DAILY SNOWDEPTH MEASUREMENTS FROM 195 STATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. ORNL/CDIAC-95, NDP-059. CONTRIBUTORS: D. R. EASTERLING, P. JAMASON, D. BOWMAN, P. Y. HUGHES, and E. H. MASON (NOAA, NCDC) PART 1 INFORMATION ABOUT THE DATA PACKAGE 1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Daily snowdepth records from 195 stations in the United States have been assembled into a database by the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). Since the measurements have been taken at National Weather Service (NWS) principal climatological stations that have long periods of record, the snowdepth data should prove useful in monitoring climate change. The continued accumulation of anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the past century has commonly been linked to an increase in global mean temperature (IPCC 1996). This increase in temperature may be indicative of regional changes that could be reflected in changes in snowfall and in the depth, extent, and duration of snow cover. It has been observed that the annual snow cover extent over North America in the last 19 years has decreased relative to a 0.93 deg C increase in temperature in this region (Karl et al. 1993). Since 1988, the snow cover extent over the Northern Hemisphere has been consistently below the 21-year average for the period 1974-1994 (Nicholls et al. 1996). Other studies have examined the relationship between snow cover extent in North America and United States winter temperatures (Leathers and Robinson 1993) and the trends and variability in snowfall and total precipitation across the United States and Canada for 1951-1990 (Groisman and Easterling 1994). The U.S. snowdepth database should be useful in continuing to monitor such changes over the United States. It also enables analysis of snow cover changes for the period prior to the advent of accurate satellite-derived estimates, which began in 1972 (Leathers and Robinson 1993). 2. SOURCE AND SCOPE OF THE DATA The 195 daily snowdepth stations in this database are a subset of the NWS's principal climatological stations (often referred to as the "first order" network). They overlap with many of the stations included in the U.S. historical sunshine and cloud cover database (Steurer and Karl 1991) and with the 223 U.S. primary stations included in the North American network used by Groisman and Easterling (1994) to study trends and variability in precipitation and snowfall for 1951-1990. These 195 stations encompass 388 unique sampling locations in 48 states; no observations from Delaware or Hawaii are included in the database. A map showing the locations of the 195 snowdepth stations is presented in Fig. 1. Many sampling stations were relocated from a city to an airport or other remote location or changed elevation during the course of the data record, resulting in multiple locations for these stations. An inventory of the 195 snowdepth stations--including the state abbreviation, station name, NCDC Cooperative Network Index station number, Weather Bureau Army Navy (WBAN) station number, latitude, longitude, elevation above sea level, period of station record, and a flag denoting the completeness of the station record--is given in Table 1. The multiple sampling locations associated with some of the stations are also listed in this table. The snowdepth station inventory was compiled from several sources; its development is described in detail in Part 2 of this document. The snowdepth data were compiled by NCDC in two phases: data collected before 1948 were input from manuscript forms, while data recorded from 1948-1992 were extracted from digital tape archives. Initially, only months containing nonzero snowdepth values were to be digitized; however, this created an ambiguity with months that were reported as "no snow" (zero snowdepth) versus months missing from the data record. Thus, NCDC conducted a manual review of all the manuscript forms for the period before 1948 to resolve the issue of whether the data being digitized were indeed truly missing. Gaps in the station records in some cases result from missing manuscripts. The time period covered by the snowdepth database is 1893-1992. In general, snowfall occurs between October and April; however, several stations may receive snowfall as early as September or as late as July. Ideally, each full year of a station's record should contain at least seven months of "nonmissing" data (January through April and October through December, hereafter referred to as the winter months). However, many stations do not have all seven winter months in all years of the station record. In addition, only 72 stations span the 100-year recording period, and many of these station records are missing one or more months, or even years, of data (see Table 1). In order to characterize the completeness and usefulness of station records, close examination of the data was required. For example, some stations that have seven months of data in a given year often have one or more winter months missing (e.g., Station 132367, Dubuque, Iowa, has 9 months of data in 1981 but is missing the winter months of November and December). Of the 388 sampling locations, 151 (38.9%) have complete records for October-April or are missing only one or two months of data in the station record. Seventy locations (18.0%) have several years in the data record that are missing 1-3 months of data, 92 locations (23.7%) have many years that are missing at least one and usually many months of data, and 70 locations (18.0%) are missing one or more years in the station record. Five locations have records of only one year in length; three of these records have fewer than seven winter months of data. 3. QUALITY ASSURANCE OF THE U.S. DAILY SNOWDEPTH DATABASE An important part of the numeric data packaging process at the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) involves the quality assurance (QA) of data before distribution. Data received by CDIAC are rarely in a condition that would permit immediate distribution, regardless of their source. To guarantee data of the highest possible quality, CDIAC performs extensive QA reviews that involve examining the data for completeness, reasonableness, and accuracy. NCDC conducted extensive manual and automated QA assessments of the snowdepth data before sending the data to CDIAC. Although the data sent by NCDC were in excellent condition, CDIAC still conducted QA checks on the data and found a few minor discrepancies. The following summarizes the QA work performed by NCDC and CDIAC, respectively. NCDC QA CHECKS AND ADJUSTMENTS 1. NCDC performed a manual review of: * snowdepths that were 40 or more in. greater than the previous day's depth and * snowdepths from months whose total increase in snowdepth (plus an additional 10 in.) over the previous month's snowdepth was less than the reported 'snowfall' total for the month. 2. Differences between daily snowdepth values were computed and summed. This represented a quasi-snowfall total for the month which was compared to an independent data set containing actual total monthly snowfall. Whenever the 'computed' snowfall (estimated from snowdepth differences) exceeded the actual total, a manual review was performed. Instances of "carryover" of snowdepth between months were taken into account. 3. During the manual review process by NCDC, numerous instances were detected where the suspicious snowdepth amounts were determined to include either drifted snow or sleet. In some cases, the editor could substitute an estimate which excluded the extra amount; this estimated value was assigned a data measurement flag of "E". If it was not possible to substitute an estimated value, the snowdepth value was flagged with an "L" to reflect the inclusion of sleet. No uniform method of detecting drifts or sleet was used, as additional parameters (e.g., temperature and present weather, etc.) would have been needed to conduct a comprehensive determination. CDIAC QA CHECKS AND MODIFICATIONS 1. The logical record length of the snowdepth data files was decreased from 402 to 270 characters. This was accomplished mainly by compressing the width of each daily data field so that it contained fewer blank characters. 2. Because each record in the snowdepth database contains 31 daily data elements (to allow for 31 days in a month), elements pertaining to nonexistent dates were checked for missing data indicators with blank flag spaces (the prescribed conventions). 3. A few data measurement and data quality flags were found that were not included in the documentation provided by NCDC. Close examination of the records in question revealed that these undocumented flag values were likely the result of data entry errors. The records containing these flags were corrected and the information forwarded to NCDC for corroboration. 4. All data records were checked to ensure that the number of days in the month (specified in each record) was correct for the year and month of each record. 5. Records of stations with data for only seven months per year were examined to make sure the seven months were the winter months. If not, the records were flagged with the appropriate record completeness flag (see Table 1). 6. Snowdepths 20 or more inches greater than the previous day's depth were examined for reasonableness, usually by checking the daily values for several days in sequence. In addition, values were often compared with daily snowdepths from stations at nearby locations (where possible) for the period in question to look for a similar pattern in daily snowdepths. 7. Snowdepths of greater than 100 inches were checked to make sure these values were possible for the particular station location and date and were consistent with depths reported on earlier and later days for that station. 8. Questionable records, such as the few records with possible input errors, were compared with records in NCDC's 'Summary of the Day-First Order' online database (NCDC Tape Deck 3210) (ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/fsod/). 9. In general, it was noted that most snowdepth records from 1948 to present have at least the seven winter months of data per year. 4. HOW TO OBTAIN THE DATA PACKAGE The U.S. daily snowdepth database is available free of charge from CDIAC. The files are available on 8mm tape or quarter-inch tape cartridge, via CDIAC's anonymous file transfer protocol (FTP) service, or via the World Wide Web. (Users are asked to contact CDIAC for assistance if these mediums are not suited to their particular computing environment.) A sampling of commands used to obtain the station inventory file (INVENT.DAT) from this database via FTP follows. CDIAC FTP server responses are shown in lower case; user entries are in capitals. For a full description of commands, contact CDIAC. >FTP CDIAC.ESD.ORNL.GOV or >FTP 128.219.24.39 name: ANONYMOUS password: YOU@YOUR INTERNET ADDRESS guest login ok, access restrictions apply. ftp> CD /PUB/NDP059 ftp> DIR ftp> GET INVENT.DAT ftp> QUIT ftp> goodbye The database can also be obtained via the World Wide Web. The uniform resource locator (URL) for CDIAC's homepage is http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov. For non-internet data acquisitions, users may request data from CDIAC using the following information: Address: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center Oak Ridge National Laboratory Post Office Box 2008 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335, U.S.A. Telephone: 423-574-3645 (Voice) 423-574-2232 (Fax) Electronic Mail: Internet: cdiac@ornl.gov 5. REFERENCES Groisman, P. Y., and D. R. Easterling. 1994. Variability and trends of total precipitation and snowfall over the United States and Canada. J. Climate 7:184-205. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 1996. Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change (eds., J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Karl, T. R., P. Y. Groisman, R. W. Knight, and R. R. Heim, Jr. 1993. Recent variations of snow cover and snowfall in North America and their relation to precipitation and temperature variations. J. Climate 6:1327-44. Leathers, D. J., and D. A. Robinson. 1993. The association between extremes in North American snow cover extent and United States temperatures. J. Climate 6:1345-55. Nichols, N., G. V. Gruza, J. Jouzel, T. R. Karl, L. A. Ogallo, and D. E. Parker. 1996. Observed climate variability and change. pp. 133-92. In IPCC, Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change (eds., J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, and K. Maskell). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. Steurer, P. M., and T. R. Karl. 1991. Historical sunshine and cloud data in the United States. ORNL/CDIAC-43, NDP-021/R1. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. PART 2 CONTENT AND FORMAT OF DATA FILES 6. FILE DESCRIPTIONS This section describes the content and format of each of the 13 files that comprise this numeric data package (NDP) (Table 2). File names and numbers and brief descriptions of the files are given below. * NDP059.TXT (File 1) describes the details of the database. It contains the text from Sects. 1-7 of this document. * INVENT.FOR (File 2) contains a FORTRAN 77 program for reading INVENT.DAT (File 6). * DATA.FOR (File 3) contains a FORTRAN 77 program for reading any of the snowdepth data files: SNOWDPTH.DAT, WEST.DAT, HPLAINS.DAT, SOUTH.DAT, MIDWEST.DAT, SEAST.DAT, and NEAST.DAT (Files 7-13). * INVENT.SAS (File 4) contains a SAS(tm) program for reading INVENT.DAT (File 6). * DATA.SAS (File 5) contains a SAS(tm) program for reading any of the snowdepth data files. * INVENT.DAT (File 6) contains the state abbreviation, station name, NCDC station number, WBAN station number, latitude, longitude, elevation, beginning year of record, ending year of record, and a data completeness flag for each station record. * SNOWDPTH.DAT (File 7) contains daily snowdepth data for 388 unique sampling sites (195 NWS "first-order" stations). For the user's convenience, we have also divided the complete snowdepth data set into six regional data sets that are listed as follows. These geographic groupings parallel regions associated with the NWS's six Regional Climate Centers (RCCs), which were established to meet local and regional needs for climate information (see Fig. 2). (On the World Wide Web, see the URL http://nic.fb4.noaa.gov/products/regional_climate/index.html). The extended file descriptions given later in this section provide detailed descriptions of the regions. * WEST.DAT (File 8) contains daily snowdepth data for 41 NWS first-order stations in the Western RCC. * HPLAINS.DAT (File 9) contains daily snowdepth data for 21 NWS first-order stations in the High Plains RCC. * SOUTH.DAT (File 10) contains daily snowdepth data for 29 NWS first-order stations in the Southern RCC. * MIDWEST.DAT (File 11) contains daily snowdepth data for 45 NWS first-order stations in the Midwestern RCC. * SEAST.DAT (File 12) contains daily snowdepth data for 27 NWS first-order stations in the Southeast RCC. * NEAST.DAT (File 13) contains daily snowdepth data for 32 NWS first-order stations in the Northeast RCC. Table 2. Size and format information for the NDP files _______________________________________________________________________ File number File size# Logical Record and description* (kB) records Length _______________________________________________________________________ 1. NDP059.TXT: 66.56 1485 80 Electronic version of Sects. 1-7 of this document. Describes the database. 2. INVENT.FOR: 0.74 28 80 FORTRAN 77 program for reading INVENT.DAT. 3. DATA.FOR: 1.86 54 80 FORTRAN 77 program for reading any of the snowdepth data files. 4. INVENT.SAS: 0.29 12 80 SAS(tm) program for reading INVENT.DAT. 5. DATA.SAS: 1.31 41 80 SAS(tm) program for reading any of the snowdepth data files. 6. INVENT.DAT: 27.16 388 69 Contains station location data and period of record information for each of the 195 NWS first-order stations (388 unique sampling sites). 7. SNOWDPTH.DAT: 39,770 146,752 270 Contains daily snowdepth data for all stations in the database: 195 NWS first-order stations (388 unique sampling sites). 8. WEST.DAT: 8,015 29,577 270 Contains daily snowdepth data for 41 first-order stations (81 unique sampling sites) in the Western RCC. 9. HPLAINS.DAT: 4,906 18,105 270 Contains daily snowdepth data for 21 first-order stations (43 unique sampling sites) in the High Plains RCC. 10. SOUTH.DAT: 5,920 21,844 270 Contains daily snowdepth data for 29 first-order stations (56 unique sampling sites) in the Southern RCC. 11. MIDWEST.DAT: 9,358 34,532 270 Contains daily snowdepth data for 45 first-order stations (94 unique sampling sites) in the Midwestern RCC. 12. SEAST.DAT: 5,592 20,633 270 Contains daily snowdepth data for 27 first-order stations (51 unique sampling sites) in the Southeast RCC. 13. NEAST.DAT: 5,979 22,061 270 Contains daily snowdepth data for 32 first-order stations (63 unique sampling sites) in the Northeast RCC. ____________________________________________________________________________ *RCC=Regional Climate Center #Approximate size of files in non-compressed form. Files in CDIAC's anonymous ftp area are compressed and are ~6% this size. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- NDP059.TXT (FILE 1) This file provides a detailed description of the database. It is an electronic version of Sects. 1-7 of this document (figures excluded). INVENT.FOR (FILE 2) This file contains the FORTRAN 77 program to read INVENT.DAT (File 6). The following is a listing of the program. C *** FORTRAN CODE TO READ AND WRITE THE CONTENTS C *** OF THE NDP059 INVENTORY OF SNOWDEPTH STATIONS C INTEGER YRBEG,YREND REAL LAT, LON, ELEV CHARACTER*2 STATE CHARACTER*14 STA_NAME CHARACTER*6 STAID CHARACTER*5 WBAN CHARACTER*1 FLAG C C *** OPEN THE STATION INVENTORY FILE OPEN (UNIT=5, FILE='INVENT.DAT') C *** OPEN THE OUTPUT FILE OPEN (UNIT=7, FILE='INVENT.OUT') C 1 CONTINUE READ(5,100,END=99)STATE,STA_NAME,STAID,WBAN,LAT,LON,ELEV, + YRBEG,YREND,FLAG 100 FORMAT(A2,1X,A14,1X,A6,1X,A5,3X,F6.2,2(2X,F7.2),2(1X,I4),1X,A1) C WRITE(7,100) STATE,STA_NAME,STAID,WBAN,LAT,LON,ELEV, + YRBEG,YREND,FLAG C GO TO 1 99 CONTINUE STOP END DATA.FOR (FILE 3) This file contains the FORTRAN 77 program to read any of the snowdepth data files: SNOWDPTH.DAT, WEST.DAT, HPLAINS.DAT, SOUTH.DAT, MIDWEST.DAT, SEAST.DAT, and NEAST.DAT. The following is a listing of the program. C *** FORTRAN CODE TO READ IN AND SELECTIVELY WRITE OUT DATA FROM C *** ANY OF THE NDP059 SNOWDEPTH DATA FILES. C INTEGER YEAR,MON,NUMDAYS,SNOWD(31) CHARACTER*1 SF(31),QCF1(31),QCF2(31) CHARACTER*2 UNITS CHARACTER*4 DATTYP CHARACTER*6 STAID CHARACTER*2 STCODE C C *** OPEN THE INPUT FILE (EXACT FILE NAME REQUIRES SPECIFICATION C *** BY THE USER) OPEN (UNIT=5, FILE='SNOWDPTH.DAT') C *** OPEN THE OUTPUT FILE (EXACT FILE NAME REQUIRES SPECIFICATION C *** BY THE USER) OPEN (UNIT=7, FILE='SNOWDPTH.OUT') C 1 CONTINUE READ(5,100,END=99) STAID,DATTYP,UNITS,YEAR,MON,NUMDAYS, + (SF(I),SNOWD(I),QCF1(I),QCF2(I),I=1,31) 100 FORMAT(A6,1X,A4,A2,I4,I2,1X,I2,31(1X,A1,I4,2A1)) C C *** IF INDIVIDUAL STATE OR STATION DATA ARE REQUIRED, REMOVE COMMENTS C FROM THE EXECUTABLE STATEMENTS IN THE BLOCK OF CODE BELOW AND C SPECIFY THE PARTICULAR 2-CHARACTER STATE CODE OR 6-CHARACTER C STATION NUMBER (REMOVING THE Xs) IN THE APPROPRIATE "IF" C STATEMENT, AS REQUIRED, LEAVING THE OTHER "IF" STATEMENT COMMENTED C OUT. IF SELECTING A SPECIFIC STATE OR STATION, DON'T FORGET TO C REMOVE THE COMMENT FROM THE "GO TO 1" STATEMENT. C ***************************************************************** C C *** STRIP OFF THE 2-CHARACTER STATE CODE FROM THE STATION NUMBER C STCODE=STAID(1:2) C C *** ONLY GO TO WRITE OUT THE DATA IF THE SELECTED STATE OR STATION C *** IS FOUND C IF(STCODE.EQ.'XX') GO TO 2 C IF(STAID.EQ.'XXXXXX') GO TO 2 C C GO TO 1 C ********************************************************************* 2 CONTINUE C WRITE(7,200) STAID,DATTYP,UNITS,YEAR,MON,NUMDAYS, + (SF(I),SNOWD(I),QCF1(I),QCF2(I),I=1,31) 200 FORMAT(A6,1X,A4,A2,I4,I2.2,1X,I2.2,31(1X,A1,I4,2A1)) C GO TO 1 99 CONTINUE STOP END INVENT.SAS (FILE 4) This file contains the SAS(tm) program to read INVENT.DAT (File 6). The following is a listing of the program. ***SAS CODE TO READ AND PRINT THE NDP059 STATION INVENTORY FILE; FILENAME OUT 'INVENT.OUT'; DATA INVENT; INFILE 'INVENT.DAT'; *; INPUT STATE $ 1-2 STA_NAME $ 4-17 STAID $ 19-24 WBAN 26-30 LAT 34-39 LON 42-48 ELEV 51-57 YRBEG 59-62 YREND 64-67 FLAG $ 69; *; FILE OUT; PUT _INFILE_; RUN; DATA.SAS (FILE 5) This file contains the SAS(tm) program to read the snowdepth datasets. The following is a listing of the program. ***SAS CODE TO READ AND PRINT ANY OF THE NDP059 ***SNOWDEPTH DATA FILES (FILES 7-13 OF NDP059). ***THE USER NEEDS TO SPECIFY THE DESIRED FILE NAME IN ***THE "FILENAME" AND "INFILE" STATEMENTS BELOW; *; *SET UP AN OUTPUT FILE; FILENAME OUT 'WEST.OUT'; *; DATA SNOW; *SPECIFY THE INPUT FILE; INFILE 'WEST.DAT' LRECL=270; *; ARRAY DATFIELD {31} $ FIELD1-FIELD31; ARRAY SF{31} SF1-SF31; ARRAY DMF {31} $ DMF1-DMF31; ARRAY DQF {31} $ DQF1-DQF31; ARRAY CHSNOW {31} $ 4 CHSNOW1-CHSNOW31; ARRAY SNOWD {31} SNOWD1-SNOWD31; *; INPUT @1 STAID $ 1-6 DATTYP $ 8-11 UNITS $ 12-13 YEAR 14-17 MON 18-19 NUMDAYS 21-22 @23 (FIELD1-FIELD31) ($CHAR8.); *; *STATEMENTS IN THE LOOP BELOW EXTRACT CHARACTER VALUES OF SNOWDEPTH AND DATA FLAGS AND CONVERT THE CHARACTER SNOWDEPTH VALUE TO INTEGER; DO I=1 TO 31; SF{I}=SUBSTR(DATFIELD{I},2,1); CHSNOW{I}=SUBSTR(DATFIELD{I},3,4); *MAKE AN INTEGER VALUE OF SNOWDEPTH FROM THE CHARACTER VALUE; SNOWD{I}=INPUT(CHSNOW{I},4.); DMF{I}=SUBSTR(DATFIELD{I},7,1); DQF{I}=SUBSTR(DATFIELD{I},8,1); END; *; *PRINT EACH LINE OF INPUT DATA (YIELDING 5 OUTPUT LINES), IF DESIRED; FILE OUT; PUT STAID 1-6 DATTYP 8-11 UNITS 12-13 YEAR 14-17 MON 18-19 NUMDAYS 21-22 / @1 (FIELD1-FIELD10) ($CHAR8.) / @1 (FIELD11-FIELD20) ($CHAR8.) / @1 (FIELD21-FIELD30) ($CHAR8.) / @1 FIELD31 $CHAR8.; RUN; INVENT.DAT (FILE 6) The station inventory file was developed by CDIAC from several sources. The NCDC station number was extracted from the snowdepth database, and the WBAN number, state abbreviation, and station name were manually entered from the documentation provided by NCDC. The file was then merged with files from Steurer and Karl (1991) in order to add latitude and longitude information. Period of record data were determined through examination of snowdepth records. Record completeness flags were defined after a close examination of the number of years and months in each station's record. Elevation data for some stations were added from the NCDC's U.S. Historical Climatology Network (U.S. HCN) database (Easterling et al. 1996). A list of stations with missing latitude, longitude, and elevation data was sent to NCDC for their input. After these data were received and manually entered into the database, latitude and longitude values were converted from degrees and minutes to decimal degrees, and elevation values were converted to meters. A final list of stations with missing or questionable values was sent to NCDC; the data returned were then entered into the station inventory file. The station inventory file contains the state abbreviation, station name, NCDC station number, WBAN station number, latitude, longitude, elevation above sea level, beginning year of record, ending year of record, and a flag denoting the completeness of the station record for all 388 unique snowdepth sampling locations. Stated in tabular form, the contents of the station inventory file include the following. _____________________________________________________________________ Variable Variable Starting Ending Variable type width column column ______________________________________________________________________ STATE Character 2 1 2 STA_NAME Character 14 4 17 STAID Alphanumeric 6 19 24 WBAN Character 5 26 30 LAT Numeric 6 34 39 LON Numeric 7 42 48 ELEV Numeric 7 51 57 YRBEG Numeric 4 59 62 YREND Numeric 4 64 67 FLAG Character 1 69 69 _______________________________________________________________________ The variables are defined as follows: STATE is the two-letter state abbreviation (See Appendix A for a listing of the state abbreviations, their associated two-digit NCDC state code, and the state name.); STA_NAME is the station name, usually a city; STAID is the unique NCDC station code formed by combining the two-digit NCDC state number with the four-digit Cooperative Network Index number assigned by NCDC. The code is define as alphanumeric to allow for character station codes (e.g., 50OMEV for Nome, Alaska) as well as to preserve leading zeroes upon output; WBAN is the Weather Bureau Army Navy Network index, defined as character to allow for preserving leading zeros upon output (missing values are represented by 99999); LAT is the latitude of the station in decimal degrees north (missing values are represented by -99.99); LON is the longitude of the station in decimal degrees west (missing values are represented by -99.99); ELEV is the elevation of the station above sea level in meters (missing values are represented by -99.99). Values range from 1.00 to 2132.00; YRBEG is the beginning year of the station's period of record. Values range from 1893 to 1979; YREND is the ending year of the station's period of record. Values range from 1896 to 1992; FLAG is the record completeness flag which grossly characterizes the completeness of the data. Possible values of FLAG are: A = There are seven or more months of data in every year of the particular station number's record. B = The first year or two of a record is missing one or two months of data, or one or two years in the middle or at the end of a record is missing one month of data; the remaining years in the station record have seven or more months of data. C = Several years are missing one to three months of data. D = Many years are missing at least one and usually many months of data. E = One or more years missing in the station record. F = The one-year station record has seven months of winter season data. G = The one-year station record has less than seven months of winter season data. SNOWDPTH.DAT (FILE 7) This file contains daily snowdepth data for 195 NWS first-order stations (388 unique sampling sites) in 48 states; no observations from Delaware or Hawaii are included in the database. The file is sorted by the six-digit NCDC station number, year, and month. Each data record contains one month's worth of daily snowdepth values and includes the NCDC station number, data type, units, year, month, number of days in the month, and 31 daily snowdepth data values with their respective flags. Stated in tabular form, the contents include the following variables. ___________________________________________________________________________ Variable Variable Starting Ending Variable type width column# column# ____________________________________________________________________________ STAID Alphanumeric 6 1 6 DATTYP Character 4 8 11 UNITS Character 2 12 13 YEAR Numeric 4 14 17 MON Numeric 2 18 19 NUMDAYS Numeric 2 21 22 SF(1) Alphanumeric 1 24 24 SNOWD(1) Numeric 4 25 28 DMF(1) Alphanumeric 1 29 29 DQF(1) Alphanumeric 1 30 30 SF(2-31) Alphanumeric 1 * * SNOWD(2-31) Numeric 4 * * DMF(2-31) Alphanumeric 1 * * DQF(2-31) Alphanumeric 1 * * _____________________________________________________________________________ #May be obtained using: COL(N) = COL(1) + (N x 8) - 8, where COL(N) is the starting/endingcolumn for SF(N), SNOWD(N), DMF(N), or DQF(N); COL(1) is the starting/ending column for SF(1), SNOWD(1), DMF(1), or DQF(1); and N is the day of the month (2-31). The variables are defined as follows: STAID is the unique NCDC station code formed by combining the two-digit NCDC state number with the four-digit Cooperative Network Index number assigned by NCDC. The code is defined as alphanumeric to allow for character station codes (e.g., 50OMEV for Nome, Alaska) as well as to preserve leading zeroes upon output; DATTYP is the data type (SNWD = snowdepth); UNITS is the units of the snowdepth data (TI = tenths of inches); YEAR is the year of the data record; MON is the month of the data record; NUMDAYS is the number of days in the month; SF(1-31) are the source flags for the daily data values; SNOWD(1-31) are daily snowdepth data values at observation time: 00:30 GMT prior to July 1952; 12:30 GMT for July 1, 1952, to May 31, 1957; and 12:00 GMT for June 1, 1957, to present. Missing values are coded as -999. Hail is included with snowfall from July 1948 to December 1955 and from May 1989 to the present, as described in the online documentation of NCDC's Summary of the Day-First Order database (NCDC Tape Deck 3210) (http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/onlineprod/tfsod/climvis/ ftppage.html). DMF(1-31) are the data measurement flags for the daily data values; and DQF(1-31) are the data quality flags for the daily data values. Flag codes for the SNOWDEPTH data SF is a code indicating the source of the daily data value. The codes and their meanings are as follows: 0 = NCDC Tape Deck 3210, Summary of the Day-First Order, element digital file; 3 = Manuscript-original records, National Climatic Data Center; 7 = Local Climatological Data (LCD) (monthly NCDC publication); Blank = Not applicable [Used for nonexistent days of the month (e.g., 30 February)]. DMF is the data measurement flag, which describes how the daily value was measured. The codes and their meanings are as follows: A = Accumulated amount. This value is the amount of snow accumulated since the last measurement; E = Estimated value; L = Reflects sleet; T = Trace (data value = 0000 for a trace); and Blank = valid original data (no flag needed). DQF is the data quality flag. In January 1982, NCDC instituted a greatly enhanced computer algorithm for automated validation of digital data archives. The system checks the internal consistency of a station's data and compares each station's observations to prescribed climatological limits and observations from surrounding stations. Numeric DQF codes apply only to NCDC's digital data, i.e., where the source flag (SF) is equal to "0" for a particular value. Alphabetic codes describe the particular manual or automated NCDC procedure employed to correct or estimate a data value. The codes and their meanings are as follows: 0 = Valid data (observed data have passed all internal consistency checks); 1 = Validity indeterminable (used primarily for pre-1984 data); 3 = Data beginning January 1, 1984: observed data have failed an internal consistency check, for example, the snowdepth value is inconsistent with the water equivalent precipitation observation. (No edited value follows, or value may have been set equal to zero.); Data prior to January 1, 1984: observed data failed a climatological limits check. In other words, the value was physically impossible (No edited value follows, or value may have been set equal to zero.); 4 = Observed data value invalid, for example, negative or extremely large value. (No edited value follows, or value may have been set equal to zero); E = Edited data value passes all system's checks (No observed value present.); S = Manually edited value passes all system's checks; and Blank = Flag not needed. For the user's convenience, the complete snowdepth data set (SNOWDPTH.DAT) has been divided into six regional datasets that are listed below. These geographic groupings parallel regions associated with the National Weather Service's six Regional Climate Centers, which were established to meet local and regional needs for climate information. The file descriptions include the states as well as the number of stations within each region. WEST.DAT (FILE 8) This file contains daily snowdepth data for 41 NWS first-order stations (81 unique sampling locations) in the Western RCC. States included in this region are Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Alaska. HPLAINS.DAT (FILE 9) This file contains daily snowdepth data for 21 NWS first-order stations (43 unique sampling locations) in the High Plains RCC. States included in this region are North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado. SOUTH.DAT (FILE 10) This file contains daily snowdepth data for 29 NWS first-order stations (56 unique sampling locations) in the Southern RCC. States included in this region are Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas. MIDWEST.DAT (FILE 11) This file contains daily snowdepth data for 45 NWS first-order stations (94 unique sampling locations) in the Midwestern RCC. States included in this region are Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Kentucky. SEAST.DAT (FILE 12) This file contains daily snowdepth data for 27 NWS first-order stations (51 unique sampling locations) in the Southeast RCC. States included in this region are Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. NEAST.DAT (FILE 13) This file contains daily snowdepth data for 32 NWS first-order stations (63 unique sampling locations) in the Northeast RCC. States included in this region are Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and West Virginia. No snowdepth observations included from Delaware. REFERENCE Easterling, D. R., T. R. Karl, E. H. Mason, P. Y. Hughes, and D. P. Bowman. 1996. United States Historical Climatology Network (U. S. HCN) Monthly Temperature and Precipitation Data (eds., R. C. Daniels and T. A. Boden). ORNL/CDIAC-87, NDP-019/R3. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. 7. VERIFICATION OF DATA TRANSPORT The data files contained in this NDP can be read by using the FORTRAN 77 and SAS(tm) programs provided. Users should verify that the data have been correctly transported to their systems by visually examining each data file, where practical. To facilitate the visual inspection process, partial listings of each data file are provided in Tables 3 and 4. Each of these tables contains the first five and last five records of the data file. Table 3. Partial listing of the file invent.dat (File 6) ______________________________________________________________________ First five records of the file: AK Anchorage 50ANCC 99999 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99 1923 1943 E AK Anchorage 500285 26409 61.22 -149.83 43.00 1943 1953 B AK Anchorage 500280 26451 61.17 -150.02 35.00 1953 1992 B AK Fairbanks 50FAIC 99999 64.83 -147.72 148.00 1929 1942 B AK Fairbanks 502968 26411 64.82 -147.87 133.00 1942 1992 B Last five records of the file: WY Cheyenne 481675 24018 41.15 -104.82 1866.00 1935 1992 B WY Lander 48LNDC 24075 42.83 -108.73 1631.00 1893 1946 C WY Lander 485390 24021 42.82 -108.73 1637.00 1946 1992 B WY Sheridan 48SHRC 24058 44.80 -106.95 1150.00 1907 1940 B WY Sheridan 488155 24029 44.77 -106.97 1209.00 1940 1992 B _______________________________________________________________________ Table 4. Partial listings of the snowdepth files (Files 7-13) SNOWDPTH.DAT (FILE 7): First five records of the file: 010831 SNWDTI194401 31 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 010831 SNWDTI194402 29 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 -999 -999 010831 SNWDTI194403 31 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 010831 SNWDTI194404 30 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 -999 010831 SNWDTI194410 31 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 Last five records of the file: 50OMEV SNWDTI194511 30 30075 30075 30075 30099 30050 30076 30045 30037 30045 30045 30045 30044 30044 30043 30042 30040 30040 30040 30040 30047 30066 30068 30069 30069 30068 30067 30067 30066 30066 30067 -999 50OMEV SNWDTI194512 31 30067 30067 30067 30067 30067 30067 30067 30067 30066 30068 30071 30104 30106 30106 30106 30104 30109 30115 30115 30114 30110 30108 30108 30107 30107 30107 30106 30106 30106 30106 30106 50OMEV SNWDTI194601 31 30122AS 30121AS 30121AS 30124 30127 30127 30128 30128 30128 30128 30130 30129 30140 30164 30168 30168 30169 30174 30180 30178 30176 30174 30178 30226 30241 30241 30240 30250 30258 30264 30277 50OMEV SNWDTI194602 28 30280 30280 30280 30279 30279 30279 30279 30279 30279 30283 30295 30333 30351 30351 30361 30368 30377 30378 30378 30377 30376 30375 30372 30368 30366 30366 30366 30375 -999 -999 -999 50OMEV SNWDTI194603 31 30376 30403 30425 30422 30430 30427 30422 30417 30414 30413 30413 30412 30410 30400 30390 30380 30370 30357 30353 30350 30340 30340 30340 30342 30341 30346 30346 30345 30345 30355 30355 WEST.DAT (FILE 8): First five records of the file: 023007 SNWDTI189905 31 30000T 30004 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 023007 SNWDTI189910 31 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 023007 SNWDTI189911 30 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000T 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30094 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 -999 023007 SNWDTI189912 31 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000T 30000 30000 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30030 30094 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000T 30000 023007 SNWDTI190001 31 30000 30000 30000T 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000T 30002 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 Last five records of the file: 50OMEV SNWDTI194511 30 30075 30075 30075 30099 30050 30076 30045 30037 30045 30045 30045 30044 30044 30043 30042 30040 30040 30040 30040 30047 30066 30068 30069 30069 30068 30067 30067 30066 30066 30067 -999 50OMEV SNWDTI194512 31 30067 30067 30067 30067 30067 30067 30067 30067 30066 30068 30071 30104 30106 30106 30106 30104 30109 30115 30115 30114 30110 30108 30108 30107 30107 30107 30106 30106 30106 30106 30106 50OMEV SNWDTI194601 31 30122AS 30121AS 30121AS 30124 30127 30127 30128 30128 30128 30128 30130 30129 30140 30164 30168 30168 30169 30174 30180 30178 30176 30174 30178 30226 30241 30241 30240 30250 30258 30264 30277 50OMEV SNWDTI194602 28 30280 30280 30280 30279 30279 30279 30279 30279 30279 30283 30295 30333 30351 30351 30361 30368 30377 30378 30378 30377 30376 30375 30372 30368 30366 30366 30366 30375 -999 -999 -999 50OMEV SNWDTI194603 31 30376 30403 30425 30422 30430 30427 30422 30417 30414 30413 30413 30412 30410 30400 30390 30380 30370 30357 30353 30350 30340 30340 30340 30342 30341 30346 30346 30345 30345 30355 30355 HPLAINS.DAT (FILE 9): First five records of the file: 052220 SNWDTI194509 30 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000T 30000T 30000 30000 -999 052220 SNWDTI194510 31 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000T 30000 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 052220 SNWDTI194511 30 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000T 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30004 30004 30003 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 -999 052220 SNWDTI194512 31 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30004 30000T 30000T 30000T 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30001 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 052220 SNWDTI194601 31 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000T 30000 30000 30000T 30020 30000 30034 30025 30015 30003 30000T 30000T 30000T 30000 30000 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30001 30036 30015 30005 30002 30000 30000 Last five records of the file: 48SHRC SNWDTI193912 31 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000T 30000T 30006 30005 30010 30013 30014 30013 30012 30000T 30000T 48SHRC SNWDTI194001 31 30006 30000T 30000T 30007 30011 30030 30060 30050 30040 30029 30040 30040 30036 30035 30030 30024 30070 30068 30066 30060 30058 30054 30056 30056 30054 30050 30046 30030 30024 30018 30016 48SHRC SNWDTI194002 29 30024 30023 30018 30016 30010 30006 30005 30004 30002 30000T 30018 30016 30010 30006 30050 30040 30034 30042 30040 30032 30030 30028 30027 30030 30024 30020 30010 30004 30000T -999 -999 48SHRC SNWDTI194003 31 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 48SHRC SNWDTI194004 30 30000 30030 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30006 30010 30000 30000 30000 30020 30020 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 3000 30000 30000 30000 30000 -999 SOUTH.DAT (FILE 10): First five records of the file: 032574 SNWDTI194510 31 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 032574 SNWDTI194511 30 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 -999 032574 SNWDTI194512 31 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000T 30005 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 032574 SNWDTI194601 31 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 032574 SNWDTI194603 31 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 Last five records of the file: 41SATC SNWDTI194003 31 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 41SATC SNWDTI194004 30 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 -999 41SATC SNWDTI194010 31 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 41SATC SNWDTI194011 30 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 -999 41SATC SNWDTI194012 31 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 7000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 MIDWEST.DAT (FILE 11): First five records of the file: 111166 SNWDTI189301 31 30002 30005 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30001 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000T 30000 30030 30010 30005 30001 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 111166 SNWDTI189302 28 30002 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30039 30016 30002 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 -999 -999 -999 111166 SNWDTI189303 31 30000 30000 30015 30005 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 111166 SNWDTI189304 30 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30003 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 -999 111166 SNWDTI189310 31 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 Last five records of the file: 47GRBC SNWDTI194904 30 00030 1 00010 1 00000T1 00000T1 00000T1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00020 1 00000T1 00000T1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 -999 47GRBC SNWDTI194905 31 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 47GRBC SNWDTI194906 30 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 -999 47GRBC SNWDTI194907 31 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 47GRBC SNWDTI194908 31 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 00000 1 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 SEAST.DAT (FILE 12): First five records of the file: 010831 SNWDTI194401 31 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 010831 SNWDTI194402 29 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 -999 -999 010831 SNWDTI194403 31 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 010831 SNWDTI194404 30 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 -999 010831 SNWDTI194410 31 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 Last five records of the file: 44LYHC SNWDTI194312 31 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30017 30012 30001 44LYHC SNWDTI194401 31 30000T 30000T 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30004 30001 30000T 30000T 30000T 30000T 30000 30000T 30004 30001 30000T 30000T 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 44LYHC SNWDTI194402 29 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30010 30000T 30000T 30000T 30000T 30018 30000T 30000T 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 -999 -999 44LYHC SNWDTI194403 31 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30012 30013 30000T 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 44LYHC SNWDTI194404 30 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 -999 NEAST.DAT (FILE 13): First five records of the file: 063451 SNWDTI194003 31 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 -999 30000 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30003 30000 30000 30000 30000 063451 SNWDTI194010 31 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 70000 063451 SNWDTI194011 30 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30045 30044 30044 30042 -999 063451 SNWDTI194012 31 30015 30013 30009 30007 30045 30040 30005 30000T 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 063451 SNWDTI194101 31 30000 30001 30018 30028 30024 30022 30021 30020 30020 30018 30017 30012 30010 30009 30008 30025 30024 30022 30019 30018 30017 30014 30002 30016 30040 30040 30043 30040 30040 30038 30037 Last five records of the file: 46EKNC SNWDTI194312 31 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000T 30000 30000 30011 30006 30005 30002 30000T 30000T 30000T 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30002 30000 30000 30000 30012 30009 30009 46EKNC SNWDTI194401 31 30000T 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30002 30000T 30012 30009 30003 30001 30000T 30000 30000 30018 30068 30056 30054 30018 30011 30002 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000T 46EKNC SNWDTI194402 29 30000 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30006 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30012 30008 30000 30007 30000T 30000 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30027 -999 -999 46EKNC SNWDTI194403 31 30017 30000T 30000 30000 30000T 30000 30000 30017 30022 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000T 30003 30000T 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 46EKNC SNWDTI194404 30 30000 30000 30000 30000T 30021 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 30000 -999 APPENDIX A: LIST OF STATE ABBREVIATIONS, NCDC STATE CODES, AND STATE NAMES ___________________________________________________________________ STATE NCDC STATE STATE ABBREVIATION CODE NAME ____________________________________________________________________ AK 50 Alaska AL 01 Alabama AR 03 Arkansas AZ 02 Arizona CA 04 California CO 05 Colorado CT 06 Connecticut FL 08 Florida GA 09 Georgia IA 13 Iowa ID 10 Idaho IL 11 Illinois IN 12 Indiana KS 14 Kansas KY 15 Kentucky LA 16 Louisiana MA 19 Massachusetts MD 18 Maryland ME 17 Maine MI 20 Michigan MN 21 Minnesota MO 23 Missouri MS 22 Mississippi MT 24 Montana NC 31 North Carolina ND 32 North Dakota NE 25 Nebraska NH 27 New Hampshire NJ 28 New Jersey NM 29 New Mexico NV 26 Nevada NY 30 New York OH 33 Ohio OK 34 Oklahoma OR 35 Oregon PA 36 Pennsylvania RI 37 Rhode Island SC 39 South Dakota TN 40 Tennessee TX 41 Texas UT 42 Utah VA 44 Virginia VT 43 Vermont WA 45 Washington WI 47 Wisconsin WV 46 West Virginia WY 48 Wyoming