RESULTS Phylogeny The manually adjusted alignment of the 28S rDNA data contained 137
sequences (including the two outgroups) and 995 characters including alignment
gaps. Of the 748 characters used in the phylogenetic analysis, 373 were
parsimony-informative, 61 were variable and parsimony-uninformative, and 314
were constant. Neighbour-joining analysis using the three substitution models
on the LSU alignment yielded trees with similar topology and bootstrap values.
Parsimony analysis of the alignment yielded 5 000 equally most parsimonious
trees, one of which is shown in Fig.
1 (TL = 2 157, CI = 0.377, RI = 0.875, RC = 0.330). The Markov
Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis of four chains started from a random tree
topology and lasted 2 000 000 generations. Trees were saved each 1 000
generations, resulting in 2 000 trees. Burn-in was set at 500 000 generations
after which the likelihood values were stationary, leaving 1 500 trees from
which the consensus tree ( Fig.
2) and posterior probabilities (PP's) were calculated. The average
standard deviation of split frequencies was 0.043910 at the end of the run.
Among the neighbour-joining, Bayesian and parsimony analyses, the trees
differed in the hierarchical order of the main families and the support values
(data not shown; e.g. the support within of the Capnodiales in Figs
1- 2). | Fig. 1.One of 5 000 equally most parsimonious trees obtained from a heuristic
search with simple taxon additions of the LSU sequence alignment using PAUP v.
4.0b10. The scale bar shows 10 changes; bootstrap support values from 1 000
replicates are shown at (more ...) |
| Fig. 2.Consensus phylogram (50 % majority rule) of 1 500 trees resulting from a
Bayesian analysis of the LSU sequence alignment using
MrBayes v. 3.1.2. Bayesian posterior probabilities are
indicated at the nodes. Ex-type sequences are printed in bold face. (more ...) |
The phylogenetic trees (Figs
1- 2)
show that the Ramichloridium species segregate into eight distinct
clades, residing in the Capnodiales (Mycosphaerellaceae and
Teratosphaeriaceae), the Chaetothyriales
(Herpotrichiellaceae), the Pleosporales, and five other clades
of which the relationships remain to be elucidated. The type species of
Ramichloridium, R. apiculatum, together with R. musae, R.
cerophilum (Tubaki) de Hoog, R. indicum (Subram.) de Hoog,
R. pini and three new species respectively isolated from Musa
banksii, Strelitzia nicolai, and forest soil, reside in different parts
of the Capnodiales clade (all in the Mycosphaerellaceae,
except for the species from forest soil which clusters in the
Teratosphaeriaceae). The second clade (in the
Chaetothyriomycetes clade), including the human-pathogenic species
R. mackenziei and R. basitonum, together with R.
fasciculatum V. Rao & de Hoog and R. anceps (Sacc. &
Ellis) de Hoog, groups together with Rhinocladiella in the
Herpotrichiellaceae. The third clade (in the Sordariomycetes
clade) includes R. obovoideum (Matsush.) de Hoog, which in a Blast
search was found to have affinity with Carpoligna pleurothecii F.A.
Fernández & Huhndorf ( Chaetosphaeriales). The fourth clade
(in the Sordariomycetes clade) includes a veronaea-like isolate from
Bertia moriformis, with phylogenetic affinity to the
Annulatascaceae (Sordariomycetidae). The fifth clade (in the
Sordariomycetes clade) includes R. schulzeri var.
schulzeri and R. schulzeri var. flexuosum de Hoog,
the closest relatives being Thyridium vestitum (Fr.) Fuckel in the
Thyridiaceae and Magnaporthe grisea (T.T. Hebert) M.E. Barr
in the Magnaporthaceae. The sixth clade (in the Incertae
sedis clade) includes R. subulatum de Hoog, R.
epichloës (Ellis & Dearn.) de Hoog and a species isolated from
the Poaceae. Three ramichloridium-like isolates from Rubus
coreanus and Agrimonia pilosa form another unique clade (in the
Incertae sedis clade) with uncertain affinity. Veronaea
simplex Papendorf clusters as sister taxon to the Venturiaceae
representing the eighth clade ( Dothideomycetes). The type species of
Periconiella, P. velutina, clusters within the Mycosphaerellaceae
(Capnodiales clade), whereas P. papuana Aptroot resides in the
Herpotrichiellaceae (Chaetothyriales clade). Veronaea
botryosa Cif. & Montemart., the type species of Veronaea,
also resides in the Herpotrichiellaceae. Taxonomy The species previously described in Ramichloridium share some
morphological features, including erect, pigmented, more or less
differentiated conidiophores, sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cells
and predominantly aseptate conidia. Other than conidial morphology, features
of the conidiogenous apparatus that appear to be more phylogenetically
informative include pigmentation of vegetative hyphae, conidiophores and
conidia, denticle density on the rachis, and structure of the scars. By
integrating these data with the molecular data set, more natural genera are
delineated, which are discussed below. Key to ramichloridium-like genera - 1. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal and lateral on creeping or
ascending hyphae (differentiation between branched vegetative hyphae and
conidiophores barely possible); conidiogenous loci bulging, more or less
umbonate, apex rounded; occurring on rust
pustules.........................................................................................................................................................................
Pseudovirgaria
- 1. Conidiogenous cells integrated in distinct conidiophores; conidiogenous
loci non-umbonate (flat, not prominent; subcylindrical or conical denticles;
or terminally flat-tipped; or thickened and darkened); rarely occurring on
rust pustules, but if so, with a raduliform rachis and distinct
denticles.........................................................................................................................................................................................
2
- 2. Conidia 0-2(-3)-septate, conidial base truncate, retaining a marginal
frill after liberation [anamorphs of
Sordariomycetes]..........................................................................................................................................................................................
Rhodoveronaea
- 2. Conidial base without marginal
frill............................................................................................................................................................
3
- 3. Conidiophores composed of a well-developed erect stalk and a terminal
branched
head.......................................................................
4
- 3. Conidiophores unbranched or, if branched, branches loose, irregular or
dichotomous, but not distinctly separated into stalk and branched
head..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
5
- 4. Conidiophores dimorphic, either macronematous, dark brown with a dense
apical cluster of branches or micronematous, undifferentiated, resembling
vegetative hyphae; both kinds with a denticulate rachis; conidia predominantly
1-septate [anamorph of
Chaetothyriales].................................................................................................................................................................................................
Thysanorea
- 4. Conidiophores monomorphic; branched head with fewer branches and looser;
conidiogenous loci usually flat, non-prominent, less denticle-like; conidia
aseptate to pluriseptate [anamorphs of
Capnodiales]............................................................................
Periconiella
- 5. Rachis with denticles 1-1.5 μm long, denticles almost cylindrical;
conidia at least partly in short chains.........................
Pleurothecium
- 5. Rachis with denticles less than 1 μm long, denticles not cylindrical
or denticles lacking, rachis with flat, barely prominent scars.......... 6
- 6. Conidia predominantly
septate..................................................................................................................................................................
7
- 6. Conidia predominantly
aseptate................................................................................................................................................................
8
- 7. Conidiophores up to 200 μm long; rachis straight, not to slightly
geniculate; conidiogenous loci more or less flat, barely prominent,
unthickened, slightly darkened [anamorphs of Chaetothyriales,
Herpotrichiellaceae]................................................................
Veronaea
- 7. Conidiophores up to 60 μm long; rachis distinctly geniculate;
conidiogenous loci denticle-like, prominent, up to 0.5 μm high, slightly
thickened and darkened [anamorph of Pleosporales,
Venturiaceae]..................................................................................
Veronaeopsis
- 8. Vegetative mycelium entirely hyaline; rachis long, hyaline, with widely
scattered pimple-shaped, terminally pointed, unpigmented
denticles.............................................................................................................................................................................
Myrmecridium
- 8. Vegetative mycelium at least partly pigmented; conidiogenous loci
distinct, non-denticulate, somewhat darkened-refractive, or denticles, if
present, neither pimple-shaped nor
pointed...........................................................................................................................................
9
- 9. Rachis distinctly raduliform, with distinct, prominent blunt denticles,
0.5-1 μm long; scars and hila unthickened, but
pigmented.................................................................................................................................................................................................
Radulidium
- 9. Rachis not distinctly raduliform, at most subdenticulate; scars flat or
only slightly prominent (subdenticulate), shorter.........................
10
- 10. Conidiophores usually poorly differentiated from the vegetative hyphae;
conidial apparatus often loosely branched; exophiala-like budding cells
usually present in culture [anamorphs of Chaetothyriales,
Herpotrichiellaceae]..........................................
Rhinocladiella
- 10. Conidiophores usually well differentiated from the vegetative mycelium
(macronematous), usually unbranched; without exophiala-like states [anamorphs
of
Capnodiales]..................................................................................................................................
Ramichloridium
Capnodiales (Mycosphaerellaceae, Teratosphaeriaceae) The type species of Ramichloridium, R. apiculatum, together with
R. indicum cluster as a sister group to the Dissoconium de
Hoog, Oorschot & Hijwegen clade in the Mycosphaerellaceae. Some
other Ramichloridium species, including R. musae, R.
biverticillatum Arzanlou & Crous, R. pini and R.
cerophilum, are also allied with members of the
Mycosphaerellaceae. Three additional new species are introduced for
Ramichloridium isolates from Musa banksii, Strelitzia
nicolai, and forest soil. Periconiella velutina, the type
species of Periconiella, which also resides in the
Mycosphaerellaceae, is morphologically sufficiently distinct to
retain its generic status. Two new species of Periconiella are
introduced for isolates obtained from Turpinia pomifera and
Ischyrolepis subverticellata in South Africa. Zasmidium
cellare (Pers.) Fr., the type species of Zasmidium (Pers.) Fr.,
is also shown to cluster within the Mycosphaerellaceae. Periconiella Sacc., in Sacc. & Berlese, Atti Ist.
Veneto Sci., Ser. 6, 3: 727. 1885. In vitro: Colonies with entire margin; aerial mycelium
rather compact, raised, velvety, olivaceous-grey; reverse olivaceous-black.
Submerged hyphae verrucose, hyaline, thin-walled, 1-3 μm wide;
aerial hyphae subhyaline, later becoming dark brown, thick-walled,
smooth. Conidiophores arising vertically from creeping hyphae,
straight or flexuose, up to 260 μm long, dark brown at the base, paler
towards the apex, thick-walled; in the upper part bearing short branches.
Conidiogenous cells terminally integrated, polyblastic, smooth or
verrucose, subcylindrical, mostly not or barely geniculate-sinuous, variable
in length, subhyaline, later becoming pale brown, fertile part as wide as the
basal part, proliferating sympodially, sometimes becoming septate and forming
a short, straight rachis with pigmented, slightly thickened and hardly
prominent, more or less flat scars. Conidia solitary, occasionally in
short chains, 0-multi-septate, subhyaline to rather pale olivaceous or
olivaceous-brown, smooth to verrucose, globose, ellipsoidal to obovoid or
obclavate, with a slightly darkened and thickened hilum; conidial secession
schizolytic. Type species: P. velutina (G. Winter) Sacc., Miscell.
mycol. 2: 17. 1884. Notes: Periconiella is distinct from other
ramichloridium-like genera by its conidiophores that are prominently branched
in the upper part, and by its darkened, thickened conidial scars, that are
more or less flat and non-prominent. Although conidiophores are also branched
in the upper part in Thysanorea Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, the
branching pattern in the latter genus is different from that of
Periconiella. Thysanorea has a complex head consisting of up to six
levels of branches, while in Periconiella the branching is limited,
with mainly primary and secondary branches. Furthermore, Thysanorea
is characterised by having dimorphic conidiophores and more or less prominent
denticle-like conidiogenous loci. Periconiella velutina (G. Winter) Sacc., Miscell. mycol. 2:
17. 1884. Fig. 3. | Fig. 3.Periconiella velutina
(CBS 101948). A-B.
Macronematous conidiophores with short branches in the upper part. C.
Sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cell with darkened and slightly
thickened scars. D. Conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. |
Basionym: Periconia velutina G. Winter, Hedwigia 23: 174.
1884. In vitro: Submerged hyphae verrucose, hyaline,
thin-walled, 1-3 μm wide; aerial hyphae subhyaline, later becoming
dark brown, thick-walled, smooth. Conidiophores arising vertically
from creeping hyphae, straight or flexuose, up to 260 μm long, dark brown
at the base, paler towards the apex, thick-walled; in the upper part bearing
short branches, 10-35 μm long. Conidiogenous cells mostly
terminally integrated, sometimes discrete, smooth or verrucose, cylindrical,
variable in length, subhyaline, later becoming pale brown, fertile part as
wide as the basal part, proliferating sympodially, sometimes becoming septate
and forming a short, straight rachis with pigmented, slightly thickened and
hardly prominent, more or less flat scars, less than 1 μm diam.
Conidia 0(-1)-septate, subhyaline, thin-walled, verrucose or smooth,
globose, ellipsoidal to obovoid, (7-)8-9(-11) × (2.5-)3(-4) μm, with
a slightly darkened and thickened hilum, 1.5-2 μm diam. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA slow-growing, reaching 4
mm diam after 14 d at 24 °C, with entire margin; aerial mycelium rather
compact, raised, velvety, olivaceous-grey; reverse olivaceous-black. Specimens examined: South Africa, Cape Town, on
Brabejum stellatifolium, P. MacOwan, herb. G. Winter (B),
lectotype selected here; Cape Town, on leaves of Brabejum
stellatifolium (= B. stellatum), P. Mac-Owan, PAD, F42165,
F462166, isolectotypes; Stellenbosch, Jonkershoek Nature Reserve, on
Brabejum stellatifolium, 21 Jan. 1999, J.E. Taylor, epitype
designated here CBS
H-15612, cultures ex-epitype
CBS
101948-101950. Periconiella arcuata Arzanlou, S. Lee & Crous, sp.
nov. MycoBank
MB504547. Figs
4,
7A. | Fig. 4.Periconiella arcuata
(CBS 113477). A-B.
Sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cells with darkened, thickened and
cone-shaped scars. C-E. Macronematous conidiophores with loose branches in the
upper part. F-I. Conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. |
Etymology: Named after its curved conidia. Ab aliis speciebus Periconiellae conidiis obclavatis, rectis vel
curvatis, (30-)53-61(-79) × (3-)5(-7) μm, distinguenda. Submerged hyphae smooth, hyaline, thin-walled, 2 μm wide;
aerial hyphae pale brown, smooth or verrucose, slightly narrower.
Conidiophores arising vertically from creeping hyphae, straight or
flexuose, up to 300 μm long, dark brown at the base, paler towards the
apex, thick-walled; loosely branched in the upper part, bearing short
branches. Conidiogenous cells integrated, cylindrical, variable in
length, 20-50 μm long, subhyaline, later becoming pale brown, fertile part
as wide as the basal part, proliferating sympodially, forming a geniculate
conidium-bearing rachis with pigmented and thickened, prominent, cone-shaped
scars, 1 μm diam. Conidia formed singly, obclavate, straight or
mostly curved, 0(-4)-septate, coarsely verrucose, pale olive, thin-walled,
tapering towards the apex, (30-)53-61(-79) × (3-)5(-7) μm, with a
narrowly truncate base and a darkened, hardly thickened hilum, 2 μm diam;
microcyclic conidiation observed in culture. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA reaching 12 mm diam
after 14 d at 24 °C, with entire, smooth, sharp margin; mycelium
compacted, becoming hairy, colonies up to 1 mm high; surface olivaceous to
olivaceous-grey, reverse dark grey-olivaceous to olivaceous-black. Specimen examined: South Africa, Western Cape Province,
Kogelberg, on dead culms of Ischyrolepis subverticillata, May 2001,
S. Lee, holotype CBS
H-19927, culture ex-type
CBS 113477. Periconiella levispora Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous,
sp. nov. MycoBank
MB504546. Figs
5- 6B. | Fig. 5.Periconiella levispora
(CBS 873.73). A-C.
Conidial apparatus at different stages of development, which gives rise to
macronematous conidiophores with dense branches in the upper part. D.
Sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cells with darkened (more ...) |
Etymology: (Latin) levis = smooth. A simili Periconiella velutina conidiis levibus et maioribus, ad
23 μm longis distinguenda. In vitro: Submerged hyphae smooth, hyaline, thin-walled,
2-2.5 μm wide; aerial hyphae subhyaline, later becoming dark
brown, thick-walled, smooth. Conidiophores arising vertically from
creeping aerial hyphae, dark brown at the base, paler towards the apex,
thick-walled; in the upper part bearing several short branches, up to 120
μm long. Conidiogenous cells integrated, occasionally discrete,
cylindrical, variable in length, 10-20 μm long, subhyaline, later becoming
pale brown, fertile part as wide as the basal part, proliferating sympodially,
forming a short rachis with pigmented and slightly thickened, somewhat
protruding scars, less than 1 μm diam. Conidia solitary,
0(-2)-septate, smooth, pale olivaceous, cylindrical, ellipsoidal, pyriform to
clavate, (7-)11-14(-23) × (3-)4-5(-6) μm, with a truncate base and a
darkened, slightly thickened hilum, 2 μm diam. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA slow-growing, reaching 5
mm diam after 14 d at 24 °C, with entire margin; aerial mycelium compact,
raised, velvety, olivaceous-grey; reverse olivaceous-black. Specimen examined: Sri Lanka, Hakgala Botanic Gardens, on
dead leaves of Turpinia pomifera, Jan. 1973, W. Gams, holotype
CBS H-15611,
culture ex-type CBS
873.73. Ramichloridium Stahel ex de Hoog, Stud. Mycol. 15: 59.
1977. In vitro: Colonies flat to raised, with entire margin;
surface olivaceous-green to olivaceous-black. Mycelium consisting of
submerged and aerial hyphae; submerged hyphae hyaline to subhyaline,
thin-walled, aerial hyphae smooth or verrucose. Conidiophores
straight, unbranched, rarely branched, thick-walled, dark brown (darker than
the subtending hyphae), continuous or with several additional thin septa.
Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, polyblastic, smooth,
thick-walled, golden-brown, apical part subhyaline, with sympodial
proliferation, straight or flexuose, geniculate or nodose, with conspicuous
conidiogenous loci; scars crowded or scattered, unthickened, unpigmented to
faintly pigmented, or slightly prominent denticles. Conidia solitary,
0-1-septate, subhyaline to pale brown, smooth to coarsely verrucose, rather
thin-walled, obovate, obconical or globose to ellipsoidal, fusiform, with a
somewhat prominent, slightly pigmented hilum; conidial secession
schizolytic. Type species: R. apiculatum (J.H. Mill., Giddens &
A.A. Foster) de Hoog, Stud. Mycol. 15: 69. 1977. Ramichloridium apiculatum (J.H. Mill., Giddens & A.A.
Foster) de Hoog, Stud. Mycol. 15: 69. 1977.
Fig. 8. | Fig. 8.Ramichloridium apiculatum
(CBS 156.59). A-C.
Macronematous conidiophores with sympodially proliferating conidiogenous
cells, which give rise to a conidium-bearing rachis with crowded and prominent
scars. D. Conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. |
Basionym: Chloridium apiculatum J.H. Mill., Giddens &
A.A. Foster, Mycologia 49: 789. 1957. - Veronaea apiculata (J.H. Mill., Giddens & A.A. Foster)
M.B. Ellis, in Ellis, More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes: 209. 1976.
[non Rhinocladiella apiculata Matsush., in Matsushima, Icon.
Microfung. Mats. lect.: 122. 1975]. - = Rhinocladiella indica Agarwal, Lloydia 32: 388. 1969.
[non Chloridium indicum Subram., Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Sect. B,
42: 286. 1955]. In vitro: Submerged hyphae hyaline to subhyaline,
thin-walled, 1-2.5 μm wide; aerial hyphae slightly darker,
smooth-walled. Conidiophores generally arising at right angles from
creeping aerial hyphae, straight, unbranched, thick-walled, dark brown,
continuous or with 1-2(-3) additional thin septa, up to 100 μm long;
intercalary cells 10-28 μm long. Conidiogenous cells integrated,
terminal, smooth, thick-walled, golden-brown, straight, cylindrical,
25-37(-47) × 2-3.5 μm; proliferating sympodially, resulting in a
straight rachis with conspicuous conidiogenous loci; scars prominent, crowded,
slightly pigmented, less than 1 μm diam. Conidia solitary, obovate
to obconical, pale brown, finely verrucose, (3-)5-5.5(-7.5) ×
(2-)2.5-3(-4) μm, hilum conspicuous, slightly pigmented, about 1 μm
diam. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA reaching 35 mm diam
after 14 d at 24 °C; minimum temperature for growth above 6 °C,
optimum 24 °C, maximum 30 °C. Colonies raised, velvety, dense, with
entire margin; surface olivaceous-green, reverse olivaceous-black, often with
a diffusing citron-yellow pigment. Specimens examined: Pakistan, Lahore, from soil, A. Kamal,
CBS 400.76 = IMI
088021. South Africa, from preserved Cucumis sativus in
8-oxyquinoline sulphate, M.C. Papendorf,
CBS 390.67;
Potchefstroom, from Aloe sp., M.C. Papendorf,
CBS 391.67.
U.S.A., Georgia, isolated from forest soil,
CBS 156.59 = ATCC
13211 = IMI 100716 = QM 7716, ex-type culture. Ramichloridium australiense Arzanlou & Crous, sp.
nov. MycoBank
MB504548. Figs
9- 10A. | Fig. 9.Ramichloridium australiense
(CBS 121710). A-C.
Macronematous conidiophores with thick-walled and warted subtending hyphae. D.
Sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cell, which results in a short rachis
with darkened and slightly thickened scars. (more ...) |
Etymology: Named after its country of origin, Australia. Ab aliis speciebus Ramichloridii conidiophoris ex hyphis
verrucosis, crassitunicatis ortis distinguendum. In vitro: Submerged hyphae hyaline, smooth, thin-walled,
1-2 μm wide; aerial hyphae pale brown, warted.
Conidiophores arising vertically and clearly differentiated from
creeping aerial hyphae, up to 400 μm tall, with several additional thin
septa; intercalary cells, 8-40 × 2-5 μm, from the broadest part at
the base tapering towards the apex, subhyaline, later becoming pale brown and
warted in the lower part. Subtending hyphae thick-walled, warted.
Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal, 10-18 μm long,
proliferating sympodially, giving rise to a short rachis with conspicuous
conidiogenous loci; scars slightly thickened and darkened, about 1 μm diam.
Conidia solitary, aseptate, thin-walled, smooth, subhyaline,
subcylindrical to obclavate, (10-)12-15(-23) × 2.5-3 μm, with a
truncate base and a slightly darkened and thickened hilum, 1.5-2 μm diam,
rarely fusing at the basal part. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA rather slow growing,
reaching 8 mm diam after 14 d at 24 °C, with entire, smooth margin;
mycelium flat, olivaceous-grey, becoming granular, with gelatinous droplets at
the margin developing with aging; reverse pale olivaceous-grey. Specimen examined: Australia, Queensland, Mount Lewis,
Mount Lewis Road, 16°34'47.2” S, 145°19'7” E, 538 m alt.,
on Musa banksii leaf, Aug. 2006, P.W. Crous and B. Summerell,
holotype CBS
H-19928, culture ex-type
CBS 121710. Ramichloridium musae (Stahel ex M.B. Ellis) de Hoog, Stud.
Mycol. 15: 62. 1977. Fig.
11. | Fig. 11.Ramichloridium musae
(CBS 365.36). A.
Conidiophores with loose branches. B-D. Sympodially proliferating
conidiogenous cells, resulting in a long conidium-bearing rachis. E. Rachis
with hardly prominent, slightly darkened scars. F. Conidia. Scale bars (more ...) |
Basionym: Veronaea musae Stahel ex M.B. Ellis, in Ellis,
More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes: 209. 1976. - Chloridium musae Stahel, Trop. Agric., Trinidad 14: 43.
1937 (nom. inval. Art. 36).
Misapplied name: Chloridium indicum Subram.,
sensu Batista & Vital, Anais Soc. Biol. Pernambuco 15: 379.
1957. In vitro: Submerged hyphae smooth, hyaline, thin-walled,
1-2 μm wide; aerial hyphae subhyaline, smooth.
Conidiophores arising vertically and mostly sharply differentiated
from creeping aerial hyphae, golden-brown; unbranched, rarely branched in the
upper part, up to 250 μm tall, with up to 6 additional thin septa, cells
23-40 × 2-2.5 μm, basal cell occasionally inflated. Conidiogenous
cells terminally integrated, cylindrical, variable in length, 10-40 μm
long, golden-brown near the base, subhyaline to pale brown near the end,
fertile part as wide as the basal part, later also becoming septate; rachis
elongating sympodially, 2-2.5 μm wide, with hardly prominent, scattered,
slightly pigmented scars, about 0.5 μm diam. Conidia solitary,
aseptate, hyaline to subhyaline, ellipsoidal, (4-)7-8(-12) × 2-3 μm,
smooth or verruculose, thin-walled, with slightly darkened hilum, about 1
μm diam. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA slow-growing, reaching
27 mm diam after 14 d at 24 °C, with entire, smooth, sharp margin;
mycelium mostly submerged, some floccose to lanose aerial mycelium in the
olivaceous-grey centre, becoming pale pinkish olivaceous towards the margin;
reverse pale orange. Specimens examined: cameroon, from Musa sapientum,
J.E. Heron, CBS
169.61 = ATCC 15681 = IMI 079492 = DAOM 84655 = MUCL 2689; from
Musa sapientum, J. Brun,
CBS 190.63 = MUCL
9557. Surinam, Paramaribo, from Musa sapientum leaf, G.
Stahel, CBS 365.36
= JCM 6973 = MUCL 9556, ex-type strain of Chloridium musae;
from Musa sapientum, G. Stahel,
CBS 365.36; dried
culture preserved as CBS
H-19933. Ramichloridium biverticillatum Arzanlou & Crous,
nom. nov. MycoBank
MB504549.
Fig. 12. | Fig. 12.Ramichloridium biverticillatum
(CBS 335.36). A-B.
Profusely branched and biverticillate conidiophores. C. Sympodially
proliferating conidiogenous cells, which give rise to a conidium-bearing
rachis with crowded, slightly pigmented and thickened scars. (more ...) |
Basionym: Periconiella musae Stahel ex M.B. Ellis, Mycol.
Pap. 111: 5. 1967. - Ramichloridium musae Stahel, Trop. Agric., Trinidad 14:
43. 1937 (nom. inval. Art. 36).
- = Ramichloridium musae (Stahel ex M.B. Ellis) de Hoog, Stud.
Mycol. 15: 62. 1977, sensu de Hoog, p.p.
Etymology: Named after its biverticillate conidiophores. In vitro: Submerged hyphae smooth, hyaline, thin-walled,
1-2 μm wide; aerial hyphae subhyaline, smooth, slightly darker.
Conidiophores arising vertically from creeping aerial hyphae, pale
brown, profusely branched, biverticillate, with up to three levels of main
branches; branches tapering distally, 2-3 μm wide at the base, approx. 2
μm wide in the upper part, up to 250 μm long. Conidiogenous
cells terminally integrated, cylindrical, variable in length, 15-50 μm
long, rachis straight or geniculate, pale brown, as wide as the basal part;
elongating sympodially, forming a rachis with crowded, slightly darkened and
thickened minute scars, less than 0.5 μm wide. Conidia solitary,
aseptate, hyaline to subhyaline, dacryoid to pyriform, (2-)3-4(-6) ×
(1.5-)2(-2.5) μm, smooth, thin-walled, with an inconspicuous hilum. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA slow-growing, reaching
16 mm diam after 14 d at 24 °C, with entire, smooth, sharp margin, rather
compact, velvety; surface vinaceous-buff to olivaceous-buff; reverse buff. Specimen examined: Surinam, from Musa sapientum,
Aug. 1936, G. Stahel, CBS
335.36. Notes: Ramichloridium biverticillatum is a new name based
on Periconiella musae. The species is distinct from R. musae
because of its profusely branched conidiophores, and conidia that are smaller
(2-5 × 1.5-2.5 μm) than those of R. musae (5-11 × 2-3
μm). Ramichloridium brasilianum Arzanlou & Crous, sp.
nov. MycoBank
MB504550. Figs
10B,
13. | Fig. 13.Ramichloridium brasilianum
(CBS 283.92). A-B.
Macronematous conidiophores with sympodially proliferating conidiogenous
cells, resulting in a conidium-bearing rachis. C. Rachis with crowded and
slightly pigmented scars. D. Conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. (more ...) |
Etymology: Named after its country of origin, Brazil. A simili Ramichloridio cerophilo conidiis minoribus, ad 8 μm
longis, et conidiis secundariis absentibus distinguendum. In vitro: Submerged hyphae pale olivaceous, smooth or
slightly rough, 1.5-2 μm wide; aerial hyphae olivaceous, smooth or
rough, narrower and darker than the submerged hyphae. Conidiophores
unbranched, arising vertically from creeping aerial hyphae, straight or
flexuose, dark brown, with up to 10 additional septa, thick-walled,
cylindrical, 2-2.5 μm wide and up to 70 μm long. Conidiogenous
cells integrated, terminal, 10-30 μm long, proliferating sympodially,
giving rise to a long, straight rachis with crowded, slightly darkened minute
scars, about 0.5 μm diam. Conidia solitary, obovoid to fusiform
with the widest part below the middle, thin-walled, verruculose, aseptate,
pale brown, slightly rounded at the apex, truncate at the base, (4-)5-6(-8.5)
× 2-2.5(-3) μm, with a slightly thickened and darkened hilum, 1-1.5
μm diam. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA slow-growing, reaching 6
mm diam after 14 d at 24 °C, velvety to hairy, colonies with entire
margin, surface dark olivaceous-grey; black gelatinous exudate droplets
produced on OA. Specimen examined: Brazil, São Paulo, Peruibe,
Jureia Ecological Reserve, forest soil, Jan. 1991, D. Attili, holotype
CBS H-19929,
culture ex-type CBS
283.92. Ramichloridium cerophilum (Tubaki) de Hoog, Stud. Mycol.
15: 74. 1977. Fig. 14. | Fig. 14.Ramichloridium cerophilum
(CBS 103.59). A-C.
Conidial apparatus at different stages of development, resulting in
macronematous conidiophores and sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cells.
D-E. Formation of secondary conidia. F. Conidia. Scale (more ...) |
Basionym: Acrotheca cerophila Tubaki, J. Hattori Bot.
Lab. 20: 143. 1958. - Cladosporium cerophilum (Tubaki) Matsush., in Matsushima,
Icon. Microfung. Matsush. lect. (Kobe): 34. 1975.
In vitro: Submerged hyphae pale olivaceous-brown, smooth
or slightly rough, 1.5-3 μm wide; aerial hyphae olivaceous-brown,
smooth or slightly rough, somewhat narrower and darker than the submerged
hyphae. Conidiophores unbranched, arising vertically from creeping
aerial hyphae, dark brown, thick-walled, smooth or verruculose, hardly
tapering towards the apex, 2-3 μm wide, up to 50 μm long, with up to 3
additional septa. Conidiogenous cells integrated, terminal,
proliferating sympodially, rachis short and straight, with crowded, prominent,
pigmented unthickened scars, minute, approx. 0.5 μm diam. Conidia
solitary, fusiform to clavate, thin-walled, smooth, 0(-1)-septate, subhyaline,
(4-)6-7(-11) × (2-) 2.5(-3) μm, with a conspicuous hilum, about 0.5
μm diam, slightly raised with an inconspicuous marginal frill, somehow
resembling those of Cladosporium. Conidia sometimes producing 1-3(-4)
short secondary conidia. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA rather slow-growing,
reaching 12 mm diam after 14 d at 24 °C, velvety to hairy, with entire
margin; surface dark olivaceous-grey, with black gelatinous exudate droplets
on OA. Specimen examined: Japan, isolated from Sasa sp.,
K. Tubaki, CBS
103.59, ex-type. Notes: Phylogenetically, this species together with
Ramichloridium apiculatum and R. musae cluster within the
Mycosphaerellaceae clade. Ramichloridium cerophilum can be
distinguished from its relatives by the production of secondary conidia and
its distinct conidial hila. Ramichloridium indicum (Subram.) de Hoog, Stud. Mycol. 15:
70. 1977. Fig. 15. | Fig. 15.Ramichloridium indicum
(CBS 171.96). A-B.
Macronematous conidiophores. C-E. Sympodially proliferating conidiogenous
cells, resulting in a conidium-bearing rachis with pigmented and thickened
scars. F. Conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. |
Basionym: Chloridium indicum Subram., Proc. Indian Acad.
Sci., Sect. B, 42: 286. 1955 [non Rhinocladiella indica Agarwal,
Lloydia 32: 388. 1969]. - Veronaea indica (Subram.) M.B. Ellis, in Ellis, More
Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes: 209. 1976.
- = Veronaea verrucosa Geeson, Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 64: 349.
1975.
In vitro: Submerged hyphae smooth, thin-walled, hyaline,
1-2.5 μm wide, with thin septa; aerial hyphae coarsely verrucose,
olivaceous-green, rather thick-walled, 2-2.5 μm wide, with thin septa.
Conidiophores arising vertically from creeping hyphae at right
angles, straight, unbranched, thick-walled, smooth, dark brown, with up to 10
thin septa, up to 250 μm long, 2-4 μm wide, often with inflated basal
cells. Conidiogenous cells terminally integrated, up to 165 μm
long, smooth, dark brown, sympodially proliferating, rachis straight or
flexuose, geniculate or nodose, subhyaline; scars thickened and darkened,
clustered at nodes, approx. 0.5 μm diam. Microcyclic conidiation observed
in culture. Conidia solitary, (0-)1-septate, not constricted at the
septum, subhyaline to pale brown, smooth or coarsely verrucose, rather
thin-walled, broadly ellipsoidal to globose, (5-)7-8(-10) ×
(4-)6-6.5(-9) μm, with truncate base; hilum conspicuous, slightly darkened,
not thickened, about 1 μm diam. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA reaching 35 mm diam
after 14 d at 24 °C. Colonies velvety, rather compact, slightly elevated,
with entire, smooth, whitish margin, dark olivaceous-green in the central
part. Specimen examined: Living culture, Feb. 1996, L. Marvanová,
CBS 171.96. Ramichloridium pini de Hoog & Rahman, Trans. Brit.
Mycol. Soc. 81: 485. 1983. Specimen examined: U.K., Scotland, Old Aberdeen, branch of
Pinus contorta ( Pinaceae), 1982, M.A. Rahman, ex-type
strain, CBS 461.82
= MUCL 28942. Note: The culture examined
( CBS 461.82) was
sterile. For a full description see de Hoog et al.
( 1983). Ramichloridium strelitziae Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous,
sp. nov. MycoBank
MB504551. Figs
16- 17A. | Fig. 16.Ramichloridium strelitziae
(CBS 121711). A-C.
Conidial apparatus at different stages of development, resulting in
macronematous conidiophores and sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cells.
D-E. Rachis with crowded, slightly pigmented, thickened, (more ...) |
Etymology: Named after its host, Strelitzia. Ab aliis speciebus Ramichloridii conidiophoris brevibus, ad 40
μm longis, et cicatricibus rotundis, paulo protrudentibus
distinguendum. In vitro: Submerged hyphae smooth, hyaline, thin-walled,
2-2.5 μm wide; aerial hyphae pale brown, verrucose.
Conidiophores arising vertically from creeping aerial hyphae, clearly
differentiated from the vegetative hyphae, subhyaline, later becoming pale
brown, thick-walled, smooth or verruculose, with 1-3 additional septa; up to
40 μm long and 2 μm wide. Conidiogenous cells integrated,
terminal, cylindrical, variable in length, 10-35 μm long, subhyaline, later
turning pale brown, fertile part as wide as the basal part, proliferating
sympodially, forming a straight rachis with slightly thickened and darkened,
circular, somewhat protruding scars, approx. 0.5 μm diam. Conidia
solitary, aseptate, smooth or verruculose, subhyaline, oblong, ellipsoidal to
clavate, (3-)4-5(-5.5) × (1-)2(-2.5) μm, with truncate base and
unthickened, non-pigmented hilum. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA slow-growing, reaching 5
mm diam after 14 d at 24 °C, with entire margin; aerial mycelium rather
compact, raised, dense, olivaceous-grey; reverse olivaceous-black. Specimen examined: South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban,
near Réunion, on leaves of Strelitzia nicolai, 5 Feb. 2005, W.
Gams & H. Glen, CBS-H
19776, holotype, culture ex-type CBS 121711. Zasmidium Fr., Summa Veg. Scand. 2: 407. 1849. In vitro: Submerged hyphae smooth, thin-walled, hyaline,
with thin septa; aerial hyphae coarsely verrucose, olivaceous-green,
thick-walled, with thin septa. Conidiophores not differentiated from
vegetative hyphae, often reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous
cells integrated, predominantly terminal, sometimes lateral, arising from
aerial hyphae, cylindrical, pale brown; polyblastic, proliferating sympodially
producing crowded, conspicuously pigmented, almost flat, darkened, somewhat
refractive scars. Conidia in short chains, cylindrical to fusiform,
verrucose, obovate to obconical, pale brown, base truncate, with a
conspicuous, slightly pigmented, thickened and refractive hilum. Primary
conidia sometimes larger, subhyaline, verrucose or smooth-walled,
0-4-septate, variable in length, fusiform to cylindrical; conidial secession
schizolytic. Type species: Zasmidium cellare (Pers. : Fr.) Fr.,
Summa Veg. Scand. 2: 407. 1849. Zasmidium cellare (Pers. : Fr.) Fr., Summa Veg.
Scand. 2: 407. 1849. Fig.
18. | Fig. 18.Zasmidium cellare
(CBS 146.36). A-D.
Micronematous conidiophores with terminal, integrated conidiogenous cells. E.
Conidiogenous cell with pigmented, thickened and refractive scars. F-G.
Primary and secondary conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. |
Basionym: Racodium cellare Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 123.
1794. - Antennaria cellaris (Pers. : Fr.) Fr., Syst. Mycol. 3:
229. 1829.
- Cladosporium cellare (Pers. : Fr.) Schanderl, Zentralbl.
Bakteriol., 2. Abt., 94: 117. 1936.
- Rhinocladiella cellaris (Pers. : Fr.) M.B. Ellis, in
Ellis, Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes: 248. 1971.
In vitro: Submerged hyphae smooth, thin-walled, hyaline,
2-3 μm wide, with thin septa; aerial hyphae coarsely verrucose,
olivaceous-green, rather thick-walled, 2-2.5 μm wide, with thin septa.
Conidiophores not differentiated from vegetative hyphae, often
reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells integrated,
predominantly terminal, sometimes lateral, arising from aerial hyphae,
cylindrical, 20-60 μm long and 2-2.5 μm wide, pale brown, proliferating
sympodially producing crowded, conspicuously pigmented scars that are
thickened and refractive, about 1 μm diam. Conidia cylindrical to
fusiform, verrucose, obovate to obconical, pale brown, with truncate base,
(6-)9-14(-27) × 2-2.5 μm, with a conspicuous, slightly pigmented,
refractive hilum, approx. 1 μm diam. Primary conidia sometimes
subhyaline, verrucose or smooth-walled, thin-walled, 0-1(-4)-septate, variable
in length, fusiform to cylindrical. Cultural characteristics: Colonies reaching 7 mm diam after 14 d
at 24 °C. Colonies velvety, rather compact, slightly elevated with entire
margin; surface dark olivaceous-green in the central part, margin smooth,
whitish. Specimen examined: Wall in wine cellar, Jun. 1936, H. Schanderl,
ATCC 36951 = IFO 4862 = IMI 044943 = LCP 52.402 = LSHB BB274 = MUCL 10089 =
CBS 146.36. Notes: The name Racodium Fr., typified by Ra.
rupestre Pers. : Fr., has been conserved over the older one by Persoon,
with Ra. cellare as type species. De Hoog
( 1979) defended the use of
Zasmidium in its place for the well-known wine-cellar fungus. Morphologically Zasmidium resembles Stenella Syd., and
both reside in the Capnodiales, though the type of Stenella, S.
araguata Syd., clusters in the Teratosphaeriaceae, and the type
of Zasmidium, Z. cellare, in the Mycosphaerellaceae. When
accepting anamorph genera as polyphyletic within an order, preference would be
given to the well-known name Stenella over the less known
Zasmidium, even though the latter name is older. Further studies are
required, however, to clarify if all stenella-like taxa should be accommodated
in a single genus, Stenella. If this is indeed the case, a new
combination for Zasmidium cellare will be proposed in
Stenella, and the latter genus will have to be conserved over
Zasmidium. Chaetothyriales (Herpotrichiellaceae) The four “Ramichloridium” species residing in the
Chaetothyriales clade do not differ sufficiently in morphology to
separate them from Rhinocladiella (type Rh. atrovirens).
Because of the pale brown conidiophores, conidiogenous cells with crowded,
slightly prominent scars and the occasional presence of an Exophiala
J.W. Carmich. synanamorph, Rhinocladiella is a suitable genus to
accommodate them. These four species chiefly differ from
Ramichloridium in the morphology of their conidial apparatus, which
is clearly differentiated from the vegetative hyphae. The appropriate
combinations are therefore introduced for Ramichloridium anceps, R.
mackenziei, R. fasciculatum and R. basitonum. The genus Veronaea (type species: V. botryosa) also
resides in the Chaetothyriales clade. Veronaea can be
distinguished from Rhinocladiella by the absence of exophiala-type
budding cells and its predominantly 1-septate conidia. Furthermore, the
conidiogenous loci in Veronaea are rather flat, barely prominent. Rhinocladiella Nannf., Svensk Skogsvårdsfören.
Tidskr., Häfte 32: 461. 1934. In vitro: Colonies dark olivaceous-brown, slow-growing,
almost moist. Submerged hyphae hyaline to pale olivaceous, smooth;
aerial hyphae, if present, more darkly pigmented. Exophiala-type
budding cells usually present in culture. Conidial apparatus usually
branched, olivaceous-brown, consisting of either slightly differentiated tips
of ascending hyphae or septate, markedly differentiated conidiophores.
Conidiogenous cells intercalary or terminal, polyblastic, cylindrical
to acicular, with a sympodially proliferating, subdenticulate rachis; scars
unthickened, non-pigmented to somewhat darkened-refractive. Conidia
solitary, hyaline to subhyaline, aseptate, thin-walled, smooth, subglobose,
with a slightly pigmented hilum; conidial secession schizolytic. Type species: Rh. atrovirens Nannf., Svenska
Skogsvårdsfören. Tidskr. 32: 461. 1934. Rhinocladiella anceps (Sacc. & Ellis) S. Hughes, Canad.
J. Bot. 36: 801. 1958. Fig.
19. | Fig. 19.Rhinocladiella anceps
(CBS 181.65). A.
Macronematous conidiophores. B-D. Conidial apparatus at different stages of
development, resulting in semi-micronematous conidiophores and sympodially
proliferating conidiogenous cells. E. Conidiogenous loci. (more ...) |
Basionym: Sporotrichum anceps Sacc. & Ellis, Michelia
2: 576. 1882. - = Veronaea parvispora M.B. Ellis, in Ellis, More Dematiaceous
Hyphomycetes: 210. 1976.
Misapplied name: Chloridium minus Corda sensu
Mangenot, Rev. Mycol. (Paris) 18: 137. 1953. In vitro: Submerged hyphae subhyaline, smooth,
thick-walled, 2-2.5 μm wide; aerial hyphae pale brown. Swollen
germinating cells often present on MEA, giving rise to an Exophiala
synanamorph. Conidiophores slightly differentiated from vegetative
hyphae, arising from prostrate aerial hyphae, consisting of either unbranched
or loosely branched stalks, thick-walled, golden to dark-brown, up to 350
μm tall, which may have up to 15 thin, additional septa, intercalary cells
9-14 μm long. Conidiogenous cells terminal, rarely lateral,
cylindrical, occasionally intercalary, variable in length, smooth, golden to
dark brown at the base, paler toward the apex, later becoming inconspicuously
septate, fertile part as wide as the basal part, 15-40 × 1.5-2 μm;
with crowded, slightly prominent, unpigmented, conidium-bearing denticles,
about 0.5 μm diam. Conidia solitary, subhyaline, thin-walled,
smooth, subglobose to ellipsoidal, 2.5-4 × 2-2.5 μm, with a less
conspicuous, slightly darkened hilum, less than 0.5 μm diam. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA reaching 6-12 mm diam
after 14 d at 24 °C, with entire, smooth, sharp margin; mycelium powdery,
becoming hairy at centre; olivaceous-green to brown, reverse
dark-olivaceous. Specimens examined: Canada, Ontario, Campbellville, from
soil under Thuja plicata, Apr. 1965, G. L. Barron,
CBS H-7715
(isoneotype); CBS
H-7716 (isoneotype);
CBS H-7717
(isoneotype); CBS
H-7718 (isoneotype);
CBS H-7719
(isoneotype), ex-type strain,
CBS 181.65 = ATCC
18655 = DAOM 84422 = IMI 134453 = MUCL 8233 = OAC 10215. France, from
stem of Fagus sylvatica, 1953, F. Mangenot,
CBS 157.54 = ATCC
15680= MUCL 1081= MUCL 7992 = MUCL 15756. Notes: Rhinocladiella anceps (conidia 2.5-4 μm long)
resembles Rh. phaeophora Veerkamp & W. Gams
( 1983) (conidia 5.5-6 μm
long), but has shorter conidia. Rhinocladiella basitona (de Hoog) Arzanlou & Crous,
comb. nov. MycoBank
MB504552.
Fig. 20. | Fig. 20.Rhinocladiella basitona
(CBS 101460). A-B.
Semi-micronematous conidiophores with verticillate branching pattern. C-D.
Sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cells, giving rise to a long rachis
with slightly prominent, truncate conidium-bearing denticles. (more ...) |
Basionym: Ramichloridium basitonum de Hoog, J. Clin.
Microbiol. 41: 4774. 2003. In vitro: Submerged hyphae hyaline, smooth, thin-walled,
2 μm wide; aerial hyphae rather thick-walled, pale brown.
Conidiophores slightly differentiated from vegetative hyphae,
profusely and mostly verticillately branched, straight or flexuose,
pale-brown, 2-2.5 μm wide. Conidiogenous cells terminal, variable
in length, 10-100 μm long, pale brown, straight or geniculate,
proliferating sympodially, giving rise to a long, 2-2.5 μm wide rachis,
with slightly prominent, truncate conidium-bearing denticles, slightly
darkened. Conidia solitary, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, pyriform to
clavate, with a round apex, and slightly truncate base, (1-)3-4(-5) ×
1-2 μm, hilum conspicuous, slightly darkened and thickened, less than 0.5
μm diam. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA reaching 19 mm diam
after 14 d at 24 °C, with entire, smooth, sharp margin; mycelium rather
flat and slightly elevated in the centre, pale olivaceous-grey to
olivaceous-grey; reverse olivaceous-black. Specimen examined: Japan, Hamamatsu, from subcutaneous
lesion with fistula on knee of 70-year-old male, Y. Suzuki, ex-type
culture CBS 101460
= IFM 47593. Rhinocladiella fasciculata (V. Rao & de Hoog) Arzanlou
& Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank
MB504553.
Fig. 21. | Fig. 21.Rhinocladiella fasciculata
(CBS 132.86). A.
Conidiophores. B. Sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cells, which give
rise to a long rachis with slightly prominent, unthickened scars. C. Conidia.
D-E. Synanamorph consisting of conidiogenous cells (more ...) |
Basionym: Ramichloridium fasciculatum V. Rao & de
Hoog, Stud. Mycol. 28: 39. 1986. In vitro: Submerged hyphae subhyaline, smooth,
thick-walled, 2-2.5 μm wide; aerial hyphae pale brown.
Conidiophores arising vertically from ascending hyphae in loose
fascicles, unbranched or loosely branched at acute angles, cylindrical,
smooth, brown and thick-walled at the base, up to 220 μm long and 2-3 μm
wide, with 0-5 thin additional septa. Conidiogenous cells terminal,
cylindrical, 30-100 μm long, thin-walled, smooth, pale brown, fertile part
as wide as the basal part, up to 2 μm wide, proliferating sympodially,
giving rise to a rachis with hardly prominent, slightly pigmented, not
thickened scars, less than 0.5 μm diam. Conidia solitary, smooth,
thin-walled, subhyaline, ellipsoidal, (2.5-)4-5(-6) × 2-3 μm, with
truncate, slightly pigmented hilum, about 0.5 μm diam. Synanamorph
forming on torulose hyphae originating from giant cells; compact heads of
densely branched hyphae forming thin-walled, lateral, subglobose cells, on
which conidiogenous cells are formed; conidiogenous cells proliferating
percurrently, giving rise to tubular annellated zones with inconspicuous
annellations, up to 12 μm long, 1-1.5 μm wide. Conidia smooth,
thin-walled, aseptate, subhyaline, globose, 2-2.5 μm diam. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA reaching 8 mm diam after
14 d at 24 °C, with entire, smooth, sharp margin; mycelium velvety,
becoming farinose in the centre due to abundant sporulation, olivaceous-green
to brown, reverse dark olivaceous. Blackish droplets often produced at the
centre, which contain masses of Exophiala conidia. Specimen examined: India, Karnataka, Thirathahalli,
isolated by V. Rao from decayed wood, holotype
CBS-H 3866, culture
ex-type CBS
132.86. Rhinocladiella mackenziei (C.K. Campb. & Al-Hedaithy)
Arzanlou & Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank
MB504554.
Fig. 22. | Fig. 22.Rhinocladiella mackenziei
(CBS 368.92). A.
Intercalary conidiogenous cell. B-E. Semi-micronematous conidiophores and
sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cells, resulting in a rachis with
slightly prominent, unthickened scars. F. Conidia. Scale (more ...) |
Basionym: Ramichloridium mackenziei C.K. Campb. &
Al-Hedaithy, J. Med. Veterin. Mycol. 31: 330. 1993. In vitro: Submerged hyphae subhyaline, smooth,
thin-walled, 2-3 μm wide; aerial hyphae pale brown, slightly
narrower. Conidiophores slightly or not differentiated from
vegetative hyphae, arising laterally from aerial hyphae, with one or two
additional septa, often reduced to a discrete or intercalary conidiogenous
cell, pale-brown, 10-25 × 2.5-3.5 μm. Conidiogenous cells
terminal or intercalary, variable in length, 5-15 μm long and 3-5 μm
wide, occasionally slightly wider than the basal part, pale brown, rachis with
slightly prominent, unpigmented, non-thickened scars, about 0.5 μm diam.
Conidia golden-brown, thin-walled, smooth, ellipsoidal to obovate,
subcylindical, (5-)8-9(-12) × (2-)3-3.5(-5) μm, with darkened,
inconspicously thickened, protuberant or truncate hilum, less than 1 μm
diam. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA reaching 5 mm diam after
14 d at 24 °C, with entire, smooth, sharp margin; mycelium densely lanose
and elevated in the centre, olivaceous-green to brown; reverse dark
olivaceous. Specimens examined: Israel, Haifa, isolated from brain
abscess, CBS 368.92
= UTMB 3170; human brain abscess, E. Lefler,
CBS 367.92 = NCPF
2738 = UTMB 3169. Saudi Arabia, from phaeohyphomycosis of the brain,
S.S.A. Al-Hedaithy, ex-type strain,
CBS 650.93 = MUCL
40057 = NCPF 2808; from brain abscess, Pakistani male who travelled to Saudi
Arabia, CBS 102592
= NCPF 7460. United Arab Emirates, from fatal brain abscess,
CBS 102590 = NCPF
2853. Notes: Morphologically Rhinocladiella mackenziei is
somewhat similar to Pleurothecium obovoideum (Matsush.) Arzanlou
& Crous, which was originally isolated from dead wood. However, P.
obovoideum has distinct conidiophores, and the ascending hyphae are
thick-walled, and the denticles cylindrical, up to 1.5 μm long. In
contrast, Rh. mackenziei has only slightly prominent denticles.
Rhinocladiella mackenziei is a member of the
Chaetothyriales, while P. obovoideum clusters in the
Chaetosphaeriales. Thysanorea Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, gen. nov.
MycoBank
MB504555. Etymology: (Greek) thysano = brush, referring to the
brush-like branching pattern, suffix derived from Veronaea. Veronaeae similis sed conidiophoris partim Periconiae
similibus dense ramosis distinguenda. In vitro: Submerged hyphae subhyaline, smooth,
thin-walled; aerial hyphae pale brown, smooth or verrucose.
Conidiophores dimorphic; micronematous conidiophores
slightly differentiated from vegetative hyphae, branched or simple,
multiseptate. Conidiogenous cells terminal, polyblastic, variable in
length, smooth, golden- to dark brown at the base, paler towards the apex,
later sometimes inconspicuously septate; fertile part often wider than the
basal part, clavate to doliiform, with crowded, more or less prominent
conidium-bearing denticles, unpigmented, but slightly thickened.
Macronematous conidiophores consisting of well-differentiated,
thick-walled, dark brown stalks; apically repeatedly densely branched, forming
a complex head, each branchlet giving rise to a conidium-bearing denticulate
rachis with slightly pigmented, thickened scars. Conidia of both
kinds of conidiophore formed singly, smooth, pale brown, obovoidal to
pyriform, (0-)1-septate, with a truncate base and darkened hilum; conidial
secession schizolytic. Type species: Thysanorea papuana (Aptroot) Arzanlou, W.
Gams & Crous, comb. nov. Thysanorea papuana (Aptroot) Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous,
comb. nov. MycoBank
MB504556. Figs
7C,
23- 24. | Fig. 23.Thysanorea papuana
(CBS 212.96). A.
Intercalary conidiogenous cell. B-I. Semi-micronematous conidiophores and
sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cells, resulting in a rachis with
prominent conidium bearing denticles. J-K. Microcyclic conidiation (more ...) |
| Fig. 24.Thysanorea papuana
(CBS 212.96),
periconiella-like synanamorph. A. Macronematous conidiophores. B-C.
Conidiophores with dense apical branches. D. Branches with different levels of
branchlets. E-I. Conidiogenous cells at different stages of development;
(more ...) |
Basionym: Periconiella papuana Aptroot, Nova Hedwigia 67:
491. 1998. In vitro: Submerged hyphae subhyaline, smooth,
thin-walled, 1.5-3 μm wide; aerial hyphae pale brown, smooth to
verrucose, 1.5-2 μm wide. Conidiophores dimorphic;
micronematous conidiophores slightly differentiated from vegetative
hyphae, branched or simple, up to 6-septate. Conidiogenous cells
terminal or intercalary, variable in length, 5-20 μm long, thin-walled,
smooth, golden- to dark brown at the base, paler toward the apex, later
sometimes becoming inconspicuously septate, fertile part wider than basal
part, often clavate, with crowded, more or less prominent conidium-bearing
denticles, about 1 μm diam, unpigmented but slightly thickened.
Conidia solitary, subhyaline, thin-walled, smooth, cylindrical to
pyriform, rounded at the apex and truncate at the base, pale brown,
(0-)1-septate, (5-)7-8(-11) × (2-)3(-4) μm, with a truncate base and
darkened hilum, 1 μm diam. Macronematous conidiophores present in
old cultures after 1 mo of incubation, consisting of well-differentiated,
thick-walled, dark brown stalks, up to 220 μm long, (4-)5-6(-7) μm wide,
with up to 15 additional septa, often with inflated basal cells; apically
densely branched, forming a complex head, with up to five levels of
branchlets, 20-50 μm long, each branchlet giving rise to a denticulate
conidium-bearing rachis; scars slightly pigmented, thickened, about 1 μm
diam. Conidia solitary, thin-walled, smooth, pale brown, obovoidal to
pyriform, (0-)1-septate, (4-)5-6(-8) × (2-)3(-4) μm, with a truncate
base and darkened hilum, 1-2 μm diam. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA reaching 10 mm diam
after 14 d at 24 °C, with entire, sharp margin; mycelium velvety,
elevated, with colonies up to 2 mm high, surface olivaceous-grey to iron-grey;
reverse greenish black. Specimen examined: Papua New Guinea, Madang Province,
foothill of Finisterre range, 40.8 km along road Madang-Lae, alt. 200 m,
isolated from unknown stipe, 2 Nov. 1995, A. Aptroot, holotype
CBS-H 6351, culture
ex-type CBS
212.96. Veronaea Cif. & Montemart., Atti Ist. Bot. Lab.
Crittog. Univ. Pavia, sér. 5, 15: 68. 1957. In vitro: Colonies velvety, pale olivaceous-brown,
moderately fast-growing. Submerged hyphae hyaline to pale olivaceous,
smooth; aerial hyphae, more darkly pigmented. Exophiala-type budding
cells absent in culture. Conidiophores erect, straight or flexuose,
unbranched or occasionally loosely branched, sometimes geniculate,
smooth-walled, pale to medium- or olivaceous-brown. Conidiogenous
cells terminally integrated, polyblastic, occasionally intercalary,
cylindrical, pale brown, later often becoming septate, fertile part
subhyaline, often as wide as the basal part, rachis with crowded, flat to
slightly prominent, faintly pigmented, unthickened scars. Conidia
solitary, smooth, cylindrical to pyriform, rounded at the apex and truncate at
the base, pale brown, 1(-2)-septate; conidial secession schizolytic. Type species: Veronaea botryosa Cif. & Montemart.,
Atti Ist. Bot. Lab. Crittog. Univ. Pavia, sér. 5, 15: 68. 1957. Veronaea botryosa Cif. & Montemart., Atti Ist. Bot.
Lab. Crittog. Univ. Pavia, sér. 5, 15: 68. 1957.
Fig. 25. | Fig. 25.Veronaea botryosa
(CBS 254.57). A-C.
Semi-micronematous conidiophores and sympodially proliferating conidiogenous
cells. D-E. Rachis with crowded and flat scars. F-G. Microcyclic conidiation.
H. Conidia. Scale bars = 10 μm. |
In vitro: Submerged hyphae hyaline to pale olivaceous,
smooth; aerial hyphae more darkly pigmented. Conidiophores
erect, straight or flexuose, unbranched or occasionally loosely branched,
sometimes geniculate, smooth-walled, pale brown to olivaceous-brown, 2-3 μm
wide and up to 200 μm long. Conidiogenous cells terminal,
occasionally intercalary, cylindrical, 10-100 μm long, pale brown, later
often becoming septate, fertile part subhyaline, often as wide as the basal
part, rachis with crowded, flat to slightly prominent, faintly pigmented,
unthickened scars. Conidia solitary, smooth, cylindrical to pyriform,
(3-)6.5-8.5(-12) × (1.5-)2-2.5(-3) μm, rounded at the apex and
truncate at the base, pale brown, 1(-2)-septate, with a faintly darkened,
unthickened hilum, about 0.5 μm diam. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA reaching 30 mm diam
after 14 d at 24 °C, with entire, sharp margin; mycelium velvety, slightly
elevated in the centre, surface olivaceous-grey to greyish-brown; reverse
greenish black. Specimens examined: India, Ramgarh, about 38 km from
Jaipur, isolated from goat dung, 1 Sep. 1963, B.C. Lodha,
CBS 350.65 = IMI
115127 = MUCL 7972. Italy, Tuscany, Pisa, isolated from Sansa olive
slag, 1954, O. Verona, ex-type strain,
CBS 254.57 = IMI
070233 = MUCL 9821. Veronaea compacta Papendorf, Bothalia 12: 119. 1976.
Fig. 26. | Fig. 26.Veronaea compacta
(CBS 268.75). A-B.
Semi-micronematous conidiophores and sympodially proliferating conidiogenous
cells. C-D. Rachis with hardly prominent denticles. E. Conidia. Scale bar = 10
μm. |
In vitro: Submerged hyphae subhyaline, smooth,
thin-walled, 1.5-3 μm wide; aerial hyphae rather thick-walled,
pale brown. Conidiophores slightly differentiated from vegetative
hyphae, lateral or occasionally terminal, often wider than the supporting
hypha, up to 4 μm wide, unbranched or branched at acute angles, with 1-3
adititional septa, cells often inflated and flask-shaped, pale-brown, up to 60
μm long. Conidiogenous cells terminal, occasionally intercalary,
variable in length, up to 10 μm long, pale brown, cylindrical to doliiform
or flask-shaped, with hardly prominent denticles; scars flat, slightly
pigmented, not thickened, about 0.5 μm diam. Conidia solitary,
pale brown, smooth, thin-walled, ellipsoidal to ovoid, 0-1(-2)-septate, often
constricted at the septa, (4-)6-7(-9) × 2-3 μm, with a round apex and
truncate base; hilum prominent, slightly darkened, unthickened, about 0.5
μm diam. Cultural characteristics: Colonies rather slow growing, reaching
15 mm diam on MEA after 14 d at 24 °C; surface velvety to lanose, slightly
raised in the centre, pale grey to pale brownish grey; reverse dark grey. Specimen examined: South Africa, soil, M.C. Papendorf,
ex-type culture CBS
268.75. Veronaea japonica Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, sp.
nov. MycoBank
MB504557. Figs
17B,
27. | Fig. 27.Veronaea japonica
(CBS 776.83). A.
Intercalary conidiogenous cells. B-D. Semi-micronematous conidiophores and
sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cells. E. Conidia. F. Thick-walled,
dark brown hyphal cells. Scale bar = 10 μm. |
Etymology: Named after the country of origin, Japan. Veronaeae compactae similis, sed cellulis inflatis, aggregatis,
crassitunicatis, fuscis in vitro formatis distinguenda. In vitro: Submerged hyphae subhyaline, smooth,
thin-walled, 1.5-3 μm wide; aerial hyphae slightly narrower, pale
brown; hyphal cells later becoming swollen, thick-walled, dark brown, often
aggregated. Conidiophores slightly differentiated from aerial
vegetative hyphae, lateral, or terminal, often wider than the supporting
hypha, 2-3 μm wide, up to 65 μm long, unbranched or occasionally
branched, pale brown, thin-walled, smooth, with 1-3 additional septa.
Conidiogenous cells terminal, occasionally intercalary, variable in
length, up to 15 μm long, pale brown, cylindrical to clavate, with hardly
prominent denticles; scars flat, slightly pigmented, not thickened, about 0.5
μm diam. Conidia solitary, pale brown, smooth, thin-walled,
ellipsoidal to ovoid, (0-)1-septate, often constricted at the septum,
(6-)7-8(-10) × 2-2.5(-4) μm, with a round apex and truncate base;
hilum unthickened but slightly darkened, about 1 μm diam. Cultural characteristics: Colonies rather slow growing, reaching
7.5 mm diam on MEA after 14 d at 24 °C; surface velvety to lanose,
slightly raised in the centre, olivaceous-brown, with entire margin; reverse
dark-olivaceous. Specimen examined: Japan, Kyoto, Daitokuji Temple, Kyoto,
inside dead bamboo culm, Dec. 1983, W. Gams, holotype
CBS-H 3490, ex-type
culture CBS
776.83. Note: This species is morphologically similar to V.
compacta ( Papendorf
1976), but can be distinguished based on the presence of dark
brown, swollen hyphal cells in culture, which are absent in V.
compacta. Pleurothecium obovoideum clade
(Chaetosphaeriales) Ramichloridium obovoideum was regarded as similar to
“ Ramichloridium” ( Rhinocladiella)
mackenziei by some authors, and subsequently reduced to synonymy
( Ur-Rahman et al.
1988). However, R. obovoideum clusters with
Carpoligna pleurothecii, the teleomorph of Pleurothecium
Höhn. Because it is also morphologically similar to other species of
Pleurothecium, we herewith combine it into that genus. Pleurothecium obovoideum (Matsush.) Arzanlou & Crous,
comb. nov. MycoBank
MB504558.
Fig. 28. | Fig. 28.Pleurothecium obovoideum
(CBS 209.95). A-C.
Conidial apparatus consisting of conidiophores with sympodially proliferating
conidiogenous cells as seen in slide cultures of ca. 14 d. D. Short chain of
conidia. E-G. Sympodially proliferating conidiogenous (more ...) |
Basionym: Rhinocladiella obovoidea Matsush., Icones
Microfung. Mats. lect.: 123. 1975. - Ramichloridium obovoideum (Matsush.) de Hoog, Stud. Mycol.
15: 73. 1977.
In vitro: Submerged hyphae smooth, hyaline, thin-walled,
1-2 μm wide; aerial hyphae hyaline to subhyaline, smooth.
Conidiophores arising vertically from creeping hyphae, ascending
hyphae thick-walled and dark brown; conidiophores 10-35 μm long,
1-2-septate, often reduced to a conidiogenous cell, unbranched, thick-walled,
smooth, tapering towards the apex, pale brown. Conidiogenous cells
integrated, cylindrical to ampulliform, 5-20 μm long, pale brown,
elongating sympodially, with a short rachis giving rise to denticles, 1 μm
long, slightly pigmented. Conidia aseptate, solitary or in short
chains of up to 3, smooth, pale brown, ellipsoidal to obovate,
(9-)11-12(-14.5) × (3-)4(-5) μm, smooth, thin-walled, with a more or
less rounded apex, a truncate base and a slightly darkened, unthickened hilum,
1.5 μm diam. Cultural characteristics: Colonies slow-growing, reaching 15 diam
after 14 d at 24 °C, with entire, smooth margin; surface rather compact,
mycelium mainly flat, submerged, some floccose to lanose aerial mycelium in
the centre, buff; reverse honey. Specimen examined: Japan, Kobe Municipal Arboretum, T.
Matsushima, from dead leaf of Pasania edulis,
CBS 209.95 = MFC
12477. Incertae sedis (Sordariomycetes) Ramichloridium schulzeri clade Ramichloridium schulzeri, including its varieties, clusters near
Thyridium Nitschke and the Magnaporthaceae, and is
phylogenetically as well as morphologically distinct from the other genera in
the Ramichloridium complex. To accommodate these taxa, a new genus is
introduced below. Myrmecridium Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, gen.
nov. MycoBank
MB504559. Etymology: (Greek) myrmekia = wart, referring to the
wart-like denticles on the rachis, suffix -ridium from
Chloridium. Genus ab allis generibus Ramichloridii similibus rachide recta
longa, subhyalina, denticulis distantibus, verruciformibus praedita
distinguendum. In vitro: Colonies moderately fast-growing, flat, with
mainly submerged mycelium, and entire margin, later becoming powdery to
velvety, pale orange to orange. Mycelium rather compact, mainly
submerged, in the centre velvety with fertile bundles of hyphae.
Conidiophores arising vertically and clearly distinct from creeping
hyphae, unbranched, straight or flexuose, brown, thick-walled.
Conidiogenous cells terminally integrated, polyblastic, cylindrical,
straight or flexuose, pale brown, sometimes secondarily septate, fertile part
subhyaline, as wide as the basal part, with scattered pimple-shaped, apically
pointed, unpigmented, conidium-bearing denticles. Conidia solitary,
subhyaline, smooth or finely verrucose, rather thin-walled, with a wing-like
gelatinous sheath, obovoidal or fusiform, tapering towards a narrowly truncate
base with a slightly prominent, unpigmented hilum; conidial secession
schizolytic. Type species: Myrmecridium schulzeri (Sacc.) Arzanlou, W.
Gams & Crous, comb. nov. Notes: Myrmecridium schulzeri was fully described as
Acrotheca acuta Grove by Hughes
( 1951). The author discussed
several genera, none of which is suitable for the present fungus for various
reasons as analysed by de Hoog
( 1977). Only
Gomphinaria Preuss is not yet sufficiently documented. Our
examination of G. amoena Preuss (B!) showed that this is an entirely
different fungus, of which no fresh material is available to ascertain its
position. Myrmecridium can be distinguished from other ramichloridium-like
fungi by having entirely hyaline vegetative hyphae, and widely scattered,
pimple-shaped denticles on the long hyaline rachis. The conidial sheath is
visible in lactic acid mounts with bright-field microscopy. The
Myrmecridium clade consists of several subclusters, which are
insufficiently resolved based on the ITS sequence data. However, two
morphologically distinct varieties of Myrmecridium are treated here.
The status of the other isolates in this clade will be dealt with in a future
study incorporating more strains, and using a multi-gene phylogenetic
approach. Myrmecridium schulzeri (Sacc.) Arzanlou, W. Gams &
Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank
MB504560. var.
schulzeri Figs
7B,
29. | Fig. 29.Myrmecridium schulzeri
(CBS 325.74). A.
Macronematous conidiophores. B. Inflated basal cells visible in some
conidiophores. C-E. Conidial apparatus at different stages of development,
resulting in macronematous conidiophores and sympodially proliferating
(more ...) |
Basionym: Psilobotrys schulzeri Sacc., Hedwigia 23: 126.
1884. - Chloridium schulzerii (Sacc.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 322.
1886.
- Rhinocladiella schulzeri (Sacc.) Matsush., Icon.
Microfung. Mats. lect. (Kobe): 124. 1975.
- Ramichloridium schulzeri (Sacc.) de Hoog, Stud. Mycol. 15:
64. 1977 var. schulzeri.
- = Acrotheca acuta Grove, J. Bot., Lond. 54: 222. 1916.
- Pleurophragmium acutum (Grove) M.B. Ellis in Ellis,
More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes: 165. 1976.
- = Rhinotrichum multisporum Doguet, Rev. Mycol., Suppl. Colon. 17:
78. 1953 (nom. inval. Art. 36) [non Acrotheca multispora (Preuss)
Sacc., Syll. Fung. 4: 277. 1886].
[non Acrothecium (?) multisporum G. Arnaud, Bull.
Trimestriel Soc. Mycol. France 69: 288. 1953 (nom. inval. Art. 36)]. [non Acrothecium multisporum G. Arnaud sensu Tubaki, J.
Hattori Bot. Lab. 20: 145. 1958]. In vitro: Submerged hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, 1-2
μm wide; aerial hyphae, if present, pale olivaceous-brown.
Conidiophores arising vertically from creeping aerial hyphae,
unbranched, straight, reddish brown, thick-walled, septate, up to 250 μm
tall, 2.5-3.5 μm wide, with 2-7 additional septa, basal cell often
inflated, 3.5-5 μm wide. Conidiogenous cells integrated,
cylindrical, variable in length, 15-110 μm long, subhyaline to pale brown,
later becoming inconspicuously septate, fertile part subhyaline, as wide as
the basal part, forming a straight rachis with scattered, pimple-shaped
denticles less than 1 μm long and approx. 0.5 μm wide, apically pointed,
unpigmented, slightly thickened scars. Conidia solitary, subhyaline,
thin-walled, smooth or finely verrucose, surrounded by a wing-like, gelatinous
conidial sheath, up to 0.5 μm thick, ellipsoid, obovoid or fusiform,
(6-)9-10(-12) × 3-4 μm, tapering to a subtruncate base; hilum
unpigmented, inconspicuous. Cultural characteristics: Colonies reaching 29 mm diam after 14 d
at 24 °C, pale orange to orange, with entire margin; mycelium flat, rather
compact, later becoming farinose or powdery due to sporulation, which occurs
in concentric zones when incubated on the laboratory bench. Specimens examined: Germany, Kiel-Kitzeberg, from
wheat-field soil, W. Gams, CBS
134.68 = ATCC 16310. The Netherlands, isolated from a man,
bronchial secretion, A. Visser,
CBS 156.63 = MUCL
1079; Lienden, isolated from Triticum aestivum root, C.L. de Graaff,
CBS 325.74 = JCM
7234. Myrmecridium schulzeri var. tritici (M.B.
Ellis) Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank
MB504562. Basionym: Pleurophragmium tritici M.B. Ellis, in Ellis,
More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes: 165. 1976. - Ramichloridium schulzeri var. tritici (M.B.
Ellis) de Hoog, Stud. Mycol. 15: 68. 1977.
Specimen examined: Ireland, Dublin, on wheat stem, Oct.
1960, J.J. Brady, holotype IMI 83291. Notes: No reliable living culture is available of this variety.
Based on a re-examination of the type specimen in this study, the variety
appears sufficiently distinct from Myrmecridium schulzeri var.
schulzeri based on the frequent production of septate conidia. Myrmecridium flexuosum (de Hoog) Arzanlou, W. Gams &
Crous, comb. et stat. nov. MycoBank
MB504563.
Fig. 30. | Fig. 30.Myrmecridium flexuosum
(CBS 398.76). A-C.
Conidial apparatus at different stages of development, resulting in
macronematous conidiophores with sympodially proliferating conidiogenous
cells. D-H. Sympodially proliferating conidiogenous cells giving (more ...) |
Basionym: Ramichloridium schulzeri var.
flexuosum de Hoog, Stud. Mycol. 15: 67. 1977. In vitro: Submerged hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, 1-2
μm wide. Conidiophores unbranched, flexuose, arising from creeping
aerial hyphae, pale brown, up to 250 μm tall, 3-3.5 μm wide,
thick-walled, smooth, with up to 24 thin septa, delimiting 8-12 μm long
cells. Conidiogenous cells integrated, elongating sympodially,
cylindrical, 20-150 μm long, flexuose, brown at the base, subhyaline in the
upper part, later becoming inconspicuously septate; rachis slightly flexuose,
subhyaline, as wide as the basal part, thick-walled near the base, hyaline and
thin-walled in the apical part, with scattered pimple-shaped, unpigmented,
approx. 0.5 μm long denticles. Conidia solitary, subhyaline,
thin-walled, finely verrucose, with a wing-like gelatinous sheath, approx. 0.5
μm wide, ellipsoid to obovoid, (5-)6-7(-9) × 3-4 μm; hilum
slightly prominent, unpigmented, approx. 0.5 μm diam. Cultural characteristics: Colonies reaching 40 mm diam after 14 d
at 24 °C; mycelium submerged, flat, smooth; centrally orange, later
becoming powdery to velvety and greyish brown due to sporulation, with sharp,
smooth, entire margin; reverse yellowish orange. Specimen examined: Surinam, isolated from soil, J.H. van
Emden, ex-type culture CBS
398.76 = JCM 6968. Note: This former variety is sufficiently distinguished from
M. schulzeri s. str. by its flexuose conidiophores and conidia which
lack an acuminate base, to be regarded as a separate species. Ramichloridium torvi (Ellis & Everh.) de Hoog, Stud.
Mycol. 15: 79. 1977. - Ramularia torvi Ellis & Everh., Rep. Missouri Bot.
Gard. 9: 119. 1898.
- Hansfordia torvi (Ellis & Everh.) Deighton &
Piroz., Mycol. Pap. 101: 39. 1965.
- = Acladium biophilum Cif., Sydowia 10: 164. 1956.
- Hansfordia biophila (Cif.) M.B. Ellis, in Ellis, More
Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes: 199. 1976.
Specimen: Jamaica, Port Marant, Dec. 1890, on leaves of
Solanum torvum, holotype of Ramularia torvi (NY)
(specimen not examined). Notes: According to the description and illustration of R.
torvi provided by de Hoog
( 1977), this appears to be an
additional species of Myrmecridium. Although it is morphologically
similar to M. flexuosum in having a flexuose rachis, it differs from
the other species of the genus by having smooth, clavate conidia. Fresh
collections and cultures would be required to resolve its status. Pseudovirgaria H.D. Shin, U. Braun, Arzanlou & Crous,
gen. nov. MycoBank
MB504564. Etymology: Named after its morphological similarity to
Virgaria. Hyphomycetes. Uredinicola. Coloniae in vivo pallide vel
modice brunneae, ferrugineae vel cinnamomeae, in vitro lentissime
crescentes, murinae. Mycelium immersum et praecipue externum, ex hyphis
ramosis et cellulis conidiogenis integratis compositum, conidiophoris ab
hyphis vegetativis vix distinguendis. Hyphae ramosae, septatae, leves,
tenuitunicatae, hyalinae vel pallide brunneae. Cellulae conidiogenae
integratae in hyphis repentibus, terminales et intercalares, polyblasticae,
sympodialiter proliferentes, subcylindricae vel geniculatae, cicatricibus
conspicuis, solitariis vel numerosis, dispersis vel aggregatis,
subdenticulatis, prominentibus, umbonatis vel apicem versus paulo attenuatis,
non inspissatis, non vel parce fuscatis-refringentibus. Conidia solitaria,
holoblastica, plus minusve obovoidea, recta vel leniter curvata, asymmetrica,
continua, hyalina, subhyalina vel pallidissime olivaceo-brunnea, hilo
subconspicuo vel conspicuo, truncato vel rotundato, non inspissato, non vel
lenissime fuscato-refringente; secessio schizolytica. Hyperparasitic on uredosori of rust fungi. Colonies in vivo pale
to medium brown, rusty or cinnamom, in vitro slow-growing, pale to
dark mouse-grey. Mycelium immersed and mainly aerial, composed of
branched hyphae with integrated conidiogenous cells, differentiation between
vegetative hyphae and conidiophores barely possible. Hyphae branched,
septate, smooth, thin-walled, hyaline to pale brown. Conidiogenous
cells similarly hyaline to pale brown, integrated in creeping threads
(hyphae), terminal and intercalary, polyblastic, proliferation sympodial,
rachis subcylindrical to geniculate, conidiogenous loci (scars) conspicuous,
solitary to numerous, scattered to aggregated, subdenticulate, bulging out,
umbonate or slightly attenuated towards a rounded apex, wall unthickened, not
to slightly darkened-refractive. Conidia solitary, formation
holoblastic, more or less obovoid, straight to somewhat curved, asymmetrical,
aseptate, hyaline, subhyaline to very pale olivaceous-brown, with more or less
conspicuous hilum, truncate to rounded, unthickened, not or slightly
darkened-refractive; conidial secession schizolytic. Type species: Pseudovirgaria hyperparasitica H.D. Shin,
U. Braun, Arzanlou & Crous, sp. nov. Notes: Other ramichloridium-like isolates from various rust
species form another unique clade, sister to Radulidium subulatum (de
Hoog) Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous and Ra. epichloës (Ellis
& Dearn.) Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous in the Sordariomycetidae.
Although Pseudovirgaria is morphologically similar to
Virgaria Nees, it has hyaline to pale brown hyphae, conidia and
conidiogenous cells. The conidiogenous cells are integrated in creeping
threads (hyphae), terminal and intercalary, and the proliferation is
distinctly sympodial. The subdenticulate conidiogenous loci are scattered,
solitary, at small shoulders of geniculate conidiogenous cells, caused by
sympodial proliferation, or aggregated, forming slight swellings of the
rachis, i.e., a typical raduliform rachis as in Virgaria is lacking.
Furthermore, the conidiogenous loci of Pseudovirgaria are bulging,
convex, slightly attenuated towards the rouded apex, in contrast to more
cylindrical denticles in Virgaria
( Ellis 1971). The scar type of
Pseudovirgaria is peculiar due to its convex, papilla-like shape and
reminiscent of conidiogenous loci in plant-pathogenic genera like
Neoovularia U. Braun and Pseudodidymaria U. Braun
( Braun 1998). The superficially
similar genus Veronaea is quite distinct from Pseudovirgaria
by having erect conidiophores with a typical rachis and crowded conidiogenous
loci which are flat or only slightly prominent and darkened.
Pseudovirgaria is characterised by its mycelium which is composed of
branched hyphae with integrated, terminal and intercalary conidiogenous cells.
A differentiation between branched hyphae and “branched
conidiophores” is difficult and barely possible. It remains unclear if
the “creeping threads” and terminal branches of hyphae are to be
interpreted as “creeping conidiophores”. In any case, the mycelium
forms complex fertile branched hyphal structures in which individual
conidiophores are barely discernable. These structures and difficulties in
discerning individual conidiophores remind one of some species of
Pseudocercospora Speg. and other cercosporoid genera with abundant
superficial mycelium in vivo. Pseudovirgaria hyperparasitica H.D. Shin, U. Braun,
Arzanlou & Crous, sp. nov. MycoBank
MB504565. Figs
6A,
31. | Fig. 31.Pseudovirgaria hyperparasitica
(CBS 121739). A-D.
Conidial apparatus at different stages of development; conidiogenous cells
with geniculate proliferation. E. Conidia. Scale bar = 10 μm. |
Etymology: Named after its hyperparasitic habit on rust fungi. Hyphae 1.5-4 μm latae, tenuitunicatae, ≤ 0.5 μm crassae. Cellulae
conidiogenae 15-50 × 2-5 μm, tenuitunicatae (≤ 0.5 μm),
cicatricibus (0.5-)1.0(-1.5) μm diam, 0.5-1 μm altis. Conidia saepe
obovoidea, interdum subclavata, 10-20 × 5-9 μm, apice rotundato vel
paulo attenuato, basi truncata vel rotundata, hilo ca 1 μm
diam. In vivo: Colonies on rust sori, thin to moderately thick,
loose, cobwebby, to dense, tomentose, pale to medium brown, rusty or cinnamon.
Mycelium partly immersed in the sori, but mainly superficial,
composed of a system of branched hyphae with integrated conidiogenous cells
(fertile threads), distinction between conidiophores and vegetative hyphae
difficult and barely possible. Hyphae 1.5-4 μm wide, hyaline,
subhyaline to pale yellowish, greenish or very pale olivaceous, light brownish
in mass, thin-walled (≤ 0.5 μm), smooth, pluriseptate, occasionally
slightly constricted at the septa. Conidiogenous cells integrated in
creeping fertile threads, terminal or intercalary, 15-50 μm long, 2-5 μm
wide, subcylindrical to geniculate, subhyaline to very pale brownish, wall
thin, ≤ 0.5 μm, smooth, proliferation sympodial, with a single to
usually several conidiogenous loci per cell, often crowded, causing slight
swellings, up to 6 μm wide, subdenticulate loci, formed by the slightly
bulging wall, convex, slightly narrowed towards the rounded apex,
(0.5-)1.0(-1.5) μm diam and 0.5-1 μm high, wall of the loci unthickened,
not or slightly darkened-refractive, in surface view visible as minute circle
(only rim visible and dark). Conidia solitary, obovoid, often
slightly curved with ± unequal sides, 10-20 × 5-9 μm,
aseptate, subhyaline, pale yellowish greenish to very pale olivaceous, wall
≤ 0.5 μm thick, smooth, apex slightly attenuated to usually broadly
rounded, base rounded to somewhat attenuated towards a more or less
conspicuous hilum, (0.5-)1(-1.5) μm diam, convex to truncate, unthickened,
not to slightly darkened-refractive. In vitro: Submerged hyphae hyaline to subhyaline, smooth;
aerial hyphae smooth, subhyaline, up to 4 μm wide.
Conidiogenous cells arising imperceptably from aerial vegetative
hyphae, terminal, occasionally intercalary, holoblastic, proliferating
sympodially in a geniculate pattern, with more or less long intervals between
groups of scars; loci slightly darkened, unthickened, approx. 0.5 μm diam.
Conidia hyaline to subhyaline, aseptate, ovoid, often somewhat
curved, (10-)13-15(-17) × (5-)6-7(-8) μm, with truncate base and
acutely rounded apex; hila unthickened, slightly darkened-refractive. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA rather slow-growing,
reaching 11 mm diam after 14 d at 24 °C, pale to dark mouse-grey, velvety,
compacted, with colonies being up to 1 mm high. Specimens examined: Korea, Seoul, on uredosori of
Frommeëlla sp., on Duchesnea chrysantha, 17 Sep. 2003,
H.D. Shin, paratype, 4/10, CPC 10702-10703 =
CBS
121735-121736, HAL 2053 F; Chunchon, on Phragmidium
griseum on Rubus crataegifolius, 20 Jul. 2004, H.D. Shin,
paratype, 2/8, HAL 2057 F; Suwon, on Phragmidium pauciloculare
on Rubus parvifolius, 14 Oct. 2003, H.D. Shin, paratype,
23/10, HAL 2055 F; Hongchon, on Phragmidium rosae-multiflorae on
Rosa multiflora, 11 Aug. 2004, H.D. Shin, paratype, 23/8, HAL
2056 F; Yangpyong, on Phragmidium sp. on Rubus coreanus, 30
Sep. 2003, H.D. Shin, paratype, 11/10-1, CPC 10704-10705 =
CBS
121737-121738, HAL 2052 F, and the same locality, 23 Jul. 2004,
HAL 2058 F; Chunchon, on Pucciniastrum agrimoniae on Agrimonia
pilosa, 7 Oct. 2002, H.D. Shin, holotype, HAL 2054 F, culture
ex-type CPC 10753-10755 =
CBS
121739-121741. Radulidium subulatum and Ra. epichloës
clade Ramichloridium subulatum and R. epichloës form a
distinct, well-supported clade with uncertain affinity. This clade is
morphologically distinct and a new genus is introduced below to accommodate
it. Radulidium Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, gen. nov.
MycoBank
MB504566. Etymology: Latin radula = A flexible tongue-like organ in
gastropods, referring to the radula-like denticles on the rachis. Genus ab aliis generibus Ramichloridii similibus denticulis
densissimis, prominentibus, hebetibus in rachide e cellula conidiogena
aculeata orta distinguendum. Type species: Radulidium subulatum (de Hoog) Arzanlou, W.
Gams & Crous, comb. nov. In vitro: Colonies fast-growing, velvety, floccose near
the margin, centrally with fertile hyphal bundles up to 10 mm high, about 2 mm
diam, with entire but vague margin; mycelium whitish, later becoming
greyish brown. Submerged hyphae smooth, thin-walled.
Conidiophores usually reduced to polyblastic conidiogenous cells
arising from undifferentiated or slightly differentiated aerial hyphae,
terminally integrated or lateral, rarely a branched conidiophore present,
smooth, slightly thick-walled, pale brown, cylindrical to acicular, widest at
the base and tapering towards the apex; apical part forming a pale brown,
generally straight rachis, with crowded, prominent, blunt denticles,
suggesting a gastropod radula; denticles 0.5-1 μm long, apically pale
brown. Conidia solitary, subhyaline, thin- or slightly thick-walled,
smooth or verrucose, obovoidal, fusiform to subcylindrical, base subtruncate
and with a slightly prominent, conspicuously pigmented hilum; conidial
secession schizolytic. Notes: Radulidium can be distinguished from other
ramichloridium-like fungi by its slightly differentiated conidiophores and
prominent, blunt, very dense conidium-bearing denticles. Although the
Radulidium clade consists of several subclusters that correlate with
differences in morphology, the ITS sequence data appear insufficient to
resolve this species complex. Therefore, only two species of
Radulidium with clear morphological and molecular differences are
treated here. The phylogenetic situation of other taxa in this clade will be
treated in a further study employing a multi-gene approach. Radulidium subulatum (de Hoog) Arzanlou, W. Gams &
Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank
MB504567. Figs
10C,
32. | Fig. 32.Radulidium subulatum
(CBS 405.76). A-B.
Macronematous conidiophores with sympodially proliferating conidiogenous
cells, resulting in a conidium-bearing rachis. C-D. Rachis with crowded, blunt
conidium-bearing denticles. E. Conidia. Scale bar = 10 (more ...) |
Basionym: Ramichloridium subulatum de Hoog, Stud. Mycol.
15: 83. 1977. Misapplied name: Rhinocladiella elatior Mangenot
sensu dal Vesco & B. Peyronel, Allionia 14: 38. 1968. In vitro: Submerged hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, 1-2.5
μm wide; aerial hyphae brownish. Conidiogenous cells
arising laterally from vegetative hyphae, pale brown, smooth, thick-walled,
sometimes without a basal septum, cylindrical to aculeate, tapering gradually
towards the apex, widest at the base, 25-40 × 2-3 μm; proliferating
sympodially, forming a pale brown rachis, with densely crowded, prominent,
blunt conidium-bearing denticles, with pale brown apex. Conidia
solitary, subhyaline, thin-walled, smooth, ellipsoidal to almost clavate, 5-7
× 1.5-2 μm, with a slightly pigmented, non-refractive hilum, about 1
μm diam. Cultural characteristics: Colonies on MEA rather fast growing,
reaching 50 mm diam after 14 d at 24 °C, with entire but vague margin,
velvety, floccose near the margin, centrally with fertile hyphal bundles up to
10 mm high, about 2 mm diam; mycelium whitish, later becoming greyish brown;
reverse grey, zonate. Specimens examined: Czech Republic, on Phragmites
australis, A. Samšiňáková, ex-type
culture CBS 405.76;
Opatovicky pond, from Lasioptera arundinis (gall midge) mycangia on
Phragmites australis, M. Skuhravá,
CBS 101010. Radulidium epichloës (Ellis & Dearn.) Arzanlou, W.
Gams & Crous, comb. nov. MycoBank
MB504568.
Fig. 33. | Fig. 33.Radulidium epichloës
(CBS 361.63). A-C.
Conidial apparatus at different stages of development, resulting in
semi-micronematous conidiophores and sympodially proliferating conidiogenous
cells. D. Rachis with crowded, blunt conidium-bearing (more ...) |
Basionym: Botrytis epichloës Ellis & Dearn.,
Canad. Record Sci. 9: 272. 1893. - Ramichloridium epichloës (Ellis & Dearn.) de
Hoog, Stud. Mycol. 15: 81. 1977.
In vitro: Submerged hyphae hyaline, thin-walled, 1-2.5
μm wide; aerial hyphae somewhat darker. Conidiogenous
cells arising laterally or terminally from undifferentiated or slightly
differentiated aerial hyphae, occasionally acutely branched in the lower part,
smooth, thick-walled, pale brown, more or less cylindrical, later with thin
septa, 25-47 μm long; proliferating sympodially, forming a rather short,
pale brown, straight or somewhat geniculate rachis, with crowded, prominent,
blunt denticles with pale brown apex. Conidia solitary, subhyaline,
rather thin-walled, verruculose, obovoidal to fusiform, (4.5-)7-8(-11) ×
2-3 μm, with a pigmented hilum, 1-1.5 μm diam. Cultural characteristics: Colonies reaching 45 mm diam after 14 d
at 24 °C, with smooth, rather vague, entire margin; velvety, centrally
floccose and elevated up to 2 mm high; surface mycelium whitish, later
becoming greyish brown; reverse pale ochraceous. Specimen examined: U.S.A., Cranberry Lake, Michigan,
isolated from Epichloë typhina on Glyceria striata,
G.L. Hennebert, CBS
361.63 = MUCL 3124; specimen in MUCL designated here as
epitype. Veronaea-like clade, allied to the Annulatascaceae A veronaea-like isolate from Bertia moriformis clusters near the
Annulatascaceae, and is morphologically distinct from other known
anamorph genera in the Ramichloridium complex, and therefore a new
genus is introduced to accommodate it. Rhodoveronaea Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous, gen.
nov. MycoBank
MB504569. Etymology: (Greek) rhodon = the rose, referring to the
red-brown conidiophores, suffix -veronaea from Veronaea. Genus ab aliis generibus Ramichloridii similibus basi condiorum
late truncata et marginata distinguenda. In vitro: Colonies slow-growing, velvety, floccose;
surface olivaceous-grey to dark olivaceous-green; reverse olivaceous-black.
Hyphae smooth, thin-walled, pale olivaceous. Conidiophores
arising vertically from creeping hyphae, straight or flexuose, simple,
thick-walled, red-brown, with inflated basal cell. Conidiogenous
cells terminally integrated, polyblastic, sympodial, smooth,
thick-walled, pale brown, rachis straight, occasionally geniculate, with
crowded, slightly prominent conidium-bearing denticles; denticles flat-tipped,
slightly pigmented. Conidia solitary, pale brown, thin- or slightly
thick-walled, smooth, ellipsoidal to obovoidal, 0-multi-septate, with a
protruding base and a marginal basal frill; conidial secession
schizolytic. Type species: Rhodoveronaea varioseptata Arzanlou, W.
Gams & Crous, sp. nov. Notes: Rhodoveronaea differs from other
ramichloridium-like fungi by the presence of a basal, marginal conidial frill,
and variably septate conidia. Rhodoveronaea varioseptata Arzanlou, W. Gams & Crous,
sp. nov. MycoBank
MB504570. Figs
10D,
34. | Fig. 34.Rhodoveronaea varioseptata
(CBS 431.88). A-D.
Macronematous conidiophores with sympodially proliferating conidiogenous
cells, resulting in conidium bearing rachis with slightly prominent
conidium-bearing denticles. E-F. Conidia with minute marginal (more ...) |
Etymology: Named for its variably septate conidia. Hyphae 2-3 μm latae. Conidiophora ad 125 μm longa et 3-5 μm lata.
Cellulae conidiogenae 30-70 μm longae et 3-5 μm latae. Conidia
0-2(-3)-septata, (8-)11-13(-15) × (2-)3-4(-6) μm. In vitro: Submerged hyphae smooth, thin-walled, pale
olivaceous, 2-3 μm wide; aerial hyphae smooth, brownish and
slightly narrower. Conidiophores arising vertically from creeping
hyphae, straight or flexuose, simple, smooth, thick-walled, red-brown, up to
125 μm long, 3-5 μm wide, often with inflated basal cell.
Conidiogenous cells terminally integrated, smooth, thick-walled, pale
brown at the base, paler towards the apex, straight, variable in length, 30-70
μm long and 3-5 μm wide, rachis straight, occasionally geniculate;
slightly prominent conidium-bearing denticles, crowded, with slightly
pigmented apex, about 1 μm diam. Conidia solitary, pale brown,
thin- or slightly thick-walled, smooth, ellipsoid to obovoid, 0-2(-3)-septate,
(8-)11-13(-15) × (2-)3-4(-6) μm with a protruding base, 1.5 μm
wide, and marginal frill. Cultural characteristics: Colonies reaching 12 mm diam after 14 d
at 24 °C, velvety, floccose; surface olivaceous-grey to dark
olivaceous-green; reverse olivaceous-black. Specimen examined: Germany, Eifel, Berndorf, on Bertia
moriformis, Sep. 1987, W. Gams, holotype
CBS-H 19932, culture
ex-type CBS
431.88. Venturiaceae (Pleosporales) The ex-type strain of Veronaea simplex
( Papendorf 1969) did not
cluster with the genus Veronaea (Herpotrichiellaceae), but is allied
to the Venturiaceae. Veronaea simplex is distinct from species of
Fusicladium Bonord. by having a well-developed rachis with densely
aggregated scars. A new genus is thus introduced to accommodate this
taxon. Veronaeopsis Arzanlou & Crous, gen. nov.
MycoBank
MB504571. Etymology: The suffix -opsis refers to its similarity
with Veronaea. Genus Veronaeae simile sed conidiophoris brevioribus (ad 60 μm
longis) et rachide dense denticulata distinguendum. In vitro: Colonies moderately fast-growing; surface
velvety, floccose, greyish sepia to hazel, with smooth margin; reverse
mouse-grey to dark mouse-grey. Conidiophores arising vertically from
aerial hyphae, lateral or intercalary, simple or branched, occasionally
reduced to conidiogenous cells, pale brown. Conidiogenous cells
terminally integrated on simple or branched conidiophores, polyblastic,
smooth, thin-walled, pale brown; rachis commonly straight, geniculate, with
densely crowded, prominent denticles, and slightly pigmented scars.
Conidia solitary, subhyaline to pale brown, thin- or slightly
thick-walled, smooth, oblong-ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, (0-)1-septate,
with a slightly darkened, thickened, hilum; conidial secession
schizolytic. Type species: Veronaeopsis simplex (Papendorf) Arzanlou
& Crous, comb. nov. Veronaeopsis simplex (Papendorf) Arzanlou & Crous,
comb. nov. MycoBank
MB504572. Figs
17C,
35. | Fig. 35.Veronaeopsis simplex
(CBS 588.66). A-C.
Conidial apparatus at different stages of development, resulting in
semi-micronematous conidiophores and sympodially proliferating conidiogenous
cells. D-E. Rachis with crowded, prominent denticles. F. Intercalary
(more ...) |
Basionym: Veronaea simplex Papendorf, Trans. Brit. Mycol.
Soc. 52: 486. 1969. In vitro: Submerged hyphae smooth, thin-walled, pale
brown; aerial hyphae aggregated in bundles. Conidiophores
arising vertically from aerial hyphae, lateral or intercalary, simple or
branched, occasionally reduced to conidiogenous cells, pale brown, rather
short, up to 60 μm long, 1.5-2 μm wide. Conidiogenous cells
terminally integrated in the conidiophores, smooth, thin-walled, pale brown,
variable in length, 5-25 μm long, rachis generally straight or irregularly
geniculate, with crowded, prominent denticles, about 0.5 μm long,
flat-tipped, with slightly pigmented apex. Conidia solitary,
subhyaline to pale brown, thin- or slightly thick-walled, smooth,
oblong-ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, (0-)1-septate, slightly constricted at
the septum, (6-)10-12(-15) × (2-)2.5-3(-4) μm; hilum slightly
darkened and thickened, not refractive, about 1 μm diam. Cultural characteristics: Colonies reaching 25 mm diam after 14 d
at 24 °C; surface velvety, floccose, greyish sepia to hazel, with smooth
margin; reverse mouse-grey to dark mouse-grey. Specimen examined: South Africa, Potchefstroom, on leaf
litter of Acacia karroo, 1966, M.C. Papendorf, holotype,
CBS H-7810; culture
ex-type CBS 588.66
= IMI 203547. Notes: The presence of 1-septate conidia in Veronaeopsis
overlaps with Veronaea. However, Veronaeopsis differs from
Veronaea based on its conidiophore and conidiogenous cell morphology.
Veronaea has much longer, macronematous conidiophores than
Veronaeopsis. Furthermore, Veronaea has a more or less
straight rachis, whereas in Veronaeopsis the rachis is often
geniculate. The conidiogenous loci in Veronaea are less prominent,
i.e., less denticle-like. |