ATSDR, PHA, GSX OF SOUTH CAROLINA, (a/k/a GSX LANDFILL), PINEWOOD, SUMTER COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA

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ATSDR > Public Health Assessments & Consultations

PETITIONED PUBLIC HEALTH ASSESSMENT

GSX LANDFILL
PINEWOOD, SUMTER COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA

CONCLUSIONS

After reviewing the available information for the site, ATSDR considers the GSX landfill to be an indeterminate public health hazard. ATSDR uses this category for sites with incomplete information. However, available evidence is not sufficient to conclude that people have or have not been exposed to contaminants related to the GSX landfill at levels that could cause illness or disease. ATSDR did not identify completed human exposure pathways for this site. The potential human exposure pathways represent either an indeterminate public health hazard, no apparent public health hazard, or no public health hazard.
Nearby residents and on-site employees could have been exposed to air contaminants potentially released when waste oils were burned in an on-site rotary kiln. This past potential exposure pathway will always represent an indeterminate public health hazard because no information documents exposure levels or duration. The kiln was shut down in 1990 and removed from the site in 1991, thus this source of air contamination no longer exists.
On-site air has been found in the past to contain VOCs. Respirable dust has also been detected above OSHA PELs. However, the past potential human exposure pathway represents an indeterminate public health hazard because available data do not adequately characterize past on-site air contamination. Based on the site's implementation of engineering controls (the use of protective clothing and equipment and the recent construction of a waste treatment area containment building mitigate this exposure), present and future potential human exposure pathways should be eliminated.
Off-site air represents an indeterminate public health hazard. ATSDR cannot determine if air contaminants migrated off site due to the lack of off-site air monitoring data. However, air monitoring is a requirement of the landfill's 1994 operating permit and an Ambient Air Monitoring Plan is under review by regulators and ATSDR. ATSDR will review air monitoring results when they become available and update the findings of this petitioned public health assessment.
Human exposure to toxic substances in air, water, or soil may have occurred in the past from accidental releases of toxic substances during waste transportation activities. These past releases represent a no apparent public health hazard because no evidence is available to indicate that humans have been exposed contaminants from such releases. In addition, if human exposure occurred, it is unlikely that the duration of the human exposure or the levels of the contaminant levels have been sufficient to result in adverse health effects.
On-site groundwater represents a no apparent public health hazard. SCDHEC routinely samples the well and no contamination has been detected. While on-site workers may have used the well for drinking water purposes in the past, workers are supplied bottled water for drinking water purposes.
Off-site groundwater contamination does not, at present, extend beyond the property boundary to nearby water wells and represents a no public health hazard. An array of downgradient monitoring wells are sampled quarterly.
Although VOCs have been detected in on-site surface water, it represents a no apparent public health hazard.
There is no evidence of VOC contamination of off-site surface water, sediment, or fish tissue from previous sampling and monitoring and it currently represents a no public health hazard.
The chemicals detected in blood and hair analyses of residents cannot be attributed to the GSX Landfill because many of the detected compounds are widespread in the environment. Levels seen in the area were consistent with those seen in general population studies.
There are no community-specific health outcome data to indicate that the site has had an adverse impact on physical health. The overall poor health status in the community is consistent with the rural, agricultural, lower-socioeconomic character of the area. Some evidence exists that concerns about waste management activities at the landfill have resulted in stress for some members of the community. The magnitude and extent of stress within the community is not known.
Trucks transporting hazardous waste to the GSX Landfill present a physical hazard to other motorists when the trucks travel in excess of the posted speed limit. Speeding also increases the chance of a motor vehicle accident, with subsequent release of hazardous substances to the environment.

RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Recommendations and HARP Statement

Recommendations

Perimeter or off-site compound-specific air monitoring should be conducted to determine whether airborne contaminants are migrating off-site. When available, those analytic data should be reviewed to ensure that air particulate and contaminant concentrations are at levels that will not endanger public health. An air monitoring plan is currently under review by regulators.
Corrective action to extract and treat contaminated on-site groundwater should continue. Quarterly monitoring of on-site groundwater quality should continue, to ensure that site-related contaminants are identified before they can migrate off site. State and federal regulators should continue to review these monitoring reports. With approval from EPA and the SCDHEC, Laidlaw will complete a Corrective Measure Study (CMS) of on-site contamination. ATSDR will review the environmental data generated by the CMS when it becomes available, and will determine whether public health actions are necessary.
The existing on-site water well should not be used for drinking water purposes. Water samples from this well should continue to be collected and analyzed.
Monitoring on-site surface water before its release off-site should continue. On-site monitoring will detect on-site contaminant migration to off-site surface water.
Speed limits on highways and roads leading to the GSX Landfill should be obeyed and strictly enforced to reduce the potential for motor vehicle accidents involving waste transporters.
Federal and state agencies with authority to regulate transportation of hazardous wastes should ensure that wastes are securely carried to the GSX Landfill.
Additional follow-up activities should be considered if data become available suggesting that people have been or are being exposed to site-related contaminants.

HARP Statement

The data and information developed in the GSX landfill petitioned public health assessment have been evaluated by the Health Activities Recommendation Panel for appropriate public health actions. Currently information is insufficient to indicate whether residents living off site have been, are being, or will be exposed to hazardous substances at concentrations and for durations that would likely cause illness or injury in relation to the GSX landfill. Potential exposure pathways continue to exist through groundwater, air, and surface water. The Health Activities Recommendation Panel has determined that members of the potentially exposed population need assistance in understanding their potential for exposure and in assessing any possible adverse health effects in their community. To prevent further stress to nearby residents, information should be distributed to them on the precautions taken by landfill operators and federal and state agencies to ensure integrity of the landfill and to prevent off-site contamination. An environmental health education program is also needed to advise public health professionals and the local medical community on the nature and possible consequences of exposure to contaminants at the GSX site. The value of obtaining complete and accurate exposure histories will be stressed as part of this program. In addition, information provided on the contaminants of concern may include, but not be limited to, the physical nature of the contaminant, potential exposure pathways (i.e., soil, water, air, food) and exposure routes (i.e., inhalation, ingestion, dermal), potential health effects, symptoms of exposure and testing and treatment, if known. The ATSDR Division of Health Education and Promotion (DHEP) will conduct these activities in conjunction with the local medical community. In addition, ATSDR will determine the need and feasibility for a health study involving residents living adjacent to the landfill. Furthermore, ATSDR will evaluate any new data or information it receives about this site to determine whether additional public health actions are appropriate.

B. Public Health Action Plan

The purpose of the Public Health Action Plan is to ensure that this petitioned public health assessment not only identifies public health hazards but also provides a plan of action designed to mitigate and prevent adverse human health effects resulting from exposure to hazardous substances in the environment.

Actions Undertaken

ATSDR held a public availability session on March 28, 1991, in the community of Rimini, South Carolina. ATSDR staff discussed community health concerns associated with the GSX landfill.

Actions Planned

There is some evidence that concerns about waste management activities at the landfill have resulted in stress for some members of the community. In order to assist community members with stress, ATSDR will provide information to the local community about hazards that may be present, and the likelihood of exposure, and will assist the community in assessing possible adverse health outcomes associated with exposure to hazardous substances. The GSX Petitioned Public Health Assessment will serve as a major tool in conveying this information to the community.

At SCDHEC's request, ATSDR will review the Ambient Air Monitoring Plan for the landfill. After SCDHEC approves this plan and air samples are collected, ATSDR will review the data and update the findings of this Petitioned Public Health Assessment as necessary.

When exposure data become available, the ATSDR Division of Health Education and Promotion will consider an environmental health education program to advise public health professionals and the local medical community of the nature and possible consequences of exposure to contaminants at the GSX site.

As more data on offsite exposures become available, the ATSDR Division of Health Studies will consider the need for and feasibility of a health study of the community around the site.

ATSDR will contact the SCDHEC to ensure that SCDHEC is aware of ATSDR recommendations regarding environmental sampling on and around the GSX site.

ATSDR will forward a copy of the GSX Petitioned Public Health Assessment to the South Carolina Department of Highways and Traffic to inform them of ATSDR recommendations regarding enforcement of speed limits and regulation of transportation of hazardous wastes on highways and railways leading to the GSX Landfill.

ATSDR will contact appropriate federal and state officials to obtain additional data or new data as it becomes available. In addition, ATSDR will collaborate with appropriate federal, state, and local agencies to pursue the implementation of the recommendations outlined in this public health assessment.

ATSDR will reevaluate and expand the Public Health Action Plan when needed. New environmental, toxicological, or health outcome data, or the results of implementing the above proposed actions, may determine the need for additional actions at this site.

PREPARERS OF REPORT

Environmental Reviewers:

Maureen Kolasa, RN, MPH
Environmental Health Scientist
Division of Health Assessment and Consultation, ATSDR

Joe Hughart, MS, MPH, PG
Deputy Director
Office of Federal Programs, ATSDR

Health Effects Reviewer:

Virginia Lee, MD, MPH
Medical Officer
Division of Health Studies, ATSDR

Health Assessment Reviewers:

Maurice C. West, P.E., DEE
Section Chief
Petition Response Branch, ATSDR

William T. Going III, M.P.H.
Environmental Health Scientist
Petition Response Branch, ATSDR

ATSDR Regional Representative:

Robert Safay
Senior Regional Representative
ATSDR Region IV

Carl Blair
Regional Representative
ATSDR Region IV

REFERENCES

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(2) South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, Bureau of Solid and Hazardous Waste Management. Assessment of interim status transfer regarding the change in ownership/operational control of Pinewood Hazardous Waste Facility. August 13, 1985.

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(128a) Figure adapted from Laidlaw of South Carolina, Inc. Informational audit package. Pinewood Secure Landfill, Pinewood, South Carolina. June 20, 1997.

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ADDITIONAL REFERENCES

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(131) Environmental Technology Engineering. GSX Services of South Carolina, Inc., Pinewood Facility Final Remediation Plan. April 6, 1988.

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(134) SCDHEC, Memorandum from Jacqueline Dickman, Assistant General Counsel and Elizabeth Levy, Staff Counsel to Douglas E. Bryant, Commissioner et al., re: Hearing officer's report in the GSX case, September 24, 1993.

(135) ERG, Letter from Naida Gavrelis, Senior Public Health Scientist, Eastern Research Group to Maurice West, Section Chief, Petition Response Branch, ATSDR, re: GSX Landfill, August 15, 1997.

(136) SCDHEC, Letter from Jack P. Pettit, District Engineer, to Todd Going, Environmental Health Scientist, Petition Response Branch, ATSDR, re: Drinking water well at Laidlaw, September 9, 1997.

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