headings in Table A-1 are as follows. STANBR is the station number; CASTNBR is the cast number; LATITUDE is the latitude of the station (in decimal degrees). Stations in the Southern Hemisphere have negative latitudes; LONGITUDE is the longitude of the station (in decimal degrees). Stations in the Western Hemisphere have negative longitudes; DATE is the sampling date (day/month/year); TIME is the sampling time [Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)]; DEPTH is the sounding bottom depth of each station (in m). Table A.1. Station inventory information for the 63 sites occupied during R/V Malcolm Baldrige CGC-90 Cruise STANBR CASTNBR LATITUDE LONGITUDE DATE TIME DEPTH DEC.DEG DEC.DEG D/M/Y GMT M 2 1-2 -15.001 -170.005 24/02/90 0151 4817 3 3 -16.472 -169.993 24/02/90 1238 5073 4 4 -18.003 -170.007 24/02/90 2149 4929 5 5-7 -20.012 -169.993 25/02/90 2049 5320 7 9-10 -21.992 -169.997 26/02/90 1300 4839 9 11-13 -25.022 -170.015 27/02/90 1837 5712 10 14-15 -27.053 -170.015 28/02/90 0952 5316 11 16-18 -30.005 -170.043 01/03/90 0441 5429 12 19-21 -32.553 -170.052 02/03/90 0030 5568 13 22-24 -35.023 -170.010 02/03/90 2115 5225 14 25-26 -37.543 -170.037 03/03/90 1252 5170 15 27-29 -40.028 -170.028 04/03/90 0706 4626 16 30-31 -40.968 -170.483 04/03/90 1908 4323 17 32 -41.490 -170.723 05/03/90 0041 3984 18 33 -41.982 -170.983 05/03/90 0554 2974 19 34-35 -42.478 -171.208 05/03/90 1225 1857 20 36 -43.502 -170.853 05/03/90 1902 2904 21 37 -43.985 -170.693 06/03/90 0054 4473 22 38 -44.370 -170.328 06/03/90 0641 5108 23 39-41 -46.045 -170.001 06/03/90 2207 5190 24 42 -47.007 -170.013 07/03/90 0538 5252 25 43-44 -48.022 -169.915 07/03/90 1509 5294 26 45-47 -50.067 -170.070 08/03/90 0844 5279 27 48-49 -51.967 -169.985 09/03/90 0027 5054 28 50-51 -56.768 -170.068 10/03/90 0612 4822 29 52-53 -60.010 -169.883 11/03/90 0502 4139 30 54-55 -55.997 -174.168 12/03/90 2212 4970 31 56-57 -53.948 -176.158 13/03/90 1304 5289 32 58 -50.505 -179.395 15/03/90 0620 4448 33 59 -49.492 -179.745 15/03/90 1420 2012 34 60 -49.725 -179.998 16/03/90 0724 3111 35 61 -49.848 -179.878 16/03/90 1146 4030 36 62 -50.483 -179.357 18/03/90 0704 4458 38 65 -34.648 -178.637 28/03/90 0948 6556 39 66 -32.497 -178.313 28/03/90 2141 5091 40 67 -32.510 -178.523 29/03/90 0237 4249 41 68-69 -32.488 -178.767 29/03/90 1000 3003 42 70 -32.483 -178.502 29/03/90 1257 4211 43 71 -32.493 -178.297 29/03/90 1554 5004 44 72-73 -32.510 -177.998 30/03/90 0029 6005 45 74-75 -32.490 -175.502 30/03/90 1642 5556 46 76 -32.480 -171.478 31/03/90 1104 5259 47 77 -30.000 -170.007 01/04/90 0233 5532 48 78-80 -25.020 -170.030 02/04/90 0857 5834 49 81-82 -22.507 -170.008 03/04/90 0042 5645 50 83-85 -20.025 -170.013 03/04/90 1926 5502 51 86 -17.492 -170.005 04/04/90 0841 4848 52 87-89 -15.005 -170.007 05/04/90 0438 4903 53 90 -11.440 -169.608 05/04/90 2237 5216 54 91 -10.102 -169.503 06/04/90 0700 5332 55 92-93 -10.092 -170.000 06/04/90 1546 5260 56 94 -10.088 -170.248 06/04/90 2053 5141 57 95 -9.492 -170.213 07/04/90 0238 4515 58 96-98 -5.013 -170.020 08/04/90 0526 5511 59 99 -2.005 -170.007 08/04/90 2116 5214 60 100 -0.995 -170.020 09/04/90 0244 5435 61 101 -0.498 -170.007 09/04/90 0605 5698 62 102-104 0.000 -170.020 09/04/90 0931 5342 64 105 0.000 -170.001 11/04/90 1400 5612 65 106 0.500 -170.005 11/04/90 1837 5285 66 107 1.001 -170.005 11/04/90 2145 5316 67 108 2.005 -170.015 12/04/90 0308 5357 68 109 5.001 -170.010 12/04/90 1655 7161