Endo, H., E. Narushima, T. Komiya, and M. Sasaki (2004). Ligament of head of femur in the acetabulum of the Asian elephant. Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 9(1): 45-49. ISSN: 1342-6133.
Descriptors: Asian elephant, anatomy, femur, acetabulum, histology, ligament head, morphology, wild animals, Elephas maximus.
Language of Text: English, with Japanese summary.
Endo, H., T. Sakai, T. Itou, H. Koie, and J. Kimura (2005). Macroscopic observation and CT examination of the heart ventricular walls in the Asian elephant. Mammal Study 30(2): 125-130. ISSN: 1343-4152.
Descriptors: heart, ventricular walls, cardiovascular system, circulation, CT scanning, microscopy, imaging, examination, Asian elephant, structure.
Pothiwong, W., P. Kamonrat, P. Uthaichotiwan, P. Prachammuang, and S. Kanchanapangka (2003). A morphological study and diagnotic ultrasonography of Asian elephant kidney. Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 33(4): 79-88. ISSN: 0125-6491.
NAL Call Number: SF604.T43
Descriptors: Asian elephant, kidney anatomy, arteries, histology, morphology, ultrasonography, Elephas maximus, study.
Language of Text: Thai, with English summary.
Rajaram and V. Krishnamurthy (2003). Elephant temporal gland ultrastructure and androgen secretion during musth. Current Science (Bangalore) 85(10): 1467-1471. ISSN: 0011-3891.
NAL Call Number: 475 SCI23
Descriptors: musth, temporal gland, androgen secretion, ultrastructure, Asian male elephant, mitochondria, testosterone.
Sajjarengpong, K., A. Adirekthaworn, and P. Uthaichotiwan (2005). The anatomy and radiography of the lungs of a stillborn Asian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus). Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 35(1): 67-72. ISSN: 0125-6491.
NAL Call Number: SF604.T43
Descriptors: Asian elephant, stillborn, anatomy, radiography, lungs, Elephas maximus, trachiobronchial, lobes.
Language of Text: Thai, with English summary.
Sarma, M., M. Talukdar, K.B.D. Choudhury, and K.K. Sharma (2004). Macromorphology of the tongue of an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Zoos' Print Journal 19(10): 1653.
Descriptors: Asian elephant, tongue, macromorphology, anatomy.
Uthaichotiwan, P., A. Adirekthaworn, and K. Sajjarengpong (2005). The cerebral arterial circle of a newborn Asian elephant brain (Elephas maximus). Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 35(3): 67-73. ISSN: 0125-6491.
NAL Call Number: SF604.T43
Descriptors: Asian elephant, newborn, anatomy, arteries, brain, morphology, cerebral arterial circle, Elephas maximus.
Language of Text: Thai, with English summary.
Weissengruber, G. E, F. Fuss K, G. Egger, G. Stanek, K. Hittmair M, and G. Forstenpointner (2006). The elephant knee joint: morphological and biomechanical considerations. Journal of Anatomy 208(1): 59-72.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 J826
Abstract: Elephant limbs display unique morphological features which are related mainly to supporting the enormous body weight of the animal. In elephants, the knee joint plays important roles in weight bearing and locomotion, but anatomical data
are sparse and lacking in functional analyses. In addition, the knee joint is affected frequently by arthrosis. Here we examined structures of the knee joint by means of standard anatomical techniques in eight African (Loxodonta africana) and three
Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Furthermore, we performed radiography in five African and two Asian elephants and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in one African elephant. Macerated bones of 11 individuals (four African, seven Asian elephants)
were measured with a pair of callipers to give standardized measurements of the articular parts. In one Asian and three African elephants, kinematic and functional analyses were carried out using a digitizer and according to the helical axis concept. Some
peculiarities of healthy and arthrotic knee joints of elephants were compared with human knees. In contrast to those of other quadruped mammals, the knee joint of elephants displays an extended resting position. The femorotibial joint of elephants shows
a high grade of congruency and the menisci are extremely narrow and thin. The four-bar mechanism of the cruciate ligaments exists also in the elephant. The main motion of the knee joint is extension-flexion with a range of motion of 142 degrees. In
elephants,
arthrotic alterations of the knee joint can lead to injury or loss of the cranial (anterior) cruciate ligament.
Descriptors: knee joint, anatomy, morphological, biomechanical, weight bearing, locomotion, radiography, MRI, magnetic resonance imaging, arthrosis.
West, J.B., Z. Fu, A.P. Gaeth, and R.V. Short (2003). Fetal lung development in the elephant reflects the adaptations required for snorkeling in adult life. Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology 138(2-3): 325-33.
NAL Call Number: QP121.A1R4
Abstract: The adult elephant is unique among mammals in that the pleural membranes are thickened and the pleural cavity is obliterated by connective tissue. It has been suggested that this peculiar anatomy developed because the animal can snorkel
at depth, and this behavior subjects the microvessels in the parietal pleura to a very large transmural pressure. To investigate the development of the parietal pleura, the thickness of the endothoracic fascia (ET) was measured in four fetal African
elephants of approximate gestational age 111-130 days, and the appearances were compared with those in human, rabbit, rat and mouse fetuses of approximately the same stage of lung organogenesis. The mean thicknesses of ET in the elephant, human, rabbit, rat
and
mouse were 403, 53, 29, 27 and 37 microm, respectively. This very early development of a thick parietal pleura in the elephant fetus is consistent with the hypothesis of a long history of snorkeling in the elephant's putative aquatic ancestors.
Descriptors: adaptation, biological physiology, embryonic and fetal development, lung embryology, pleura embryology, fetus, gestational age, intercostal muscles, lung anatomy and histology, mice, pleura anatomy and histology, rabbits, rats,
species
specificity.
Wimon Pothiwon, Phiwipha Kamonra, Pawana Uthaichotiwa, Pakorn Prachammuan, and Sumolya Kanchanapangk (2003). Laksana thang maha kai wiphak chunla kai wiphak lae phap ultrasound khong tai chang Asia. [Morphological study and diagnotic ultrasonography of
Asian elephant kidney]. Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine 33(4): 79-88. ISSN: 0125-6491.
NAL Call Number: SF604.T43
Descriptors: Indian elephant, kidneys, morphology, ultrastructure, ultrasonics, body parts, radiation, sound, urinary tract, urogenital system.
Language of Text: Thai.