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Contents Chapter Page Figures v Introduction xi 1. Prelude to Terror 1 2. Awakening the Giant 33 "Subdue Without Fighting": JPOTF, MacDill Air Force Base, Florida 47 Developing the SOF Campaign at SOCCENT, Tampa, Florida 50 Top Draft Choices: 10th SFG, Fort Carson, CO, and 7th SFG, Fort Bragg, NC 51 5th SFG = CJSOTF-North, Fort Campbell, Kentucky 52 Standing Up JSOTFs in Tampa and Fort Campbell 54 Committed to Middle East Exercises 57 3rd SFG Prepares for the Horn of Africa at Fort Bragg 58 Thinking Ahead: Senior Liaison Officers for Resistance Leaders 59 CA to Islamabad, Pakistan 60 Of Vital Importance: PSYOP 62 Site Coordination With the Uzbeks at Karshi Khanabad 64 Uncorking the Bottled Airlift 66 All Credit Cards Accepted at K2 Gas Stations 68 Air Campaigns and CSAR Go Hand in Hand 68 Making Camp Freedom a Fully Operational Base: K2, Uzbekistan 70 Northern Air Campaign CSAR = MH-47Es 71 Building Camp Freedom at Double Time 72 The Universal Morale Booster at K2-Hot Food 73 Special Forces: CSAR Personnel Recovery and UW Preparations 74 Real Estate and Security at K2 74 Task Force Dagger = JSOTF-North at K2 74 Hot-Wiring the Snake: Rearranging JSOTF-North Communications 75 Building the JOC Inside the Snake: TF Dagger's JOC 77 Staff "Battle Captain": The Combat Operations "Pulse Monitor" 78 Different Intelligence Concerns for Air Planners 78 JSOTF-North Growing Pains at K2 79 We Don't Fail 80 DAPs Set the Stage for UW in Afghanistan 82 3. Toppling the Taliban in Afghanistan, 19 October-17 December 2001 93 Jumping Into the Dark: Seizing Rhino, 19 October 2001 109 Tactical PSYOP for Rhino 112 Showing American Power 114 "Look, We Have to Get the Special Forces Teams Into Afghanistan!" 116 On Horseback With Dostum 121 ODA 595 Begins Bombing Taliban Defenses 124 Aerial Resupply From the Receiver 128 Aerial Resupply by SOCEUR 128 A "Bump" and Missile in the Abyss 131 500 Afghans Can Die, But Not One American Can Be Injured 132 AAA = A Bad Night in the Hindu Kush 133 Getting a Handle on the Air Threat 137 Fostering Faith and Providing Solace 137 AAA Payback Time 138 Bastogne in Afghanistan 139 Little Birds of Prey 140 Chapter Page High Desert Rat Patrol 141 The Great Communications Terminus 143 Resupply From 10,000 Feet 145 PSYOP = Hard, Steady Work 146 A Supportive Populace 148 Getting PSYOP on the Ground in Afghanistan 150 Have Tools Will Travel 150 Mr. President 152 A Significant Meeting With an Unusual Man 153 The Battle of Tarin Kowt 154 SOCCENT to Mazar-e-Sharif 157 Al-Qaeda Uprising-Qala-i-Jangi-24-29 November 158 ODA 583 Meets Gul Agha Sherzai 164 The Fight at Tahk-Te-Pol 166 Fighting at Arghastan Bridge 169 Plans Versus Reality 170 The Karzai Way to Kandahar 172 Charge to the Airport and Back Again 173 Attacking the Arghendab Bridge With Karzai 175 Who Dares, Wins 177 Death From Above 179 Another Reaction to Kandahar's Fall 181 CA and Humanitarian Relief 182 CATs on the Ground 185 Tactical PSYOP to Mazar-e-Sharif 186 Emergency Casualty Evacuation at K2 186 4. The Campaign in Transition, 8 December 2001-28 February 2002 201 Old Glory Flies Again in Kabul 209 Tora Bora 211 One Army 214 The Answer is Out There 217 A New Twist on an Old Idea 218 Chokepoint 223 "60 Minutes II" 225 High-Altitude Rescue of a Marine CH-53 227 Taking Down al-Qaeda at the Mir Wais Hospital 230 The Raid at Hazer Qadam 233 SR Eyes on Target 239 From EMT to Special Forces Force Multiplier 241 Politics, War, and Rapport 245 GTMO Bound 249 CA Liaison Work 248 DCU or Mufti? 249 CJSOTF-West 252 End of Mission-Aerial Resupply in Afghanistan 253 "We're Going for Sure This Time" 254 Be Prepared for SSE 255 Native Pashto and Dari Speaker Seeking PSYOP Assignment 257 PSYOP Efforts 258 Keep on Trucking 259 Rescue at 10,000 Feet 260 Date Drop at Khowst 262 Chapter Page ODA 394: The Next Mission 264 5. The New War 275 Entering the Valley 282 Field-Expedient Triage 285 Disaster and Frustration 285 Combat Multipliers 287 D-Day ANACONDA From the Viewpoint of Force Multipliers 288 ARSOF in Direct Support 291 On Again-Off Again 292 With the Aussies 294 Forty-Five Seconds Too Long 295 Never Leave a Fallen Comrade 300 Against All Odds 302 Joining the Fight on Takur Ghar 309 ODA 394 Climbs the "Whale" 319 Integrating Civil Affairs 327 Ambush at 80 Knots 330 Trail of Caches 332 Establishing CJSOTF-Afghanistan 335 Communications at Bagram 337 High Desert Automation Management 338 "Good Morrrrning, Afghannnnistan" 339 A Disaster Provides a Catalyst 342 The Communications Handoff 343 Better Communications 344 CJSOTF-Afghanistan and the Joint Air Component 344 CJSOTF-Afghanistan and "Zulu Time" 345 Command Guidance and VTCs 346 Rebuilding the Kabul Military Academy 347 Another View of the Kabul Military Academy Task 348 "Chiclets" and PSYOP Teams in Kandahar 350 Their Lucky Day 353 Dealing With Cryptographic Compromise 355 Caves and Graves 356 Vietnam-Style A Camp at Orgun-e 357 A National Army for Afghanistan 358 Observations and Reflections 369 Preparation for War 370 Driving the Taliban From Power: ARSOF in the Supported Role 376 Transition and Combat Operations 383 The CJSOTF-Afghanistan Era Begins 389 About the Contributors Acknowledgments Glossary Figures Page Chapter 1 1. Regional Map and Selected Cities in the Country 1 2. Regional Location Map and Neighboring Countries 3 3. Jimmy Carter 11 4. Soviet Tank Carcass 12 5. Abandoned MiG at Mazar 15 6. Hamid Karzai 18 7. Afghan Children 20 8. Madeleine Albright 22 9. Bill Richardson 22 10. William Cohen 24 11. GEN Henry Shelton 24 12. George Tenet 26 Chapter 2 1. Extensive Mountainous Terrain 34 2. Pakistan Government Building 35 3. Tribal Factions, Regions, and Leaders 36 4. Map Depicting the Ethnic and Linguistic Diversity of Afghanistan 37 5. BG McClure, COL Volckmann, and COL Aaron Bank 39 6. Defense Secretary Rumsfeld Names the Operational Efforts 40 7. LTG Bryan D. Brown Encourages Soldiers 42 8. Helicopter View of Karshi Kanabad (K2) Air Base, Uzbekistan 45 9. The 528th Support Battalion Kept the Water Flowing 45 10. The 112th Signal Battalion Established the JSOTF-North Communications Links 45 11. The 528th Support Battalion Soldiers Prepared for Base Camp Construction 45 12. C-17 Globemaster III Taking Off From K2 to Make Humanitarian Food Drops 46 13. Commando Solo Airborne Broadcasting Platform 46 14. "Drive Out the Foreign Terrorists" Leaflet Dropped During the Air Campaign 46 15. 75th Rangers Night Parachute Assault on Objective Rhino 47 16. MH-47E Helicopters Taxi for Preflight Checks and Night Missions 47 17. 160th SOAR-Loaded and Ready for Night Operations 47 18. Resistance is Futile; Assistance Works Better 48 19. "Reassurance" Leaflets in Multiple Languages 48 20. Leaflet Messages Directed at the Civilian Population 49 21. Leaflet Appealing to Afghan Nationalism 50 22. 4th POG Printing Presses Regularly Operated Overtime 50 23. SOCCENT initially Prepared Dividing Afghanistan Geographically 54 24. Afghanistan 55 25. LAN Connectivity to the K2 "Snake" 56 26. Amman, Jordan 58 27. The Central Command's Horn of Africa Region 59 28. COL Mulholland Gives U.S. Air Force GEN Myers an Operational Update at K2 59 29. Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command 60 30. Islamabad in Relation to Afghanistan 61 31. PSYOP Themes Centered on Accepting Coalition Assistance 63 32. Karshi Kanabad (K2), Uzbekistan 64 33. K2, Uzbekistan 65 34. Uzbeck Guards-The Bottom of the Bureaucratic Ladder 66 35. C-17 Globemaster III Backlog of Equipment and Materiel 67 Page 36. 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (SOAR) 67 37. Refueling Every "Friendly" Involved in the Global War on Terrorism 68 38. Night Stalker View of the C-130P Trailing Refuel Lines and Probe Basket 69 39. Trail Aircraft View of MH-47E Refueling 69 40. MH-47E Hooked up for Refueling 69 41. 112th Signal Battalion Satellite Antennas 70 42. Contract Mi-17 Helicopters Coming in to Refuel at K2 70 43. MH-47E Hooked Up for Refueling 70 44. MH-60L DAPs 71 45. Aircraft Maintenance Was a Crucial Factor for Success 71 46. 528th SOSB Initial Logistics Chaos 72 47. Fuel Distribution Was Critical 72 48. COL Frank Kisner and COL Mulholland 75 49. TF Dagger Logo 75 50. The Support Battalion Needs Communications Links to Provide Support 76 51. 112th Signal Battalion Communicators "Get the Message" 76 52. Dry for the Moment 77 53. JSOTF-North Commander COL Mulholland With Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld 80 54.Antennas, Power, and Cabling Installed First 81 55. Initial Connections of Signal Links to K2 81 56. MH-60L DAP Shows Operating Post Major Challenges 82 57. Identifying the Good Guys From the Bad Guys 84 58. Preflight Check and Attaching Glint Tape to Identify "Friendlies" 84 Chapter 3 1. LTG Bryan D. Brown, USASOC Commander 93 2. Kabul, Afghanistan's National Capital 94 3. General Abdul Rahsid Dostum 95 4. An MC-130P Tanker Was a Major Refueling Task 96 5. A View of an Impacting Smart Bomb 97 6. General Shariff and Supporters 97 7. 75th Rangers Combat Parachute Assault on Objective Rhino 98 8. Soviet-Made Mi-17 Utility Helicopter 99 9. An MH-47 Deploying Defense Maneuvers 100 10. Ismail Khan 101 11. Special Forces Teams Use Satellite Links for Communications 101 12. Employing a Laser Designator to Mark Targets 101 13. Lethal AH-6 Little Bird Conducts Night Raids 103 14. Loading Nonstandard Tactical Vehicles Aboard an MH-47E 104 15. U.S. Air Force AC-130 Spectre Gunship Firing at Night 105 16. Company D, 109th Maintenance Battalion, Kentucky Army National Guard 106 17. Hamid Karzai Poses With Special Forces Soldiers 107 18. Regional Locator Off the Coast of Oman 108 19. Masirah Airfield 108 20. Should Scroll of the 3rd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment 110 21. Preparing to Do What Must Be Done 110 22. 75th Rangers Prepare for an Airborne Assault 111 23. 75th Ranger Calling Card 112 24. U.S. Navy P-3 Orion Aircraft 115 25. 75th Rangers Rehearsing a Fast Rope Infiltration 117 26. Patriotism Abounds at All Hours 118 27. High-Mountain Terrain Obstructed the Route 118 Page 28. An MH-47E Clearing the "Bear" at Night 119 29. Dostum Travels in a More Traditional Way 122 30. Pack Mules and Rucksacks-A Good Combination for ODA 595 122 31. Mobility Issues Were Overcome by an Old-Fashioned Solution 123 32. ODA 595's Second Echelon Moves to Link Up With Dostum's Main Body of Fighters 123 33. American Special Forces Soldier Adapts to Short Afghan Stirrups 124 34. Hard Life is Evident on the Face of a Middle-Aged Afghan Man 125 35. A JDAM Explodes Too Far to be Effective 126 36. Western Versus Cordura Saddles 127 37. GEN Holland and BG Fuller With COL Mulholland 128 38. Units Worked Very Long Hours to Support Initial Resupply Demands 129 39. Bodyguards fro the Special Forces Team 133 40. General Dostum Sharing a Meal With Special Forces Personnel 135 41. An AH-47E Deploying Flares During a AAA Threat 135 42. Night Stalker Crew Chief 136 43. 75th Rangers Conducting Long-Range Armed Reconnaissance 139 44. 75th Rangers Awaiting MC-130s for a Helicopter Raid Mission 140 45. An AH-6 Little Bird Armed for Night Raids 141 46. 75th Ranger "Hide Site" 142 47. 75th Ranger Night Movement Under NVGs 142 48. Unexpected, But Welcomed, Resupply Bundles 145 49. Dual-Language Reward Leaflet and Final Translation Version 146 50. The Modular Print System (MPS) 146 51. CA Personnel Issue Transistor Radios to Afghans 147 52. 4th POG Radio Broadcast Leaflet With Frequencies 148 53. Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean 149 54. The 109th Maintenance Battalion (AVIM) Provided Quality Aviation Maintenance 151 55. Hamid Karzai 152 56. Afghan Leader With a PSYOP Leaflet 152 57. Preparations Under Way to Reestablish Control Over the Prison 159 58. AC-130 20mm Gatling Guns (Vulcan) 163 59. Gul Agha Sherzai 164 60. Location and Importance 167 61. Deploying Forces 167 62. Battle of the Arghastan Bridge 169 63. One of the Major Objectives of the Southern Offensive 170 64. Training New Karzai "Recruits" for Combat 172 65. A U.S. Air Force A-10 Warthog CAS Aircraft 173 66. Actions at the Arghendab Bridge 175 67. The Kandahar Welcoming Committee 178 68. A Mission-Ready JDAM 179 69. JDAM Components 180 70. President George W. Bush 181 71. President Bush and Hamid Karzai 181 72. Inventory Accountability Was Constant for Army CATs 183 73. Civil Affairs and Psychological Operations Command 184 74. A Casualty Evacuation Kit on a CH-47 Chinook 186 75. CA Always Fostering Goodwill and Demonstrating Compassion 187 Chapter 4 1. American Colors Unfurled at the U.S. Embassy in Kabul 201 2. Preparing for al-Qaeda 202 Page 3. Under New Management 203 4. Sand Table for DA SSE Raid Preparations 203 5. Afghan Children 205 6. Camp Abel Motor Pool in Bagram 206 7. Post-Mission Discussions Among ARSOF Personnel 208 8. Kabul Sprawl and Majestic Mountains 210 9. U.S. Embassy Milestones and a Solemn Ceremony 210 10. Leaders in the North Are Anxious to Get Started 211 11. Afghan Military Forces (AMF) Begin Training 212 12. Mobile Cave Operations 212 13. The 19th SFG Flash With Special Forces Crest 215 14. A 5/19th SFG Soldier Establishing Communications 215 15. The 112th Signal Battalion Successfully Improvised at Bagram Air Base 218 16. Bamian Buddah Site After 11 March 2001 Taliban Destruction 219 17. Hospital Conditions Inside 220 18. A Typical Classroom in a Bamian School 221 19. CATs Examine the Condition of a Community Well 221 20. Impromptu "Contract Negotiations" With Village Leaders 222 21. Salang Tunnel Impressions 222 22. Friendship Bridge 223 23. CA Making Friends and Influencing People in the Bamian Region 223 24. Ground Mobility Vehicles Ready for Action 234 25. A/1/5 SFG Uses an "Up" Armed HMMWV 235 26. Detainees Captured at Hazer Qadam 238 27. PSYOP Leaflet Warning About Unexploded Ordnance 242 28. PSYOP Loudspeaker HMMWVs Traveling in Pairs 243 29. Broadcasting Music Outside an Afghan Village 243 30. People Long Remember the Good Others Do for Them 244 31. Blending Into the Environment in Pakistan 250 32. Airdropped Bundles Created Logistics Challenges for the Teams 253 33. MC-130Ps Fly a "Race Track" to Remain Available for Refueling 261 34. Recruiting "Runway Maintenance Specialists" From the Local Population 264 Chapter 5 1. Organized Movement Was the "First Step" in Building a National Army 275 2. Equipment Issue is the First, and Sometimes Last, Official Act for Some Army Recruits 276 3. ANA Officers' Course Begins at Kabul Military Academy 279 4. Terrain Models for Officer Tactical Training 280 5. Focused View of Paktia Province 280 6. Bagram Air base Becomes the "Center of the Universe" 281 7. Coalition View of Operation ANACONDA 284 8. Millions of 4th POG Leaflets Disappeared From the Shah-i-Khot 292 9. Apache AH-64 Attack Helicopter 293 10. Two-Gear Landing Zones Became Routine for 160th SOAR MH-47E Pilots 295 11. Objective Remington Map in the Shah-i-Khot Valley 296 12. Babulkhel Damage Assessment 296 13. Serkhankhal Aftermath 296 14. The Impossible Becomes Inevitable 299 15. The Unlikely Becomes Fact 299 16. Mountains and "Whales" 315 17. Typical Special Forces Base Camp Area in Afghanistan 319 18. General Haidar at Rest 322 Page 19. General Haidar on the Move 322 20. Humanitarian Aid Arrives 328 21. Good Wells are Vital to Life in Afghanistan 329 22. Destroyed DshK Antiaircraft Weapon System in the Shah-i-Khot Valley 333 23. Cave Caches Produced a Surprising Variety of Items 333 24. Cave Caches Were Commonly Uncovered in Sweeps of Shah-i-Khot Valley 334 25. SOMS-B Broadcasts the News 340 26. The "Scope of Work" Was Immense 348 27. Local Leaders Help Decide What Comes Next 350 28. One of America's Favorite Pastimes Appeals to Others as Well 351 29. Deliveries Were Always a Significant Priority 352 30. Special Forces Medics Conduct Triage 354 31. Special Forces Medics Stabilize Life Signs 354
Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Afghanistan History 2001-United States, Army, Special Forces History 21st century