![Benzo [a] Pyrene](/SLTC/gif/new/test_lab.gif "Benzo [a] Pyrene") |
Chemical Sampling Information |
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| Benzo [a] Pyrene |
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General Description
Synonyms: BaP; Benzo alpha Pyrene (sic); Benzo (alpha) Pyrene (sic); 3,4-Benzophrene; 6,7-Benzopyrene; Diesel Exhaust Component
OSHA IMIS Code Number: 0726
IMIS Name History: Benzo (alpha) Pyrene prior to 3/9/2007
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number: 50-32-8
NIOSH, Registry of Toxic Effects (RTECS) Identification Number: DJ3675000
Chemical Description and Physical Properties: Yellow needles.
molecular formula: C20H12
molecular weight: 252.32
boiling point: 495°C
melting point: 176.5°C
Potentially hazardous incompatibilities: Reacts with strong oxidants and ignition may result.
Exposure Limits
Health Factors
National Toxicology Program (NTP) carcinogenic classification: Reasonably Anticipated to be Human Carcinogen
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) carcinogenic classification: Group 2A, probably carcinogenic to humans
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) carcinogenic classification: Group B2, probable human carcinogen
Potential symptoms: Skin irritation with rash or burning sensation, color changes, formation of warts; [potential occupational carcinogen].
Health Effects: Probable human carcinogen; potential photocarcinogen (HE2); Chronic toxicity---potential atherosclerosis (HE3); Genotoxicity---potential reproductive and developmental hazards (HE5).
Affected organs: Multiple tumor sites in animals (e.g., mammary, stomach, lung, skin).
Notes:
- Benzo [a] Pyrene is an OSHA Select carcinogen. It is extensively studied as a prototype of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) found in cigarette smoke, coal tar pitch volatiles, coke oven emissions, diesel exhaust and charcoal-grilled food.
- It binds to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), leading to induction of some cytochrome P-450 enzymes (e.g., CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1) that are known to bioactivate Benzo [a] Pyrene to metabolites that bind to DNA and proteins.
- From studies in animals and cultured cells, it is thought that adduct formation by reactive metabolites leads to tumor formation in several different organs and tissues, as well as to atherogenesis in blood vessels that have inducible CYP2B1.
- Animal studies with orally-administered Benzo [a] Pyrene have indicated reproductive and developmental toxicity.
- Phototoxicity has been demonstrated in cultured cells, and sunlight may increase risk of skin cancer from Benzo [a] Pyrene.
- Both DNA adducts in peripheral lymphocytes and serum antibodies to DNA adducts have been reported for a substantial portion of coke oven workers. The health consequences of these observations are not presently known.
Date Last Revised: 12/13/2005
Literature Basis:
- International Chemical Safety Cards (WHO/IPCS/ILO): Benzo(a)pyrene.
- EPA Air Toxics Website: Polycyclic organic matter (POM). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer Network.
- U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System: Benzo [a] pyrene (CASRN 50-32-8).
- Baird, W.M., Hooven, L.A. and Mahadevan, B.: Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts and mechanism of action. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 45(2-3): 106-114, 2005.
- Crallan, R.A., Ingham, E. and Routledge, M.N.: Wavelength dependent responses of primary human keratinocytes to combined treatment with Benzo [a] Pyrene and UV light. Mutagenesis 20(4): 305-310, 2005.
- Harris, C.C., et al.: Detection of Benzo [a] Pyrene diol epoxide-DNA adducts in peripheral blood lymphocytes and antibodies to the adducts in serum from coke oven workers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82(19): 6672-6676, 1985.
- Miller, K.P. and Ramos, K.S.: Impact of cellular metabolism on the biological effects of Benzo [a] Pyrene and related hydrocarbons. Drug Metab. Rev. 33(1): 1-35, 2001.
- Moorthy, B., Miller, K.P., Jiang, W., Williams, E.S., Kondraganti, S.R. and Ramos, K.S.: Role of cytochrome P4501B1 in Benzo [a] Pyrene bioactivation to DNA-binding metabolites in mouse vascular smooth muscle cells: evidence from 32P-postlabeling for formation of 3-hydroxyBenzo [a] Pyrene and Benzo [a] Pyrene-3,6-quinone as major proximate genotoxic intermediates. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 305(1): 394-401, 2003.
- Nebert, D.W., Dalton, T.P., Okey, A.B. and Gonzalez, F.J.: Role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated induction of the CYP1 enzymes in environmental toxicity and cancer. J. Biol. Chem. 279(23): 23847-23850, 2004.
- No authors listed: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, 15 Listings {including Benzo [a] Pyrene, CAS No. 50-32-8}. Report on Carcinogens, Eleventh Edition; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program, 2005.
- Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Benzo [a] Pyrene. In, Sittig’s Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 1. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 324-327.
- Shimizu, Y., et al.: Benzo [a] Pyrene carcinogenicity is lost in mice lacking the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97(2): 779-772, 2000.
Monitoring Methods used by OSHA
Laboratory Sampling/Analytical Method:
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sampling media: Glass Fiber Filter (37 mm)
analytical solvent: Benzene
maximum volume: 960 Liters maximum flow rate: 2.0 L/min
current analytical method: High Performance Liquid Chromatography; HPLC/UV/FLU
method reference: OSHA Analytical Method (OSHA 58)
method classification: Fully Validated (In conjunction with Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles and Coke Oven Emissions.)
note: After sampling, filter must be transferred to a vial with a Teflon-lined cap. Sample must be protected from direct sunlight.
note: Benzo[a]pyrene is a polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon that OSHA has identified as one of a number of typical components of the benzene-soluble fraction of coal tar pitch volatiles. Other components include anthracene, phenanthrene, acridine, and pyrene. There is no specific OSHA PEL for Benzo[a]pyrene. Benzo[a]pyrene is characteristic of cold tar pitch volatiles (PEL is 0.2 mg/m3) and/or coke oven emissions (PEL is 0.15 mg/m3).
Bulk method: Limit the amount of bulk submitted to one gram or one mL
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