INDEX ABSORPTION buccal, 29 chewing tobacco, 281 cigarette smoke, 29, 281 lung, 29 nicotine polacrilex gum, 281 other tobacco expoeure, 29 smoking behavior, 153 ABSTINENCE (See also CESSATION OF SMOK- MG; DEPRIVATION; WITH- DRAWAL SYMPTOMS; WITH- DRAWAL SYNDROME) aggression, 203 spontaneous withdrawal assessment, 293 weight gain, relapse predictor, 440 withdrawal syndrome, reinforce- ment, 197 ACBTYLCHOLINE desynchronisation of electroenceph- alograms, 110 high-affinity binding sites, 90, 92 nicotinic cholinergic agonista, 81 receptor measurement, 53 release in cerebral cortex, 96 turnover in hippocampus and fron- tal cortex, 98 ADDICTION definitions, 7, 149, 247-248, 249- 25(x296 effecta of selected drugs, 299-303 identification of hazardous drugs, 304 nicotine and tobacco, 6, 8 perceived functions of smoking, 397 relationship to physical dependence, 296 ADOLIBCENTS epidemiological studies, 261-262 initiation of use, 259-265 multidrug use, 259265 ADOLESCENTS-ConM. negative- and positive-affect regula- tion, smoking, 399 perceptions of stress, 121 smoking prevalence, 573-577 vulnerability factors, 266-267 weight control and smoking, 438 ADVERTISING increased drug use, 365 low-yield cigarettes, health risks, 566 AGE FACTORS body weight effects, 415, 41-18, 424, 431 relapse, 316 smoking cessation, 580-581 smoking prevalence, 569, 579 ALCOHOL aversive stimuli, 286 discriminative effects, 272 multidrug use, 261-264 place conditioning, 285 prohibition and decreased use, 365 reinforcement, 282 ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION abuse, smoking as risk factor, 401 body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers, 417-418, 431 cigarette consumption effects, 167 smoking prevalence among alcohol- ics, 402 ALKALOIDS, TOBACCO 2,3'dipyridyl, structure, 27 G'oxoanabasine. structure, 27 anabaseine, structure, 27 anabasine, structure, 27, 28 anatabine, structure, 27, 28 metanicotine, structure, 27 myosmine, structure, 27, 28 N-formyl-nornicotine, content, 28 N'-methylanabasine, structure, 27 N'-methylanatabine, structure, 27 619 INDEX ALKALOIDS, TOBACCO-Contd. N'-nitrosonornicotine, structure, 27 nicotine N-oxide, structure, 27 nicotyrine, structure, 27 nornicotine, structure, 27, 28 nornicotyrine, structure, 27 pharmacologic effects, 56 pseudooxynicotine, structure, 27 AMPHEH'AMINES cigarette consumption effects, 167 discrimination, 172, 275-276 ANABASINE content, 28 discrimination, nicotine-trained ani- mals, 172 respiratory and cardiovascular ef- fects, 57 structure, 27 ANTAGONISTS mecamylamine, 484-485 naloxoneprecipitated withdrawal syndrome, 297 nicotine effects in brain, reinforce ment, 192 precipitated withdrawal syndrome, 293 pretreatment, smoke intake, 166 ANIURTY consumption increases, 404 deprivation, 405 neuroticism and adult smoking habit, 402 pain thresholds, abstinence vs. high-nicotine cigarettes, 406-407 reduction, affect regulation, smok- ing, 396, 397 reduction, cognitive appraisal, 411- 412 weight gain, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers and ex-smokers, 422 withdrawal symptom, 199, 201, 204 withdrawal symptom, with nicotine polacrilex gum, 208, 210 ARBCOLINE discriminative stimulus, 172, 175 hippocampal theta activity, 109 ATROPINE discrimination, nicotine-trained ani- mals, 174 effects on desynchronixation, 109 effects on radioligand binding, 90 620 ATROPINB-Contd. low dependence potential, 285 AUDITION amplitude decreases, withdrawal symptom, 204 auditory evoked response during smoking abstinence, 202 information task, smoking effects, 385 psychological enhancement and sensory gratification, 413 vigilance tasks, smoking effects, 383 AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM myenteric plexus, 96 peripheral cholinergic neuron stim- ulation, 79 phasic increases, emotional stimula- tion, 411 AVERSIVE THERAPY contingency contracting, 494-495 covert sensitization, 488 directed smoking, 488 less severe techniques, 492-493 rapid smoking, 501 relaxation training, 49W94 unpleasant conditions, 501 BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL associated stimuli, 309 drug seeking, 309 food intake and body weight, nic- otine administration, 434 negative-affect-reducing properties of nicotine, 407 physical activity, nicotine adminis- tration and cessation, 435 place preference or aversion, 194- 195 reinforcing drug effects, 279 self-administration of drugs, 279 BEHAVIOR, HUMAN classically conditioned, 307 cocaine deprivation, 310 compulsive drug use, 250 counseling, 502-503 drug seeking, 310 nicotine self-administration, nega- tive reinforcement, 193-194 nicotine self-administration, re sponse rates, 192 operant, 307 INDEX BEHAVIOR, HUMAN-ConM. repetitive and stereotypic drug use, 8 respondent, 367 treatment strategies, 487-503 BELGIUM body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers and ex-smokers, 419, 420 BIOASSAYS cotinine and nicotine, 4243 enzyme-linked immunosorbent as- my, 43 gas chromatography, 43 mass spectrometry, 43 radioimmunoassay, 43 BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS blood cotinine, 38, 42 blood nicotine, 42 carboxyhemoglobin, 42, 514 cotinine, 515 metabolism of nicotine, 41 salivary cotinine levels, 42 thiocyanate, 514-515 urinary cotinine levels, 42 BLACK AMERICANS (See also ETHNIC GROUPS) cessation motivation and success, 510 cessation of smoking, 508-509 church and fraternal roles, 511512 coronary risk trial, 511 health care access, 569 physician influence, 511 quit-smoking treatments, 511512 smoking and quitting patterns, 510 social norms and advertising, 509- 510 sociodemographic factors, 509 BLOCKADE THERAPY mecamylamine, 484-485 opioid dependence, 484 tobacco dependence, 484-485 BLOOD carboxyhemoglobin, 39 cotinine, 38 nicotine, 30-33, 38-39 pH and nicotine measures, 41 wound healing, 600 BLOOD PRESSURE changes during abstinence or re- lapse, 202, 205 BLOOD PRBSSURE-Contd. hypertension relationship to smok- ing, 600-601 stress and nicotine, 409 BODY HEIGHT smokers vs. nonsmokers and ex- smokers, 416, 418 BODY TEMPERATURE changes, withdrawal symptom, 202 skin, changes during abstinence or relapse, 202, 205 BODY WEIGHT adipose tissue, relative nicotine lev- el, 32 carbohydrate metabolism and smok- ing, 107 changes during abstinence or re lapse, 205 control, smoking and nicotine ef- fects, 381 gains after nicotine cessation, ani- mals, 432 hypothalamic consummatory drive model, nicotine, 412-413 nicotine administration, animals, with food intake, 434 nicotine polacrilex gum, effects, 432 smokers vs. nonsmokers and ex- smokers, 414-441 smoking cessation effects, 199, 202, 439 weight loss and nicotine, animals, 432 BRAIN alpha, beta, and theta power, with smoking, Ill-112 anteroventral thalamic nucleus, 86, 94 blood-brain barrier, nicotine isome thonium penetration, 57 caudate nucleus, 94 central grey matter, 86-87 cerebellum, 94 cerebral cortex, 94 chemical mediation of nicotine, 8 cortical arousal, withdrawal symp tom, 202, 204 cortical electric potentials, with- drawal symptom, 206 cortical evoked potentials, with- drawal symptoms with nicotine polacrilex gum, 208 621 INDEX BRAINAontd. dentate gyrus, 94 electrocortical effects of nicotine, 107-l 12 expectancy and orienting waves, 115 frontoparietal cortex, 86-87 glucose utilization, nicotine stimula tion, 81, 86-88 hippocampus, 94, 99-100, 109 homovanillic acid levels after nic- otine exposure, 110 hypothalamus, 94, 97 interanteromedial thalamic nucleus, 86 interpeduncular nucleus, 86, 94, 95 interpeduncular nucleus and medi- al habenula, SH-labeled nicotine, 81 lateral geniculate body, 86 lateral habenulae, 86 lateralized affective processors mod- el, stressful conditions, 412 locus coeruleus, 95 medial habenulae, 86, 94, 95 metabolism, binding sites, 85-86 nerve cells, nicotine concentrations, 85 nicotine concentrations, animals, 82-85 nicotine levels, discrimination stim- ulus, 174 nicotine polacrilex gum, 111-112 nicotine-induced desynchronization, 109 physiological effects of nicotine in- jections, 9697 presubiculum, 94 putamen, 94 rapid nicotine uptake, 32-33 rat cerebellum, nicotine effects, 92- 93 relative nicotine level, 32 retrosplenial cortex, 86 substantia nigra pars compacta, 94 superior colliculus, 86, 94 ventral tegmental area, 86-88, 94 BUNGAROTOXIN binding sites, 47 binding studies, mammalian brain, 91-94 nicotinic choline@ receptors, 88- 89 622 BUNGAROTOXIN-ConM. receptor measurement, 53 CAFFBINE cigarette consumption effects, 167 nonreinforcer, 281 CANADA body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers and ex-smokers, 417 CARBON MONOXIDE carboxyhemoglobin content, 59 smoking behavior, 154 toxicity, 59 visual information processing task, smoking effects, 384 CARBOXYHBMOGLOBIN carbon monoxide exposure, 59 concentration, 39 CARCINOGENBSIS benzofa)pyrene-tetradecanoyl phor- bol acetate, 604 bladder, 604 respiratory tract, 664 tobacco cigarettes vs. nicotine pola- crilex gum, 215 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM (See also CORONARY HEART DIS- EASE) acute tolerance, 48, 49 atherosclerosis, 596598 body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers and ex-smokers, 417, 422, 427 carbon monoxide effects, 596 cardiomyopathy, 599-666 contribution of nicotine, 56 coronary artery disease, 598 lowdensity lipoproteins, 596 nicotine and carbon monoxide, 116- 117 nicotine effects, 596601 stress and smoking, 118 Surgeon General's Report, 12 thrombosis, 597-598 very low-density lipoproteins, 596 CATECHOLAMINBS amniotic fluid, 603 nicotine effects on central neurons, 100 release from extra-adrenal chromaf- iin tissues, 97-98 INDEX CELLS nerve, nicotine concentrations, 85 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM nicotine concentrations, 83-84 nicotine isomethonium, 57 nicotinic cholinergic receptors, 89 pre or postsynaptic release of ace- tylcholine, 95 psychoactive drugs, 267 tranquilization effects of nicotine, 409 CESSATION OF SMOKING f&e also ABSTINENCE; DEPRIVA- TION; WITHDRAWAL SYMP- TOMS; WITHDRAWAL SYN- DROME) blacks vs. whites, 572 criteria, 516 heavy vs. light smokers, success rates, 577 males vs. females, 580, 581 measurements, 576, 580 men, neuroticism, 402 physical activity changes, 435 program development, nicotine ad- diction, 6 quit attempts, 150 quit difficulty and daily consump tion, 206 quit ratios by age and sax, 1965 to 1985, 531 relapse and psychophysiological re activity, 120 spontaneous remission, 255-259 stages, 518 Surgeon General's Report, 12 trials, 489-496 weight gain, 414, 416, 422, 423, 424, 425, 431, 439-440 CESSATION OF SMOKING, METHODS (See also NICOTINE DELIVERY, ALTERNATE; NICOTINE POLA- CRILEX GUM; NICOTINE RE PLACEMENT; TREATMENT) acupuncture, 564 contingency contracting, 494-495 hypnosis, 504 nicotine addiction, 8-9 nicotine fading, 497-499 nicotine vapor inhaler, 212 selfefflcacy, 497 CESSATION OF SMOKING, MEI'HODS-ConM. similarity to methods for other drugs, 467 stimulus control, 497 CHEMICAL DETECTION biological samples, 256, 259 interpretation, 259 sensitivity, 259 specificity, 259 CHEMICAL STRUCTURE nicotine, 27 nicotine metabolites, 35 tobacco alkaloids, minor, 27 CHEWING TOBACCO nicotine absorption, 29, 31 nicotine levels, 38 CHILDREN negative- and positive-affect regula- tion, smoking, 399 smoking and body weight beliefs, 438 CHOLINERGIC AGENTS acetylcholine release, 81 interaction with biogenic amine pathways, 98 nicotine effects on central and pe ripheral nervous systems, 96-97 CIGAR SMOKING body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers, 417, 419 nicotine levels, 38 prevalence, men, 1964 to 1986, 580, 582 Surgeon General's Report, 12 CIGARIWlXS, HIGH-NICOTINE affect modulation, 405 blood nicotine levels, 39 brand loyalty, 567 carboxyhemoglobin levels, 39 effects on recall, 389 emphysema, 604 knee-jerk reflex, 45 visual information processing task, smoking effects, 384 yields of nicotine, 26 CIGARETTES, HIGH-TAR brand loyalty, 567 visual information processing task, smoking effects, 384 623 INDEX CIGARETTES, HIGH-YIELD carbon monoxide, 59 heart rate, partial tolerance, 55-56 smoking behavior, 163 CIGARETTES, LOW-NICOTINE affect modulation, 405 effects on recall, 389 emphysema, 604 knee-jerk reflex, 45 Surgeon General's Report, 12 visual information processing task, smoking effects. 3,84 CIGARETTES, LOW-TAR Surgeon General's Report, 12 visual information processing task, smoking effects, 364 CIGARETTES, LOW-YIELD carbon monoxide, 59 consumption. health risks, 566 heart rate, partial tolerance, 5.%56 vented, smoke concentration, 159- 161 COCAINE cost, 283-284 crack, 281 increase in use, 305306 multidrug use, 261-264 place conditioning, 285 starter drug, 278 COFFEE CONSUMPTION smokers vs. nonsmokers, 437 COGNITION concentration difficulty, withdrawal symptom 199 201, 204. 205. 1 1 208, 210 euphoria and dysphoria. 117 oral contraceptive use, response to stress, 118-119 stressor response among women, 118 task performance, 394 CONDITIONING behavioral tolerance, 269 cues to smoke, 465 drug use as learned behavior, 307- 309 drug-opposite response, 289 nicotine addiction 465 pharmacologic and psychological factors, 465 physiological reactions, 466 624 CONDITIONING-Contd. place preference and aversion, 194, 284 placebo effects, 309 taste aversion, 194 CONSUMPTION adolescents, 260 adolescents, stress factor, 400 adults, effects of stress, 401 body weight effects, 415, 416, 417, 419, 420, 423, 426, 431 children, smoking and body weight beliefs, 438 frequency and multiple drugs, 263- 264 heavy smokers, stress, 403 heavy vs. light smokers, smoking cessation success, 577 high-yield cigarettes, 163 multiple drugs, 260 occasional tobacco use, 253-254 prediction, 262-263 progression of drug use, 261-263 race, age, and gender factors, 579 severity of withdrawal symptoms, 206 United States, 1973 to 1987, 567 United States, estimation through taxes, 565 United States, per capita decline, 565-566 CONTROLLED SMOKING compensatory behavior, 499-500 outcomes, 499-500 parameters, 499 prospects for abstinence, 500 COPING STRATEGIES cognitive versus behavioral tech- niques, 530-531 retrospective bias, 531 self-punitive cognitions, 531 short- and long-term effects, 496 skill-based treatment, 532 skills training, 496 stimulus control, 530-531 stress and smoking habit, 402 willpower, 531 CORONARY HEART DISEASE !See also CARDIOVASCULAR SYS TEM! ischemia, mortality myocardial infarct, 598-599 INDEX CORONARY HEART DISEASE+ Contd. myocardial infarct, weight gain af- ter smoking cessation or continu- ation, 426 pharmacodynamic aspects, nicotine, 56 risk, 598 stress and smoking, 118 Surgeon General's Report, 11 CORTICOSTEROIDS corticosterone and tolerance, 52 plasma corticosterone levels, 100- 101, 103 plasma levels and cigarette smok- ing, 104-106 COST alternate nicotine delivery systems, 214 individual and social, 252 positive and negative incentives, 284 required work, 2KJ-284 time, 283 COTINmE bioassay comparison, -0 biochemical detection, 515 blood levels with nicotine polacri- lex gum, withdrawal symptoms, 209 content, 28 daily cigarette consumption, 160 discrimination, nicotine-trained ani- mals, 172 levels and severity of withdrawal symptoms, 206-207 metabolites, 34 nicotine metabolite, 34-36 structure, 27 tobacco-use marker, 36, 40 CRAVING abstinence, 205 definitions, 295 gender difference, 523 measurement problems, 211 mecamylamine effects, 485 nicotine polacrilex gum, -209, 210, 475 plasma nicotine levels, 211 precipitating factors, 211 recurrent and persistent, absti- nence, 8 relapse, 205, 523 CRAVING-ConM. sensory stimuli, 211 smokeless tobacco withdrawal symptom, 207 withdrawal symptom, 199, 201, 204 CYTISINE discrimination, nicotine-trained ani- mals, 172-173 respiratory and cardiovascular ef- fects, 57 DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS 6'eg~) SOCIOECONOMIC FAG cigarettes and smokeless tobacco, 306 marital status, 571 smoking prevalence, 569, 571 women and youth, 396 DENMARK body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers and ex-smokers, 418 DEPENDENCE aversive limits, 266 behavioral effects, 286 cross-tolerance, 292 definitions, 7, 198, 247-246, 245- 250 drug use, 12 interoceptive drug effects, 266 levels, 253 neuroadaptation, 266 physiological effects, 286 positive reinforcement, 266 potential testing, 269-270, 285-286 progression, 253 unconditioned stimuli, 266 DEPRESSION Navy men, cigarette consumption, 404 nicotine polacrilex gum, 208-210 withdrawal symptom, 201 DEPRIVATION (See also ABSTINENCE; CRSSA- TION OF SMOKING; WITH- DRAWAL SYMPTOMS; WITH- DRAWAL SYNDROME) attention span of smokers, 366 effects on memory, 336 negative affect, 405, 406 smoking rates and behavior, 164 stress, relapse, 402 625 INDEX DIAZEPAM nicotine-induced antagonism, 175 withdrawal syndrome, 297 DIET alkaline, smoking behavior, 163- 164 changes during abstinence or re- lapse, 205, 206, 433-434 changes, smokeless tobacco with- drawal symptom, 207 food intake and appetite, withdraw- al symptom, 202 food intake and smoking-related energy imbalance, 434 hunger, hypothalamic consummate ry drive model, nicotine, 412-413 hunger, withdrawal symptom with nicotine polacrilex gum, 209, 210 sweet food intake and weight gain after smoking cessation, 433-434 DISCRIMINATION behavior, 274 drug similarity, 274 generalization. 274 intravenous nicotine administration, humans, 176177 metrazol, animals, 175 nicotine, administration method, animals, 171-172 nicotine, humans, 176-177 nicotine, pentolinium pretreatment. 176-177 nicotine vs. 3-methyl-pyridylpyrolli- dine, 173 specificity, 275276 testing, 274-277 DIZZINESS acute sensitivity, 45, 47 tobacco poisoning, 595 DOPAMINE control over acetylcholine turnover, 98 cue properties of nicotine, 97 nicotine agonists, 54 stimulation by nicotine, 54 turnover and release, 100-101 DOSE CONTROL brand switching, 162 consistent nicotine intake, 158 function of time, 164 nicotine reinforcement, animals, 189-190 626 DOSE CONTROWonM. ventilated cigarette holders, 159 DOSE-RESPONSE amphetamines, 282 aversive limits, 282 biphasic effects, 44 compensatory nicotine intake, 283 heart rate changes, 56 psychoactivity, 272 self-administration and reinforce- ment, 282 self-reported effects, 274 titration-studies, nicotine, 282-283 tobacco smoke, 282 withdrawal reactions, 293 DRUG ABUSE adolescents, smoking as risk factor, 400-401 liability factors, 304 DYSPHORIA nicotine dose increases, 178 EDUCATION high school dropouts, smoking prevalence, 574 smoking prevalence, 1985, 571 ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY activating effects of nicotine, 81-82 activity in rats, 52 changes during abstinence or re- lapse, 205, 206 distinct central nervous system ef- fects, 108-109 history of nicotine studies, 108-109 nicotine-induced desynchronization, 112 parallels with self-reports, 274 power spectral analysis, 110 withdrawal symptoms with nicotine polacrilex gum, 208 ELIMINATION acid loading, 40-41 alkaline loading, 4041 kinetics, 38 measurement of smoke intake, 152 renal nicotine, 4Wl tolerance measure, 289 urinary tract, 33, 34, 36, 37 EMPHYSEMA Surgeon General's Report, 11 weight gain, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers. 426 INDEX ENDOCRINE adrenal cortex, 104-106 follicle-stimulating hormone, 100- 102 growth hormone, 101 luteinizing hormone, 100-102 nicotine effects, 96 prolactin, 100-102 thyroid, 104 thyroid-stimulating hormone, 100- 102 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS conditioned responses, 306 contingent reinforcement, 306 drug costs, 306 economic factors, 266 individual reactions, 529 negative affect, 530 other smokers, 529-530 parental drug use, 266 peer smoking, 526 place conditioning, 284-285 relationship to direct drug effects, 308, 309 smoking cues, 526, 529-530 spousal smoking, 526-527 stimulus control, 497 stress, 536 withdrawal effects, 204, 310-311 EF'INEPHRINE levels during abstinence or relapse, 204, 205 serum concentrations, 97 JWI-INIC GROUPS (see also BLACK AMERICANS; HISPANIC AMERICANS) black Americans, 508-512 black vs. white males, smoking prevalence, 569 black vs. white pregnant smokers vs. nonsmokers, body weight, 418, 424 blacks, smokers vs. nonsmokers and ex-smokers, body weight, 419 blacks vs. whites, cigarette con- sumption, 577 blacks vs. whites, smoking preva- lence, 572, 579 Hispanic Americans, 512-513 Hispanic, smoking prevalence, 569- 570 Oriental alcoholism, 290 ETHNIC GROUPS-Contd. Oriental aversion to alcohol, 290 =-SMOKERS body weight, vs. smokers and non- smokers, 416430 spontaneous remission, 466 withdrawal symptoms, 199-200 EYES nicotine concentrations, 83 pupil enlargement after nicotine use, 274 pupillary constriction from opioids, 291 visual evoked response during smoking abstinence, 202 FINLAND body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers and ex-smokers, 429 FRANCE body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers and ex-smokers, 422 GANGLIA localization of nicotine, animals, 85 peripheral cholinergic neuron stim- ulation, 79 GASTROINTWTiNAL SYSTEM heartburn, 607 peptic ulcer, 605607 relative nicotine level, 32 small bowel, nicotine reabsorption, 33 stomach, nicotine concentrations, 82-83 GENETIC PREDISPOSITION adolescent drug use, 266267 vulnerability factors, 266 HAIR nicotine recovery, 33 HEADACHE acute sensitivity, 45, 47 tobacco poisoning, 595 HEART acute nicotine tolerance, 48, 49 arrhythmia, 599 nicotine concentrations, animals, 84 relative nicotine level, 32 HEART RATE abstinence or relapse, 122-123. 202, 204. 205, 206 627 INDEX HEART RATE-Co&d. acute tolerance, 48, 49 drug and environmental effects, 308 nicotine-induced tachycardia, 291 smokeless tobacco withdrawal symptom, 207 stress and nicotine, 409 stress and smoking, 118 tachycardia, 492-493 withdrawal symptom, 199, 201 withdrawal symptom with nicotine polacrilex gum, 210 HEROIN cigarette consumption effects, 167 methadone effect, 236 HEXAMETHONIUM acetylcholine release blocked, 81 attenuated amine release, 98 discrimination, nicotine-trained ani- mals, 174 inhibiting effects on nicotine, 88, 92-93 smoke-induced edema, 179 HISPANIC AMERICANS (See also ETHNIC GROUPS) gender difference, 512 physician influence, 513 prevalence of smoking, 512 smoking cessation, 512-513 smoking correlates, 512-513 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE addictive behavior, 269 discovery of nicotine, 10 medicinal vs. harmful effects, 9-10 nicotine addiction, 16-11 nicotine pharmacology, 10-11 tobacco use, 9 HORMONES adrenocorticotropic, acetylcholine effects, 97 adrenocorticotropic, nicotine effects, 100-103, 105-106 androgen, testosterone levels, and smoking, 106 . argmme vasopressin, nicotine- induced release, 102-103 estrogen production and metabo- lism, smoking effects, 106 pro-opiomelanocortin, acetylcholine effects, 97 628 HORMONES--Contd. pro-opiomelanocortin, factors influ- encing release, 103-104 prolactin, luteinizing, and follicle stimulating, 52 HYPOTHALAMUS consummatory drive model, nic- otine, 412-413 neuroendocrine function, 52 HYPOXEMIA fetal development, 603 subsequent behavioral abnormali- ties, 603 IMPATIENCE nicotine polacrilex gum, 210 withdrawal symptom, 199, 201 INHALATION PARAMETERS measurement techniques, 152 published values, 156-157 INITIATION aversive reactions, 264-265 dependence, cigarettes vs. nicotine polacrilex gum, 215 drug classes, 259, 261-265 environmental motivations, 278 experimental use, 265 smokeless tobacco, 265, 564 social and pharmacologic factors, 264-265 stress and early smoking onset, 399 Surgeon General's Report, 12 weight control and smoking, 436 women, neuroticism, 402 INTEROCEPTIVE EFFECTS definition, 170 dependence potential testing, 270- 271 mood and feeling, 270 morning withdrawal cues, 307-306 perception, smoke and nicotine, 179 subjective pleasure, 308 taste, airway irritation, 179 IRRITABILITY changes during abstinence or re- lapse, 205, 206 nicotine polacrilex gum, 208, 210 withdrawal symptom, 199, 201 JAPAN body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers and ex-smokers, 420 INDEX KIDNEYS nicotine concentrations, 82-84 nicotine elimination, 33, 37 relative nicotine level, 32 MAINTENANCE OF SMOKINWntd. weight control, 438 LEARNING behavioral tolerance, 289 letter-digit substitution task, smok- ing effects, 386-387 nicotine and smoking effects, hu- mans and animals, 386 paired-associated, smoking effects, 387, 388 serial, retention, smoking effects, 388 state-dependent, definition, 389 verbal rote, smoking effects, 387- 388 MARIJUANA SMOKING cigarette consumption effects, 168 multidrug use, 261-264 smoking as risk factor, 401 LIVER drug detoxification and tolerance, 290 nicotine concentrations, 83-84 nicotine metabolism, 37 relative nicotine level, 32 LOBELINE discrimination, nicotine-trained ani- mals, 173 respiratory and cardiovascular ef- fects, 57 LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY decreases with nicotine, 49, 51 nicotine induced, 53 MECAMYLAMINE brain and spinal cord effects, 89 discrimination, nicotine-trained ani- mals, 173-174 dose-response, 93 effects on desynchronization, 109 local cerebral glucose utilization, 86-88 nicotine conditioning taste aversion, 196 nicotine-induced antagonism, 175 nicotinic receptors blocked, 81 place preference, nicotine effects, 195 pretreatment, effect on conditioned reinforcer, 191 pretreatment, harshness ratings of smoke, 179 pretreatment, negative nicotine re- inforcement, 193 pretreatment, nicotine discrimina- tion, 176-177 pretreatment, nicotine polacrilex gum, discrimination, 178 pretreatment, smoke intake, 166 LUNG DISEASES bronchoconstriction, 664 cancer, Surgeon General's Report, 11 chronic bronchial wall inflamma- tion, 663 emphysema, 663 nicotine toxicity, 603604 pulmonary epithelial permeability, 604 Surgeon General's Report, 12 MEMORY (See also RECALL) delayed, smoking effects, 388 immediate, smoking effects, 388 nicotine and smoking effects, hu- mans and animals, 386 recognition study, state-dependent, 390 task performance, 394 verbal, smoking and nicotine ef- fects, 389 LUNGS afferent neuron stimulation, 116 nicotine concentrations, animals, 84 relative nicotine level, 32 LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE (LSD) nonreinforcer, 281, 282, 285 MAINTENANCE OF SMOKING Surgeon General's Report, 12 words and order, smoking effects, 389 METABOLISM (See also PHYSICAL ACTIVITY) animal, body weight, smoke expo- sure or nicotine administration, 436 body weight and smoking, 434, 435437 629 INDEX METABOLISM-Contd. decreased, withdrawal symptom, 263 nicotine clearance, 40 nicotine metabolites, 34, 35, 36 rate, 37 smokers vs. nonsmokers, 53 smoking cessation effects, 433, 436 METHADONE cigarette consumption effects, 167 effect on heroin use, 266 efficacy, 296 MOOD changes during abstinence or re- lapee, 205-206 hedonic systems model, negative af- fect, 411 regulation, smoking and drug use, 401 regulation, subjective well-being, smoking effects, 394-399 MORPHINE discrimination, 275-276 euphoria and self-administration, 277 physical dependence, withdrawal, 294 place conditioning, 265 MOTIVATION behavioral tolerance, 239 gender differences, 506 self-perceived reasons for smoking, 398 treatment enhancement, 332-334 MOTOR BEHAVIOR alcohol-induced muscle relaxation, 291 smoking and nicotine effects, 392 393 task performance, 394 MUCOUS MEMBRANES cardiovascular effects of nicotine, 596 MUSCLES alcohol-induced relaxation, 291 N-methylnicotinium ion, pressor and neuromuscular effects, 57 relative nicotine level, 32 tonic and phasic muscular activity, nicotine effects, 410 630 MUTAGENESIS Salmonella typhimurium assays, 605 NALOXONE cigarette consumption effects, 168 opioid withdrawal, 297 NAUSEA acute sensitivity, 45, 47 tobacco poisoning, 595 TI-IE NETHERLANDS body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers and ex-smokers, 430 NEUROENDOCRINE FUNCTION nicotine effects, 95-96 NEW YORK smokeless tobacco use, 1966, 561 NEW ZEALAND body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers and ex-smokers, 421 NICOTINE content, different tobaccoa, 26 intake, 40 place conditioning, 285 sensitivity, ti7 structure, 27 MCOTINE AEROSOLS respiratory sensations, plasma nic- otine levels, 179-180 tobacco-like sensations, cessation method, 166 NICOTINE CONTENT cigarettes vs. chewing tobacco, snuff, 26 high-yield cigarettes, 26 low-yield cigarettes, 26 NICOTINE DELIVERY, ALTER- NATE Bee also CESSATION OF SMOK- ING, METHODS; NICOTINE POLACRILEX GUM; NICOTINE REPLACEMENT; TREATMEN'I'l chewable product, FDA ruling, 212-213 dependence potential, 214 nicotine polacrilex gum, depen- dence and withdrawal, 20'7-206 potential for abuse with concurrent tobacco use, 213-214 tobacco cigarettes vs. nicotine pola- crilex gum, 215 INDEX NICOTINE DELIVERY, ALTERNATE-Contd. tolerance, physical dependence, withdrawal symptom alleviation, 212 toothpaste-like formulation, FDA review, 212 toxic effects, convenience, depen- dence potential, 213 NICOTINE FADING combination with self-monitoring, 498 definition, 497 low-tar and -nicotine brands, 497- 498 outcomes, 49S.499 NICOTINE MEX'ABOLISM nicotine-l'-N-oxide, 36 pathways, 34-37 tachyphylaxis, 50 NICOTINE PHARMACOLOGY addictive properties, 6 discrimination effecta, 272 pharmacokinetics, 25, 32 stimulant and depressant effects, 79 tobacco cigarettes vs. nicotine pola- crilex gum, 215 NICOTINE POLACRILEX GUM (See also CESSATION OF SMOK- ING, METHODS; NICOTINE DELIVERY, ALTERNATE; NIC- OTINE REPLACEMENT; TREATMENT) absorption, 29, 31 affect modulation, 405 blood levels of nicotine, 472 body weight effects, 432 combined with behavioral therapy, 476 coronary heart disease, 599 craving reduction, 475 dose-patient relationship, 478-479 duration of use, 478 efficacy trials, 473-474, 475-478, 486 fetal development, 60243 followup, 477 mood regulation during smoking cessation, 406 physical dependence, 210 physician trials, 476-477 poststimulus components, 115 NICOTINE POLACRILEX GUM- Gmtd. pretreatment, smoking behavior, 165 relapse, 477478 safety vs. cigarettes, 214-215 stimulus effects, 178 temporary treatment aid, 214 toxicity, 213 weight gain, 423 withdrawal symptom alleviation, 207, 208, 472 NICOTINE REPLACEMENT (See also CESSATION OF SMOK- ING, METHODS; NICOTINE DELIVERY, ALTERNATE; NIC- OTINE POLACRILEX GUM; TREATMENT) addiction treatment, 7 aerosols, 480 comparisons of preparations, 46O- 481 dependence, 481 forms and rationale, 471 nasal solutions, 479 polacrilex gum, 471-479 side effects, 480 transdermal patches, 479-480 NITROSAMINES American snuff, 605 chemical structure, 606 mainstream tobacco smoke, 605 NOREPINEPHRINE levels during abstinence or relapse, 205 neuroendocrine activity, 101 nicotine effects, 100-101 release in hypothalamus, 97 NORNICOTINE content, 28 discrimination, nicotine-trained ani- mals, 172 structure, 27 NORWAY body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers and ex-smokers, 417, 418, 421, 426 OCCUPATIONS asbestos workers, 422 civil servants, 422 factory workers, 419 farm workers, 594 631 INDEX OCCUPATIONS-Contd. government workers, 418 insurance company employees, 416 manufacturing company employees, 419 nurses, 439 physicians, 438 steei workers, 419 telephone company employees, 420, 423 OPIOIDS addiction, 247 addictive patterns, 282 chipping, 253 discriminative effects, 272 fetal syndrome, 251-252 physical dependence potential, 286- 287 protracted withdrawal, 253 tolerance, 287 withdrawal, 291-294 OXOTREMORINE discrimination, nicotine-trained ani- mals, 172 muscarinic cholinergic agonist, 52 PANCREAS body weight and smoking, 107 PASSIVE SMOKING Surgeon General's Report, 12 PEER GROUPS relapse, 321-322 treatment, 334 PENTOBARBITAL depressant, cigarette consumption effects, 167 discrimination, 275-276 PERFORMANCE impairment, withdrawal symptom, 204, 205, 206 nicotine polacrilex gum, 203, 208 problem solving, attention, and memory, 391 PERIPHERAL EFFECTS OF NIC- OTINE discriminative stimulus, 173 overview, 79 PHARMACODYNAMICS cardiovascular changes, 55-56 daily smoking patterns, 55 definition, 25 dose-response, 44 632 PHARMACODYNAMICS-Contd. tolerance, 44-46 PHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT alprazolam, 482 blockade therapy, 328 clonidine, 328329, 482-483 deterrents, 329 drug replacement therapy, 326-328 mood changes, 483-484 relief from withdrawal symptoms, 327 symptomatic treatment, 328, 481- 483 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY (See also METABOLISM) body weight differences, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 434 body weight, smoking cessation, 435 decreased energy expenditure, with- drawal symptom, 203 exercise tolerance, 600 smokers vs. nonsmokers, 435 PIPE SMOKING body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers, 417, 419 coronary heart disease, 598 nicotine levels, 38 prevalence, men, 1964 to 1986, 580, 582 Surgeon General's Report, 12 POLAND body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers and ex-smokers, 420 POLYDRUG DEPENDENCE adolescents, 259-260 frequency of use, 263-264 initiation of cigarette and other drug use, 259-260 prediction, 262-263 preference tests, 272-273 progression of use, 261-263 tobacco-opioids-alcohol-stimulants, 254 POTENTIALS, SENSORY EVENT- RELATED auditory function and nicotine, 112-113 contingent negative variation, 114- 115 INDEX POTENTIALS, SENSORY EVENT- RELATED--Co&d. visual function and nicotine, 11% 114 PREGNANCY amniotic fluid, nicotine recovery, 33 body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers, 416, 418, 424, 426, 429 breast-milk fluid, nicotine levels, 33 low birth weight, 602 nicotine effects on animals. 602 perinatal mortality, 602 placenta, carbon monoxide and nic- otine, 602 placenta, nicotine penetration, 33 prematurity, 602 spontaneous abortion, 602 PRETREATMENT lidocaine, airway sensations, 169 nicotine, smoking behavior, 165-166 pentolinium, nicotine discrimina- tion, 176-177 pimozide, taste aversion, 196 PREVENTION OF SMOKING aversive smoking, 501-502 program development, nicotine ad- diction, 6 skills training, 501 PSEUDOOXYNICOTINE structure, 27 PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS multiple diagnosis, 254 negative affect of smoking, 403 neuroticism, 401-402 tobacco-nicotine dependence and withdrawal, 12 PSYCHOACTIVITY drug classification, 269-270 interoceptive effects, 270 mood and feeling, 270-271 tobacco cigarettes vs. nicotine pola- crilex gum, 215 PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE letter crossing tests, smoking ef- fects, 384 smoking abstinence vs. nicotine po- lacrilex gum, 203 smoking and nicotine effects, 381 smoking effects, methodological lim- itations, 382 PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE- Contd. Stroop test, nicotine effects, 385- 386 sustained attention tasks, defini- tion, 382 PUFFING PARAMETERS definitions, 153 frequency, duration, volume, inter- puff interval, 153-154 interdependent relationships among measures, 153 measurement techniques. 151-152 published values, 156-157 visual information processing, smoking effects, 384 within-cigarette changes, nicotine dose, 155158 RAPID SMOKING aversive smoking cessation therapy, 196-197 cardiovascular and pulmonary risks, 493 comparison with other techniques, 492493 conditioned aversive response, 492 rapid puffing, 501-503 single and multicomponent proce- dures, 491492 stress, 494 tachycardia, 492-493 REACTION TIME simple and complex, smoking ef- fects, 392-393 smoking abstinence vs. nicotine polacrilex gum, 203 visual and auditory, smoking ef- fects, 385 visual information processing, smoking effects, 384 visual, smoking effects, 383 RECALL (See also MEMORY) immediate, nicotine effects, 388 short- and long-term, nicotine tab- lets, 390 state-dependent, smoking vs. no- smoking conditions, 390 verbal rote learning, smoking ef- fects, 387-388 RECEPTORS adaption to drug, 289 binding sites. minor alkaloids. 56 633 INDEX RECEPTORS-Contd. constitutional tolerance, 290 dihydro-beta-erythroidine, rat brain, 91 disuifoton, 3H-nicotine binding, 54 functional or pharmacodynamic tol- erance, 289 RECEPTORS, CHOLINERGIC distribution of `H-acetylcholine and 3H-nicotine, 80 neuron stimulation, 79 regulation of 3H-nicotine sites in mice, 80 RECEPTORS, NICOTINIC aversive effects of nicotine injec- tions, 193 binding sites, 53 chronic tolerance, 53 ganglionic and neuromuscular types, a-439 high-affinity sites, 90, 92-94 locomotor activity, 53 low-affinity sites, 90-91 peripheral nervous system, 88-89 primary and secondary binding sites, 86 radioligand binding studies, 89-92 tolerance, 54 REINFORCEMENT evaluation, 279-281 negative, behavior modification, 193 negative, nicotine injection, 193 nicotine addiction, 6 positive, continuous, intravenous nicotine, 182 positive, intermittent, intravenous nicotine, 189, 190-191 positive, nicotine, review, 183-168 potential of various drugs, 305 self-administration, 276-279 stimulus effects, 268 tobacco cigarettes vs. nicotine pola- crilex gum, 215 REINFORCERS cocaine vs. nicotine, 189-190 definition, 170 positive, biobehavioral mechanism, dependence-producing drugs, 181-182 psychoactive drugs, 8 634 RELAPSE Gee also SPONTANEOUS REMIS SION) abstinence violation effect, 532 age factors, 316 alcohol and opioid dependencies, 316 attribution theory, 525-526 biochemical detection, 313 correlates, 315, 317-319 definition, 312, 518 demographics, 520 drug dependence severity, 315-316 drug use, 8 family support, 321, 324 frequency of smoking, 521 gender differences, 520 high-risk factors, 519, 529-530 long-term abstinence difficulties, 311 measurement, 313 negative emotions, 322-324 peer drug use, 321-322 prevention skills, 330-331 psychiatric impairment, 316 quitting history, 312, 522 rates by drug class, 313-314 self-efficacy, 524-525 sensory cues, 121-123 smoking history, 521 social learning theory, 519 treatment effectiveness, 315, 320- 321 treatment modalities, 312-313 typologies, 521-522 weight gain, risk factor, 440, 523- 524 withdrawal and dependence, 522- 523 withdrawal symptom alleviation, 205 work and leisure activities, 322, 324 RESEARCH METHODS biochemical markers, 514-515 carbon monoxide, 514 carboxyhemoglobin, 514 confounding design factors, 119-120 cotinine assays, 515 nicotine dosage control, 119 self-reports, 515 study design, 513-514 suspect data, 514 R-NESS changes during abstinence or re- lapse, 205 nicotine polacrilex gum, 208, 210 withdrawal symptom, 199, 201 SEROTONIN intemeuronal communication sys- tern, 98 pharmacological effects of nicotine, 99-100 ROLLYOUR-OWN prevalence, men, 1964 to 1986, 580, 562 SEX RATIO adolescents, weight control and smoking, 438 SALIVA nicotine secretion, 33 tobacco poisoning, 595 body weight, smokers vs. nonamok- em, 415, 417, 421, 431 cessation and relapse rates, 505- 508 SATIATION comparison with comprehensive procedure, 501-502 single and multicomponent proce- dures, 488, 491 education, 506507 heavy vs. light smokers, 577 high school seniors, smoking preva- lence, 574-576 Hispanics, smoking prevalence, 569-570 SELF-ADMINISTRATION abstinence symptoms, 310 adjunctive, schedule-induced behav- ior, 278-279 alcohol, 278, 281 amphetamine, 278, 281 animal research methods, 27%Z%O behavioral process, 158 cocaine, 278-281 compulsive use, 149 drive state, 277 drug substitution, 278 environmental pressure, 278 free sampling, 277 graduation, 277-278 human and animal studies, 276 277 human research methods, LB&281 initiation, 277 intravenous nicotine, response rates, humans, 192 morphine, 278, 281 nicotine, 278-281 pentobarbiti, 278, 281 positive reinforcement, 276-277, 279 reinforcing effects, 279-280 reinitiation of drug use, 310 voluntary conditions, 279 motivation to quit, 506 neuroticism and adult smoking habit, 402 smokeless tobacco use, 1970 to 1986, 580, 583 smoking cessation rates, 580, 581 smoking prevalence, 569, 572, 573, 579 social support, 508 social values and beliefs, 507 stress and smoking, 118, 508 weight gain after smoking cessa- tion, 416, 433, 507-506 SENSATION environmental stimulus, condi- tioned reinforcers, 191 place conditioning, 284 psychological enhancement and sensory gratification, 413 INDEX SLEEP disturbances, nicotine polacrilex gum, 208, 210 disturbances, smokeless tobacco withdrawal symptom, 207 disturbances, withdrawal symptom, 202, 204, 205, 206 SMELL aversion to alcohol, 230 environmental stimulus, condi- tioned reinforcers, 191 receptors, 58-59 tobacco grade and type, 53-59 tobacco smoke, place conditioning, 285 SMOKE CONSTITUENTS acetaldehyde effects, 60 benxo(a)pyrene, 604 brand switching, 162 nonnicotine, tracheobronchial sensa- tions, 168-169 635 INDEX SMOKE INHALATION, ANIMAL lungs, spleen, intestine, and brain, nicotine concentrations, 84 SMOKELESS TOBACCO (See also SNUFF) addiction, with nicotine, 13 demographic changes, 306 nicotine dependence, 214 starter products, 265 withdrawal symptoms, 207 SMOKELESS TOBACCO USE gum and mouth diseases and neo- plasms, 213 prevalence, 1970 to 1986, 580, 583 SMOKING ANTECEDENTS anxious, aggressive, and neurotic personality traits, 402 personality measures, 402 stress, adolescents, 400 SMOKING ARTICLES ventilated cigarette holders, 159 SMOKING BEHAVIOR biochemical and behavioral mea- sures, 154 carbon monoxide intake, 154 cigarette length, 161 consistent patterns, 155 measurement techniques, 150-152 perceived functions of smoking, 397 Surgeon General's Report, 12 switching cigarette brands, 161-162 taste and smell, 58-59 SMOKING CONTROL PROGRAMS multicomponent, smoking cessation, 501-503 Surgeon General's Report, 12 SMOKING HABIT negative- and positive-affect regula- tion, 399 smoking-related disease diagnosis, 150 United States, adults, prevalence, 565-567 young adults, prevalence and con- sumption, 578 SMOKING SURVEYS adolescents, 573-577 Adult Use of Tobacco Survey, 572 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveil- lance System, 573 Current Population Survey, 573 636 SMOKING SURVEYS-Contd. Hispanic Health and Nutrition Ex- amination Survey, 569-570 National Health Interview Surveys, 56.%566, 568569, 572 self-reported smoking status, un- derreporting, 567-568 tobacco use trends, 9 SNUFF (See also SMOKELESS TOBACCO) angina pectoris, 600 dipping prevalence, 1970 to 1986, 580, 583 nicotine absorption, 29-31 nicotine levels, 38 paroxysmal hypertension, 600 SOCIAL SUPPORT buddy system, 495 gender differences, 508 global support, 527 partner support, 527-528 smoking cessation. 526-527 spouse, 495 SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS (See also DEMOGRAPHIC FAG TORS) body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok- em, 420, 428 ethnic, class, gender differences, 505 smoking prevalence, 1985, 571 treatment and prevalence, 467 SPONTANEOUS REMISSION (See also RELAPSE) comparison by drug class, 255-259 contributing factors, 255-259 studies, 257-258 STATEDEPENDENT LEARNING abstinence vs. smoking, 393-394 definition, nicotine, humans, 181, 389 nicotine effects, 387 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Addiction Research Center Invento- ry, 271-272 discrimination procedures, 271 Morphine Benzedrine Group scale, 271-273 overlap of drug classes, 271 STIMULANTS addiction, 247 INDEX STIMULAmnM. addictive patterns, 282 discriminative effects, 272 nicotine, 177 STRESS abstaining and coping, 528-529 adult cigarette consumption, 401 affect modulation, smoking and nic- otine effects, 405-408 affect regulation, smoking, 395-399 consumption increases, 404 elimination of nicotine, 41 Hassles Scale, 528 hedonic systems model, negative af- fect, 411 initiation and consumption risk, 413-414 lateralized affective processors mod- el, 412 low- vs. high-nicotine cigarettes, 405 management skills, 332 Navy men, smoking habit, 403-404 nicotine polacrilex gum, 405 nicotine withdrawal, conditioned re- sponses, 408 nurses, smoking habit, 403 perceived stress, 528 perceptual and painendurance thresholds, nicotine effects, 410 psychophysiological reactivity, 117- 122 reduction, gender differences, 508, 528 reduction, neurochemical role of nicotine, 408-409 reduction, smokers vs. nonsmokers, 407 relationship to relapse, 528529 risk factor for adolescent smokjng, 399-401 smoking and nicotine effects, 381 smoking cessation relapse, 402, 528 subjective well-being, smoking ef- fects, 394-395 STUDENTS high school boys, body weight and smoking, 438 high school seniors, smoking preva- lence, 574-576 junior and senior high school, stress and smoking initiation, 400 SWEDEN body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers and ex-smokers, 426 SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYS- TEM arousal regulation with nicotine, 409 TAR CONTENT sales-weighted average yield, 566 smoking maintenance, 58 tobacco taste characteristics, 58 TASTE environmental stimulus, condi- tioned reinforcers, 191 iirst cigarette of day, 47 menthol popularity among black Americans, 510 receptors, 58 tobacco cigarettes vs. nicotine pola- crilex gum, 215 tobacco grade and type, 58 tobacco smoke, place conditioning, 285 TASTE AVERSION alcohol, 280 apomorphine vs. nicotine, 196 chlorisondomine, 196 nicotine conditioning, animals, 196 196 TAXATION reflection of cigarette consumption, 565 TERATOGBNICITY animals, 601 humans, 601-602 THERAPY approved drug uses, 298 deterrent, silver acetate, 485A86 replacement, 326323 symptomatic, 328 TOBACCO CONSTITUENTS beta-carbolines, pharmacologic ef- fects, 60 TOBACCO SUBSTITUTES smoke condensate, sensory effects, 169 TOLERANCE acquired reaction, 289 acute, tachyphylaxis, 44, 47-50 animal and human studies, 251 637 INDEX TOLERANCE-4ont.d. behavioral, 44 behavioral and physiological re- sponses to nicotine, 197 chronic, 44, 50-54 constitutional reaction, 290 cross-tolerance, 288, 292 dependence potential testing, 286 dose escalation, 50, 51 intoxication, 251 limits on escalation, 286-287 measures, 288 mechanisms, 288-290 nicotine addiction, 6 nicotine uptake, 8 pharmacodynamic, functional, 44 pharmacokinetic. dispositional, 44 toxic effects, 45 TOXICITY acute, 593-596 acute sensitivity, 45, 46 children, 595 chronic, 596 nicotine polacrilex gum, 595-596 physiological and psychological, 252 TREATMENT (See dso CESSATION OF SMOK- ING, METHODS; NICOTINE DELIVERY, ALTERNATE; NIC OTINE PGLACRILEX GUM; NICOTINE REPLACEMENT) abstinence maintenance, 503 behavioral strategies, 329-334 blockade therapy, 328 clonidine, 328-329 family support, 333 goals, 325 leisure activity skills, 331-332 loss of control, 325 methodology, 513-516 motivation enhancement, 332-334 nicotine polacrilex gum, maintain- ing physical dependence, 210 overview, 465470 peer suppcrt, 334 pharmacologic approaches, 326-329 professional contact, 333 relapse prevention skills, 330-331 relief from withdrawal symptoms, 327 replacement therapy, 326328 stress management skills, 332 symptomatic therapy, 328 638 TREMOR hand, changes during abstinence or relapse, 205 smoking effects, 392 TWINS body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers, 417 TYROSINE HYDROXYLASE IN- HIBITOR histofluorescence studies, 100 UNITED KINGDOM Wales, body weight, smokers vs. nonsmokers and ex-smokers, 416 URINE acidification and cigarette consump tion, 163 cotinine, 36, 37 nicotine isomethonium, 57 nicotine-N-oxide, 36, 37 pH and stress, 41 unchanged nicotine content, 33 VISION conditioned reinforcer, nicotine de livery, 191 environmental stimulus, 191 information processing tank, smok- ing effects, 384 peripheral vision monitoring, smok- ing effects, 385 place conditioning, tobacco smoke, 285 psychological enhancement and sensory gratification, 413 rapid visual information task, smoking effects, 385 vigilance tasks, nicotine tablet ef- fects, 383 vigilance tasks, smoking effecta, 383 WEST VIRGINL4 smokeless tobacco use, 1986, 581 WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS (See also ABSTINENCE; CESSA- TION OF SMOKING; DEPRIVA- TION; WITHDRAWAL SYN- DROME) aggression, 203 anxiety, 199, 201, 204, 208, 210 behavioral and physiological seque- lae, 251 biting, animals, 204-205 INDEX WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS-Contd body temperature changes, 202 concentration difficulty, 199, 201, 204, 205, 208, 210 conditioned drug seeking, 310 craving, 199, 201, 204, 208-209, 210 depression, 201, 208-210 electroencephalography changes, 208 environmental and pharmacologic factors, 198 environmental stimuli, 310 fatigue, 201, 202, 205 further drug intake, 8 hearing amplitude decreases, 204 hunger, food intake, 202, 207, 209, 210, 412-413, 434 hypothalamic consummatory drive model, nicotine, 412413 identified, 198-199 increased heart rate, 210 irritability, impatience, 199, 201, 208, 210 measurements and techniques, 199- 200 metabolism changes, 203, 433, 436 negative affect reduction, nicotine, 408 nervousness, 199, 201 nicotine blood levels with nicotine polacrilex gum, 209 nicotine polacrilex gum, 207, 208, 472 opioids, 291, 292 performance, 208 physical complaints, 199, 201, 208 plasma nicotine levels and symp tom severity, 206207 rebound phenomena, 204 respiration rate decrease, 202 restlessness, 199, 201, 208, 210 sleep disturbances, 202, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208 stress, 402, 408, 528, 529 WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMSXontd. tobacco cigarettes vs. nicotine pola- crilex gum, 215 weight gain, 414, 416, 422, 423, 424, 425, 431, 438, 439-440, 523 WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME (See also ABSTINENCE; CESSA- TION OF SMOKING; DEPRIVA- TION; WITHDRAWAL SYMP- TOMS) American Psychiatric Association, recognition, 295 autonomic measures, 291 behavioral, 291 dependence potential testing, 286 distinctive signs, 296-297 evidence of addiction, 6, 294295 precipitated responses, 293 protracted, 253 somatomotor measures, 291 spontaneous reactions, opioids and depressants, 292 variability, 294-295 WOMEN black, smoking prevalence, 569 body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers, 420 education, 506507 electroencephalograms of neonates from smokers, 112 prolactin and breast feeding, smok- ing effects, 102 smoking prevalence, 569 social factors, 507508 stress and smoking, 400, 508 Surgeon General's Report, 12 treatment programs, 467 weight control, 439, 507-508 weight gain, 523 WORKPLACE Surgeon General's Report, 12 YUGOSLAVIA body weight, smokers vs. nonsmok- ers and ex-smokers, 425 639 f? 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