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<contents, vii > <set drop folio> <comp: please insert folios in proof> Contents Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition 1 Theory and History The Scope of Geoarchaeology Archaeology and the Earth Sciences Foundational Phase: Before 1900 Collaborative Phase: 1900¿1950 Integrative Phase: After 1950 Changing the Guard 2 Sediments, Soils, and Environmental Interpretations Sediments Weathering Transportation Postdepositional Changes Archaeological Implications Classification of Sedimentation Products Clastic Deposits Gravel Sand Mud Chemical Deposition Calcareous Precipitates Noncalcareous Precipitates Organic Matter Soils and Buried Soils The Soil Profile Soil Types Entisols Vertisols Inceptisols Molisols Alfisols Ultisols Spodosols Aridolols Histosols Paleosols and Buried Soils Inferring Environments from Physical and Chemical Parameters Color Cementation and Induration Texture Structure Composition Boundaries Micromorphology 3 Initial Context and Site Formation The Creation of the Archaeological Record Stages of Site Formation Initial Landscapes and Original Occupation Sedimentary Contexts Desert Depositional Systems The Effects of Wind The Effects of Moisture Desert System Site Formation Alluvial Depositional Systems: Flowing Water Depositional Contexts Site Formation in Alluvial Settings Lakes and Associated Basin Settings Basin Deposits Site Formation in Basin Settings Cave and Rock Shelter Depositional Systems Limestone Caves Sandstone Caves and Rock Shelters Igneous Rock Caves Site Formation in Caves The Glacial System Coastal and Marine Depositional Settings Coastal Processes and Site Formation Coastal Landscape Context Postdepositional Processes Mass Wasting Cryoturbation Bioturbation 4 Methods of Discovery and Spatial Analyses Maps Landform Sediment Assemblages Settlement Patterns Remote Sensing Geophysical Prospecting Magnetometry and Magnetic Properties of Soils and Sediments Electrical Resistivity Electromagnetic Conductivity Ground Penetrating Radar Seismic Profiling Magnetic Analysis Aerial Photography Satellite and Airborne Remote Sensing Dowsing Geochemical Prospecting and Analysis Core Drilling Locating Water Resources Geographic Information Systems The Complexities of Scale 5 Estimating Time Climate Change and Time Artifacts and Dating Stratigraphy Rhythmites (Varves) Paleosols in Loess and Alluvium Tephrochronology Dating Using Animal and Plant Fossils Paleontology Dendrochronology Radiometric Dating Methods Potassium-Argon and Argon-Argon Dating Uranium-Series Dating Radiocarbon Dating Other Dating Methods Fission-Track Dating Paleomagnetic and Archaeomagnetic Dating Electron Spin Resonance and Luminescence Dating Temperature-Affected Dating Amino Acid Racemization and Epimerization Hydration (Obsidian) Dating Techniques Based on Chemical Accumulation Chemical Analysis Dating Exposed Surfaces Patination and Desert Varnish Cosmogenic Nuclides 6 Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions: Landscapes and the Human Past Environmental and Landscape Change Inferring Environmental Change Ecology and Landscape Change Terrestrial (Non-marine) Geoecologic Data from Lake Records Plant (Botanical) Indicators Microfossils Pollen Phytoliths Diatoms Macrofossils Animal Indicators Invertebrates Ostracods Mollusks Insects Vertebrates Mammal Fossil Remains Bird Fossil Remains Reptile and Amphibian Fossil Remains Fish Fossil Remains Other Ecologic Accumulations Pack-Rat Middens Peat Geochemical Indicators Environmental Change and Archaeological Explanations Human Habitats and Geoecology Tectonics, Climates, Landscapes, and the Human Past Microclimates Human Interaction with Environment and Its Effects on Climate 7 Raw Materials and Resources Definitions Minerals Chert and Chalcedony Semiprecious Stones Other Archaeologically Important Minerals Metals and Ores Rocks Shells Clays Building Materials Building Stone Burnt Brick Mortar Other Materials Pigments Abrasives Rock and Mineral Recovery Water 8 Sourcing (Provenance) Geologic Deposits Materials Used in Sourcing Obsidian Sourcing Other Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks Chert Marble Clay Temper Amber Bitumen Soft Stone, Other Rocks, and Semiprecious Minerals Native Copper Complex Copper Minerals Tin Lead, Silver, and Gold Sourcing Methods Trace-Element Analyses Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry Isotope Analysis/Mass Spectrometry DNA Mineral Magnetism Other Analytical Methods Petrographic Analysis Statistics and Data Analysis 9 Construction, Destruction, Archaeological Resource Preservation, and Conservation Geotechnology Construction Dams Canals Fields and Raised Fields Roads Excavation (Mines and Quarries) Natural Burial and Site Formation Rock Properties and Weathering Destruction Weathering Pollution Water Erosion and Subsidence in Archaeology Erosion Land Subsidence Geologic ¿Catastrophes¿ and the Human Past Earthquakes and Seismic Disturbance Floods and Flood Legends Volcanoes Site Preservation Site Preservation Problems Reservoirs Hilltops or Slopes Seismicity Site Stabilization Earth Burial Archaeological/Cultural Resource Management Resource Management Conservation Materials Preservation Corrosion 10 Epilogue The Future The Future of Geoarchaeology within Archaeology Notes Glossary Bibliography Index
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication:
Archaeology -- Methodology.
Archaeological geology.